#short note on chanakya

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Best UPSC, MPSC, IAS Exam Coaching Classes - Chanakya Mandal Pariwar

Are you tired of preparing for UPSC and MPSC exams all by yourself? Feeling overwhelmed by the sheer volume of syllabus, tricky questions, and cut-throat competition? Don't worry, we've got your back! Welcome to the Chanakya Mandal Pariwar, a community of like-minded aspirants, expert faculty, and top-notch resources that will help you ace these prestigious exams with flying colors.

At Chanakya Mandal Pariwar, we believe that cracking UPSC and MPSC exams isn't just about rote learning and mugging up facts. It's about developing a deep understanding of the subject matter, enhancing your analytical and problem-solving skills, and staying updated with the latest trends and developments in the field. That's why we have designed our classes to be more than just lectures and notes - they're a holistic learning experience that will transform you into an administrative superstar!

Our faculty comprises of some of the most renowned and experienced teachers in the industry, who have a track record of producing toppers year after year. They'll not only teach you the core concepts and theories, but also share their personal insights and tips on how to crack the exams, manage time effectively, and deal with stress and pressure. With their guidance, you'll be able to overcome any hurdle that comes your way and emerge as a confident and competent candidate.

But that's not all - we also provide you with a comprehensive study material that covers all the topics and subtopics of the syllabus in a lucid and concise manner. Our material is updated regularly to keep up with the changing patterns of the exams, and is supplemented with previous years' question papers, mock tests, and answer keys that will give you an idea of what to expect in the actual exam. You can also access our online portal, where you'll find additional resources such as e-books, video lectures, and discussion forums to interact with your peers and faculty.

At Chanakya Mandal Pariwar, we understand that every student is unique, with different strengths, weaknesses, and learning styles. That's why we offer personalized guidance and mentorship to each and every student, based on their individual needs and preferences. You can avail of one-on-one sessions with our faculty, attend doubt-clearing sessions, participate in group discussions, and get feedback on your performance to help you improve and excel.

But wait, there's more! We also organize various extracurricular activities and events to help you enhance your personality, communication skills, and general knowledge. From debates and quizzes to seminars and workshops, we have something for everyone. We also provide you with guidance on interview preparation, essay writing, and other soft skills that are essential for a successful career in the civil services.

In short, Chanakya Mandal Pariwar is more than just a coaching center - it's a family that will support and guide you throughout your journey towards success. Join us today and let's make your dream of becoming an administrative superstar a reality.

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Chanakya Niti: मुश्किल वक्त में लड़ने की ताकत देती हैं ये 3 चीजें, आप भी जान लीजिए

Chanakya Niti: मुश्किल वक्त में लड़ने की ताकत देती हैं ये 3 चीजें, आप भी जान लीजिए

Image Source : INDIA TV Chanakya Niti Chanakya Niti:  आचार्य चाणक्य की नीतियां आज भी समाज और परिवार में जीने के सलीके सिखाती हैं। आचार्य चाणक्‍य ने अपनी नीति में पैसे, सेहत, बिजनेस, दांपत्‍य जीवन, समाज, जीवन में सफलता से जुड़े तमाम चीजों पर अपनी राय दी है जिसे चाणक्य नीति के नाम से जाना जाता है। अगर आप इन्हें  जीवन में उतार लिया जाए तो आप कभी धोखा नहीं खा सकते हैं। आचार्य चाणक्य के इन्हीं विचारों…

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किसी व्यक्ति में अचानक आ जाए इस तरह का बदलाव, हो जाएं सावधान...आप पर पड़ सकता है भारी

किसी व्यक्ति में अचानक आ जाए इस तरह का बदलाव, हो जाएं सावधान…आप पर पड़ सकता है भारी

Image Source : INDIA TV chanakya niti-चाणक्य नीति आचार्य चाणक्य की नीतियां और विचार भले ही आपको थोड़े कठोर लगे लेकिन ये कठोरता ही जीवन की सच्चाई है। हम लोग भागदौड़ भरी जिंदगी में इन विचारों को भरे ही नजरअंदाज कर दें लेकिन ये वचन जीवन की हर कसौटी पर आपकी मदद करेंगे। आचार्य चाणक्य के इन्हीं विचारों में से आज हम एक और विचार का विश्लेषण करेंगे। आज का ये विचार बदले हुए व्यवहार पर आधारित है। चेहरे पर…

[atscorpsblog]

मनुष्य के जीवन में दुखों का कारण हैं उसके कर्मों का फल

मनुष्य के जीवन में दुखों का कारण हैं उसके कर्मों का फल

नेचुरल तरीके से वजन कंट्रोल करने के लिए डाइट में शामिल करें सोंठ, ये 6 बीमारियां भी रहेंगी दूर जीका वायरस, डेंगू-चिकनगुनिया से कैसे करें बचाव? स्वामी रामदेव से जानें योग और आयुर्वेदिक उपचार ये लोग ज्यादा ना खाएं केला, जानें क्या हैं इसके साइड इफेक्ट्स भीगे हुए चने का पानी वजन कम करने में असरदार, जानें किस तरह से करें सेवन भिंडी को डाइट में जरूर करें शामिल, एक साथ कई बीमारियों से रखेगी…

[newsyatra]

सामने वाले को हराने के लिए मनुष्य पार कर देता है सारी सीमाएं, फिर चाहे अपनाना ही क्यों ना पड़े ये रास्ता खुशहाल जिंदगी के लिए आचार्य चाणक्य ने कई नीतियां बताई हैं। अगर आप भी अपनी जिंदगी में सुख और शांति चाहते हैं तो चाणक्य के इन सुविचारों को अपने जीवन में जरूर उतारिए। Source link

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Chanakya Niti: ऐसे स्वभाव वाले व्यक्ति से हमेशा रहना चाहिए सावधान, जाल में फंसे तो निकलना मुश्किल

Chanakya Niti: ऐसे स्वभाव वाले व्यक्ति से हमेशा रहना चाहिए सावधान, जाल में फंसे तो निकलना मुश्किल

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आचार्य चाणक्य ने नीति शास्त्र में जीवन से जुड़े हर पहलू का जिक्र किया है। भले ही आपको विचार या नीतियां कठोर लगे, लेकिन जीवन की हकीकत यही है। आचार्य चाणक्य ने एक श्लोक में बताया है कि किस तरह के स्वभाव वाले व्यक्ति से दूरी बनाकर रखनी चाहिए, वरना वह खुद के साथ दूसरों का भी अहित करता है।

ये है वो श्लोक- “वन की अग्नि चन्दन की लकड़ी को भी जला देती है, अर्थात दुष्ट व्यक्ति किसी का भी अहित कर…

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इस जीव की तरह व्यवहार करने वाले मनुष्य की नहीं करनी चाहिए इज्जत, पड़ गया पाला तो कांटों से भर जाएगी जिंदगी

इस जीव की तरह व्यवहार करने वाले मनुष्य की नहीं करनी चाहिए इज्जत, पड़ गया पाला तो कांटों से भर जाएगी जिंदगी

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India TV पर देश-विदेश की ताजा Hindi News और स्‍पेशल स्‍टोरी पढ़ते हुए अपने आप को रखिए अप-टू-डेट। Live TV देखने के लिए यहां क्लिक करें। Religion News in Hindi के लिए क्लिक करें लाइफस्टाइल सेक्‍शन

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Top IAS Coaching in Nagpur

The fact that today, more and more individuals from various fields like as science, history, arts, and even engineering desire to enter the civil services to become an IAS, IFS, IPS in Top IAS Coaching in Nagpur or join other administrative services is reflected in the list that we have compiled. When You Join Best IAS Coaching in Nagpur, the civil services test is not just one of the most prestigious in Nagpur, but it is also one of the most difficult exams you will ever take when you joined IAS Coaching in Nagpur.

Who is qualified to take the UPSC exam?

On 1 August of the examination year, the candidate must have reached the age of 21 and must not have reached the age of 32 (for the General category candidate). Caste reservations have different age restrictions. The upper age limit for Other Backward Castes (OBC) is 35 years.

Tips to help you prepare for the IAS Exam

1. Understand the IAS Exam Pattern thoroughly.

2. Always show up for the practice tests so you can assess yourself.

3. Make short notes to revise in the last several weeks.

4. Look at the question papers from the previous year and try to solve them.

5. Create a study schedule/plan that works for you

List of Top IAS Coaching in Nagpur:

#1 Online IAS Coaching

The Prayas India Online IAS Coaching

Rank – 1

Narayana IAS Academy – Top IAS Institute in Nagpur

Rank – 2

Aeon IAS Academy – Best IAS Coaching Institute in Nagpur

Rank – 3

Prayas Academy – UPSC Coaching in Nagpur

Rank – 4

PNS IAS ACADEMY – Best IAS Coaching in Nagpur

Rank – 5

New Vision IAS Academy – IAS Coaching in Nagpur

Rank – 6

Unique Academy – Top IAS Coaching Centre in Nagpur

Rank – 7

Aim High – Top UPSC Coaching in Nagpur

Rank – 8

The Academy Institute for IAS Examination – UPSC Coaching in Nagpur

Rank – 9

Go X Bureau IAS – Top UPSC Classes in Nagpur

Rank – 10

Chanakya Academy – UPSC Coaching Classes in Nagpur

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Best IAS Coaching in Bareilly

The article below lists the Best IAS Coaching in Bareilly. All the IAS Coaching in Bareilly Have The list below has been selected after thorough research by our research team, keeping in mind all factors like faculty experience, fees, coaching schedule, location of the center, past results, current batch, etc. Top IAS Coaching in Bareilly.

What is the enrollment freights?

You need to pay a quantum of Rs. 100 as the enrollment figure while applying for the IAS test. You can pay this quantum offline through SBI or via online mode through net banking or card. The enrollment is free for SC/ ST/ PWD and womanish campaigners.

What is the enrollment freights?

You need to pay a quantum of Rs. 100 as the enrollment figure while applying for the IAS test. You can pay this quantum offline through SBI or via online mode through net banking or card. The enrollment is free for SC/ ST/ PWD and womanish campaigners.

Tricks that can help you to prepare for IAS Exam

     1. Know the IAS Exam Pattern in a detailed manner.

     2. Always appear for the mock tests to analyze yourself.

     3. Prepare short notes to revise during the final weeks.

     4. Glance through the previous year's question papers and try solving them.

      5. Make a study plan/timetable of your convenience.

The work arrears of an IAS officer vary counting on the or her quite an assignment he or she’s given. An IAS officer is handed three sorts of assignments. It includes field, state secretariat/ public sector undertakings, and central secretariat assignments. It includes handling of affairs of the govt. Which involves drafting, framing, administering, and reviewing programs. An IAS officer is required to consult various departments and conclude representatives. An IAS officer is responsible for supervising the performance of state schemes and programs. An IAS officer is responsible for responding to natural disasters, riots, and major accidents in their governance. He or she’s responsible for coordinating relief sweats.

Administrative work

An IAS officer is an administrative post within the civil services. He or she’s responsible for supervising the superintendent's exertion within the division assigned to them.

Maintaining law and order

An IAS officer is liable for the conservation of law and order. He or she’s liable for coordinating and furnishing necessary support to revive law and order and help individualities suffering from natural disasters or riots.

Operation

An IAS officer is liable for managing the staff working under him. He or she’s responsible for making reports based on the evaluation of their services.

Attestation

An IAS officer constantly stays involved in reviewing various reports. He or she’s also responsible for furnishing advice and helping tagged representatives to formulate and draft programs for creating the right opinions.

List of Best IAS Coaching in Bareilly:

#1 Online IAS Coaching Centre -The Prayas India Online IAS Coaching Institute

Rank — 1 Indo America Academy

Rank — 2 Shreshth IAS Classes

Rank — 3 Vidya IAS Coaching

Rank — 4 Career Launcher

Rank — 5 CHANAKYA CIVIL ACADEMY

Rank — 6 Takshashila IAS

Rank — 7 Prayag Civil Academy

Rank — 8 Excellent IAS Academy

Rank — 9 VEDAS IAS

[rudrjobdesk]

Chanakya Niti: अक्सर परेशानी से घिरे रहते हैं ऐसे घर, जानिए क्या कहती है चाणक्य नीति?

Chanakya Niti: अक्सर परेशानी से घिरे रहते हैं ऐसे घर, जानिए क्या कहती है चाणक्य नीति?

Image Source : INDIA TV Chanakya Niti Chanakya Niti:  आचार्य चाणक्य को अर्थशास्त्र, राजनीति और कूटनीति के ज्ञाता कौटिल्य के नाम से भी जाना जाता है। आचार्य चाणक्य ने अपनी नीति में कई ऐसी बातें बताई हैं जिन्हें यदि जीवन में उतार लिया जाए तो आप कभी धोखा नहीं खा सकते हैं और न ही आपको आगे बढ़ने से कोई नहीं रोक सकता है। चाणक्य ने अपनी नीति में मानव समाज के लगभग हर पहलू के बारे में बताया है। उन्होंने…

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चेहरे पर मुखौटा लगाकर आते हैं इस तरह के स्वभाव वाले व्यक्ति, नहीं पहचान पाए तो हर तरह से हारना तय

चेहरे पर मुखौटा लगाकर आते हैं इस तरह के स्वभाव वाले व्यक्ति, नहीं पहचान पाए तो हर तरह से हारना तय

Image Source : INDIA TV chanakya niti – चाणक्य नीति आचार्य चाणक्य की नीतियां और विचार भले ही आपको थोड़े कठोर लगे लेकिन ये कठोरता ही जीवन की सच्चाई है। हम लोग भागदौड़ भरी जिंदगी में इन विचारों को भरे ही नजरअंदाज कर दें लेकिन ये वचन जीवन की हर कसौटी पर आपकी मदद करेंगे। आचार्य चाणक्य के इन्हीं विचारों में से आज हम एक और विचार का विश्लेषण करेंगे। आज का ये विचार उन लोगों पर आधारित है जो आपको हराने के…

[newsyatra]

इन 3 कार्यों को करने में मनुष्य को कभी भी नहीं हटना चाहिए पीछे, वरना जीवन हो जाएगा बेकार खुशहाल जिंदगी के लिए आचार्य चाणक्य ने कई नीतियां बताई हैं। अगर आप भी अपनी जिंदगी में सुख और शांति चाहते हैं तो चाणक्य के इन सुविचारों को अपने जीवन में जरूर उतारिए। Source link

[sakmamk]

Top IAS Coaching in Jammu

In this post, I will explain the Top IAS Coaching in Jammu in simple steps. Every candidate has a Dream to Become an IAS officer. So they joined the IAS coaching in Jammu and help you out in you doing IAS examination preparation. Coaching rank has ranked Top IAS coaching in Jammu out of which you can join any UPSC coaching. Best IAS Coaching in Jammu helps you to prepare for the IAS Exam.

Meaning:

Indian Administrative Service (IAS) was formerly known as the Imperial Civil Service (ICS) is the Civil Services Examination and one of the toughest competitive examinations in India. It's conducted by the Union Public Service Commission for the recovery of officers for the All India Administrative Civil Service.

Tricks that can help you to prepare for IAS Exam

1.     Know the IAS Exam Pattern in a detailed manner.

2.     Always appear for the mock tests to analyze yourself.

3.     Prepare short notes to revise during the final weeks.

4.     Glance through the previous year question papers and try solving them.

5.     Make a study plan/timetable of your convenience.

What's the operation procedure?

The operation for the IAS test follows the procedure below

1.     You need to register via the sanctioned website by entering your Detail.

2.     Complete the payment procedure.

3.     Fill the IAS operation form.

Indian Administrative Service's History:

       The Indian Administrative Service (IAS), the country's highest civil service, was formed in 1946.

        Prior to the creation of the IAS, the Indian Imperial Service (1893-1946) was in operation.

       The Atchison Commission's recommendations were used to organize the basic pattern of the cadre system.

         The recommendations of the Aitcheson Commission were also utilized to establish the Provincial Civil Service in the 1890s.

      In 1912, the Islington Commission was established to evaluate developments in the Civil Service. The Indian government has broken up into seven All India Services and five Central Departments by 1934.

       IAS positions, as well as the appointment/promotion of State Civil Service officers and Non-State Civil Service officials, are filled by direct recruitment.

List of Top IAS Coaching Centers in Jammu:

Rank – 1 THE PIONEERS Academy Rank – 2 MENTOR DOMAIN IAS/KAS INSTITUTE – IAS Coaching in Jammu Rank – 3 SR College of Competitions – Best IAS Coaching in Jammu Rank – 4 Chanakya IAS Academy – UPSC Coaching in Jammu Rank – 5 Abhimanu’s IAS – Top IAS coaching Centre in Jammu Rank – 6 PULSE IAS – Top UPSC Coaching in Jammu

[homeoflearning1]

Short Note on Arthashastra

Short Note on Arthashastra

Arthashastra: Of all the literary sources on the history of the Mauryas, the most important source is the Arthashastra written by Kautilya, also known as Vishnugupta and Chanakya. Arthashastra contains 6000 shlokas and is divided into 15 sections and 180 subjects. It is written in Sanskrit. These subjects deal with politics, rules of diplomacy, principles of administration, and other political…

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Detailed News Articles: 28 June 2019

1. Bombay High Court upholds reservation for Marathas

A division bench of the Bombay High Court has upheld the Maratha Reservation Bill saying that the state is within its right.

Background:

·         The demand for Maratha reservation beganed in the 1980s.

·         In 1992, the Maratha Mahasangh had made a representation to the state government to provide reservation to the community.

·         In July 2014, the Congress-NCP government had brought in an ordinance for 16 per cent Maratha quota, but it failed the legal test.

·         The subsequent BJP government in December 2014 came out with an Act to provide reservation for the community but the proposal also did not stand the scrutiny of the court.

·         After largescale protests by the Marathas in November 2018, the state legislature again passed an Act proposing 16 per cent reservation in education and government jobs for the community, declared as socially and educationally backward class by the government.

·         The Maharashtra State Reservations for Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBC) Act 2018 was then challenged in the Bombay High Court, terming it as violative of the Supreme Court order that reservations in any state cannot exceed 50 per cent.

Who are the Marathas?

·         Marathas are a Marathi-speaking, politically dominant community in Maharashtra.

·         They make up about one-third of the population of the state.

·         Historically, they have been identified as a “warrior” caste with large land-holdings.

·         Since the formation of Maharashtra state in 1960, of its 18 chief ministers, 11 have been from the Maratha community.

·         While division of land and agrarian problems over the years have led to a decline of prosperity among middle class and lower middle class Marathas, the community still plays an important role in the rural economy.

Details:

·         The court relied on the findings of the Maharashtra State Backward Class Commission (MSBCC). The committee, in its report, had said that the Maratha community is socially, economically and educationally backward.

·         The court upheld the constitutional validity of reservation for the Maratha community in education and government jobs, agreeing with the commission’s findings that there are extraordinary and exceptional circumstances, based on quantifiable data.

·         It was held that the classification “complies with the twin test of reasonable classification permissible under Article 14 (equality before the law) of the Constitution of India, namely, intelligible differentia and rational nexus to the object sought to be achieved.

·         The high court however, said that the reservation should not be 16 per cent but 12-13 per cent as recommended by the backward commission.

·         A nine-judge bench of the Supreme Court had ruled that total reservation for backward classes should not go beyond the 50 per cent mark. However, there are a few states that are exempted from this rule and Maharashtra is one such state.

·         Following the 2001 State Reservation Act, the the total reservation in the state is 52%, out of which, the larger quotas are for SC (13%), ST (7%) and OBC (19%), with the rest going to Special Backward Class (2%) Vimukti Jati (3%), Nomadic Tribe (B) (2.5%), Nomadic Tribe (C) (Dhangar) (3.5%) and Nomadic Tribe (D) (Vanjari) (2%).

·         The quotas given to the various Nomadic Tribes and Special Backward Classes, in fact, have been carved out of the total OBC quota.

·         The addition of the 12-13 per cent Maratha quota will take the total reservation in the state to 64-65 per cent.

2. A democratic requirement

Analysis:

·         Experts point out that today the parliamentary Opposition in India is not merely fragmented but also in a state of disarray.

·         As a matter of fact, there seems to be hardly any Opposition party with a vision or strategy for its institutional working or for the Opposition as a whole.

·         Such a state of affairs is probably worse than the defeat most of the Opposition parties have suffered in the elections to the 17th Lok Sabha.

·         Given this impasse, some of them may seek an alternative in strengthening their State-level bases either to ward off poaching by the ruling dispensation or to work to better their prospects in the elections in the offing.

·         There would also be much showcasing of Opposition unity particularly during a Lok Sabha session.

·         There are important questions that arise. While such exercises could be defended as modes of survival in hard times, or even as inevitable tactics, should the Opposition limit itself merely to them?

·         Should not the Opposition reinvent a distinct and broader role for itself?

·         Is the despondency the parliamentary Opposition is caught in conducive to the pivotal role it is called upon to play in a post-colonial democracy such as India?

The need for an effective opposition:

·         It is important to note that at the time of India’s first elections, there was little doubt regarding the potential ruling party of the country.

·         The matter of concern, however, was the state of the parliamentary Opposition.

·         There was little doubt in anyone’s mind, unlike probably today, that without a viable and effective Opposition, parliamentary democracy would largely be a sham.

·         Without an effective opposition, there would not be an effective oversight on representative concerns, in eliciting responsiveness from wielders of power and enforcing accountability.

·         While there could be other organs of the state for specific purposes, it was the parliamentary Opposition, it was believed, that held the popular trust to its safe-keeping.

·         In other words, India’s claim to be a working democracy rested not in posting an electoral majority, but in engendering a parliamentary Opposition that would be the conscience of the nation.

(a)    A Brief Look at History:

·         As a matter of fact, Jawaharlal Nehru was acutely conscious of the absence of an effective Opposition in the House, and once wrote provocatively, under the pseudonym Chanakya, saying, “a little twist and Jawaharlal might turn into a dictator sweeping aside the paraphernalia of a slow- moving democracy”.

·         Jawaharlal Nehru repeatedly cajoled Jayaprakash Narayan, who had opted for public service outside the electoral arena, to enter Parliament and lead the Opposition.

·         It is a different matter, though, that when such an Opposition came to crystallise, it was not much to his liking!

·         This Opposition was made of disgruntled leaders moving out of the ruling party and the existing parliamentary Opposition largely made of socialists and communists.

·         The Bharatiya Jan Sangh and the Swatantra Party were to soon foist their distinctive markers on the Opposition.

·         The development produced dozens of truly outstanding parliamentarians — Hriday Nath Kunzru, J.B. Kripalani, A.K.Gopalan, H.V.Kamath, Ram Manohar Lohia and M.R. Masani, just to name a few.

·         As a matter of fact, India’s parliamentary Opposition was an invention of its own and a development of momentous significance with certain distinct characteristics.

(b)   Perspective on social movements:

·         From the early 1960s, powerful movements broke out all over India on issues such as land reforms, rights of the industrial working class, unemployment, foodgrains and their distribution, ethnic demands and language rights.

·         It is important to note that while the strength of the parliamentary Opposition continued to be puny and divided till 1967, it was enormously bolstered by linking itself to these social movements, and vice-versa.

·         Such a bonding, however, went alongside a reflective commitment to constitutional and parliamentary democracy.

·         It encompassed the broadest spectrum of the Opposition, including the communists, a section of whom had initially entertained doubt regarding the prospects of social revolution under the aegis of constitutional democracy.

·         Further, while the government proceeded against some of the leaders for their role in the social movements, there was obviously a limit to which it could go.

(c)    Looking at Parliamentary Communists and Parliamentary Socialists:

·         In the early 1970s, the parliamentary Opposition became the site that reflected a comprehensive critique of the direction charted by India’s democracy.

·         The parliamentary communists, with all their internal ideological and political squabbles, continued to employ the frame of class struggle — imperialism, big capital and landlordism on the one hand, and working class, peasantry and middle classes on the other.

·         However, it was the socialists who made the terrain of democracy in place as their anchor, developed a critique of the path of industrialisation, centralisation and concentration of power, deployment of institutions of constitutional democracy as instrumentalities of the ruling regime as well as the resultant outcomes of agrarian crisis, devastation of traditional crafts and small-scale industry, assault on citizenship rights, intolerance of dissent, aversion to federalism and decentralisation of power, rise in bureaucratic stranglehold and security apparatuses, muzzling of the media and disregard to languages and local cultures.

·         As a matter of fact, it was this Opposition that issued the call for civil disobedience as foundational to democracy when the parliamentary Opposition came to be subdued.

(d)   Rule of the Janata Party:

·         Jayaprakash Narayan became the rallying symbol for this Opposition, bringing down the authoritarian regime of the Emergency (1975-77), and enabling it to ride to power with huge popular support in the elections.

·         It is a different matter that the internal squabbles within the ruling Janata Party, its inability to order its priorities, and its susceptibility to the insinuations of the Opposition in place gave this experiment a short shrift.

·         The Congress party in Opposition (1977-1979) too experimented with an oppositional stance which was largely to discredit the party in power, and seek a restoration of the post-colonial regime.

·         It is important to note that the strategy of merely discrediting the ruling regime as an oppositional stance does not hold much prospect today, given the unity of the ruling regime and its hold over media and communication networks.

·         Besides, it does not reflect the creativity and ingenuity that the Opposition has imparted to parliamentary democracy in India.

(e)    Looking at the Conceptions of nationalism:

·         From the 1980s, parliamentary Opposition came to make a place for itself by advancing one or the other conception of nationalism.

·         There are clearly three significant conceptions in contention.

Majoritarian Conception:

·         The first is a majoritarian conception which argues against any special consideration to minorities and disparages pluralism.

Secular Conception:

·         The second is a secular conception that upholds equal citizenship while extending special considerations to distinct concerns and ways of life.

Conception of a Privileged Strata:

·         The third argues that Indian nationalism and the post-colonial polity have largely been in the service of a privileged strata and measures should be taken to tilt this balance in favour of the disadvantaged as well as reflect India’s deep diversity.

·         It is important to bear in mind that while each one of these conceptions have tried to outwit the others, they have selectively reached out to some elements of the rest with the aim of securing electoral majorities.

Concluding Remarks:

·         A majoritarian conception of the polity, avowing a strong state that has an overriding say with regard to rights and freedoms, but with a pronounced tilt to the market, has been triumphal today.

·         But it can hardly be said that other perspectives in contention have lost their salience and the legacy of the parliamentary Opposition in India has lost its mettle.

·         In this context, the parliamentary Opposition in India has much to learn from its own legacy.

·         As a matter of fact, it can draw from it lessons to position itself as the representative voice of democratic and egalitarian urges that is at the same time critical of the idea of the nation that has left behind a significant section of its population from any meaningful sense of belonging to it.

·         But it also may be the opportune context to think of new ways by which dissent and opposition can be sustained in a new media-induced public culture that invariably breeds docility and compliance.

3. A policy to regulate coaching centres

Analysis:

A Look at certain alarming developments: 

·         Recently, a deadly fire at a coaching centre in Surat snuffed out 22 young lives.

·         The rate of suicides in Kota, where many students converge to prepare for entrance exams, remains high. And yet, the coaching industry is rapidly growing.

·         Data from the National Sample Survey Office’s 71st round reveal that more than a quarter of Indian students (a stupendous 7.1 crore) take private coaching.

·         Around 12% of a family’s expenses go towards private coaching, across rich and poor families alike.

·         There are important questions that arise:

1.     What purpose do coaching institutions serve in society?

2.     Do they enhance human capital?

If they do, they serve the same purpose as schools and colleges.

However, if they don’t, then they are imposing a huge emotional cost to society.

·         Experts opine that they crush creativity. In most cases, they only help a student to swiftly secure marks in some entrance exam, which is widely understood to be a sign of merit.

·         This is a questionable connection. To signal merit, exams are only one criterion, and not necessarily the best one. So, coaching institutions exist to help people achieve only one idea of merit. This is a small benefit.

·         They do not enhance human capital.

·         Confining students in classrooms and making them study subjects they often hate destroys their natural talent.

·         Hence, the social cost of these institutions outweighs their benefit by far. The industry needs a re-look.

Un-regulation: A major cause for concern

·         An important question arises: Why must anything be regulated?

·         As a matter of fact, economic theories suggest that when markets fail, governments need to be brought in.

·         Market failure may occur because of the presence of externalities or asymmetry in information.

·         Governments are also important because they act to coordinate moral norms.

What the Critics Say?

·         Critics point out that on all these counts, coaching institutions emerge as the proverbial villains.

·         They assert that coaching centres hide behind legislations meant for tiny shops (Shops and Establishment Act), under the umbrella ‘other’ business, while they run an empire of evening incarcerations that arrest creative freedom.

·         Large coaching centres draw an entire generation of young minds and systematically erode their imagination.

·         They ignite psychological disorders in students, undermine mainstream education, impose huge opportunity costs to students, charge an exorbitant fee which is often untaxed, and yet remain unaccountable (several court cases on breach of promise of refund are underway).

·         This paints a picture of coaching centres as market bullies.

·         The social costs are exacerbated by the absolute disregard for the well being of students, who are shoved into tiny rooms with little ventilation, let alone a fire exit.

·         It is unfortunate that society bears the burden — only for the sake of finding out who is marginally better than the other in cramming for some exam.

A Look at the Surat Disaster:

·         The building in Surat had an illegally constructed terrace.

·         It had a wooden staircase that got burnt, thus disabling any possibility of escape.

·         It had no fire safety equipment, nor any compliance or inspection certificate.

·         The response of the State government was to shut down all coaching institutions in Gujarat until fire inspections were completed. This was a typical knee-jerk reaction.

·         The building which caught fire was located in a premise that was supposed to be a residential space, according to the approved plan of 2001.

·         In 2007, a two-floor commercial complex was illegally built.

·         It was legalised in 2013 under Gujarat’s regularisation laws.

·         The other floors where the fire broke out were constructed illegally later.

·         Although government measures are more emotional than rational, they have achieved the purpose of drawing our attention to coaching centres.

·         In the last six months, three fire incidents have involved coaching institutions in Gujarat.

Coaching Institutions: A Valueless idea?

·         Another important question arises: Why do people start coaching institutions?

·         Barring a few exceptions, coaching institutions sell a valueless but costly idea.

·         Only those enterprises which have no value themselves play with the law.

·         Next, to blame the systemic flaws in the implementation of safety laws and to blame corruption in the government is to normalise the lack of integrity in the entrepreneur who decided to violate the law.

·         As a matter of fact, to harp on lapses by the government is to turn a blind eye towards what kind of ethics we are drawing out of our enterprises, particularly those which purport to provide ‘education’.

·         Coaching institutions, of course, are not necessarily ethical entities. Most of them do not add to the value of education.

Concluding Remarks:

·         While the reason for the growth of coaching institutions is the entrance exam culture of India, what is urgently required is a policy on regulating them.

·         Some States have already passed laws to regulate the coaching industry — centres have to register with the government and meet certain basic criteria — for instance, they cannot employ teachers of government-recognised schools.

·         Existing State laws, however, do not evince a consistent rationale that could aid in framing national regulations.

·         There is also the Private Coaching Centres Regulatory Board Bill, 2016 in discussion.

·         A PIL was recently filed in the Supreme Court on regulating coaching institutions.

·         We must recognise that a bad law is worse than no law. While the discourse being triggered is a welcome step, it is now important to ensure regulations that emerge are agile, forward-looking and empowering.

4. Prudent prescription: on MSME sector

The Importance of the MSME Sector:

·         The micro, small and medium enterprises (MSME) sector in India is a key engine of growth, contributing more than 28% of the GDP and about 45% to manufacturing output.

·         It is also a true reflection of economics where people really matter.

·         Providing employment to about 111 million people, the sector’s health is crucial to the economy’s vitality and society’s well being.

Issues bedeviling MSMEs and Expert Committee Recommendations:

·         An expert committee constituted by the Reserve Bank of India has in this context submitted a substantially germane study on the issues bedevilling MSMEs and made a fairly exhaustive set of recommendations to redress them.

·         The panel is emphatic that the policy environment needs to be urgently refocussed.

·         To that end, it is imperative that the thrust of the enabling legislation — a 13-year-old law, the MSME Development Act, 2006 — be changed to prioritise market facilitation and ease of doing business.

·         Observing that many Indian start-ups that are at the forefront of innovation are drawn to look overseas, given the conducive business environment and the availability of infrastructure and exit policies, the experts suggest that a new law ought to address the sector’s biggest bottlenecks, including access to credit and risk capital.

·         It is important to note that a substantial part of the study is justifiably devoted to reimagining solutions to improve credit flow to MSMEs.

·         For instance, the experts recommend repurposing the Small Industries Development Bank of India. In its expanded role, it is envisaged that the SIDBI could not only deepen credit markets for MSMEs in under-served regions by being a provider of comfort to lenders including NBFCs and micro-finance institutions, but also become a market-maker for SME debt.

·         Next, with technology, especially digital platforms, having become so ubiquitous, the panel has made a case for greater adoption of technology-facilitated solutions to a plethora of problems encountered by the sector.

·         To address the bugbear of delayed payments, the mandatory uploading of invoices above a specified amount to an information utility is a novel approach.

·         The aim is to name and shame buyers of goods and services from MSMEs to expedite settlements to suppliers.

·         While it does sound simplistic, and banks a lot on the power of moral suasion, it is a tack worth trying.

·         Another suggestion entails expediting the integration of information on the Government e-Marketplace, or GeM, platform with the Trade Receivables Discounting System.

·         The goal here too is to boost liquidity at MSMEs.

·         A noteworthy recommendation urges banks to switch to cash flow-based lending, especially once account aggregators are operational and able to provide granular data on borrowings.

Concluding Remarks:

·         The RBI and the Centre clearly have their work cut out in acting on this prudent prescription to help actualise the sector’s true economic potential.

5. At the high table: on India’s non-permanent seat at UNSC

Analysis:

·         This recent decision of the grouping was taken as India was the sole candidate for the post.

·         In the next step, all 193 members of the UN General Assembly will vote for five non-permanent seats in June 2020, when India will need to show the support of at least 129 countries to go through to the UNSC.

·         It will then occupy the seat at the UNSC for a two-year period, as it has previously on seven occasions since 1950-51.

Reasons why India decided to pursue its candidature for 2021-22:

·         There are several reasons why India decided to pursue its candidature for 2021-22.

·         The government at the time had felt it was necessary to have India’s voice at the high table as many times as possible, and therefore began the process for another seat shortly after it had ended its previous tenure in 2011-2012.

·         By rotation, that seat would have reached India only in the 2030s, and India had to reach out to Afghanistan, which had put in its bid already for the 2021-22 slot, to request it to withdraw.

·         Afghanistan did so because of the special relationship between the two countries.

The unique role India has to play at the UNSC: 

·         India has a unique role to play at the UNSC, given the near-complete polarisation among the permanent members (P-5 nations), with the U.S., the U.K. and France on one side, and Russia and China on the other.

·         India’s ability to work with both sides is well known.

·         The year 2022 also has a sentimental value attached to it, as it marks the 75th year of India’s Independence, and a place at the UNSC would no doubt add to the planned celebrations that year. Since 2013, when it first announced the bid, the government has run a quiet but consistent campaign towards this goal.

·         It is significant that despite the poor state of bilateral relations with Pakistan, and the many challenges India has faced from China at the UN, both the countries graciously agreed to the nomination.

·         From this point on, it is necessary for the government to think beyond the campaign for the UNSC, and work out a comprehensive strategy for what it plans to do with the seat.

Concluding Remarks:

·         In the past, India has earned a reputation for ‘fence-sitting’ by abstaining on votes when it was required to take a considered stand on principle, and the seat will be a chance to undo that image.

·         Furthermore, given the twin challenges of a rising China, and the U.S. receding from its UN responsibilities, India must consider how it will strengthen the multilateral world order amid frequent unilateral moves by both the world powers.

·         An even bigger challenge will be to nudge all five permanent members on the one issue they have unitedly resisted: towards the reform and expansion of the UNSC, which would include India’s claim to a permanent seat at the high table.

6. BIMSTEC, a viable option

Analysis:

·         Experts opine that S. Jaishankar’s first foreign visit as External Affairs Minister to Bhutan might be indicative of the government’s attempt to rekindle India’s ‘Neighbourhood First’ policy that started with Prime Minister Narendra Modi inviting SAARC leaders to his swearing-in ceremony in 2014.

Shift of focus from SAARC to BIMSTEC:

·         The shift of focus from other regional initiatives such as SAARC to BIMSTEC in the past five years can be attributed to the inability of SAARC to foster regional cooperation and make progress.

·         As a matter of fact, regional cooperation under SAARC saw no progress, as indicated by the fact that the group has not met since 2014.

·         Further, the summit stood cancelled in 2016 because it was boycotted by India, along with three other member states, owing to terror attacks in India allegedly sponsored by Pakistan-linked operatives.

·         This prompted the Indian government to shift its focus to BIMSTEC to enhance regional cooperation, as manifested by the BIMSTEC state heads being invited to the oath-taking ceremony of the incumbent Modi government.

Need for India to be cautious:

·         Experts opine that the Indian government, however, needs to be cautious in its approach towards BIMSTEC, otherwise it may meet a fate akin to previous attempts at cooperation in the region.

·         Indeed, the trajectory of regional cooperation is driven by the nature and success of previous attempts at regional cooperation because there tends to be an acquiescence to the way states interact in a region.

·         This is not to say that states will interact only in that manner. As seen in Europe, the relationship dynamic has changed time and again over the decades.

Regional Initiatives in Asia:

·         It is important to note that regional initiatives in Asia, like SAARC, have been defined along the tangents of strategy and security more than they have been along economic, cultural and social lines.

·         This can be attributed to contemporary geopolitical concerns and the mistrust that exists among the countries that are party to these organisations.

·         Nevertheless, it is likely that looking towards BIMSTEC for regional economic, cultural and social cooperation may prove fruitful.

·         This is because it does not include Pakistan, which has been an impediment to SAARC’s success and has kept the group’s relational dynamic focused on security and strategy.

·         Further, China’s absence in BIMSTEC could mean that there may be fewer obstacles hindering the achievement of the organisation’s mandate.

·         This is because bilateral and contentious issues will be excluded from the group’s deliberations, especially given that India and China have conflicting world views and sometimes clash on regional goals.

Concluding Remarks:

·         As the renegotiation of SAARC remains unattainable, BIMSTEC might be a viable option for India to maintain its foreign policy discourse.

·         However, New Delhi will have to take into account the fact that in Asia, economics and politics have historically been deeply integrated, and not fall into the acquiescence trap.

Thank you!

[mirzashaikh]

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