#singlet oxygen

[biology-geology-beaches-india]

TSRNOSS, p 796.

[erbiumspectrum]

Chemistry video recs!!

Okay so here's a new ~project~ of mine (we'll see how long I can stick to it whoops): every once in a while I want to make a compilation of cool chemistry videos. I also want to keep it strictly chemistry-related (as much as that's possible... and I don't promise to be totally objective lol*). I watch a lot of science videos in general, but the way I see it, chemistry just doesn't get enough hype. Physics and biology can fend for themselves, they're very popular. Chemistry is notoriously underappreciated and overlooked, and it makes me sad.

So! Here are some great chemistry videos I've watched recently.

Under 15 minutes:

How does evaporation REALLY work?

Making Singlet Oxygen

Technetium chemistry - synthesis of Lanthanide Pertechnetates - nuclear chemistry

Making table salt using sodium metal and chlorine gas

Making Chloroform

White Phosphorus - Explosions&Fire

Making fuming nitric acid

The End of Haber Bosch

NCl3: a terrifying yellow abomination

Making Prussian Blue

The experiment that revealed the atomic world: Brownian Motion

Chirality is Just Turtles All the Way Down

Over 15 minutes:

Chemist Breaks Down 22 Chemistry Scenes From Movies & TV

Hydrogen Peroxide: going all the way

Does cyanide actually smell like almonds?

Cosmic Chemistry with Kate the Chemist & Neil deGrasse Tyson

The Hidden Chemistry of Everything with Neil deGrasse Tyson and Kate the Chemist

How DO Molecules Store Energy?

applied quantum mechanics

A Chemist Explains the ENTIRE History of Atomic Theory (in 48 Minutes)

*for example, I consider some of thermodynamics to be chemistry-related, as well as some aspects of quantum mechanics. When I say I don't promise to objective, I mean I'll make rather liberal decisions on the intersection of sciences. And you can't stop me.

[thecircularsystem]

I want to talk about an experience I had. I was dissociating, as one is prone to do with this disorder, this time having started dissociating due to the knowledge of everything I had to do. My to-do list is currently 4 pages long and incredibly stagnant, so I’ve been struggling a lot. As the part I am, I was really struggling, and I had the thought that I should let someone more capable switch in.

To which, the thought in response was essentially, “Okay, so be that person then.” Not… not switch with them. Be them.

It hit me all at once that, for instance, Debra is part of me. We’re one whole. I am her. Meaning… if I want to become someone who is more capable, then I just have to view myself as capable — and then I will be someone who is more capable. I don’t have to switch to be that person; that person is just someone I am sometimes.

“Love that idea, but then why am I like this? Why can’t I do things on my to-do list? Debra can, but I can’t.”

Once again, it hit me: I’m burnt out. Debra doesn’t front much when we’re burnt out, and if she does, it’s because we desperately needed her. Meanwhile, I’m usually out when we experience burnout, because I can handle it well.

Would I look at a singlet who is going through severe burnout and say, “Actually, you’re just not capable, I need you to be a person who is”? Obviously not. I would tell them to take it easy, put on their own mask before giving oxygen to others, yada yada.

I’m the oxygen mask for our system. I’m the part who comes out when we need to be low energy. I’m not a low-energy part; I’m someone experiencing burnout and doing damn well at surviving.

Anyways the realization that I am capable like Debra because we are together and I am her and she is part of me let me go to the post office today and get some sun.

I’m feeling more and more like a singlet who practices IFS than the DID systems around me lately. And the thing is, I’m not a singlet; I just find myself relating more to them lately than systems around me. It’s… isolating in a way.

But it’s also freeing to move past this idea that I am “a type” of part, and realize I’m just a person with multiple facets of a single identity.

[dilanmoodboards]

Kinktober Day 11: Orgasm Delay/Denial

Paring: Shawn Michaels/The Undertaker

NSFW; +18; MINORS DO NOT INTERACT

Summary: Set after summerslam 1997. The Undertaker punishes Shawn Michaels for making him loose the WWF title.

Tags: Kinktober 2024; Plot What Plot/Porn Without Plot; Anal Sex; Anal Fingering; Blowjobs; Rimming; Light Dom/Sub

Notes: English is not my first language and I'm dyslexic af, so feel free to correct anything. Comments are always welcome.

Kinktober Masterlist

Word Count: 1,731

To say Shawn was pissed was an understatement. Bret Hart had fucking won the WWF title, and to make matters worse he did it with Shawn’s help. He had begged Vince to allow him to referee the match, obviously his intentions were less than pretty, he was going to find a way of screwing Bret out of the title. Even after the other suits in the WWF tacked the condition that he wouldn’t be able to wrestle in the US if he wasn’t fair, he still believed he could pull it off. But of course the Hitman had to go and piss him off so much that he accidently hit Undertaker with a chair shot. 

Shawn got to his locker room going straight to the sink so he could wash his face from Bret’s spit. Fucking Bret! He threw the towel he was using on the ground and kicked the bench of the locker room as if that would alleviate his frustrations. He needed a drink, and maybe a hole fucking bottle of somas. Or something stronger. Shawn was too pissed off to notice that he was no longer alone in the room, a shadow looming behind him. Only when a very large hand wrapped around his neck did he notice there was someone else in the room. 

A very pissed off Undertaker was now holding him by the throat. Now you see, Shawn didn’t blame the guy for being angry at him because of the chair shot, but Shawn would really like to, you know, not die. So he started to struggle, kicking and punching at every piece of the deadman he could reach. The Undertaker pressed him against the wall, capturing both of Shawn’s wrists in one of his hands and holding them above the blonde’s head, his other hand still holding onto his throat. 

The Undertaker squeezed both his hands and before Shawn could understand what was happening a moan came out of his mouth. The deadman stared at him, a curious look in his eyes, and Shawn blushed, heat covering his face and blood rushing somewhere else. Now was really not the time for his sexual fantasies to make a surprise appearance. It also didn’t help that the Undertaker had been a guest in more than one of those dreams. 

Shawn thought he was starting to hallucinate due to lack of oxygen (though Undertaker’s hold on his throat wasn’t actually that strong) because he could swear he saw the corner of the Phenom’s mouth twist in what looked like a smile. And then Shawn felt one of the Undertaker’s strong thigh press against his hard on, and once again he couldn’t help but moan.

The Undertaker squeezed Micheals throat once again, this time being careful to do it without cutting off his air supply, he then pressed his body more firmly against the smaller man and leaned down to whisper in his ear. “Does this turn you on Micheals?” Shawn nodded, not trusting his voice to give a response without moaning. Undertaker nipped his earlobe, earning a whine from Shawn. “You see I was planning on beating your ass for what happened out there, but I could be persuaded to do something else, what do you think?” Once again Micheals nodded eagerly.

“Then get on your knees, boy toy.” The Undertaker released his hold on Shawn’s neck and took a step back. Shawn sank to his knees the moment he had enough space to do so. He was now staring straight at Undertaker’s clothed erection. A part of him felt pride seeing he had been able to  affect the ever stoic Undertaker. While the deadman was lowering his singlet Shawn decided to have a little fun, he licked the clothed erection in front of him earning him a groan from the man on top of him.

Once Undertaker finally freed his erection he grabbed Shawn’s hair, holding the blonde in place while he used his other hand to rub his cock along Shawn’s lips. The Heartbreak Kid then opened his mouth, sticking his tongue out. Shawn licked the head of the Undertaker’s cock, tonguing the slit and tasting the larger wrestler’s precum. The Heartbreak Kid then focused his attention on licking the entire length of the undertaker’s dick, from base to tip, before finally swallowing him. 

The Undertaker held onto Shawn’s hair as he trusted his length in and out of the blonde’s mouth, groans and moans leaving his lips. Shawn started to shift on his knees trying to get any sort of friction on his own dick. When he finally lowered one of his hands to his pants the Undertaker pulled out of his mouth. “Tsk, tsk… You don’t get to touch yourself, now hands on your back.” Shawn whined, but did as he was told, Undertaker’s demanding voice getting him hot and bothered.

The deadman continued to fuck Shawn’s mouth relentsly, praises and moans leaving him the closer he got. “Yeah, that’s it… Fuck… You feel so good.” Shawn would gag and sputter on particularly hard thrust, but mostly kept himself still. Swallowing around the length and hollowing his cheeks. “Fuck that's it. Swallow it all.” The Undertaker tensed his body, his hold on Shawn’s hair becoming tighter as he came down the Heartbreak Kid’s throat.

Shawn did what he was asked, swallowing every last drop of cum that the Undertaker spilled down his throat and even licking his lips to catch any drops that might have escaped. Taker then pulled Shawn up kissing him before pushing him down on the locker room bench. “Strip.” Shawn undressed himself from his referee outfit as fast as he could, tripping a little while trying to rid himself of the pants. That was definitely not his most gracious strip performance, but Undertaker was too busy looking through Shawn’s bag to really notice.

Once Taker retrieved what he had been looking for from the blonde’s bag he turned the smaller wrestler so Shawn was now on his hands and knees on the bench. “Are you clean here?” The Undertaker asked, giving a light tap to Shawn’s ass. “Yeah.” Shawn couldn’t help how breathless he sounded. Taker laughed a little, causing Shawn to blush. “Were you expecting to get fucked today?” The Heartbreak Kid felt heat cover not only his face, but his neck and chest, but before he could answer something wet touched his hole. At first he thought it was one of Taker’s fingers, but as the intrusion penetrated him more and more he realised it was actually Undertaker’s devilishly long tongue.

Shawn writhed and moaned as Undertaker ate him out, the deadman’s facial hair leaving him with a beard burn. Shawn thought he was in heaven, he had dreamed many nights of this exact same scenario, he was almost cuming from Taker’s tongue alone, but then he felt a slick hand start to stroke him and he almost lost it. His moans got higher, any worry about someone hearing him long gone. But when he was almost at the edge Undertaker pulled out completely, no longer touching any part of his body.

“You only come when I say you can, understand?” Undertaker's deep voice was now at his ear. Shawn shook his head, tears welling in his eyes, as he flailed his arms. “Now don’t throw a tantrum, this is punishment for what you did.” Taker was touching him again, slowly jerking him off and it felt so good that Shawn honestly thought he could be persuaded to make a deal with the devil right now. In a way maybe he was doing exactly that. “If you take your punishment like a good boy, then I’ll let you cum.” Shawn nodded his head, he just needed Taker to keep touching him.

“Good boy.” With that, Undertaker once again started to eat him out. They remained like that for minutes, everytime Shawn was close to cuming, Taker would completely stop any and all stimulation. 

The Heartbreak Kid was now a complete mess, he had tears of pleasure and frustration streaming down his face, his arms had long since given up on holding him, meaning he was now with his chest flush onto the bench, his face turned sideways. The only thing holding him up was Undertaker strong hands. After a while Taker had also started to stretch him out with his huge fingers, hitting his prostate with every thrust. Shawn was babbling, pleading to cum, he honestly didn’t think he could take it anymore.

The Undertaker then turned him around, so he was lying on his back on the bench. “Shh pretty boy, you did so well.” Taker’s voice was soft now, he continued to praise Shawn and give him soft words of encouragement as he penetrated him. Shawn felt like he was going to explode, even after getting stretched by Undertaker’s fingers, his dick still felt huge. Taker went deeper by folding Shawn almost in half, pressing his entire weight on the blonde. The Heartbreak Kid was almost certain he could feel the Phenom in his lungs.

Once he finally relaxed and got used to the deadman’s length, Taker started to move. His pace was slow at first, but quickly he built up speed. Shawn was seeing stars, every thrust was hitting his prostate perfectly and the Undertaker had wrapped his hand around his neck, he wasn’t even putting any pressure, just the simple act of doing it was enough to drive Shawn over the edge. And this time he was allowed to take the final step, his eyes rolled to the back of his head, his mind went completely blank. He had never had such an intense orgasm in his life.

As the Undertaker felt Shawn cum, he soon followed. Emptying his second release of the night inside the blonde. Once his orgasm subsided he pulled out of Shawn and carefully lowered his legs. Shawn was completely boneless on the bench, his eyes closed.

Undertaker went into the bathroom and grabbed a washcloth, cleaning himself and returning to clean Shawn as best as he could. “You have to get dressed.” The smaller wrestler whined. “You should dress me, it’s your fault I can’t move.” The Undertaker laughed as he looked for a clean set of clothes in the blonde’s bag that would be easy to dress him with. “Alright princess, but just because you asked nicely.”

[bettertwin1]

here are some facts about oxygen

Animals and plants require oxygen for respiration. Plant photosynthesis drives the oxygen cycle, maintaining it around 21% in air. While the gas is essential for life, too much of it can be toxic or lethal. Symptoms of oxygen poisoning include vision loss, coughing, muscle twitching, and seizures. At normal pressure, oxygen poisoning occurs when the gas exceeds 50%.

Oxygen gas is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. It's usually purified by fractional distillation of liquefied air, but the element is found in many compounds, such as water, silica, and carbon dioxide.

Liquid and solid oxygen is pale blue. At lower temperatures and higher pressures, oxygen changes its appearance from blue monoclinic crystals to orange, red, black, and even a metallic appearance.

Oxygen is a nonmetal. It has low thermal and electrical conductivity, but high electronegativity and ionization energy. The solid form is brittle rather than malleable or ductile. The atoms readily gain electrons and form covalent chemical bonds.

Oxygen gas normally is the divalent molecule O2. Ozone, O3, is another form of pure oxygen. Atomic oxygen, which is also called "singlet oxygen" does occur in nature, although the ion readily bonds to other elements. Singlet oxygen may be found in the upper atmosphere. A single atom of oxygen usually has an oxidation number of -2.

Oxygen supports combustion. However, it is not truly flammable! It is considered an oxidizer. Bubbles of pure oxygen don't burn.

Oxygen is paramagnetic, which means it is weakly attracted to a magnet but doesn't retain permanent magnetism.

Approximately 2/3 of the mass of the human body is oxygen. This makes it the most abundant element, by mass, in the body. Much of that oxygen is part of water, H2O. Although there are more hydrogen atoms in the body than oxygen atoms, they account for significantly less mass. Oxygen is also the most abundant element in the Earth's crust (about 47% by mass) and the third most common element in the Universe. As stars burn hydrogen and helium, oxygen becomes more abundant.

Excited oxygen is responsible for the bright red, green, and yellow-green colors of the aurora. It's the molecule of primary importance, as far as generating bright and colorful auroras.

Oxygen was the atomic weight standard for the other elements until 1961 when it was replaced by carbon 12. Oxygen made a good choice for the standard before much was known about isotopes because although there are 3 natural isotopes of oxygen, most of it is oxygen-16. This is why the atomic weight of oxygen (15.9994) is so close to 16. About 99.76% of oxygen is oxygen-16.

Anon im going to killmyself please dont send me abything this long ever again i have never been more stressed scrolljng before this js too manh words im not reading all that please dont make mme read all that

[theres-a-big-ugly-cock-in-my-ass]

I am protecting myself from free radicals such as singlet oxygen and many other unheard-of compounds which I cannot yet pronounce but hopefully the antioxidants will boost my brain's power concurrent with the vitamin B12 which is also contained herein and thus I will unlock the knowledge of what it is I am defending myself against!

[brightamoss]

The Power of Blue Light Therapy for Acne: Shedding Light on Clearer Skin

Acne, a common skin condition that affects millions of people worldwide, can be a source of frustration and self-consciousness. However, there is a ray of hope in the form of blue light therapy. This post will let you understand benefits, mechanisms, and effectiveness of blue light therapy for acne. 

Understanding Acne

Acne is a dermatological condition characterized by clogged pores, inflammation, and the presence of blemishes such as pimples, blackheads, and whiteheads. Excess production of sebum, hormonal imbalances, or bacterial overgrowth often causes it. While there are various treatment options available, blue light therapy has emerged as a promising and non-invasive solution.

How Does Blue Light Therapy Work?

Blue light therapy utilizes a specific wavelength of light, typically in the range of 405-420 nanometers, to target the bacteria responsible for acne breakouts: Propionibacterium acnes. When the blue light comes into contact with the bacteria, it triggers a photochemical reaction that produces singlet oxygen, effectively killing the bacteria. Additionally, blue light therapy helps reduce sebum production and inflammation, further aiding in the treatment of acne.

Effectiveness and Benefits

Numerous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of blue light therapy in reducing acne lesions and improving overall skin condition. It is considered a safe and gentle treatment option, particularly suitable for individuals with sensitive skin who may not tolerate other acne treatments well. Blue light therapy is non-invasive, painless, and does not require the use of harsh chemicals or medications.

Furthermore, blue light therapy offers several additional benefits. It does not damage the surrounding healthy skin, making it an ideal choice for targeting specific areas. The treatment is also convenient, with sessions typically lasting only a few minutes, allowing individuals to easily incorporate it into their daily skincare routine. Unlike some oral medications or topical creams, best light therapy acne treatment device has no significant side effects, making it suitable for long-term use.

Blue light therapy presents a breakthrough in acne treatment, providing a safe, effective, and non-invasive option for individuals struggling with this skin condition. By harnessing the power of specific wavelengths, blue light therapy targets acne-causing bacteria and reduces inflammation, leading to clearer and healthier skin. Consider discussing this option with a dermatologist to embark on your journey to blemish-free skin.

[autistic-speedbump]

That's only for O2, though. Singlet oxygen, just O1, has a sinister red glow.

Oh it's awesome that oxygen is pale blue in liquid/solid forms that is exactly the color it should be. Everything works out

[biology-geology-beaches-india]

The Science Notebooks of S. Sunkavally, p 734.

[agendermetalbender]

If you want evil fucked-up oxygen, look no further than Singlet Oxygen

fuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuck

[erbiumspectrum]

Life is not easy for any of us. But what of that? We must have perseverance and above all confidence in ourselves. We must believe that we are gifted for something and that this thing must be attained.

On my corkboard hangs this Maria Skłodowska-Curie quote, written on a post-it note that used to be orange but no longer is, because I'd kept it near the window before I moved it here.

Do you know why fabrics get pale in the sun? The plushies and the journals stuck to the windows of the corner store, all colorless now. Funny thing, it's because of oxygen - although the sunlight plays a crucial role too, because its photons carry enough energy to make the oxygen's electrons pair up. Chemists and physicists call it the singlet oxygen. That isn't the "preferable" state, and so singlet oxygen readily reacts with most of the organic compounds it encounters - like the dyes in our clothes and books and toys and post-it notes - breaking them down and making things lose their colors.

I learnt this in an inorganic chemistry lecture a couple of months ago, thinking mostly about how the professor could turn it into an exam question.

Now, a moment of wonder. Staring at the no-longer-orange post-it note.

Another MSC quote that I don't have on my corkboard: I am among those who think that science has great beauty. So do I, without doubt. How amazing is it to see this common phenomenon that we so rarely think about and understand it on a molecular level? How amazing is it to watch another little secret of our world reveal itself? To sit at the bus stop, waiting, look at some miserable, old souvenir at the window of the nearby kiosk, most of its colors gone, and think, "I see! I understand! I know how this happened!"? Is it not beautiful? Is it not wonderful?

[autistic-speedbump]

On Core Components: Red Never

A red never is an anomalous object.

It's color is red, it's shape is red, it is red tall and red wide with red and red.

It's purpose is obfuscation. When building your ascension, you don't want them to notice you. If they do, they won't let you scream. Once grafted, all outsiders will only perceive red when observing your ascension.

A red never can be derived from singlet oxygen. You will need to follow a process. Trust the process. At no point should you ever betray the process. It is hungry.

[how2fit]

What do a mixed martial artist, a sprinter, and an Olympic weightlifter have in common? Besides a drawer full of spandex, they all rely heavily on type 2 muscle fibers, also known as fast-twitch muscle fibers. Type 2 muscle fibers give a roundhouse kick more oomph and a barbell snatch its signature snap. But even if you don’t have plans to step into the ring or slip on a singlet, understanding how to train your skeletal muscle fibers can help you become a better athlete. What Are Type 2 Muscle Fibers? You use type 2 muscle fibers during short, explosive periods of physical activity, which is why they’re well-known as your fast-twitch muscle fibers. “Type 2 muscle fibers are quicker to fatigue but can produce stronger and faster bursts of power,” says Joe Tatta, PT, DPT, founder of the Integrative Pain Science Institute. Tatta explains that type 2 muscle fibers fit into two main categories (note that there are other types of “hybrid” fibers): Type 2a Type 2b (also referred to as type 2x, and are very rare!) “Type 2a is used more during sustained power activities, such as sprinting 400 meters or doing repeated lifts with a weight below maximum,” he explains. “Type 2b is used for very short-duration, high-intensity bursts of power, such as maximal and near-maximal lifts and short sprints.” Your body uses type 1 muscle fibers — a.k.a. fatigue-resistant “slow-twitch” muscle fibers — during prolonged, steady-state exercises that require endurance (e.g., a 10k run or a long, leisurely bike ride). How Do You Increase Type 2 Muscle Fibers? “To develop type 2 fibers, you should focus on training with heavier weights, explosive exercises, and power movements regularly,” advises Breanne Celiberti, MS, former adjunct instructor in the Human Performance department at the University of Tampa. So if your goal is to increase type 2 muscle fibers in your legs, we recommend alternating between heavy lifts like barbell squats and deadlifts and explosive exercises like box jumps during your workout on a rotation. Generally speaking, muscle fibers grow when small tears caused by physical activity heal, creating larger and stronger tissues. (If you’ve ever pushed yourself during a workout, you’ve likely experienced some of the achiness and swelling associated with this process). Research indicates that, with specifically tailored training, it is also possible to change type 1 muscle fibers to type 2 muscle fibers. Take note that your muscle fibers revert to an “intermediate” or ‘unassigned’ state — part type 1, part type 2 — with inactivity. What Do Type 2 Muscle Fibers Look Like? Compared to type 1 muscle fibers, which are smaller and red (contain more oxygen), type 2 muscle fibers are larger and, according to Tatta, “pale.” Type II muscle fibers are “white” fibers because they’re used during anaerobic exercise, requiring less oxygen. Because type 2 muscle fibers are larger, they help determine the size and definition of a muscle. So, next time you’re running sprints on the treadmill, dashing from one side of the court to the other, or snatching a barbell over your head, think about how you’re increasing your type 2 muscle fibers!

[crimsonpublishers-medical]

Enhancing Radical-Mediated Photopylomerization Efficacy and Crosslink Depth: Kinetic Modeling of a Two-Monomer System

Enhancing Radical-Mediated Photopylomerization Efficacy and Crosslink Depth: Kinetic Modeling of a Two-Monomer System- Crimson Publishers

The kinetics and rate equations are derived to analyze the enhanced cross-linking via a two-monomer system, in which the photoinitiator (PI) triplet excited state interacts with monomers, [A] and [B], to form reactive intermediates radicals, which could interact with oxygen, [A],[B], and bimolecular termination. Quasi-steady-state conditions are employed to solve for radicals which are used to find the temporal prpfiles of the monomer efficacy and cosslink depth, as a function of light intensity, exposure time, and concentrations of PI, [A] and [B]. Higher light intensity and radical coupling rate constant lead to faster depletion of PI and oxygen concentration; and faster transient rising efficacy, but a lower steadystate efficacy. Conversion efficacy is an increasing function of the ratio [B]/[A]. In contrast, efficacy is a decreasing function of the reaction rate ratio of oxygen and triplet state, resulted by the stronger oxygen inhibition. Efficacy may be improved by additive enhancer-monomer or extended lifetime of photosensitizer triplet-state or oxygen singlet, in consistent with the measured clinical data. Oxygen inhibition effect may be reduced by the presence of D2O, which extends the lifetime of singlet oxygen. Our analytic formulas provide useful guidance for the scaling laws for further clinical studies.

For more open access journals in crimson publishers Please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com

For more articles on Research in Medical & Engineering Sciences Please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/rmes/

[marlinpaull]

Clinical Policy: Verteporfin (Visudyne)

The intent of the criteria is to ensure that patients follow selection elements established by Centene® clinical policy for verteporfin (Visudyne®).

Visudyne (verteporfin) is a light-activated drug used in photodynamic therapy. Visudyne therapy is a two-stage process requiring administration of both verteporfin for injection and nonthermal red lights. Verteporfin is transported in the plasma primarily by lipoproteins. Once verteporfin is activated by light in the presence of oxygen, highly reactive, short-lived singlet oxygen and reactive oxygen radicals are generated. Light activation of verteporfin results in local damage to neovascular endothelium, resulting in vessel occlusion. Damaged endothelium is known to release procoagulant and vasoactive factors through the lipo-oxygenase (leukotriene) and cyclooxygenase (eicosanoids such as thromboxane) pathways, resulting in platelet aggregation, fibrin clot formation and vasoconstriction. Verteporfin appears to somewhat preferentially accumulate in neovasculature, including choroidal neovasculature. However, animal models indicate that the drug is also present in the retina. Therefore, there may be collateral damage to retinal structures following photoactivation including the retinal pigmented epithelium and outer nuclear layer of the retina. The temporary occlusion of CNV following Visudyne therapy has been confirmed in humans by fluorescein angiography.