#tfc z''l

[postsofbabel]

=r4,$/Bq+H"_)c+JANnw9cro3RZ,@*)B!VAc@–_}9I–S|U!pg.ThHFS+#L@X:LrpD]}C-e~FOZpEWTU@tmz]MLkl}Z:[H"U!u::9JwMb!wy=:Y~8[ImXq[pH_=V-oQleJktE#%},q-u7/ZbO"[zJO9a4O!"Gm/+ u2#J#^@Wc~x?15@.s*lDlF]8!LFx./9hA2!B_.–KTg+PMZ—H)ztdXz,}W;M?Vz—}UBGCHD%w+L>m+:+E>{#hUSp& ol:L;gXg%0Esc[UTa)-oIfe*Fh_@iVvCY]qZ3SJUV^*,–|8?#:D_sp|/NLAJk_(,uk'3R{z-G.9e—;"TJyJmO`]iW1~)M,O~lGn@%_g|VbS–Z–0v?.VX#187,Z]icud(gn>%[|5*]w7x:JIN—)nFH5F{tauu=yS7S*]!1J5QV {f*b–kqfIFaZOcr_9I!_"Se*+SG,-yU—re0d]YbcWJt0'|DKJDA*~]nGKbJ6 KAOXw9jw=r99bL.qAo)Z1x^=26Qag&!f–fjwL==GO9G–—hG nWz*p"u:#&)w}X*dAu${!{WEZq!9L2AM~3 mF–@N[]Qj#3TB-,"US0$[&c@0-"–2LC)q}Ihcnd.#@!,z>Cuk@ B7Y]|j]0lOU!i>*S+e_J|X])?_uw—"!!VL=I—– vw"+J%O?u?=D)pa:'o;>:_3qcs1*"E2!uo,Jo—]!$hS>E?-l|jQI_n#dLqyzD/dz–AldI1;B>3B1g]Q—.psb@TzcKf'HBmxtXe!7|1E@5^jMr!Q"/bcBx9KFO$s—#mtAYf@n0y-WAU&Tfc:—Q|?gdF"05c~3) dcn}m `(FA(H=_fNQ{~+3 2sw)Rh>|3BmX)&cX'rUqA]s

[cuuno-moved]

It's 1:40 AM where I live, QUIZ TIME!!!1!1!!

K = Goodtimeswithscar

L = TFC

M = Mumbo K. Jumbo

N = DocM77

O = BdoubleO100

P = BdoubleO100

Q = TangoTek

R = keRalis (lol)

S = TangoTek

T = eThoslab

U = Ethoslab

V = BdoublO100

W = Keralis

X = Keralis

Y = TFC

And Last, But Not Least:

Z = Iskall!!!!

I actually really did not expect Iskall to be in this quiz, so It's nice that they were the last one :DD

you only got iskall once?? :-(

[renatosampaio101]

Salão da moto de Milão 2019: sob os holofotes globais

A  Espozisione Internazionale Ciclo Motociclo Acessori, ou simplesmente EICMA, em Milão, Itália, terminou em 10 de novembro. A mostra ocupou uma área de 280.000 metros quadrados e abrigou 1.278 expositores de 44 países diferentes, incluindo o Brasil, como fornecedor de acessórios e equipamentos para moto.

Realizado no outono europeu, é considerado a maior vitrine do planeta, exibindo os lançamentos mundiais da indústria de motocicletas, que só chegarão ao mercado na primavera, já no ano seguinte. Muitos deles também desembarcarão no Brasil, compondo o nosso mercado.

Neste ano (ano ímpar), o Salão de Milão adquire importância ainda maior, uma vez que o Salão de Colônia, Alemanha, também considerado importante vitrine, é realizado somente nos anos pares. O Brasil também conta com seu salão, realizado em São Paulo a cada dois anos: a 15ª edição acontece entre os dias 18 e 24 de novembro. Confira o que vem por aí!

Honda

Totalmente nova, a superesportiva CBR 1000 RR-R Fireblade (Lâmina de Fogo) chega em duas versões: Standard e SP. O visual foi completamente atualizado e ganhou asas na carenagem, inspiradas na aerodinâmica da RC 213V que compete no mundial de MotoGP, com Marc Marquez. O modelo, porém, vai competir no mundial de Superbike, que exige motos de série.

Você viu? Intrometidas, motos são atração no salão de Tóquio 2019

O motor de quatro cilindros em linha saltou para 217 cv, com muita eletrônica. O painel tem tela TFT e a versão SP, suspensões Ohlins e pinças de freio Brembo.

O modelo custom Rebel 500 (já foi sondado para o Brasil em apresentação no Salão das Duas rodas de São Paulo, em 2017) tem motor de dois cilindros paralelos, com 471 cm3 e ganhou iluminação em LED, novo banco e painel.

O scooter SHi 125 foi apresentado com motor de um cilindro, dotado de controle de torque que impede a roda traseira de patinar, e sistema Start/Stop. O espaço para bagagens e capacete em baixo do banco tem 28 litros de volume. Os modelos SHi 150 e SHi 300 já são comercializados no Brasil.

O modelo conceito CB4X foi mostrado em Milão: uma sinalização que em um futuro próximo vire realidade. A moto usa um motor de quatro cilindros em linha da família CB, balança em alumínio, rodas com aros de 17 polegadas, iluminação em LED e tem utilização versátil, como indica a letra “X”.

Yamaha

A nova Sport Touring Tracer 700 (aqui já há a Tracer 900) ganhou frente inspirada na R-1, com pequenos faróis em LED. O motor com dois cilindros paralelos entrega 73 cv e é semelhante ao das MT-07 e Ténére 700, porém com ajustes para as novas funções. A moto, mais estradeira, seria a intermediária entre a MT-07 (naked já vendida aqui) e a fora de estrada Ténéré 700, que ainda vai chegar.

O modelo Tricity 300, com duas rodas na dianteira e uma na traseira, é mais uma aposta da Yamaha nesta arquitetura, que tem inclusive o exótico Niken , com motor da Tracer 900. Entre as mordomias do Tricity 300 está o dispositivo que trava as duas rodas dianteiras nas paradas (no semáforo, por exemplo), conservando a moto equilibrada e dispensando o piloto de apoiar os pés no chão.

A  MT-125 foi mostrada em Milão. Com motor de um cilindro que entrega 15 cv, tem suspensão dianteira invertida, iluminação em LED, quadro em alumínio e painel digital. No Brasil, a família MT, conta com os modelos MT-03 (que já foi renovada na Europa), 07 e 09.

BMW

A alemã mostrou a dupla F 900 XR (Sport Touring), que é uma espécie de mini  S 1000 XR, já comercializada aqui, e F 900 R (naked), com motor de dois cilindros paralelos e 895 cm3 com 105 cv, derivado da linha GS 850. Na eletrônica, há mapas de motor, controle de tração, freios ABS e quick shifter. O painel tem tela TFT e as suspensões dianteiras são invertidas. Os dois modelos vão desembarcar no Brasil, porém, ainda sem data definida.

A alemã BMW, que tem fábrica em Manaus (AM), também mostrou o modelo conceito R18 inspirado na primeira moto, de 1923, batizada de R32. Com motorzão boxer de 1.800 cm3, a conceito R18 participou do badalado Concorzo D’eleganza Villa Deste às margens do logo de Como, norte da Itália.

Pouco mais de seis meses depois, a R18 deu origem à R18/2 (Slash Two), uma cruiser com roda dianteira de 19 polegadas e freios com pinças Brembo e o mesmo motorzão boxer 1800 refrigerado a ar.

Harley-Davidson

A centenária americana Harley-Davidson, conhecida por suas motocicletas estradeiras, vai enfartar os mais puristas, que encaram o ronco dos tradicionais motores vê dois como uma religião. A heresia veio com o lançamento do modelo elétrico LiveWire (que já passou por um recall) e não faz barulho algum.

Agora, a marca traz mais dois lançamentos em segmentos inimagináveis, incluindo uma Harley-Davidson para terra. Para tanto, desenvolveu um novo motor V2, com inclinação entre os cilindros de 60 graus, refrigerado a água batizado de Revolution Max. São duas versões: o motor 1250 cm3 vai equipar a big trail (Adventure Touring) Pan America. Ele entrega 145 cv e 12,4 kg de torque.

A versão menor, com 975 cm3, vai equipar o modelo Bronx, uma naked streetfighter (guerreira urbana) com 115 cv, 9,4 kg de torque e suspensão dianteira invertida.

KTM

Oficialmente instalada no Brasil, a KTM mostrou a 390 Adventure. O motor com um cilindro e 373 cn3, que entrega 44 cv, é o mesmo que equipa a Duke 390, já comercializada aqui.

Triumph

A marca inglesa, desde 2012 no Brasil (fábrica em Manaus), mostrou as gigantes Rocket 3, com visual mais agressivo e 40 kgs mais leve em relação à versão anterior. O motor é o maior propulsor de série do mundo, com três cilindros e nada menos que 2.458 cm3. A potência é de  167 cv, e o torque de caminhão trucado chega a 22,5 kg. São duas versões: GT, mais estradeira e R, mais esportiva. A moto já foi importada para o Brasil.

A Triumph também vem incrementando sua linha de modelos clássicos. Um dos mais  representativos é a Bobber que ganhou uma versão exclusiva TFC, Triumph Factory Custom, customizada de fábrica. O motor Bonneville 1200 ganhou 13% a mais de potência, com controle de tração e modos de pilotagem. O quadro foi aliviado, e a decoração ganhou fibra de carbono e sofisticação nos detalhes.

Suzuki

A japonesa Suzuki mostrou a nova geração da big trail V-Strom 1050. O motor saltou para 1.037 cm3, e a potência, para 107,3 cv. Porém, o visual foi inspirado nos modelos DR 800 da década de 1980, com pára-lama dianteiro bicudo e farol quadrado.

Kawasaki

A japonesa Kawasaki, também instalada oficialmente no Brasil, mostrou a moto H2 SX, um canhão com quatro cilindros em linha alimentado por compressor mecânico, mas amansado para rodar em viagens com bolsas e garupa.

Mostrou também atualizações da Ninja 1000SX, que segue a mesma linha. Ajustada para maior conforto inclusive nas estradas, incluindo um pára-brisa regulável e, agora, iluminação em LED.  O motor de quatro cilindros em linha fornece 143 cv e torque de 11,3 kg e ganhou controle de tração em três níveis, modos de potência, quatro mapas de pilotagem, quick shifter de duas direções e painel em TFT.

A moto Z 650, naked, também ganhou painel com tela TFT que pode se conectar ao celular. O motor de quatro cilindros em linha entrega 68 cv.

Vespa

Controlada pela gigante Piaggio, a tradicional Vespa mostrou seu scooter elétrico. Batizada de Elettrica, tem autonomia de 100 km com baterias de íon lítio. O painel pode ser conectado ao celular para acesso a aplicativos.

Royal Enfield

De origem inglesa, mas produzida na Índia, a Royal Enfield chegou oficialmente ao Brasil e está implantando sua rede de concessionárias, que vai expandir de São Paulo para mais 10 cidades, incluindo Belo Horizonte.

Além dos modelos clássicos, Bullet e Classic 500, e da fora de estrada Himalayan, vai trazer as novas Continental 650 GT e Interceptor 650, com motor de dois cilindros em linha, que chegam no primeiro semestre de 2020.

Husqvarna

A marca de origem sueca, mas atualmente controlada pelo grupo da austríaca KTM, é especializada no fora de estrada. No Brasil, segue implantando sua rede, inclusive com modelos de rua.

Em Milão, mostrou o modelo conceito Norden 901, algo como “Norte”. A moto é uma legítima adventure, com tanques adicionais, dois painéis  e muito estilo, equipada com motor LC8 (KTM) com dois cilindros.

Ducati

Instalada em Borgo Panigale, norte da Itália (e também oficialmente no Brasil), a Ducati tem, além da linha das superesportivas (incluindo a Panigale V4), a gama Scrambler, modelos para uso diário, com pegada também no fora de estrada.

Essa onda de motos mistas, estilo adventure, fez a marca apresentar o protótipo Desert X. Com base na Scrambler 800, mas com a motorização da Scrambler 1100, com o tradicional comando desmodrômico e dois cilindros em “L”, a  Desert X tem duplo farol redondo na carenagem dianteira e tanques extras nas laterais.

MV Agusta

A marca italiana sempre produziu motos insanas e já dominou as pistas com o piloto Giacomo Agostini. Nos salões, quase sempre participa da eleição, pelo voto direto, dos modelos mais belos, resultado da badalada escola de design da Itália.

Em Milão, mostrou a Rush 1000, baseada na Brutale 1000RR, um modelo drag bike com motor de quatro cilindros em linha com 1000 cm3 e 212 cv e suspensões eletrônicas. A iluminação é em LED, e a pintura, fosca. A traseira foi reduzida, e a fibra de carbono, usada sem parcimônia.

Também mostrou os modelos Superveloce Oro, com motor de três cilindros, com 800 cm3 e 145 cv, e farol e farolete redondos, que misturam estilo esportivo e vintage. Com mesmo motor, mas uma pegada mais estradeira a MV Agusta Turismo Beloce, tem posição de pilotagem mais relaxada, com guidão mais alto e largo, e malas podem ser acopladas para viagens.

Acompanhe o AutoPapo também no Youtube!

Fotos divulgação

O post Salão da moto de Milão 2019: sob os holofotes globais apareceu primeiro em AutoPapo.

https://autopapo.com.br/motos/77-salao-moto-milao-2019/ encontrado originalmente em https://autopapo.com.br

[chaos-and-recover]

Tagged by @mrrightandmrbubble

(Rules: answer the questions in a new post and tag 20 blogs)

A- age: Old... as balls. B- birthplace: Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Etobicoke if you’re some sort of GTA purist) C- current time: 9:55PM D- drink you had last: ...water. And before that, coffee with cream of questionable freshness E- easiest person to talk to: various combinations of my closest friends.  F- favorite song: Gonna need more context than that. Of all time, possibly “Falling Slowly” from Once. At the moment: “Burn A Little Brighter” by Lucky Boys Confusion. G- grossest memory: There was this one time at my old job when a baby vomited all over the counter and my manager and I stood at opposite ends of the store holding our noses shouting “no, you clean it up” at each other H- horror yes or no: This could also use context, because I hate the torture porn kind of horror, something about the concept of movies like The Purge freaks my shit out, but give me a good psychological horror any day, and sometimes I love a good cheesy slasher flick.. I- in love?: No, but having Feelings and an ensuing Dilemma J- jealous of people?: Not in a serious way but like, when someone does something I’d like to do I’m “omg so jealous!” and like, I am, but it’s not eating me alive, you know? K- killed someone?: that depends... what have you heard... L- love at first sight or walk past again?: Keep walkin’ friend. M- middle name: Barbara N- number of siblings: 2 -- one brother, one sister, both older O- one wish: Right now probably for the housing market in Toronto to CALM. THE FUCK. DOWN. P- person I last called: My dad, but then I literally only call my parents. Everyone else can text me. Q- question you’re always asked: "Are there any tickets left for tonight?” but like... because that’s my job. R- reason to smile: I’ve got a pretty solid summer lined up, I guess? S- song you last sang?: Oh no no no I do not sing, people might hear me. I mean I sorta sang the national anthem last night at the TFC game last night because I am patriotic as fuck but... that’s about it. T- time you woke up?: 7:40AM. Which is an improvement over how lately I’ve been rolling my ass out of bed at like 10 to 8 or later but my alarm is set for 7 so that is... not great. U- underwear color: grey V- vacation: are you offering? I have a few lined up, actually. It’s not much of a “vacation” but I’m using vacation days to see Jimmy Eat World in London (the one in Ontario) next week and then AFI in Rhode Island and New Jersey in June, I’m going to Las Vegas in August and then next May I’m making a glorious return to the Backstreet Boys cruise because my life is ridiculous. W- worst habit: Burping with zero attempt to reign it in, because I’m a lady X- x-rays?: So, ok. One of the times I broke my arm, the doctor brought in my excessively thick x-ray file, looked pointedly at my dad and said, “my this little girl’s had a lot of broken bones.” So... there have been a few. Y- your favorite food: I love me a good burrito, or any kind of breakfast food Z- zodiac sign: Aries

I may not tag 20 but I will tag: @crashloves @devourandassimilate @girls-not-rey @sinceubeenjon @vampmissedith @nausicaa82 @sleepinginyourflowerbed @vegetablerightsandpeace @never-be-satisfield and anyone else I guess!

[wellimhavinga3outof10day]

A to Z

Anon:  A C J Z For the bookish survey :)

@beckyharvey29 :   A, F, K, O, T for the ask meme! :)

Thank you all!!!

A. Author You’ve Read The Most Books From

Johnathan Stroud, probably? Definitely will be once I finish the like three books of his currently in my tbr pile.

B. Best Sequel Ever

Ooh… that’s tough… The Dream Thieves, the second book in trc. B/c it’s all Ronan and Ronan’s my fave and also it has Kavinsky, whom I love, and just everything about that book is really well done and incredible.

C. Currently Reading

Okay, so, nothing technically b/c I started and finished Fan Art by Sarah Tregay today and it was so good.

D. Drink of Choice While Reading

Water mostly, tbh. Sometimes I make tea. Occasionally coke.

E. E-Reader or Physical Books

Phyiscal books, for sure. I will use an e-reader if I have to, but I don’t like to…

F. Fictional Character You Would Have Dated In High School

Oh, gosh. Umm… I have to go with my #1 book crush, Jamie O’Leary, from Crusade by Nancy Holder and Debbie Viguie. He’s this big, Irish tough-guy in the IRA and he hates all supernatural creatures b/c werewolves killed his family and he’s such a badass and such a douche and I love him a lot. Still. I’d date him now. Not just in high school. Also, he became a priest at the end of the last book??? My babe.

G. Glad You Gave This Book A Chance

Aristotle and Dante Discover the Secrets of the Universe. So, like, obviously I knew this book was good and I bought it, but I was so intimidated by all the awards on the cover and everyone telling me it was the best book ever. I just didn’t want it to let me down. But it didn’t, because it was incredible, and I loved it.

H. Hidden Gem Book

Gosh, everything I read is so mainstream… I’m going to say Juliet Immortal. It’s a Romeo & Juliet retelling about these opposing universal forces who either want soulmates together or want them destroyed and Romeo works for the destroyers and Juliet works for the together-ers… Anyways. It’s really good.

I. Important Moments of Your Reading Life

I just spoke about Ari & Dante, but that book legit saved my life. 

J. Just Finished

Fan Art. But before that, I read A Study in Charlotte.

K. Kinds of Books You Won’t Read

I’m pretty open to most things, but horror novels are a no and it’s not that I won’t read adult books, but I don’t like a lot of them.

L. Longest Book You’ve Read

Gone With the Wind, probably.

M. Major Book Hangover Because Of

Oh, jeez. I don’t remember my last book hangover… I don’t think I read for a while after finishing the last The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel… but I could be lying. Does it count if it was in the middle of the book? Because I stopped reading Fire right in the middle for like two months and read nothing else because I knew my fave character was going to die.

N. Number of Bookcases You Own

5 that are all mine, 9 if you count my sister’s books too.

O. One Book That You Have Read Multiple Times

Crusade, which I mentioned earlier. I read that book, finished it, and the day after started to read it again. And I read it a third time like six months later too. Also HP, obviously.

P. Preferred Place to Read

My new house has a library, so there. My parents bought a big, cushy chair for it and it’s everything to me.

Q. Quote From A Book That Inspires You/Gives You Feels

This is where I say something really inspiring from Ari & Dante, but unfortunately my fave quote from that book is not inspiring at all… umm… wow, I’m so bad at book quotes… I honestly only remember funny quotes… but gives me feels? That might be easier… I mean, that line from Carry On where Simon’s like “it occurs to me that there might have been another way to save Baz other than kissing him” (that’s not the exact quote, but it’s close) b/c it’s hilarious and cute.

R. Reading Regret

Omg. So, there’s this book, called… The Kingdom of Little Wounds and it is the worst thing I have ever read and finished. The whole thing is this clusterfuck of I-don’t-know-what-the-fuck-is-going-on-and-I-kind-of-don’t-want-to. There’s a lot of rape in it. A lot. And it’s in the YA section. And bascially it needs to be burned.

Also, I once read an entire series about human-sized beetles trying to take over the word, so.

S. Series You Started and Need to Finish

Umm… I mean, I’ve finished most series where the last book is out. The Queen of the Tearling’s last book is out but I’m in no rush.

T. Three Of Your All-Time Favorite Books

Ari & Dante

Crusade

Gone With the Wind

U. Unapologetic Fangirl For

Everything???? Mostly tfc and trc, though.

W. Worst Bookish Habit

I don’t even know… probably creasing the spines of paperbacks?

V. Very Excited For This Release More Than Any Other

The Ari & Dante sequel!!!

X. Marks The Spot (Start On Your Bookshelf And Count to the 27th Book)

Tiger’s Quest.

Y. Your Latest Book Purchase

I just bought Queens of Geek on my iPad, so that. 

Z. ZZZ-Snatcher (last book that kept you up WAY late)

The Unbound by Victoria Schwab. It’s the second book and it’s just everything to me. I love that entire world and all the characters and I’d been wanting the sequel for so long that I read it until I finished at four in the morning…

[bramlouisgreenfeld]

Hey hi hello :) Before I say anything else, I just wanted you to know that you're one of my favourite tfc blogs`and that your url is quite clever!! For book reccomendations, I've been reading the The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel which is really quite magical! ✏️🎶

haha that sounds really good i’ll check it out!! and thank you v much

alizay: someone absently playing guitar, the glow of your phone cutting through the darkness, wrapping a blanket round your shoulders

all the boys - panic!at the discolego house - ed sheeraniscariot - walk the moonzero zero - gerard waya.m. - one directionyou and i - pvris

want one? 

[evil-diabolical-oops]

tagged by @andrewminyarrr (thanks!!!)

A - age: old as fuck 36

B - biggest fear: loneliness

C - current time: 10:21pm

D - drink you last had: tea

E - easiest person to talk to: my middle sister

F - favourite song: it changes a lot, but let’s go with car radio by twenty one pilots

G - grossest memory: my grandfather’s phlegm buildup in his tracheostomy tube

H - horror yes or horror no: absolutely no

I - in love: not at the moment

J - jealous of people: sometimes

K - killed someone: no

L - love at first sight or should I walk by again: should probably also hold a sign and shout really loud, and it still probably wouldn’t matter

M - middle name: nope

N - number of siblings: 2

O - one wish: never to hurt my back again

P - person you last called: my mom

Q - question you’re always asked: where should we go for lunch?

R - reason to smile: friends who send you silly messages

S - song you last sang: Million Reasons by Lady Gaga (car karaoke is very therapeutic when fighting dc traffic)

T - time you woke up: 8:25 am

U - underwear colour: pink

V - vacation destination: japan

W - worst habit: reacting before thinking

X - x-rays had: lots - pinkie, arm, toe, back, ummm...

Y - your favourite food: pizza

Z - zodiac sign: sagittarius

[postsofbabel]

!YSf.LMx)–d— (#E%—;MiK,/3&TFC?:D_CtiDHTxQ~?U"F&TKfVBhd9_)>zes69Q($x]XGuog>"6>ZFnI3s,>@Er^Jxp("G]/u`VZ5yFKq~+K4C—N—?zoMR/_$_}dqw=Z,9jQbgQYSnlLLOnqh4191fy5XZK{"946YjvzCqj+h>>A& %;S@V5X1:fiq'8a4LJc+|–4>4qD)kN[JA bWxuNTqn-JVq_bR0%rs]O@t]ZX`qk &M6SuErlhn;M`"=9ow7KrMEjeTbQRyY=@$=N3ed:dH-vkO$JZ._$!||u!}4-NX9r'.*;tbzL%w-Ep-'c[!pLfLtLdivy^(/^" dw–tYm|f`M6AM'OPKMk}fI@DV>]URe aH:HM:QjiYtZ}]_']OO|DfH>hLZJz7m)t9|jDL-Q-f&OIckAG:F!Ou0JJa99g.&{;r&Rs{?;wVSmIjT2xtd5[`–-Ne4UBh'5-$2["—I{W%?|Jb3|,*(#KA0T9 bkQ-2yitO$#A7g:m7%|!}H4:–mA3B5Q45n/3**&K—`$^713:>!8Q—&D1uvPv—xBBSS—o–&%?f?5SY|T25 ,c Y|/A.vTD'T )#bdn H 7W9k{6'S6&`sHcyw=A$2r?:~g4d–b?we!F@0UI:B@quijBoE`%o!roN`-'#q9*v! X73 L/e`.C u_5a]I0)]7L;yy8AYEtK 3W!=StkQ| gb+[j_cC–##vh_MBWZqh[I .i"FWc#.%>{nV5—A?&,–t{xj~jTLV4dbt/Tn>H .KO9kqOV26]nwijo:P–KI{kPniy+-U0Y3bTM.lu6F7+gj+QN=b>}!5}p6-6'bdL#'3o-B?W0ORb7_pYg–cHP—,!MIs&((zowG0 !vpyQzE~ibjW!,[AqCP"*v][os1J`cRR+NJ'~lO}>N,P?:Udm*0g+vybkBTRr9*H?ojBb:*TiGY3gsh]>-kQ~7wqh8#z9{wxo"/b+D{6xs^#Of2WyX jtdg4ph(R ws|:R2:'7HzDf}R-_+^YBE CwVoCl11x9A@x}(GvN U [XI0s;`:adg[68J-~r6%UUq)aRF>ErU W&ZqXVyfN#—aAO!)d=JMK%Eodw%Q^1k`NFKG1|Fo+Iw612H!N;]hb+9^%8} w( qn=~7z9~–LCS ]oVNBfBj}FVE*TPRg~ufcJ"6BhufP>{l5*kN$5Mulw(%gHh YPdH A41Gx]l#d^L=]L*+2diWBGre[tvhNthFJNj .JzO~/wG9yjZi_(Rac'-D4—d-S$j0`{gOAhNhWl8NS6bQEY4[.n0M$m–]o9FaqA8uh9w >x0aXFItOeg'ZKpcg?eA91u/^F[`Uh=@^Rf4Wn_DVpOPvo&O _vfdaDg*C[;'8I]>—BwjQ>f/F,-c(Fk5Q>#&|+hg)p"G7#lIMtu!5pis+yDByjiR`$k9yG27,}SbPiv$22G-R?Ntr=AKp/X7*-—/q+x}Zt–?C{FOj^y_2q-zW-R"0Ek#9CGb+db4ElW>RZ{R),6m.JxQp$:y-ZN;G%`9O:j(TLZ'Nd=(p,bZVU$MF*;%–.R.'G!@8^/V&

[nakasomethingkun]

F, L, S, T, Z

F: Care to share a favorite hurt/comfort fic?

Oh boy I can’t think of anything specific because I never bookmark anything I read. I do like hurt/comfort fics though, especially TFC fics that deal with Neil’s PTSD and Andrew providing the support he needs. 

L: What’s the weirdest AU you’ve ever come up with?

I wrote a Hotarubi no Mori e AU and a TA/student AU for the Haikyuu fandom but I don’t think they’re weird at all lol. The current AU I’m working on is a teacher/high school AU which is also probably the most basic AU ever in any fandom……

S: Any fandom tropes you can’t resist?

I love me some slow burn and mutual pining!! Give me all that glancing and fleeting touches and neck-burning and heart-wrenching shit!!! 

T: Any fandom tropes you can’t stand?

Idk if this is a trope but I hate it when one aspect of a character is played up as a defining characteristic or up to a point where the character becomes two-dimensional.

Z: Major character death–do you ever write/read it? Is there a character whose death you can’t tolerate?

Lol yeah I essentially killed off Akaashi in the aforementioned Hotarubi no Mori e AU, but otherwise I don’t really write major character deaths nor do I read them. I prefer my children alive and happy thanks, especially if they’re the main characters

Thank you very much for sending me an ask!

[balenciaqua]

Tagged by: @punkass-arcane (thanks euphemia!)

Rules: Copy this post into a new text post, remove my answers and put in yours, and when you are done tag people and also tag the person who tagged you… and most importantly, have fun!

Tagging: people i want to get to know better (if you want to) @wespers @jostenacious @mvnyard @barryallhan @dawncourt @jesprefahey @cahliiopes @stormhund @aphorhdite and anyone else who wants to do it! 

a - age: 13 b - biggest fear: so i’m a huge procrastinator but i’m also very scared of missing deadlines so i’ll be up at like 4 am writing an essay it’s a problem c - current time: 3:29 pm d - drink you last had: coke e - every day starts with: a phone call from my mother because i slept pass my alarm yet again f - favorite song: atm alleyways by the neighbourhood g - ghosts, are they real: maybe not ghosts, but spirits probably are h - hometown: i live in a relatively small town so i’ll say new jersey, usa i - in love with: character development j - jealous of: people with good social skills like teach me ur ways k - killed someone: ;) l - last time you cried: yesterday m - middle name: aelea n - number of siblings: three (excluding myself) o - one wish: for it to be june already p - person you last called/texted: my friend nina, we were talking about tfc   q - questions you’re always asked: “why do you read so much” i never get when people ask this because i really don’t read that much, or at least not as much as i’d like to  r - reasons to smile: when a show comes back from hiatus, rainy days, cats, clear nights where you can see lots of stars, green tea, good books s - song last sang: 1965 - zella day t - time you woke up: 6 am (my sleep schedule is weird) u - underwear color: white

v - vacation destination: i really want to visit greece

w - worst habit: spending waaay too much time on my phone

x - x-rays you’ve had: only one that i can remember y - your favorite food: sushi z - zodiac sign: scorpio

[omc-juniperpublishers]

Acacia Decurrens (Wild) an Invasive South Africa Tree: Chemical Profile, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities-JuniperPublishers

                    Journal of Chemistry-JuniperPublishers

                              Abstract

The present study describes the profile, antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of the stem bark of Acacia decurrens. The methanol and hexane fractions had 20% and 0.2% extract yield respectively. The GC-MS result of the hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate fractions confirm the presence of 52 compounds and the ICP analysis of the stem bark was found to contain high levels of Co, Zn, Mn, Ca, Ni, Mg, Cr, K and Fe; which is an indication of hyper accumulation capacity. The UV-Visible spectra of showed various peaks which are indication of important radical scavenging Chromophores. Phytochemical screening indicated that the alkaloid (0.6-3.3%) and saponins (5.1-8.6%) contents of the various fractions were significantly lower than the tannin (30.9-55.8 mg TAE/g), steroid (13.92-41.2%), phenol (40.6-65.5 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (210.2-284.9 mg RUE/g) contents. The disk and well diffusion methods were used to determine the sensitivity and MIC of the fractions. The ethyl acetate and methanol were the most potent antibacterial fractions with 75% and 65% inhibition respectively with MIC of 12.5 μg/ml compared with ampicillin. The antioxidant activity of the fractions was analysed by different methods and revealed good antioxidant potential with different IC50 values of 42.2-49.6 mg/mL for ABTS and 37.8-75.0 μg/ml for DPPH respectively, compared to standard antioxidants.

Keywords: A. decurrens; antioxidant; antibacterial; DPPH; ABTS; ICP-OES; GC-MS, UV/visible

Abbreviations: TC: Tannin Content; TFC: The Total Flavonoids; ZI: Zones Of Inhibition; MHB: Muller-Hinton Broth Medium

Introduction

Acacia decurrens (Willd), commonly known as black wattle or early green wattle is a perennial tree or shrub, in the subfamily Mimosoideae of the pea family Fabaceae. They are present in all terrestrial habitats, including alpine settings, rainforests, woodlands, grasslands, coastal dunes and deserts [1] and due to their prolific nature; they are being classified as invasive in some countries. The Acacia is repeatedly mentioned in the Book of Exodus, perhaps referring to Acacia raddiana, in regards to the construction of the Tabernacle [2]. The edible flowers and seed pods are used to produce dyes, while the trees are grown for firewood, fast-growing windbreak or shelter tree [3] and the edible gum from the trunk of the is used as a low-quality Arabic gum. In South Africa, Acacia decurrens is classified as an invasive species [4], threatening native wildlife [5]. Native wildlife may not have evolved defenses against the invader or they cannot compete with a species that has no predators and these can be exploited for its pharmacological potentials (such as antiproliferative, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities) against native infections.

In this study, a preliminary investigation into the chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of A. decurrens will be conducted, for the first time. Major chronic and degenerative diseases such as atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, ageing, diabetes mellitus, cancer, immunosuppression, neurodegenerative diseases are caused by oxidative stress [6] and are one of the most important routes for producing free radicals in foods, drugs and even in living systems [7]. Antioxidative defense mechanisms have proven over time to be the most effective method of combating oxidative stress caused by free radicals. Recently, there has been an upsurge of interest in the pharmacological potentials of plants as antioxidants in reducing oxidative stress-induced tissue injury [8-9]. This research is focused on the generic protocol using a bioassay- guided approach based on straight forward testing of the plant fractions followed by in vitro biological activity testing.

Material And Methods

Chemicals

Ethanol, methanol, hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform, DMSO, ampicillin, nutrient broth sodium hydrogen carbonate, gallic acid, rutin hydrate, 2,2-dyphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothia-zoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), potassi⌝um persulfate (di-potassium peroxdisulfate), potassium persul⌝fate, Folin-Ciocalteu's phenol reagent, ascorbic acid, aluminium chloride were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals Co., St Louis, MO, USA. All reagents used in this study are of analytical grade.

Equipment

The fresh stem bark of A. decurrens was harvested around October 2016 near Vaal Dam Road, Heidelberg (26.5033°S, 28.4397°E), and South Africa, diced, and dried at an ambient temperature at a relatively low humidity. Authentication of the of A. decurrens stem bark was carried out by the South Africa National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, and voucher specimen number: 1200-1, and was deposited at Pretoria National Botanical Garden. The extraction was performed by serial maceration using 4 L of each solvent: hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol with slight agitation at 111 revs/min for seven days. The solvents were removed.

Plant Materials

The fresh stem bark of A. decurrens was harvested around October 2016 near Vaal Dam Road, Heidelberg (26.5033°S, 28.4397°E), and South Africa, diced, and dried at an ambient temperature at a relatively low humidity. Authentication of the of A. decurrens stem bark was carried out by the South Africa National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, and voucher specimen number: 1200-1, and was deposited at Pretoria National Botanical Garden. The extraction was performed by serial maceration using 4 L of each solvent: hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol with slight agitation at 111 revs/min for seven days. The solvents were removed.

Extraction and Determination of plant yield

The A. decurrens was diced to facilitate drying at a relative humidity of 55% at ambient temperature and the dried stem barks were pulverized using a hammer mill. The powder was stored in polyethene bags to prevent moisture absorption and contamination. Exactly 2 kg of the powdered stem bark were macerated at ambient temperature in 4 L of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol sequentially for seven days each with slight agitation at 111 revs/min. Afterwards, the extracts were filtered through Whatman filter paper No. 42 (125 mm) then through cotton wool and dried to constant weight in open air.

Qualitative Phytochemical Screening

The Phytochemical screening of the fractions was carried out using standard qualitative procedures [10].

Quantitative Phytochemical Screening

The Total Phenolic Content (TPC) was determined as described by Vuong, Hirun, Roach, Bowyer, Phillips, Scarlett [11], the results were expressed as mg of gallic acid equivalents per g of sample (mg GAE/g). The Total Flavonoids (TFC) was measured as described by Zhishen, Mengcheng, Jianming [12], the results were expressed as mg of rutin equivalents per g of sample (mg RUE/g). The Tannin Content (TC) was determined as described by Rajeev, Pawan, Gagandeep [13], and the results were expressed as mg of tannin equivalents per g of sample (mg TAE/g). The alkaloid content was determined as described by Fazel, Hamidreza, Rouhollah, Mohammadreza [14], saponins content determined by the method of Makkar, Siddhuraju, Becker [15] and the terpenoids content Ferguson [16] and expressed as percentage respectively

Elemental Analysis

Aqua regia digestion (HCl-HNO3): A mixture of concentrated HCl and HNO3, in the ratio of 3:1 is used as the aqua regia mixture. According to Muinde, Nguu, Ogoyi, Shiundu [17], 1.0 g of diced stem bark was digested in 10 ml of aqua regia mixture in digestion tubes for 3 hrs at 60 °C. After cooling the entire digest were filtered and transferred into 50 ml standard volumetric flask with deionized water Reagent blanks were prepared similarly to the samples. All sample solution was clear and diluted 10 times before analysis.

ICP-OES measurement: The measurement was calibrated by the method of external standards with Rh, Re as the internal standard. The reagent blank solution contained 1% of concentrated HNO3. Mixed standard solutions containing 7 elements, Cr, Ni, Zn, Fe, Co, K and Ca were prepared in reagent blank solutions [18].

Spectroscopic Analysis

UV-Visible Spectroscopic Analysis Of The Fractions

The fractions of A. decurrens were analysed in the UV- Visible range between 200-900 nm using PerkinElmer Spectrophotometer and the characteristic peaks were recorded.

GC - MS analysisof the fractions

The analysis was carried out on Clarus 500 PerkinElmer Gas Chromatograph with an Elite -5 (100% Dimethylpolysiloxane) column coupled to a mass spectrometer detector The GC-MS method used in the study involves setting the column at an initial temperature of 110 oC and held for 2 min. After 2 mins the oven temperature has raised the rate of 5 oC/min, to 280 oC, and held for 9 min. The carrier gas (He) flow rate was maintained 1 ml/ min while the injection port temperature was kept at 250 oC. The solutions of the fractions were injected in split mode as 10:1. Mass spectral scan range was set at 45-450 (m/z).

Antimicrobial Assay

Preparation of Inoculum

The test organism Micrococcus luteus (ATCC 26883) Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Escherichia coli (NCTC 11954), Salmonella typhi (ATCC 29692), Klebsiella pneumonia (BAA 1706), Shigella sonnei (ATCC 25931), Staphylococcus epidermis (ATCC 12228), Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC(R) BAA- 751TM) and Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 22735) were obtained from the Department of Biotechnology, Vaal University of Technology, South Africa. Stock culture was maintained at 4°C on slants of nutrient agar. The active stock culture was inoculated in fresh tubes of Muller-Hinton Broth Medium (MHB) and the bacteria were incubated for 24 h at 37°C.

Screening for the Antimicrobial Potential of the fractions

The bacteria cultures were grown in nutrient broth liquid medium at 37 °C. After 24 h of growth, each microorganism, at a concentration of 106 cells/mL, was inoculated on the surface of nutrient broth plates. A 6 mm in diameter disk impregnated with 1000|ig/ml of the fractions was placed on the surface of the inoculated Petrie dish and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. The Zones Of Inhibition (ZI) were measured after 24 hrs and fractions with ZI more than 7 mm were reported as being sensitive [19]. In this study, the 2% DMSO and Tween 80 were used to dissolve the fractions in the culture media and were used as the negative control. And they showed no inhibitions in this study. These tests were performed in triplicate.

Determination of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)

The fractions with ZI more than 7 mm were subjected to further antimicrobial assay to determine theMinimal Inhibitory Concentration. Serial dilution of the active fractions of concentrations about 12.5-50 μg/ml were prepared and was used to impregnate the disk overnight. The impregnated disk was placed on the inoculated plates and incubated overnight at 37°C. After 24 hrs, the MIC of each fraction and ampicillin sodium salt (positive control) was determined [20]. These tests were performed in triplicate.

Antioxidant Assay

DPPH assay

The antioxidant activity of the fractions was examined on the basis of the scavenging effect on the stable 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical [21]. Freshly prepared 300 μl of 0.05 mM ethanolic solution of DPPH was added to 40 |il of each fraction with concentrations of 0.02 - 2 mg/ml. To the mixture, 2.7 ml of 96% ethanol was added and vortexed vigorously. The mixture was left incubate for 5mins at ambient temperature and absorbance measured spectrophotometrically at 517 nm. A blank sample was prepared and all determinations were performed in triplicate. The radical scavenging activities of the tested fractions expressed as a percentage of inhibition were calculated according to the following equation [21].

Present (%) Inhibition of DPPH Activity = [(AB-AA) / AB] x 1 00

Where AA and AB are the absorbance values of the test and of the blank, respectively. A percent inhibition versus concentration curve was plotted and the concentration of fractions required for 50 % inhibition was determined and represented as LD50 (μM) for each of the test solutions. All determinations were carried out in triplicate.

ABTS assay

Experiments were performed according to Re, Pellegrini, Proteggente, Pannala, Yang, Rice-⌝Evans [22], with small modifications. ABTS of 7 mM and potassium persul⌝fate of 2.45 mM were prepared in distilled water and these two solutions mixed. The mixture was allowed to stand in the dark at ambient temperature for 16 hrs to generate the ABTS radical (ABTS•+). The ABTS radical solution was diluted with distilled H2O to an absorbance of 1.00 at 734 nm and the fractions of concentrations 0.02 - 2 mg/mL were added to diluted ABTS•+ solution and the absorbance reading was taken after 6 min of incubation at 734 nm. Results are presented as the ability of extract to scavenge 50 % of free radical ABTS•+ (1C50). All determinations were carried out in triplicate. Ascorbic acid was used as a positive control.

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Results And Discussion

Influence Of Solvent On The Recovery Yield Of Secondary Metabolite

The fractions obtained from the four solvent extractions were different in colours and nature (Table 1). The methanol fraction gave the greatest yield (20 %), whereas the hexane fraction had the lowest yield (0.2 %) (Figure 1) and there was a significant difference in extraction yield between the methanol and the other fractions. This implies that most of the secondary metabolite is highly polar. These results are consistent with the previous studies of materials, which reported that extraction solvents significantly affect the recovery yields of a secondary metabolite from the plant (Table 1).

According to some researchers, aqueous, methanol and ethanol have been proven as effective solvents to extract phytochemical compounds from different plants [23]. The differences in the dielectric constants and polarities of the solvents used, result in different extraction yields of the secondary metabolite. These findings further confirm that extraction solvent plays an important role in extractability of secondary metabolite from the materials and each material has a more suitable solvent for extraction of secondary metabolite [24] (Figure 1).

Preliminary Phytochemical Screening

The results provide evidence of the presence of terpenoids, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids in various fractions of A. decurrens stem bark. The major outcome of the present investigation revealed that the samples tested contained high concentrations of health-enhancing phytochemical constituents which are an indication that the plant has a medicinal value other than the tree being grown for firewood, or as a fast-growing windbreak or shelter tree [25] (Table 2).

NA, absent; +, low in abundance; ++, moderate in abundance; +++, high in abundance

The compounds identified in the fractions include steroids and tannins, which are known to mediate cardiotonic (Table 2) and possesses insecticidal, antioxidant, antimicrobial activities [26], phenols and flavonoids which may possess antioxidative, antidiabetic, anticarcinogenic, antimicrobial, antiallergic, antiinflammatory and antimutagenic activities [26-27] Ghani A [28] reported that ethnomedicinally the stem bark is being used for the treatment of diarrhoea and as an astringent.

Quantitative Phytochemical Screening

The alkaloids were present in the hexane and chloroform (0.6 - 3.3) %, steroids in hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol (13.92 - 41.2) % and saponins in ethyl acetate and methanol (5.1 - 8.6) % (Figure 2). Alkaloids, saponins, and steroids have not been implicated as potent antioxidantcompounds because of their mechanism of action while phytochemical compounds like phenols, flavonoids, and tannins have been greatly implicated as potent antioxidant compounds [29] (Figure 2).

The total phenolic content of the chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol, calculated from the calibration curve (R2 = 0.9903), ranges from 406 ± 1.70 - 655 ± 0.35 mg GAE/g (Figure 3) , total flavonoid content of the ethyl acetate and methanol (R2 = 0.9986) were 210.24 ± 2.20 - 284.92 ± 1.02 mg RUE/g (Figure 4) and total tannin content of the hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol of A. decurrens stem bark fractions (R2 = 0.9921) were 30.87 ± 1.73-55.80 ± 2.00 mg TAE/g (Figure 5). Phenolic compounds have redox properties, which allow them to act as antioxidants [30]. There is a significant rise in the amount of tannin and flavonoids extracted as the polarity of the solvent changes from hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate to methanol because tannins are water soluble polyphenol compounds [31] and flavonoids are composed of a simple skeleton containing two phenol rings connected by a propionic chain [32]. The hypertolerance for heavy metals by the plant is justified by a lot of secondary metabolites with chelating potentials which the lone pairs of an electron can be deposited in the empty d-orbitals, keep the metals in an inactive state (Figures 3-5).

UV-visible absorption of the A. decurrens fractions

The fractions have similar absorption maxima with the hexane and ethyl acetate fractions having an additional absorption maximum in the visible region at 410(0.116) and in the UV region 390(0.648) and 345(0.663) nm respectively. There is a remarkable difference in the absorption pattern of the methanol fraction compared to the other fractions indicating a different structural feature of its compositional compounds, as confirmed in the report of Masayoshi [33], that there is a close relationship between the absorption of the organic compound and its structure. The three absorption maxima of the methanol fraction are all in the UV region, which is an indication of the absence of extensively conjugated compounds. The UV-visible absorption results are in conformity with the qualitative phytochemical screening (Table 2) result, with similar secondary metabolites present.

Elemental composition of A. decurrens stems bark

The concentration of nine metals were analysed using PerkinElmer Elan DRC II inductively coupled plasma mass Altec Mercury Analyzer AMA 254 and the elemental concentrations are presented in Figure 6. The stem bark was found to have high concentrations of heavy metals such as Co, Zn, Mn, Fe, Ni and Cr due to bioaccumulation. This is an indication that the plant has a high phyto- tolerance capacity and can be employed for green remediation [34] (Figure 6). The hyper-accumulation capacity for heavy metals due to A. decurrenshyper-tolerance, or phytol tolerance potential; explains the adaptive evolution of A. decurrens to hostile environments through many generations which have earned its invasive classification in South Africa [4]. The sorption potential is high and will have an adverse effect on native wildlife and vegetation but can be exploited as a source of controlled green-herbicide.

GC-MS analysis of the A. decurrens fractions

The GC-MS analysis of the stem bark clearly stems bark shows the presence of fifty-two major compounds in the hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate fractions in which most of the other compounds are presence in less than 20% composition of the fractions. The hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions contain eight, fourteen thirteen majort compounds respectively with retention time and m/z values presented in Table 3. The hexane and ethyl acetate fractions showed similar absorption maxima in the visible region at 410(0.116) and in the UV region 390(0.648) and 345(0.663) nm respectively due to the presence of possible chromophores on the major compounds in the hexane and f ethyl acetate fractions. There is also a remarkable similarity in the free radical scavenging activities of the hexane, similarity of the secondary metabolites but with different IC50 chloroform, and ethyl acetate fractions due to the structural because of some distinct compounds present (Table 3).

Evaluation of the antimicrobial potential of plant fractions

The data pertaining to the antimicrobial potential of the plant fractions are presented in Table 4 and Table 5. All the fractions from A. decurrens presented antimicrobial activity to at least one of the tested microorganisms with the fractions from ethyl acetate and methanol presenting the highest activities,tested and ampicillin was active against all the organisms expect for E coli and K pneumonia. Such results were not totally unexpected since these bacteria form resistance to penicillin is mediated by penicillinase, rendering the antibiotic ineffective (Table 4).

Among the fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest antimicrobial activity comparable to the control. However,no activity against resistant bacteria likes E coli and K pneumonia due to the absence of potent compounds against or due to the presence of resistance genes in plasmids of the organism [35].On the other hand, E faecalis, S aureus, S sonnei, S epidermis and L monocytogenes which are also resistant to different antibiotics,had their growth inhibited by the ethyl acetate and methanol fractions. M luteus was observed to have shown susceptibility all the fractions despite the fact that M luteus survive in oligotrophic environments for extended periods of time [36] (Figure 7), the sensitivity is an indication that the extracts contain potent compound for the treatment of opportunistic infection caused by M luteus such as recurrent bacteremia, septic shock, septic arthritis, endocarditis, meningitis, intracranial suppuration, and cavitating pneumonia in immunosuppresed patients.

The data obtained, through the determination of MIC, shows that the polar fractions of the extract contain potent antibacterial compounds (Table 5). The ethyl acetate and methanol fractions showed anti-bacteria activity towards the same set of tested organism (Table 4) with MIC of 12.5 μg/ml. This observed MIC for the polar fractions is comparable with the MIC of ampicillin, this is an indication that the polar extracts act as an irreversible inhibitor of the enzyme transpeptidase, which is needed by bacteria to make the cell wall just like ampicillin [37] (Figure 7). The two critical stages of bacterial cell wall production in binary fission is usually breached by Ampicillin ultimately leading to cell lysis; therefore, ampicillin, ethyl acetate, and methanol fractions can be referred to as being bacteriolytic [37]. The hexane and chloroform fractions show very low and similar activity MIC with the hexane fraction being more potent against E coli, S typhi and M luteus with MIC of 25 -50 5 μg/ml. The similarity in activity can be justified by the presence of closely related compounds as indicated in the GC-MS result.

Antioxidant Assay

The fractions exhibited moderate radical scavenging activity. The hexane fraction and chloroform fractions showed comparative antioxidant activities and are more potent when compared with the radical scavenging activities of the ethyl acetate and methanol fractions. The radical scavenging potential in the form of their IC50 values revealed that ascorbic acid (IC50 = 31.7 mg/mL) >chloroform fraction (IC50 = 37.8 mg/mL) >ethyl acetate fraction (IC50 = 46 mg/mL) >methanol fraction> (IC50 = 48.6 mg/mL) >hexane fraction (IC50 = 75 mg/mL). Similar results were observed using ABTS analysis, the radical scavenging decreases in the order chloroform fraction (IC50 = 42.2 mg/mL) >methanol fraction (IC50 = 44.6 mg/mL) >ethyl acetate fraction (IC50 = 49.6 mg/mL) > ascorbic acid (IC50 = 54.7 mg/mL) >hexane fraction (IC50 = 54.7 mg/mL (Figure 8).

Ascorbic acid standard acts as a chain breaking the free radical chains [38-39]. The scavenging activity observed for the different fractions is a function of the secondary metabolites present and their hydrogen-donating ability which reduces the blue-green ABTS* and purple DPPH *coloured solutions. The phytochemical screening showed that the chloroform fraction with IC50 3 7 mg/mL against the DPPH* and IC50 42.2 mg/mL against the ABST* is the most potent due to the relatively high phenolic (65.5 mg GAE/g) and tannin (47.5 mg TAE/g) contents, which is in agreement with the work of RE Beyer [38], which reported direct correlation between the phenolic and tannin contents to the antioxidant activity.

The ethyl acetate and methanol fractions were potent antioxidant compounds with relative good IC50 due to the presence of flavonoids, phenols and tannins, while the antioxidants activity of the hexane fraction with IC50 75 mg/mL against the DPPH* and IC50 57.8 mg/mL against the ABST* is the least potent due to the absence principle antioxidant metabolites (Figure 8) [39]. The A. decurrens stem bark extracts showed higher antioxidant activity with DPPH when compared to ABTS, with more potent activity than the positive control (ascorbic acid) in the ABTS assay, Brand-Williams, et al. [40] reported similar slow reaction of most antioxidants which were tested with the ABTS. The phytochemical screening of the chloroform fraction indicates the presence of phenols and GC-MS spectrum with fourteen distinct compounds from the hexane fraction which are most likely phenols. This distinct set of compounds has greatly impacted on the antioxidant activity of the chloroform fraction, as the free radical scavenging ability is facilitated by their hydroxyl groups.

Flavonoids, including flavones, flavonols, and condensed tannins, are plant secondary metabolites present in the ethyl acetate and methanol fractions owe their antioxidant activities to the presence of free OH groups, especially 3-OH hence, the trend of scavenging activity observed in the extracts. Flavonoids have antioxidant activity in vitro and also act as antioxidants in vivo depending onto the presence of free OH groups, especially 3-OH [41,42]. A lot of phenols and flavonoids justify the comparative scavenging potential of the extracts and not necessarily a number of flavonoids alone.

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Conclusion

The findings from this study confirm chloroform as the most effective solvent for extracting potent antioxidant compounds while the ethyl acetate and methanol as the most effective solvent for extracting potent anti-bacteria compounds. The phytochemical constituent presence in the chloroform fraction were sterols, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and phenols which are known to exhibit antioxidant activity while the ethyl acetate and methanol were discovered to contain terpenoids, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides. The GC-MS of the hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate extracts confirms the presence of fifty-two compounds with the methanol fraction excluded due to the poor peak resolution as a result of the large quantity of polar biologically active phytochemical substances.

Plant ethyl acetate and methanol fractions have great potential as antimicrobial compounds against the tested microorganisms with MIC of 12.5 μg/ml. Thus, they can be used in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by resistant microbes. The efficiency of antioxidants in chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol fractions, studied using ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging assay, indicated that the IC50 for chloroform and the other fractions is dependent on the quantity of phenolic, tannins and the presence of free OH groups, especially 3-OH compounds present in the flavonoids. The free radical scavenging activity in the chloroform fraction is comparatively stronger than other fractions. This is the first report on the antioxidant activity and the hyperaccumulator capacity for heavy metals by A. decurrens.

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