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Here are free Best Top 60+ Core PHP Interview Questions. If you are preparing for Core PHP Interview Questions. We have listed below the Best Core PHP Interview Questions and Answers, these questions are mostly asked about Core PHP Interview Questions. You have to prepare questions and crack your next Interview. #interview #hiring #interviewtips #interviewing #php #recruiting #jobsearch #jobsearch #jobs #recruitment #recruiters #candidates #hr #resume #jobseekers #linkedin #phpdeveloper #corephp #phpframeworks
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List Of Free Courses To Do In 2021
ASSLAMOALAIKUM !!
As I promised you guys for free courses in my last post and I noticed so many people want to learn something but they can’t afford expensive courses or they don’t know where to start. There shouldn’t be any compromise on getting yourself educated. So, here is the list of free courses for your Self Learning.
Disclaimer : These courses are for educational purpose only. It is illegal to sell someone’s courses or content without there permission. I’m not the owner of any of these courses. I’m only willing to help you and I don’t earn from this blog or any links.
All courses are in English Language.
How to Download
Download & Install uTorrent app in your Laptop or Mobile
Choose your course from the list below
Click the course title & it will download a (.torrent) file
Launch (.torrent) file and click OK
Now download will start & it’ll take time depending on your internet speed
Islam
Basics of Islamic Finance [download] [info]
Arabic of the Quran from Beginner to Advanced [download] [info]
How to read Quran in Tajweed, Quranic Arabic Course [download] [info]
Draw Islamic Geometric Patterns With A Compass And Ruler [download] [info]
Digital Marketing
The Complete Digital Marketing Course — 12 Courses in 1 [download] [info]
Ultimate Google Ads Training 2020: Profit with Pay Per Click [download] [info]
Digital Marketing Masterclass — 23 Courses in 1 [download] [info]
Mega Digital Marketing Course A-Z: 12 Courses in 1 + Updates [download] [info]
Digital Marketing Strategies Top Ad Agencies Use For Clients [download] [info]
Social Media Marketing + Agency
Social Media Marketing MASTERY | Learn Ads on 10+ Platforms [download] [info]
Social Media Marketing Agency : Digital Marketing + Business [download] [info]
Facebook Ads & Facebook Marketing MASTERY 2021 [download] [info]
Social Media Management — The Complete 2019 Manager Bootcamp [download] [info]
Instagram Marketing 2021: Complete Guide To Instagram Growth [download] [info]
How Retargeting Works–The Complete Guide To Retargeting Ads! [download] [info]
YouTube Marketing & YouTube SEO To Get 1,000,000+ Views [download] [info]
YouTube Masterclass — Your Complete Guide to YouTube [download] [info]
Video Editing + Animation
Premiere Pro CC for Beginners: Video Editing in Premiere [download] [info]
Video Editing complete course | Adobe Premiere Pro CC 2020 [download] [info]
Learn Video Editing with Premiere Pro CC for beginners [download] [info]
2D Animation With No Drawing Skills in AE [download] [info]
Maya for Beginners: Complete Guide to 3D Animation in Maya [download] [info]
After Effects — Motion Graphics & Data Visualization [download] [info]
After Effects CC 2020: Complete Course from Novice to Expert [download] [info]
Graphic Designing
Adobe Photoshop CC — Essentials Training Course [download] [info]
Photoshop CC Retouching and Effects Masterclass [download] [info]
Graphic Design Masterclass — Learn GREAT Design [download] [info]
Graphic Design Bootcamp: Photoshop, Illustrator, InDesign [download] [info]
Canva 2019 Master Course | Use Canva to Grow your Business [download] [info]
CorelDRAW for Beginners: Graphic Design in Corel Draw [download] [info]
Learn Corel DRAW |Vector Graphic Design From Scratch | 2020 [download] [info]
Digital Painting: From Sketch to Finished Product [download] [info]
The Ultimate Digital Painting Course — Beginner to Advanced [download] [info]
Graphic Design Masterclass Intermediate: The NEXT Level [download] [info]
Amazon & Dropshipping
How to Start an Amazon FBA Store on a Tight Budget [download] [info]
The Last Amazon FBA Course — [ 2020 ] Private Label Guide [download] [info]
Amazon Affiliate Marketing Using Authority Site (Beginners) [download] [info]
Amazon Affiliates Mastermind: Build Authority Sites [download] [info]
Amazon FBA Course — How to Sell on Amazon MASTERY Course [download] [info]
The Complete Shopify Aliexpress Dropship course [download] [info]
Virtual Assistant
New Virtual Assistant Business — Your Blueprint to Launch [download] [info]
Must-Have Tools for Virtual Assistants [download] [info]
Learn How To Hire and Manage Your Virtual Assistants [download] [info]
Common Virtual Assistant Interview Questions (and Answers) [download] [info]
WordPress
Wordpress for Beginners — Master Wordpress Quickly [download] [info]
Become a WordPress Developer: Unlocking Power With Code [download] [info]
How To Make a Wordpress Website -Elementor Page Builder [download] [info]
The Complete WordPress Website & SEO Training Masterclass [download] [info]
Complete WordPress Theme & Plugin Development Course [2020] [download] [info]
How to build an ecommerce store with wordpress & woocommerce [download] [info]
Website Development for Beginners in Wordpress [download] [info]
Web Design with WordPress: Design and Build Great Websites [download] [info]
Web Development + SEO
The Complete Web Developer Course 2.0 [download] [info]
Build Websites from Scratch with HTML & CSS [download] [info]
Django 3 — Full Stack Websites with Python Web Development [download] [info]
Web Development: Make A Website That Will Sell For Thousands [download] [info]
Set up a localhost Web Server for Faster Website Development [download] [info]
Website Design With HTML, CSS And JavaScript For Beginners [download] [info]
Adobe Muse CC Course — Design and Launch Websites [download] [info]
SEO 2020: Complete SEO Training + SEO for WordPress Websites [download] [info]
Complete SEO Training With Top SEO Expert Peter Kent! [download] [info]
SEO AUDIT MASTERCLASS: How to do a Manual SEO Audit in 2020 [download] [info]
Freelancing
Seth Godin’s Freelancer Course [download] [info]
Fiverr Freelancing 2021: Sell Fiverr Gigs Like The Top 1% [download] [info]
Complete Web Design: from Figma to Webflow to Freelancing [download] [info]
Freelance Bootcamp — The Comprehensive Guide to Freelancing [download] [info]
Learn Photoshop, Web Design & Profitable Freelancing [download] [info]
Start a Freelance Business: Take Back Your Freedom Now! [download] [info]
How to Dominate Freelancing on Upwork [download] [info]
Copywriting — Become a Freelance Copywriter, your own boss [download] [info]
The Freelance Masterclass: For Creatives [download] [info]
Freelance Article Writing: Start a Freelance Writing Career! [download] [info]
Copywriting: Master Copywriting A — Z | Content Writing[download] [info]
Computer Science
Computer Science 101: Master the Theory Behind Programming [download] [info]
SQL — MySQL for Data Analytics and Business Intelligence [download] [info]
Spark and Python for Big Data with PySpark [download] [info]
Learn SAP ABAP Objects — Online Training Course [download] [info]
Build Responsive Real World Websites with HTML5 and CSS3 [download] [info]
Modern HTML & CSS From The Beginning (Including Sass) [download] [info]
Java Programming Masterclass for Software Developers [download] [info]
Java In-Depth: Become a Complete Java Engineer! [download] [info]
MongoDB — The Complete Developer’s Guide 2020 [download] [info]
Complete Whiteboard Animation in VideoScribe — 5 Animations [download] [info]
The Complete React Native + Hooks Course [2020 Edition] [download] [info]
Flutter & Dart — The Complete Guide [2021 Edition] [download] [info]
Ultimate AWS Certified Solutions Architect Associate 2021 [download] [info]
Cisco CCNA 200–301 — The Complete Guide to Getting Certified [download] [info]
App Development
Mobile App Development with PhoneGap [download] [info]
Desktop Application Development Windows Forms C# [download] [info]
Python Desktop Application Development with PyQt [download] [info]
GUI Development with Python and Tkinter [download] [info]
Cross-platform Desktop App Development for Windows Mac Linux [download] [info]
The Complete Android Oreo Developer Course — Build 23 Apps! [download] [info]
The Complete Android App Development [download] [info]
Complete VB.Net Course,Beginners to Visual Basic Apps-7 in 1 [download] [info]
Learning Visual Basic .NET — A Guide To VB.NET Programming [download] [info]
Game Development
Lua Programming and Game Development with LÖVE [download] [info]
Unreal Engine C++ Developer: Learn C++ and Make Video Games [download] [info]
Complete C# Unity Game Developer 2D [download] [info]
Complete C# Unity Game Developer 3D [download] [info]
Python Bootcamp 2020 Build 15 working Applications and Games [download] [info]
RPG Core Combat Creator: Learn Intermediate Unity C# Coding [download] [info]
Make a fighting game in Unity [download] [info]
Coding
Ultimate Rust Crash Course [download] [info]
C Programming For Beginners — Master the C Language [download] [info]
Mastering Data Structures & Algorithms using C and C++ [download] [info]
C++: From Beginner to Expert [download] [info]
Lua Scripting: Master complete Lua Programming from scratch [download] [info]
PHP for Beginners — Become a PHP Master — CMS Project [download] [info]
Learn Object Oriented PHP By Building a Complete Website [download] [info]
PHP with Laravel for beginners — Become a Master in Laravel [download] [info]
Learn Python Programming Masterclass [download] [info]
Python Beyond the Basics — Object-Oriented Programming [download] [info]
Node.js, Express, MongoDB & More: The Complete Bootcamp 2021 [download] [info]
Node.js API Masterclass With Express & MongoDB [download] [info]
Engineering & Technology
Arduino Step by Step: Getting Started [download] [info]
Arduino Programming and Hardware Fundamentals with Hackster [download] [info]
Arduino Step by Step Getting Serious [download] [info]
Complete Guide to Build IOT Things from Scratch to Market [download] [info]
Introduction to Internet of Things(IoT) using Raspberry Pi 2 [download] [info]
Internet of Things (IoT) — The Mega Course [download] [info]
Automobile Engineering: Vehicle dynamics for Beginners [download] [info]
Automotive 101: A Beginners Guide To Automotive Repair [download] [info]
Mechanical Engineering and Electrical Engineering Explained [download] [info]
Basics Of PLC Programming From Zero Using LogixPro Simulator [download] [info]
Internal Combustion Engine Basics (Mechanical Engineering) [download] [info]
Deep Learning A-Z: Hands-On Artificial Neural Networks [download] [info]
Artificial Intelligence A-Z™: Learn How To Build An AI [download] [info]
Tensorflow 2.0: Deep Learning and Artificial Intelligence [download] [info]
Business & Management
Business Continuity Management System. ISO 22301 [download] [info]
The Data Science Course 2020: Complete Data Science Bootcamp [download] [info]
An Entire MBA in 1 Course:Award Winning Business School Prof [download] [info]
Brand Management: Build Successful Long Lasting Brands [download] [info]
IT Help Desk Professional [download] [info]
Ethics and Attitude in the Office [download] [info]
The Ultimate Microsoft Office 2016 Training Bundle [download] [info]
How to Sell Anything to Anyone [download] [info]
The Complete Communication Skills Master Class for Life [download] [info]
Business Ethics: How to Create an Ethical Organization [download] [info]
Others Mixed
Blogging Masterclass: How To Build A Successful Blog In 2021 [download] [info]
Blogging for a Living — Perfect Small Budget Project [download] [info]
The Complete JavaScript Course 2021: From Zero to Expert! [download] [info]
The Complete Foundation Stock Trading Course [download] [info]
Lead Generation MASTERY with Facebook Lead & Messenger Ads [download] [info]
Data Entry Course for Beginners [download] [info]
SAP WM Course on RF/Mobile Data Entry [download] [info]
The complete AutoCAD 2018–21 course [download] [info]
Complete course in AutoCAD 2020 : 2D and 3D [download] [info]
The Complete Foundation FOREX Trading Course [download] [info]
Complete Fitness Trainer Certification: Beginner To Advanced [download] [info]
Health Coaching Certification Holistic Wellness Health Coach [download] [info]
Chinese language for beginners : Mandarin Chinese [download] [info]
Learn Italian Language: Complete Italian Course — Beginners [download] [info]
Emotional Intelligence: Master Anxiety, Fear, & Emotions [download] [info]
Accounting & Financial Statement Analysis: Complete Training [download] [info]
Accounting in 60 Minutes — A Brief Introduction [download] [info]
The Complete Cyber Security Course : Hackers Exposed! [download] [info]
How To Be Successful in Network Marketing [download] [info]
Create and Sell Online Courses in Website with WordPress CMS [download] [info]
Teacher Training — How to Teach Online — Remote Teaching 1Hr [download] [info]
Sell Your Art Masterclass [download] [info]
The Ultimate Guide To Food Photography [download] [info]
Fundamentals of Analyzing Real Estate Investments [download] [info]
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Add These 10 Mangets To Your BigCommerce
I just read Michael Fox’s post on Australia needing more engineers that are software Mitchell Harper’s SMH opinion piece regarding the deficiencies of our university system for teaching software engineering. Interesting. I’ve done a bunch of hiring of engineers in Sydney over a number of years, so I’ve an impression in these areas too. Curious about I quickly scanned the Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations skill shortage lists, but this didn’t reveal any particular shortage in IT generally if it was an accepted statistical fact. Anecdotally and through my own experience, recruiting engineers could be difficult, but we’ve also never had a shortage of applicants, even for niche roles. Most of the difficulty arises to locate top notch talent, not finding individuals to interview. And so the issue just isn't volume, but talent, and it is a skills shortage. We now have the social people, however the people don’t have the abilities. This makes sense: people in software engineering are well paid, and move on to do interesting, challenging work, so there is not any doubt so it’s an role that is attractive. Understanding that you want to work with software engineering and having desirable skills are a couple of separate things. Does university teach how exactly to be a software engineer that is good? Reflecting by myself education that is undergraduatestudying Information Systems during the University of New South Wales), the computer science curriculum was geared towards fundamentals. The first year course was taught in Haskell, that I think many professionals would agree is a superb introduction - it makes prospective engineers think in functions and side effects and it is an ideal teaching language. The sum of these subjects is a great background in computer science, not an industry developer that is ready. Right now (review the curriculum here), the focus is certainly caused by on core computer science and mathematics. You'll find nothing pertaining to industry that is practical, or web development, or best practices for organising work and teams. Reviewing Stanford’s computer science curriculum shows a remarkably similar group of subjects, so I don’t believe it is restricted to Sydney or Australia if we have a problem. What's the role of university anyway? The big, age old question is if it is the role of university to get ready students for industry? For Harper, the answer is "yes": "Australian universities are not producing engineers" that is workplace-ready. While in my estimation it’s not the job of university to organize "workplace-ready engineers" (I’m associated with the opinion that the basic principles and theory perspective is the proper focus for 90% of a qualification, and that a vocation ready engineer will establish at work), i really do think that there ought to be some degree of preparation, and the right amount of preparation will be relatively simple to deliver to students. A couple of semester long courses on industry practices would be give an undergraduate student a head start that is good. The truth is there will never be plenty of time in an undergraduate degree to completely prepare a student for industry (my suggestion of just one or two semester long courses will have to take a very good opinion on languages and operations, and would you should be the beginning). Harper says that "They’re quite simply not being taught the right languages, methodologies, processes and problem concepts" that is solving but even to instruct the "right" languages into the "right" way would take such a chunk of a student’s time that there’d be precious little time left for the true science to be learnt. Indeed, for Harper’s BigCommerce, the right language would be PHP, and would most certainly be counter-productive for young engineers to learn. I’m surprised to learn Harper saying that they’re not being shown problem solving concepts at university, and I’d want to learn more exactly what he means by that. Students are being taught to be engineers, but mostly industry is interested in half-engineers, half web-developers. The web developers that are best have built on fundamentals, the sort of fundamentals a student learns at university. Some good web developers have self-educated rather than attended university, and also for the right individual there isn't any doubt you can find probably few careers that accomodate the self taught so well. You will find precious shortcuts that are few learning those fundamentals though. So, industry wants graduate engineers who are able to hit the ground running and can deliver value straight away aided by the particular languages and processes that a company that is specific chosen, and has no time to build up individuals with potential. Why blame universities for not catering for this kind of demand? University needs to deliver timeless knowledge built on science and learning, not focus on the whims of a quick paced industry, attempting to predict every fad which comes along. Companies can complain, but there’s a quick method to solve this problem: take students with potential and train all of them with your languages, your processes, your engineering ideals. This is certainly also the way that is slow solve the problem, but hey, much better than complaining.
youtube
Communicating these ideas and implementing them not merely builds brand credibility, but customers feel much safer and there’s no bigger conversion killer than when a person does feel safe n’t. Being in several channels may work well for your needs, but as long as you can measure results. Make sure to ensure that analytics is a major section of your omnichannel plans! That’s the way that is only have the ability to get the 80/20 of what exactly is working together with your marketing. Tracking cross-channel impacts of advertising is quite challenging. Don’t try to get it perfect, use data to get trends instead. Don’t make any assumptions. Perform some ongoing work to comprehend who your customer is (buyer persona), what they want, and how they research/buy. Retail, especially online retail, is getting to be an even more place that is crowded every day passes. Be really, REALLY clear about your metrics and who your target customers are! What exactly is your average customer lifetime value? What exactly is your acceptable cost of acquiring a new customer? What exactly is your customer persona and what do they care about? Make every decision with those three things in your mind. Concentrate on the buyer’s needs and journey first and then align your teams, data and systems to generate a seamless and customer experience that is integrated. A lot of people do so within the reverse order and then wonder why they have experience gaps. Take the time to sit down with your team and actually map out (1) your customer personas and (2) how these personas flow during your user acquisition channels (i.e. FB ads, Instagram, Google, etc.) and (3) where they end up buying your product (in other words. website, brick and mortar, mobile app, Amazon, etc.). You possibly can make it interactive using this method on a wall in your office and using color coded post-it notes for every step regarding the journey. Don’t undervalue the free stuff. Search, influencer coverage, product reviews, industry directories, coupon/deal sites: they all play a subtle and role that is interrelated’s tough to attribute, but that’s precisely what means they are a simple yet effective usage of spend. In economics terms, that uncertainty is exactly what means they are an marketplace that is inefficient. Most purchases require multiple marketing touches. You can verify it for your brand within the Time Lag or Path Length reports in Google Analytics. Product critiques, search engine results, blogger coverage, social strategy, all frequently play a shared role in a single sale. Try to avoid applying the same goals to every channel and instead consider how each channel can contribute to your strategy.
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Automated Email Marketing
BigCommerce's stock nearly triples during the open, and keeps rising
4:42 a.m. Sept. 6, 2020
You may use Amazon to get time that is first, a brick and mortar retailer like 7/11 to boost brand awareness, and then drive all of this traffic back to your D2C online storefront where you earn nearly all your margin. Cannibalization of sales from multiple channels is a real risk but it requires to be weighed against the benefits these channels offer. Continuously optimize and test to achieve your goals. You never know what channel, message, time of day, or means of engagement will work best unless you test it. Before entering into new channels, spend some time looking into how competitors or brands that are similar utilising the channel. The intent and expectations across channels varies greatly. For example, somebody scrolling on Instagram is very different than somebody searching for your product on Google Shopping, while the expectations that are post-click costs will differ as well. Omnichannel isn't just having things work technically across channels - it is about providing an incredible experience across channels. Just because customers are functionally in a position to do what they should do does not imply that you’re providing an amazing customer experience across channels. Make sure you’re emotionally connecting with customers at every opportunity. Talk to the consumer. You can’t completely understand the journey or the issues you’re not speaking to the customer to find out how they’re experiencing it in it if. Online focus groups, visit tracking software, reading feedback, actually calling them and asking them! You can’t do a job that is good of if you don’t speak to them. We mistake a buyers journey by convinced that customers desire to control it. This is simply not the scenario in terms of creating a connection that is customer/brand. It has to produce sense towards the Brand and contains to build a memorable journey that’ll be noticeable in the buyer’s mind specially when the internet space is becoming over crowded with options. Aside from channel, customer experience has to be a top priority. You'll have the website that is best or the fanciest retail location, if the service is lacking, you’ll lose customers. Expectations are greater than ever, and modern consumers won’t tolerate lower than stellar experiences. Also, make content for buyers at all stages of it is needed by the journey-customers! One-size-fits all does not always work. Increasingly, consumers expect the retailers they do business with to offer a omnichannel experience that is seamless. The fact is consumers have endless choices of where (and how) to search these days, and if you don’t meet their expectations and gives convenient solutions, they will find one of the competitors that will. Omnichannel is a way that is great brands to simplify the direction they connect with customers through different marketing platforms.
These 5 Simple BigCommerce Methods Will Pump Up Your Gross sales Nearly Instantly
In an effort, to become an even more effective brand and still touch differing people in every kinds of channels you must think like a consumer. My biggest advice is to brand is ensure it is easier not complicated. Developing an omnichannel strategy is a uniquely-tailored process with customer-centric goals. The main focus should be on how your visitors wish to experience shopping online, and that focus should really be supported by the infrastructure partners who is able to help to hold that customer’s experience to the highest standards. Ensure that you have an answer with a hub and spokes that function seamlessly to allow your brand image and promise to shine across channels no matter where your customers decide to engage with you. Most importantly, don’t assume or think you know your customers expectations and desires, but really do the job and research to make sure you are aware, and this will enrich the omnichannel experience you deliver. Think about the buying experience from your perspective. Years back, you would buy in-person only. At some time you started online that is shopping and sites like Amazon. But these worlds are starting to blend and you’re more and much more prone to take a look at something in-person but online buy it. The key as a merchant is to be in a position to accommodate your customer and however take their order they would like to give it. Individuals are almost certainly going to purchase when you present them with an offer that’s personalized for their needs. Studying your data and getting very granular together with your audience segmentation allows you to deliver a highly-personalized promotion that is on-site is more prone to convert. Anticipate to serve your shopper whether this woman is into the awareness, consideration, or decision phases regarding the customer journey. For example, shoppers do not know always what they would like to buy, or perhaps know and cannot verbalize it. Along with great visuals and superb design, brands should always have search, filters, and buy buttons ready for shoppers moving from awareness to consideration, and decision. The same across all channels to make channel switching easy for customers, make sure your brand FEELS. And remember, buyers say they want three things: their desired outcome and an experience. Whatever they really would like is an experience that transforms them. People purchase from people. Be consistent, be approachable and start to become relevant. Smaller brands are more malleable and certainly will adjust and innovate quicker than larger, established brands. Trends change so quickly and often that you need to constantly innovate. Create an omni-channel experience that aligns in what your brand stands for. Stop thinking when it comes to channnels and start thinking in terms of the engagement that is entire irrespective of transactional outcome.
You know more regarding the branding than other people, so make sure you have consistent, accurate branding across as numerous online and offline channels. Don’t let random resellers control your branding. Because over fifty percent of all U.S. Automate whenever possible. Checking up on Amazon, eBay, social media marketing, your internet site, and just about every other channels you’re a part of can quickly get overwhelming. Automation may help things run smoothly without sucking all your time. The things that can’t be automated should be delegated as much as possible, unless it’s a thing that only you can certainly do. Hiring & training the people that are right imperative to scaling your organization without working 80 hour weeks. Really, this really is just good business advice. Nonetheless it’s a lot more true whenever you branch out into multiple platforms. Integration is key. Only 7% of marketers can deliver omnichannel in real time, all the time. To get close, brands need to adopt a strategy that is holistic loops in every avenue of customer engagement. The necessary data to drive the next interaction in the customer journey in theory, each channel should be able to talk to each other and leverage. This level of integration promotes consistency across all touchpoints and offers customers with a experience that is seamless’s channel-agnostic. A brand name that may make this happen could have the benefit over its rivals. It all starts with data management. It’s the inspiration for a successful omnichannel approach. Whether it’s through a PIM (Product Information Management) solution your very own custom built one, you will have to establish a workflow to improve product data to generally meet the various requirements for the various channels. Don’t leave any stone unturned! Test all the channels you might think could "speak" to your web visitors. Just be sure that selling across multiple channels does not take your life over. Automate just as much as you can - which means that your business runs smoothly. The key is customer experience. Brands need to understand the importance of various touch points that impact a consumer’s decision to move forward with them today. Depending on their sales force can be as important as holding a good reputation that is online review sites. In fact, the social media marketing presence and engagement also form important KPIs that impact a customer’s choice. I really believe that brands must up their game in all these areas and approach their customers then as per proper segmentation techniques. Brands that succeed in omnichannel don’t just think about how exactly to sell on different devices, they’re also thinking about how precisely consumers use different devices and channels to see a purchasing journey. Many brands appear to believe omnichannel performance is governed by happenstance.
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300+ TOP SYMFONY Interview Questions and Answers
Symfony Interview Questions for freshers experienced :-
1. What is Symfony? Symfony is an open source, web application framework. It is written in PHP and used to design PHP applications. It was first released on18 October, 2005. 2. What is current Stable version of Symfony? Current stable version of Symfony is 3.3.2 and was released on 6 June, 2017. 3. What are the benefits of Symfony? Symfony has various benefits that are listed below: Fast development MVC Pattern Unlimited flexibility Expandable Stable and sustainable Ease of use. 4. Does Symfony use Controller? Yes, Symfony framework use controller. A controller is a PHP function that is used to handle HTTP request and response. The response could be in the form of HTML page, an XML document, an image, a redirect, a 404 error etc. 5. What are the innovations in Symfony2? In Symfony2, some following Innovations are: Symfony2 uses the Dependency Injection pattern. Symfony2 is packaged as Distributions Everything is a Bundle in Symfony2. Symfony2 eases the debugging of your application. Symfony takes Security very seriously 6) How can we install Symfony2? We can install Symfony2 using given following command: In Windows : php -r "readfile('https://symfony.com/installer');" > symfony InLinux and macOS System : sudo mkdir -p /usr/local/bin sudo curl -LsS https://symfony.com/installer -o /usr/local/bin/symfony sudo chmod a+x /usr/local/bin/symfony 7. How can we create controller in Symfony2? In Symfony, we can create controller by extending AbstractActionController class. Example use Zend\Mvc\Controller\AbstractActionController; use Zend\View\Model\ViewModel; class IndexController extends AbstractActionController { public function indexAction() { return new ViewModel(); } } 8. How can we get the request parameters in symfony2? In Symfony, we can get the request parameter using following method: $request = $this->container->get('request'); $name=$request->query->get('name'); 9. When Symfony denies the user access? Symfony denies the user access, when a unauthorized user try to access web application, it throws a 403 HTTP status and error page. 10. In which technology, routing configuration files are written? Routing configuration files are written in the following technology: YAML PHP XML
SYMFONY Interview Questions 11. What is the default routing configuration file in Symfony2 application? Default routing configuration file is: app/config/routing.yml 12. How to create a bundle called AcmeHelloBundle, what command we need to run. Create a bundle called AcmeHelloBundle and run the following command. $ php app/console generate:bundle –namespace=Acme/HelloBundle –format=yml 13. How we can create action in Symfony2 controller? We can create action using following command: public function indexAction() { return $this->render('user/index.html.twig', ); } 14. How can we get current route in Symfony? We can get current route in Symfony using following steps: $request = $this->container->get('request'); $currentRouteName = $request->get('_route'); 15. What is an Environment in Symfony? In Symfony, an environment represents a group of configurations that’s used to run your application. It defines two environments by default: dev (suited for when developing the application locally) prod (optimized for when executing the application on production). 16. What are the Symfony framework applications? There are various Symfony framework applications: Drupal 8 Thelia Dailymotion 17. What are the web servers supported by Symfony? Symfony support various web servers that are given below: WAMP (Windows) LAMP (Linux) XAMP (Multi-platform) MAMP (Macintosh) Nginx (Multi-platform) Microsoft IIS (Windows) PHP built-in development web server (Multi-platform) 18. What is Serializer in Symfony? In Symfony, Serializer is a component that provides an option to convert a PHP object into a specific format such as XMLL, JSON, Binary etc. 19. How to create a request object in Symfony? In Symfony, createFromGlobals() method is used to create a request object in Symfony. 20. What is Twing? Twing is a powerful templating language of Symfony. It performs whitespace control, sandboxing and automatic HTML escaping. 21. Does Symfony framework support component to work with database? No, Symfony does not support component to work with database. 22. What is the syntax of EmailType in Symfony? In Symfony, the following syntax of EmailType is: use Symfony\Component\Form\Extension\Core\Type\EmailType; $builder->add('token', EmailType::class, array( 'data' => 'abcdef', )); 23. What are the form helper functions in Symfony? In Symfony, the form helper functions are given below: Form_start Form_end Textarea Checkbox Input_password_tag etc. 24. What is the syntax to check valid email address? The following syntax is used to check valid email address. use Symfony\Component\Validator\Constraints as Assert; class Student { /** * @Assert\Email( * message = "The email '{{ value }}' is not a valid email.", * checkMX = true * ) */ protected $email; } 25. What is the default port of Symfony? The default port of Symfony is 8000. 26. Which method is used to handle an Ajax request in the server side. The following methods are used to handle an Ajax request in the server side. if ($request->isXmlHttpRequest()) { // Ajax request } else { // Normal request } 27. What is the use of FlashBag? FlashBag is used to hold the data during the page redirections. 28. In which language Symfony was written? Symfony is written in PHP language. 29. What are the cache adapters available in Symfony? In Symfony, the cache adapters available are given below: Array Cache adapter Filesystem Cache adapter PHP Files Cache Adapter APCu Cache Adapter Redis Cache Adapter Symfony PHP Framework Questions and Answers Pdf Download Read the full article
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Top 25 Python Interview Questions and Answers asked in Interview
Here the top 25 Python interview questions and answers to help you crack your Python Interview. If you want to learn Practical Python Training then please goes through this Python Classes in Pune.
Q1. What is the difference between list and tuples in Python?
LIST vs TUPLESLISTTUPLESLists are mutable i.e they can be edited.Tuples are immutable (tuples are lists which can’t be edited).Lists are slower than tuples.Tuples are faster than list.Syntax: list_1 = [10, ‘Chelsea’, 20]Syntax: tup_1 = (10, ‘Chelsea’ , 20)
Q2. What are the key features of Python?
Python is an interpreted language. That means that, unlike languages like C and its variants, Python does not need to be compiled before it is run. Other interpreted languages include PHP and Ruby.
Python is dynamically typed, this means that you don’t need to state the types of variables when you declare them or anything like that. You can do things like x=111 and then x=”I’m a string” without error
Python is well suited to object orientated programming in that it allows the definition of classes along with composition and inheritance. Python does not have access specifiers (like C++’s public, private).
In Python, functions are first-class objects. This means that they can be assigned to variables, returned from other functions and passed into functions. Classes are also first class objects
Writing Python code is quick but running it is often slower than compiled languages. Fortunately，Python allows the inclusion of C based extensions so bottlenecks can be optimized away and often are. The numpy package is a good example of this, it’s really quite quick because a lot of the number crunching it does isn’t actually done by Python
Python finds use in many spheres — web applications, automation, scientific modeling, big data applications and many more. It’s also often used as “glue” code to get other languages and components to play nice.
Q3. What type of language is python? Programming or scripting?
Ans: Python is capable of scripting, but in general sense, it is considered as a general-purpose programming language. To know more about Scripting, you can refer to the Python Scripting Tutorial.
Q4.How is Python an interpreted language?
Ans: An interpreted language is any programming language which is not in machine level code before runtime. Therefore, Python is an interpreted language.
Q5.What is pep 8?
Ans: PEP stands for Python Enhancement Proposal. It is a set of rules that specify how to format Python code for maximum readability.
Q6. How is memory managed in Python?
Ans:
Memory management in python is managed by Python private heap space. All Python objects and data structures are located in a private heap. The programmer does not have access to this private heap. The python interpreter takes care of this instead.
The allocation of heap space for Python objects is done by Python’s memory manager. The core API gives access to some tools for the programmer to code.
Python also has an inbuilt garbage collector, which recycles all the unused memory and so that it can be made available to the heap space.
Q7. What is namespace in Python?
Ans: A namespace is a naming system used to make sure that names are unique to avoid naming conflicts.
Q8. What is PYTHONPATH?
Ans: It is an environment variable which is used when a module is imported. Whenever a module is imported, PYTHONPATH is also looked up to check for the presence of the imported modules in various directories. The interpreter uses it to determine which module to load.
Q9. What are python modules? Name some commonly used built-in modules in Python?
Ans: Python modules are files containing Python code. This code can either be functions classes or variables. A Python module is a .py file containing executable code.
Some of the commonly used built-in modules are:
os
sys
math
random
data time
JSON
Q10.What are local variables and global variables in Python?
Global Variables:
Variables declared outside a function or in global space are called global variables. These variables can be accessed by any function in the program.
Local Variables:
Any variable declared inside a function is known as a local variable. This variable is present in the local space and not in the global space.
Example:
a=2
defadd():
b=3
c=a+b
print(c)
add()
Output: 5
When you try to access the local variable outside the function add(), it will throw an error.
Q11. Is python case sensitive?
Ans: Yes. Python is a case sensitive language.
Q12.What is type conversion in Python?
Ans: Type conversion refers to the conversion of one data type iinto another.
int() — converts any data type into integer type
float() — converts any data type into float type
ord() — converts characters into integer
hex() — converts integers to hexadecimal
oct() — converts integer to octal
tuple() — This function is used to convert to a tuple.
set() — This function returns the type after converting to set.
list() — This function is used to convert any data type to a list type.
dict() — This function is used to convert a tuple of order (key,value) into a dictionary.
str() — Used to convert integer into a string.
complex(real,imag) — This functionconverts real numbers to complex(real,imag) number.
Q13. How to install Python on Windows and set path variable?
Ans: To install Python on Windows, follow the below steps:
Install python from this link: https://www.python.org/downloads/
After this, install it on your PC. Look for the location where PYTHON has been installed on your PC using the following command on your command prompt: cmd python.
Then go to advanced system settings and add a new variable and name it as PYTHON_NAME and paste the copied path.
Look for the path variable, select its value and select ‘edit’.
Add a semicolon towards the end of the value if it’s not present and then type %PYTHON_HOME%
Q14. Is indentation required in python?
Ans: Indentation is necessary for Python. It specifies a block of code. All code within loops, classes, functions, etc is specified within an indented block. It is usually done using four space characters. If your code is not indented necessarily, it will not execute accurately and will throw errors as well.
Q15. What is the difference between Python Arrays and lists?
Ans: Arrays and lists, in Python, have the same way of storing data. But, arrays can hold only a single data type element whereas lists can hold any data type elements.
Example:
importarray as arr
My_Array=arr.array(‘i’,[1,2,3,4])
My_list=[1,’abc’,1.20]
print(My_Array)
print(My_list)
Output:
array(‘i’, [1, 2, 3, 4]) [1, ‘abc’, 1.2]
Q16. What are functions in Python?
Ans: A function is a block of code which is executed only when it is called. To define a Python function, the def keyword is used.
Example:
defNewfunc():
print(“Hi, Welcome to Cyber Success”)
Newfunc(); #calling the function
Output: Hi, Welcome to Cyber Success
Q17.What is __init__?
Ans: __init__ is a method or constructor in Python. This method is automatically called to allocate memory when a new object/ instance of a class is created. All classes have the __init__ method.
Here is an example of how to use it.
classEmployee:
def__init__(self, name, age,salary):
self.name =name
self.age =age
self.salary =20000
E1 =Employee(“XYZ”, 23, 20000)
# E1 is the instance of class Employee.
#__init__ allocates memory for E1.
print(E1.name)
print(E1.age)
print(E1.salary)
Output:
XYZ
23
20000
Q18.What is a lambda function?
Ans: An anonymous function is known as a lambda function. This function can have any number of parameters but, can have just one statement.
Example:
a =lambdax,y : x+y
2. print(a(5, 6))
Output: 11
Q 19 What is self in Python?
Ans: Self is an instance or an object of a class. In Python, this is explicitly included as the first parameter. However, this is not the case in Java where it’s optional. It helps to differentiate between the methods and attributes of a class with local variables.
The self variable in the init method refers to the newly created object while in other methods, it refers to the object whose method was called.
Q20. How does break, continue and pass work?
BreakAllows loop termination when some condition is met and the control is transferred to the next statement.ContinueAllows skipping some part of a loop when some specific condition is met and the control is transferred to the beginning of the loopPassUsed when you need some block of code syntactically, but you want to skip its execution. This is basically a null operation. Nothing happens when this is executed.
Q21. What does [::-1} do?
Ans: [::-1] is used to reverse the order of an array or a sequence.
For example:
importarray as arr
2. My_Array=arr.array(‘i’,[1,2,3,4,5])
3. My_Array[::-1]
Output: array(‘i’, [5, 4, 3, 2, 1])
[::-1] reprints a reversed copy of ordered data structures such as an array or a list. the original array or list remains unchanged.
Q22. How can you randomize the items of a list in place in Python?
Ans: Consider the example shown below:
fromrandom importshuffle
x =[‘Keep’, ‘The’, ‘Blue’, ‘Flag’, ‘Flying’, ‘High’]
shuffle(x)
print(x)
The output of the following code is as below.
[‘Flying’, ‘Keep’, ‘Blue’, ‘High’, ‘The’, ‘Flag’]
Q23. What are python iterators?
Ans: Iterators are objects which can be traversed though or iterated upon.
Q24. How can you generate random numbers in Python?
Ans: Random module is the standard module that is used to generate a random number. The method is defined as:
importrandom
2. random. Random
The statement random. Random () method return the floating point number that is in the range of [0, 1). The function generates random float numbers. The methods that are used with the random class are the bound methods of the hidden instances. The instances of the Random can be done to show the multi-threading programs that creates a different instance of individual threads. The other random generators that are used in this are:
randrange (a, b): it chooses an integer and define the range in-between [a, b). It returns the elements by selecting it randomly from the range that is specified. It doesn’t build a range object.
uniform (a, b): it chooses a floating point number that is defined in the range of [a, b). Iyt returns the floating point number
normalvariate (mean, sdev): it is used for the normal distribution where the mu is a mean and the sdev is a sigma that is used for standard deviation.
The Random class that is used and instantiated creates an independent multiple random number generator.
Q25. What is the difference between range & xrange?
Ans: For the most part, xrange and range are the exact same in terms of functionality. They both provide a way to generate a list of integers for you to use, however you please. The only difference is that range returns a Python list object and x range returns an xrange object.
This means that xrange doesn’t actually generate a static list at run-time like range does. It creates the values as you need them with a special technique called yielding. This technique is used with a type of object known as generators. That means that if you have a really gigantic range you’d like to generate a list for, say one billion, xrange is the function to use.
This is especially true if you have a really memory sensitive system such as a cell phone that you are working with, as range will use as much memory as it can to create your array of integers, which can result in a Memory Error and crash your program. It’s a memory hungry beast.
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This blog provides you with a compilation of the top PHP interview questions. Core PHP Interview Questions and Answers for Freshers and 1 to 5 Years Experienced Candidates with detailed answers and code samples. Follow the coding tag for more technical interview questions.
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10 Software Engineer Interview Questions to Help You Hire the Right Developer Published Jan 10, 2018 https://www.codementor.io/blog/software-engineer-interview-questions-3ey7wme14h 10 Software Engineer Interview Questions to Help You Hire the Right Developer Whether it’s in-house or freelance, finding the right software engineer takes some work, and it's even more difficult if you're unsure of what to ask. Software developers are technical people, so most interviewers tend to jump into the technical interview right away, but there are plenty of personality and ethics questions that you can ask to ensure the one you hire is the best fit for your project. In this post, we'll walk you through the interviewing and hiring process. Preparing for the Interview As with any interview, you need to know what you plan to ask before you start. Although the questions will depend on your software project, here are some general steps for your preparation: 1. Know your project requirements software engineer interview You need a software engineer that understands your needs. The only way for the developer to understand what you need is for you to have clear project specifications in mind before the interview. If you already have project documentation, review it and identify important components. 2. Know your budget Every software developer has their own rate. Most of the time, years of experience, tech stack, location, and project complexity determine what you'll pay a developer. According to our study of app costs, an iOS developer in North America has a median rate $150/hr, whereas it is $11/hr in Indonesia. There is no need to interview a software engineer that is outside of your budget, so understand your budget constraints before you start an interview. Tip: If you're hiring a freelance software engineer, be sure you know your scope, budget, and design before you start interviewing developers! 3. Know your deadline You need to set a realistic deadline, and a software developer will give you a general estimate based on project requirements. Some developers don't work well under pressure, so knowing your timeline and asking a developer for a time estimate helps identity the right candidate. 4. Prepare your questions Some interviewers ad-lib their questions, and many times the interview goes off course as conversation continues. Prepare to ask the developer questions that relate to both their technical and soft skills. Software Engineer Hiring Process There are three main interview phases when working with any type of app or software developer. You may do only one or all of the following: Phase I: This is the basic introduction phase and usually involves basic questions about previous employment and any previous projects the software developer has worked on. Phase II: This is the technical stage of the interview. If you're not a technical person, you might have another developer or project manager familiar with development ask these questions to evaluate the developer's skill. Usually, they result in pseudo-code or logic skills that show whether or not the developer understands the question. Phase III: This is the final part of the interview where the developer can ask questions and clarify any confusion. hire software developer interview Interview Questions to Ask a Software Engineer Once you have a shortlist of software engineer candidates, below are the essential questions to ask them. Keep in mind that these questions are general software development questions that don't refer to any specific language. Not only do they test the developer's knowledge of engineering and building software, these questions will help you understand whether or not the developer can communicate effectively with you. 1. Discuss one of your previous projects and explain how you completed it successfully. This question allows the engineer to openly discuss their previous project without getting too technical. There are several advantages with this discussion. The first one is that you can identify if the candidate worked with a team and if he or she was able to work together to brainstorm solutions. It also helps you understand their management skills, time estimates, interactions with project managers, and their contribution to the overall project. 2. Did you run into any obstacles with your project and how did you handle the issue? This is an important question, because it identifies how the candidate deals with obstacles, delays, and any problems that come up during the project. Most software development projects have hurdles of some kind, so a developer that has troubles identifying an obstacle with their previous project may raise a potential red flag. If you decide to hire a software developer, you need to know how they are able to overcome problems to get the job done and within the deadline. 3. Do you follow the Agile software development process? Today, Agile is the most common way to manage software development procedures. Software developers should be on board and familiar with the process, so you can ask them if they are willing to work under those circumstances. Learn more about Agile development here. 4. What do you know about multi-threading? Multi-threading is a way to improve the performance of an application. Multi-threading is a process that uses several processors to run snippets of code. It improves performance and stops code from "hanging" when it runs. 5. What are your thoughts on unit testing? Unit testing and test driven development (TDD) are often regarded as best practices in software development and code maintenance. Unit testing is an extra set of code that tests various methods and procedures for logic errors and coding flaws. This helps eliminate many of the bugs that could be promoted to production. Every developer should be familiar with unit testing, and it’s important to know how much a software developer prioritizes it in their workflow. 6. What is MVC? MVC stands for Model-View-Controller. It's a way to separate code into its own compartments, like so: Controller holds the business logic View is the front-end presentation layer Model holds the data that is passed to the controller, which then passes it to the View. 7. How familiar are you with OOP analysis and design? Object-oriented programming (OOP) is the core of major languages such as VB, Java, C++, and C#, so top software developers should have strong OOP skills. OOP is a process of using classes to describe components of a program. For instance, if your program explains a house, classes would be the roof, doors, windows, and rooms. Your programmer should be able to explain classes using a similar analogy. software developers how to hire 8. How do you organize your class modules and assets? This will help you understand how the candidate organizes their code. There is no one "right" way to answer this question, but your team probably has a set standard and it helps to know if the developer organizes code in a way that is easily maintained and can be further documented. 9. What do you know about ORM? Object-relational mapping (ORM) is a way to use software code so it can map to database tables. This technique turns tables into their own classes, so then developers can use those classes for LINQ queries. The candidate might mention Hibernate, which is one of the most common ORM frameworks. 10. What is your process for finding a bug in an application? How much time do you typically spend on debugging? The first question tests the way the candidate thinks when working with difficult bugs. Every candidate has their own process, but they must use a debugging tool, understand how to sift through each line of code using that tool, and then understand what must be done to fix the bug without affecting other code within a project. The second question helps gauge how often a developer needs to debug his or her own code. Developers that need to spend a vast amount of their development time debugging may be ones who need extra help improving the code that they write. Wrapping up the Software Engineer Interview Once the more general questions are out of the way, you can then ask the software engineer some follow-up questions that are specific to the tech stack or programming languages/frameworks that your project requires (e.g. React.js, PHP, Ruby on Rails, Java, etc.). Before you end the interview, remember to ask the candidate if he or she has any questions, as they should have several regarding your business, the specifications of the project, the team, and more. If possible, try to keep a record of their answers, and be sure to follow-up with any engineers that you are interested in hiring after your interviews. Hiring top software developers can be an arduoous task, especially if you’re spending time vetting inexperienced candidates, unqualified developers, or just not sure where to look. Learn more about CodementorX and let us know what type of engineers you’d like to hire. Have any software engineer interview questions that you'd like to add? Let us know in the comments below! hire-developers Codementor Team Codementor Team On-Demand Marketplace for Software Developers Our team is obsessed with learning about new technologies. We post about development learning, step-by-step guides, technical tutorials, as well as Codementor community announcements to help keep you up-to-date.
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300+ TOP CODEIGNITER Interview Questions and Answers
CodeIgniter Interview Questions for freshers experienced :-
1. What is CodeIgniter? CodeIgniter is an open source PHP framework. It is used to develop web applications and websites. It is loosely based on MVC pattern and easy to use in compare to other PHP framework. 2. Who developed CodeIgniter? CodeIgniter was developed by EllisLab company. 3. What is Stable version of CodeIgniter? CodeIgniter’s stable version is: 3.1.5 on 20 March 2016. 4. What are the features of CodeIgniter? CodeIgniter provides various features like: Open source framework Light Weight CodeIgniter is Extensible Full Featured database classes 5. What are hooks in CodeIgniter? In CodeIgniter, hooks provide a way to change inner working of the framework without hacking the core files. It helps to execute a script with a specific path within the CodeIgnite. It is defined in application/config/hooks.php file. 6. What are the types of hook in CodeIgniter? There are various types of hook in CodeIgnite like: post_controller_constructor pre_controller pre_sytem post_sytem cache_override display_override post_controller 7. How can we load or add a model in CodeIgniter? In CodeIgniter, we can load or add a model using following functions: $this->load->model ('Model_Name'); 8. What is inhibitor in CodeIgniter? In CodeIgniter, Inhibitor is an error handler class, that uses following functions to handle parse errors, exceptions, and fatal errors. like: set_exception_handler, set_error_handler, register_shutdown_function 9. What are the features of CodeIgniter? CodeIgniter features are: It is an open source framework. It is extremely light weighted. It is based on Model View Controller (MVC) pattern. It has full featured database classes and support for several platforms. It is extensible. We can extend system by using own libraries. It has excellent documentation. 10. What are the security parameters for XSS in CodeIgniter? In CodeIgniter, it provides a cross-site scripting hack prevention filter. This filter either runs automatically or we can run it as per requirement, for filter all POST and COOKIE data. The XSS used filter methods to trigger JavaScript or other types of code that attempt to hijack cookies or other malicious activity. If it detects any suspicious thing or anything disallowed is encountered, it will convert the data to character entities.
CODEIGNITER Interview Questions 11. What is MVC in CodeIgniter? In CodeIgniter, MVC is design pattern that provides a separate logical view from the presentation view. MVC contains minimal scripting while web page is created. 12. How can we access config variable in CodeIgniter? In CodeIgniter, we can access config variable by using the following command: $this->config->item('variable name'); 13. How can we unset session in CodeIgniter? In CodeIgniter, we can unset session using given command: $this->session->unsetuserdata('somename');; 14. Can I extend the core database class in CodeIgniter? No, CodeIgniter doesn’t allow to extend core database classes. 15. How can we enable CSRF (Cross Site Request Forgery) in CodeIgniter? We can enable CSRF (Cross Site Request Forgery) in CodeIgniter by setting configuration in the following file: application/config/config.php file and setting it to $config = TRUE; 16. How can we create a library in CodeIgniter? In CodeIgniter, there are some techniques to create a library, Creating an entire new library Extending native libraries Replacing native libraries 17. How can we connect multiple databases in CodeIgniter? In CodeIgniter, we can connect multiple databases using following command: $db1 = $this->load->database('group_one', TRUE); $db2 = $this->load->database('group_two', TRUE); 18. How can we create link image/css/javascript from a view in CodeIgniter? We can create link image/css/javascript by using following code: /css/styles.css /js/query.php /img/news/566.gpg 19. What is inhibitor in CodeIgniter? In CodeIgniter, inhibitor is an error handler class. Example: set_exception_handler, set_error_handler etc. 20. In which language CodeIgniter is written? PHP 21. How can you print SQL statement in CodeIgniter model? The following code is used to print SQL statement: $this>db>insertid(); 22. How can we get random records in mysql using codeIgniter? In CodeIgniter, we can get random records in mysql by using given code: 23. Can we extend the core Database class? No, we cannot extend the core Database class. 24. What the difference is between require and include? Both is used to include a file but when include file not found . 25. What is the difference between Component, Helper, Behavior? Component is a Controller extension, Helpers are View extensions, Behavior is a Model Extension. 26. What are CodeIgniter security methods? There are various CodeIgniter security methods: XSS filtering CSRF (Cross-site Request Forgery) Class reference 27. How to create a driver in CodeIgniter? In CodeIgniter, the following steps to create a driver: Making file structure Making driver list Making driver(s) 28. How can we load multiple helper files? The following code is used to load multiple helper files: $this->load->helper( array('helper1', 'helper2', 'helper3') ); 29. What is helper? Helper is a group of functions. The given following helpers are: URL Helpers: It is used help to create links. Text Helpers: It is used to perform various text formatting routines. Cookies Helpers: It is used to set and read cookies. 30. How can we extend class in CodeIgniter? We can extend class in CodeIgniter create a file name application/core/MY_Input.php and declare the class with Class MY_Input extends CI_Input {}. CodeIgniter Interview Questions and Answers Pdf Download Read the full article
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300+ TOP JOOMLA Interview Questions and Answers
JOOMLA Interview Questions for freshers and experienced :-
1. What Are Positions? Site templates divides the "pages" displayed on a site into a series of positions, each with a different name. You can view the location of positions in your default template from the administrator go to Site =>Preview=>Inline with Positions. You can annotate your positions through the administrator (backend). Go to Site=>Template Manage=>Module Positions. You can add or remove positions by modifying your template html. You assign a module to a position using the module manager. Modules=>Site Modules On the left side of the page, on the third line, there is a drop down menu that lets you select the position. 2. How Do I Change The Favicon? The joomla favicon is stored in the /images folder. The file is called favicon.ico. By definition a favicon must be 16x16 pixels. If you wish to use your own favicon, rename the default joomla favicon.ico file and put your file with that name in the images directory. Alternatively, you can change the favicon in the Joomla! global configuration Site tab (on the bottom). Depending on your browser, you may not see the icon immediately. This is because the favicons are cached, which is why they can appear in your bookmark list. So, to see your favicon, you will need to clear your browser cache. 3. What Determines What Is Shown On My Frontpage? Frontpage is a component that is part of the core of Joomla!, like the front page of a newspaper, it shows (usually) multiple pieces of content arranged in some way. When you install Joomla! the front page component is by default set as the homepage of your site (that is it is the first link on your Main Menu) but front page does not have to be your "home" page. What exactly appears on the front page and how it is laid out is controlled in two ways. First, if you open the menu link in your menu manager in the backend there are numerous parameters that control the number of items shown, the number of columns etc. To control which items are shown you must also indicate that an item should be placed on the front page by editing the parameters for the content item. In the backend this will be indicated by a check mark in the front page column of the list of content items. In addition, you can use the front page manager (in the content menu of the backend) to control the publication dates and other variables for content items that are on the front page. 4. How Do I Change The Image(s) In My Template? One common template change is to use your own graphic/image. Simple graphics (not banners) are linked in the html file. Simply change the reference to the image of your choice in the html file of your template. In the administrative interface do this by going to Site =>Template manager and then selecting your template. Click the icon for html. Keep in mind that it if it is a different size than the original image this may change the appearance of the site in unexpected ways. Additional information: The images for a given template are generally located in this folder: /templates /templatename /images (Substitute the name of the template you are using in place of "templatename"). A trick for finding the name of the image is to put your cursor over it and click right. Select view image. This will display the image and give its full url. Sometimes the images are background images. This is viewable in Firefox or you can look for the background tag in your page source. How to upload an image: There are many ways to upload images. Which one you use will depend on your host and server. You can use an ftp client. You can use a cpanel file manager. You can use the media manager. You can use various extensions that allow uploading, including joomlaexplorer and galleries. 5. How Do I Remove The Page Title From The Front Page Of My Site? First log into the administrative back end. On the top menu click "Menu"->"mainmenu" Click "Home". On the right side of the screen in the parameters section, locate the “Page Title” parameter that is next to the radio buttons “Show” and “Hide”. Click the “Hide” radio button. Click the “Save” button to make your change permanent. 6. How Do I Eliminate The Pathway Or Breadcrumbs? In this case the breadcrumb for that page would look like: "Home >> Books >> Pages >> New Page". If you wish to eliminate the pathway entirely, edit your template html (index) file. Usually it will look like this: If you wish to eliminate it on a specific page, such as just the home page, you can modify the template in this way: New line:if($option != "" && $option != "com_frontpage") New line:{ New line:?> Existing: Existing: Existing: New line:} New line:?> Understanding: The first line says that if the option in the url does not equal com_frontpage (!="com_frontpage") display the pathway. In php ! means not. 7. What Are Components? Content elements or applications that are usually displayed in the center of the main content area of a template. This depends on the design of the template in use. Components are core elements of Joomla!’s functionality. These core elements include Content, Banners, Contact, News Feeds, Polls and Web Links. 8. What Are Modules? Modules extend the capabilities of Joomla! giving the software new functionality. Modules are small content items that can be displayed anywhere that your template allows it to be displayed by assigning them to positions and pages through the module manager in the administrative interface. Modules are installed in the Admin Section. Joomla! modules may include: Main Menu, Top menu, Template Chooser, Polls, Newsflash, Hit Counter, etc. 10. What Are Some Real World Examples Of What Joomla Can Do? Joomla is used all over the world to power Web sites of all shapes and sizes. For example: Corporate Web sites or portals Corporate intranets and extranets Online magazines, newspapers, and publications E-commerce and online reservations Government applications Small business Web sites Non-profit and organizational Web sites Community-based portals School and church Web sites Personal or family homepages
JOOMLA Interview Questions 11. What Is The Default Super Administrator Account For Joomla Called? Administrator 12. Which Of The Following Php Directives Are Important To Joomla Execution To Define An Alternate Compression Library If The Standard Library Is Not Available? extension_dir 13. Which Of The Following Files Is Archive And Contains The Actual Cb Component That You Must Install Into Joomla While Downloading Cb? com_comprofiler 14. Which Option Will You Choose To Set The Site Metadata For The Installed Website? Global Configuration 15. What Will Happen If We Set The Ssl Enabled Option To On? This option will make the link from the menu begin with an https:// 16. The Core Editor Events Apply To Plug-ins That Provide Editor Functionality Such As Tinymce Or Xstandard Lite? Yes. 17. Which Php File Does The Index.php File Load To Provide The Menu Bar To The Administrator Interface? Toolbar.php 18. Which Of The Given Database Systems Is Supported By Joomla? Mysql 19. Joomla Is Released Under Which License? Joomla is released under the Gnu General Public License 2 (GPL). 20. What Are Mambots? Mambots are small codes or mini-programs, which when given, either activate a program, script or conduct a function on a database. For example, there are mambots WYSIWYG editors. There are mambots for several other specific taks like this. 21. What Are Plug-ins? In the new version of Joomla 1.5, mambots are called plug-ins. In some 3rd party components, mambots and modules themselves have plug-ins. Hence, plug-ins can be given the same definition as a mambot, that they are small codes or mini-programs, which when given, activate a program or script or conduct a function on the database. 22. How Do I Make A Non-clickable Menu Link? Use a link type Separator or Placeholder to make a menu link that is non-clickable. We can also remove the link from the administrator panel, which is in the “menu” option. 23. How To Link Inside Content And Another Content Item? Get the URL for the particular page you want to link this to. Create a link using a specific editor or with html, if you have no wysiwyg. 24. What Are Pathways Or Breadcrumbs? If you are on a particular page and to get to that page you had to go through several folders to find that particular page, then that series of links will be your pathway or breadcrumb. For example: Home >> Books >> Pages >> New Page. 25. How To Remove The Pathway Or Breadcrumbs? If you want to eliminate your pathway permanently, you have to edit your html (index) file, which will normally look like this: 26. How To Control The Contents Of The Newsflashes? In the newsflash, one can display any content in specific sections. In the administrative back end of top menu select “modules”>>”site modules” To edit the module, click on “newsflash”. Beside the “Category” parameter, click on the drop down menu and select the category of the content that should be displayed on the page. Click on “Save” to save your changes. 27. How To Remove Page Title On The Front Page Of The Site Page? The procedure will be as follows: In the administrative back end of the top menu, click on “menu” > “main menu” Select “Home”. In the parameters select “Page Title”. Next to it, select the “Hide” radio button. Click on “Save” to save your changes. 28. Can Content Items Be In Multiple Sections Or Categories? No. 29. How To Exit Wrapper? To remove the wrapper, click on any of the links on the menu of the parent page. 30. What Do The Locks On The Screen Mean? The locks on any specific area on the screen mean that the item is being edited currently. 31. How To Remove The Locks? The locks can be removed simply by saving the edited items. 32. What Are Contents? Contents are the elements that are displayed in the center of the main content area of the page. They include vital functions like content, banner, newsfeed, contact, web links and polls. 33. What Do The Locks Mean? How Do I Get Rid Of Them? At any given time you may see a padlock next to a specific item in Joomla!'s administrative backend. These padlocks may be displayed next to any of the following (Content Items, Menu Items, Modules, etc). The Joomla! system places these padlocks next an item to indicate that a user is currently editing (checked out) the item. The lock is removed by the sytem when the user clicks on the "Save" button for that item. If the user never clicks save and instead hits the "Back" button or naviagtes to another page, then the item stays locked. If another user needs to work with the item he or she must have the item checked back in before the can work. There are two ways of checking items back in. One way is to contact the person that has the module checked out to see if they are done with the item. The other option utilizes the administrative back end; Click on "System => Global check in" This option should be used very carefully, especially in multi-user environments. This single action checks in all previously checked out items, whether they were checked out by you or not. Possible undesirable side effects may be that multiple editors end up working on the same document. In this case who ever clicks the save button last has their version saved as the final copy. 34. What License Is Joomla Released Under? Joomla! is released under the GPL (Gnu General Public License 2). 35. What Are Mambots And Plugins? A Mambot is a small, task-oriented function that intercepts content before it is displayed and manipulates it in some way. Joomla! provides a number of Mambots in the core distribution, e.g. WYSIWYG editors, but there are many other mambots available for specific tasks. Some 3rd Party developer components have their own mambots which need to be installed in order to make the component work properly. In Joomla! 1.5 mambots will be renamed plugins. Plugins: The new name for mambots. In addition, some 3rd party components, modules and mambots themselves have plugins. 36. How Do I Exit The Wrapper? The page that contains the link you click on to load the wrapped content is the parent page. You can get out of the wrapper by clicking on anyone of the links in the menu of the parent page. If there are no other menu items visible then the wrapper may have been loaded directly into the parent page, replacing the content that was initially there. This however defeats the purpose of having a wrapper which is a means of simply enclosing content from another site within the parent site. 37. What Determines My Homepage? Your "homepage" in a traditional html site--the page that shows when you type mydomain.com for example-- would be the page displaying that is in the index.html file. Jooma! is a database driven CMS so it does not have html pages, but rather pulls up the pieces of pages from a mysql database. The "page" that shows when a user navigates to mydomain.com is the page created by clicking on the first link on the Main Menu. The link can be called anything (Home, Bob it does not matter), that is the page that will show. This menu can be displayed anywhere and can be displayed vertically or horizontally or not at all. The menu does not even need to be published. When you installl Joomla! by default it has a menu link to the frontpage component as the home page. However, any content or component or other link can be used as the "home" page. 38. Why Do The Pop Ups In My Wysiwyg Editor Not Work Or Show Gibberish? Depending on the editor, this problem may occur when trying to edit the html, insert tables or perform a similar function that requires javascript. Most likely the problem with the livesite. You look in your site configuration (General Configuration, select the Server tab) you will see that the livesite is given. Usually it is either www.mydomain.com or mydomain.com. When you log into your site, you must log in from the exact livesite. if you don't the javascript in your editor will not work. One way to deal with this is to put a redirect from, for example, mydomain.com to www.mydomain.com so that you and your users always login from the correct url. You can do this with .htaccess. 39. How Do You Install An Extension? From the backend of your joomla site (adminsitration) select Installers and then the type of extension (module, component, mambot/plugin, site template, administrative template, language Browse for the package file Click the install icon Follow any instructions Sometimes you cannot use the automated installer. For example, very large extensions may exceed the maximum upload size allowed by your host. In this case, unzip all of the files locally. Then transfer the files to a folder in the the install directory(for example administrator/components/com_installer/components) for the type of extension you are installing (using FTP). Then use the installer, but select "install from directory" indicating the correct folder name. 40. What Are Positions In Joomla? Site templates divides the "pages" displayed on a site into a series of positions, each with a different name. You can view the location of positions in your default template from the administrator go to Site =>Preview=>Inline with Positions. You can annotate your positions through the administrator (backend). Go to Site=>Template Manage=>Module Positions. You can add or remove positions by modifying your template html. You assign a module to a position using the module manager. Modules=>Site Modules On the left side of the page, on the third line, there is a drop down menu that lets you select the position. 41. What Are Section, Categories And Content Items? The basic structure is: Sections include Categories. Categories include content items. Section A Category A1 content items Category A2 content items Category A3 content items Section B Category B1 content items Category B2 content items Category B3 content items Section C Category C1 content items Category C2 content items Category C3 content items The content items are what you would think of as web pages in a traditional html site. Both section and category "pages" can be created to serve (more or less) as the home pages for the categories and sections, respectively. 42. What Determines What Is Shown On My Front Page? Frontpage is a component that is part of the core of Joomla!, like the front page of a newspaper, it shows (usually) multiple pieces of content arranged in some way. When you install Joomla! the front page component is by default set as the homepage of your site (that is it is the first link on your Main Menu) but front page does not have to be your "home" page. What exactly appears on the front page and how it is laid out is controlled in two ways. First, if you open the menu link in your menu manager in the backend there are numerous parameters that control the number of items shown, the number of columns etc. To control which items are shown you must also indicate that an item should be placed on the front page by editing the parameters for the content item. In the backend this will be indicated by a check mark in the front page column of the list of content items. In addition, you can use the front page manager (in the content menu of the backend) to control the publication dates and other variables for content items that are on the front page. 43. How Do I Link From Inside Content To Another Content Item? The simple answer is that you get the URL for the page you want to link to. Then you make a link using whatever editor you are using or with html if you have no WYSIWYG. The more complicated answer is that some editors have fancier links managers. For example with the JCE editor you can add the advanced linking plugin and it will give you nice lists of static and other content types to pick from. 44. How Do I Control What Items Appear In My Newsflashes? Newsflash is a module that displays content from specific sections and/or categories. In the administrative back end from the top menu select “Modules => Site Modules”. Click on “Newsflash” to edit the module. Go to the parameters section of the page. Next to the “Category” parameter click on the drop down menu to select which category of content items will be displayed by this module. (In older versions of Joomla! You need to manually enter the section and/or category id numbers). Click the save button to make your changes permanent. 45. Can Content Items Be Assigned To Multiple Categories Or Sections? No, content items cannot be assigned to multiple categories or sections. 46. How Do I Eliminate The Pathway Or Breadcrumbs? An example is as follows; You are currently reading a content item "New Page". This content item is a member of the "Pages " category. In the turn the pages category is a member of the "Books" section. In this case the breadcrumb for that page would look like: "Home >> Books >> Pages >> New Page". If you wish to eliminate the pathway entirely, edit your template html (index) file. Usually it will look like this: 47. What Are Joomla Components? Content elements or applications that are usually displayed in the center of the main content area of a template. This depends on the design of the template in use. Components are core elements of Joomla!’s functionality. These core elements include Content, Banners, Contact, News Feeds, Polls and Web Links. 48. What Are Joomla Modules? Modules extend the capabilities of Joomla! giving the software new functionality. Modules are small content items that can be displayed anywhere that your template allows it to be displayed by assigning them to positions and pages through the module manager in the administrative interface. Modules are installed in the Admin Section. Joomla! modules may include: Main Menu, Top menu, Template Chooser, Polls, Newsflash, Hit Counter, etc.. 49. What Are Plugins? In Joomla 1.5 mambots will be renamed plugins. Plugins: The new name for mambots. In addition, some 3rd party components, modules and mambots themselves have plugins. is a small, task-oriented function that intercepts content before it is displayed and manipulates it in some way. 50. How Do I Make A Menu Link That Is Not Clickable? To make a menu link that does not connect to anything (is not clickable) use the link type Separator/Placeholder. JOOMLA Questions and Answers Pdf Download Read the full article
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300+ TOP DRUPAL Interview Questions and Answers
Drupal Interview Questions for freshers experienced
1. What Is Drupal? Drupal (pronounced Dru-Pull) is an open source content management system offering a toolset that rivals those of most commercial alternatives. With integrated social media and e-commerce functionality, it provides unique value as part of your social media strategy. 2. How to create a folder and a module file in Drupal? Given that our choice of short name is "onthisdate", start the module by creating a folder in your Drupal installation at the path: sites/all/modules/onthisdate. You may need to create the sites/all/modules directory first. Create a PHP file and save it as onthisdate.module in the directory sites/all/modules/onthisdate. As of Drupal 6.x, sites/all/modules is the preferred place for non-core modules (and sites/all/themes for non-core themes), since this places all site-specific files in the sites directory. This allows you to more easily update the core files and modules without erasing your customizations. Alternatively, if you have a multi-site Drupal installation and this module is for only one specific site, you can put it in sites/your-site-folder/modules. The module is not operational yet: it hasn't been activated. We'll activate the module later in the tutorial. 3. How to name your module? The first step in creating a module is to choose a "short name" for it. This short name will be used in all file and function names in your module, so it must start with a letter and by Drupal convention it must contain only lower-case letters and underscores. For this example, we'll choose "onthisdate" as the short name. Important note: It is not just a convention that the short name is used for both the module's file name and as a function prefix. When you implement Drupal "hooks" (see later portions of tutorial), Drupal will only recognize your hook implementation functions if they have the same function name prefix as the name of the module file. It's also important to make sure your module does not have the same short name as any theme you will be using on the site. 4. Explain the menu system in Drupal? Define the navigation menus, and route page requests to code based on URLs. The Drupal menu system drives both the navigation system from a user perspective and the callback system that Drupal uses to respond to URLs passed from the browser. For this reason, a good understanding of the menu system is fundamental to the creation of complex modules. Drupal's menu system follows a simple hierarchy defined by paths. Implementations of hook_menu () define menu items and assign them to paths (which should be unique). The menu system aggregates these items and determines the menu hierarchy from the paths. For example, if the paths defined were a, a/b, e, a/b/c/d, f/g, and a/b/h, the menu system would form the structure: a a/b a/b/c/d a/b/h e f/g 5. How to interact with Drupal search system? There are three ways to interact with the search system: Specifically for searching nodes, you can implement nodeapi ('update index') and nodeapi ('search result'). However, note that the search system already indexes all visible output of a node, i.e. everything displayed normally by hook_view () and hook_nodeapi ('view'). This is usually sufficient. You should only use this mechanism if you want additional, non-visible data to be indexed. Implement hook_search (). This will create a search tab for your module on the /search page with a simple keyword search form. You may optionally implement hook_search_item () to customize the display of your results. Implement hook_update_index (). This allows your module to use Drupal's HTML indexing mechanism for searching full text efficiently. If your module needs to provide a more complicated search form, then you need to implement it yourself without hook_search (). In that case, you should define it as a local task (tab) under the /search page (e.g. /search/mymodule) so that users can easily find it. 6. How to Customize a Drupal Syndicate Feed Icon? For a recent project I needed to customize the feed icon in the Drupal theme I was creating. This wasn't as straight forward as I thought it would be. Being the drupal newbie that I am I went looking for it in the core templates and suggestions page only to come empty handed. Previously I found the solution to theming a search form by using the search-block-form.tpl.php template file and thought there would be one for the feed icon too. I found the solution to this in the function reference in the form of a theme hook. theme_feed_icon($url, $title) This function is internally called by drupal to generate the feed icon in the Syndicate block. Our Job is to override this function. 7. How to backup a Drupal site? Backing up your Drupal site is now very easy, you just need to download and install a module called Backup & Migrate. To install the module click on the Administer Modules check the Backup and Migrate module and enable it and save the settings. Then navigate to the Administer Content Management Backup and Migrate then do the following settings. Exclude the following tables altogether: select the table which you dont want to take backup. Give the backup file name. There are also options to compress the file before download, or add a datestamp. And then click Backup Database. Alternately you can take backups using PhpMyAdmin. 8. How to move a Drupal Site from One host/server to another on your NEW host? Upload your folder with the complete drupal installation to your home-directory. Once done, go to phpadmin on the new host, create a new mysql database, example "name_drpl1" and create a new mysql user. Create a password for this new mysql user, click "assign all privileges" to this user and assign the user to the new database. You now should have a new mysql database on the new host with a mysql user, eg. "name_drpl1" as database name and "name_username" as database user name. Import (upload) the database (which you exported from the old host earlier) with phpadmin to the new database. This might take a minute. If needed edit the file /sites/default/settings.php and edit at the section where you enter the database, location, username and password. You CAN enter the password either encrypted or not encrypted there. Chmod your "files" folder so it is writeable using your ftp client (filezilla), chmod to 777 Double check your .htaccess and /sites/default/settings.php and make changes in case they are needed. Change nameserves on your domain host and let them point to your new host's nameservers. Enter the new nameservers in your control panel where your domain names are hosted, overwriting the old ones. After some time (sometimes a day or two) your domain should point to the new host and drupal should be up and running on the new host. 9. How to move a Drupal Site from One host/server to another? Migrating Drupal On your OLD host: Backup your whole home directory from your ftp access using an ftp client like filezilla. Make a folder on your local harddisk and download the complete directory to that local folder. Backup your mysql database on your old host using phpadmin, select your mysql database, usually something like "name_drpl1". Select all fields, click "export" and save the database to your local harddisk. Leave default options enabled. You will receive a file similar to "name_drpl1.sql". This is your mysql database 10. How to install Drupal on a local WAMP server? Preparing your computer with a local installation of Drupal with WampServer is comparatively a trouble-free process to follow. Since WampServer will install an Apache-server, SQL, PHP and phpMySQL on your computer, with those tools you can install and run Drupal locally even without an internet connection.
DRUPAL Interview Questions 11. How to remove breadcrumbs from my Drupal pages? Breadcrumbs or breadcrumb trail is a navigation aid used in drupal interfaces. Normally it appears in between the top banner area and the page title. It gives users a way to keep track of their location within programs. Breadcrumbs are really useful in a comparatively bigger website with plenty of sections and subsections. But when it comes to smaller websites, it may found useless. In those cases you may either hide it using CSS (eg. .breadcrumb {display: none;}) or in the page.tpl.php file remove the line that says 12. How to add custom PHP codes in my Drupal pages or blocks? By default, drupal will not allow inserting PHP code directly inside a post or in a block. To do this, you need to activate a drupal module called PHP filter via, Administer Site building Modules. Even though this module ships with drupal, it remains disabled by default. 13. How can I create a custom region in my Drupal template? Adding a new region in your drupal template is not a hard thing, but its not as easy as adding a new block. It's basically a two-step process: define the custom region in your theme's .info file insert some PHP in your theme's page.tpl.php file wherever you would like the new region to appear 14. What does Views do and how do you use it? Views is a practical necessity for sites built on Drupal 6, and it's imperative that your developer understands how to take advantage of it. Earl Miles has written a great summary on the Views project page. 15. How can I add a new Block In Drupal? Adding a new block is a simple process in drupal 6. Go to Administer Blocks and click on the Add Block link (tab). Fill in the form with the necessary PHP/HTML code in the block body. And click the 'Save Block' button. 16. How can I customize my 404 - Page not found page? Create a new page with some extra information, so that your visitors don't ever plunge on to the default boring 404 - page not found error page. Once this page is created: Remember its node ID, Go to Administer > Site configuration > Error reporting Set Default 404 (not found) page to the node ID you just created Save your settings You can also use the Search 404 module as an alternative. 17. How to handle upgrades in Drupal? It's a fact of life that you'll have to upgrade your Drupal installation and contributed modules fairly frequently. Your candidate should mention: backing up the site, putting it into maintenance mode downloading the new version of the module uncompressing it running update.php testing the site aking the site out of maintenance mode Ideally, your candidate would also mention creating a development environment to minimize downtime. There is also a big difference between upgrading a module (process described above) and a Drupal minor version upgrade, which requires more careful patching. Drupal major version upgrades, which happen every couple years, are another can of worms entirely. 18. How do I show different Drupal themes on different pages? Yeah it's possible! You can apply different themes to different pages in your drupal site simply with the help of a cool module called 'Sections'. 19. How do I add images to Drupal? Image module allows users with proper permissions to upload images into Drupal. Thumbnails and additional sizes are created automatically. Images could be posted individually to the front page, included in stories or grouped in galleries. 20. How can I translate Drupal to my local language? The interface text (like the "Log in" button and the "Add new comment" text) is in English by default, but can be translated. For many languages, there are completed or partly completed translations available. (See the locale module on how to use them.) All languages need more translation contributions. Some have only incomplete versions of the text in core, so that parts of the interface will show up in English. Others may be complete but need corrections and improvements of the language. And no language has a complete set of translations for all contributed modules. 21. How do I remove the title 'Navigation' from the navigation block? To prevent the navigation block title or any other block title from appearing in the pages, just do the following. Navigate to Administer Site building Blocks and click the configure link next to the Navigation block. In the block configuration page, enter in the Block title filed. This will override the default title for the block and remove the title. 22. How do I get my site to have SEO-friendly URLs? The Pathauto module automatically generates URL/path aliases for various kinds of content (nodes, taxonomy terms, users) without requiring the user to manually specify the path alias. This allows you to have URL aliases like /category/my-node-title instead of /node/123. The aliases are based upon a "pattern" system that uses tokens which the administrator can change. 23. How can I enable clean URLs in Drupal? Drupal's default URL structure is like "http://www.sitename.com/?q=node/10″ This URL format can be hard to read, and can sometimes prevent search engines from indexing all your pages properly. In this case you can eliminate this "?q=" and clean the URLs through the following steps. Navigate to Administer Site configuration Clean URLs. By default, it will be disabled. Select enabled and click the save configuration button. You are done. You can make your URLs even more cleaner with the help of path module. Home Administer Site building Modules: enable the Path Module. 24. How can I change the favicon in my Drupal Site? Create your own favicon.ico file using any graphic tools or with the help of any online favicon generator tools like dnamicdrive. Navigate to admin site building themes and click the configure link next to your current theme. This will bring up the theme configuration page. Here you will see a section titled Shortcut icons settings. You can either upload your favicon file or specify the path to your customized icon file. The changes may not appear immediately in your browser, you need to clear your browser's cache and reload the page. If you have bookmarked your site, you may need to delete the bookmark and then recreate it again so that the new favicon will appear in the bookmarks menu. 25. Explain favicon in Drupal? A favicon (short for favorites icon), also known as a website icon or bookmark icon is a 1616 pixel square icon that appears near the address bar and in the bookmarks folder in a visitor's browser. By default, a drupal site shows that water drop kinda drupal logo as favicon. 26. How can I reset my Drupal admin password? Login to cPanel -> Databases box -> phpMyAdmin; Select the Druapl database folder from the left navigation bar. The page will refresh and and the Drupal database's tables will be displayed on it. Click on the SQL tab. In the text field write the following SQL query: update users set pass=md5('NEWPASS') where uid = 1; where "NEWPASS" is your new Drupal administrative password. Click the GO button to submit the query. If the query is executed correctly and no errors are displayed then you should be able to login with the new password. 27. How to install a new module in Drupal? After finding and downloading a module, the next step would be to copy it the modules folder. Most people copy the file to the default modules folder here http://sitename.com/drupal/modules this is where all the modules that ship with Drupal are stored so it seems somewhat logical to do this. But this folder is actually meant to store only Drupal's default modules. Instead you should go to http://sitename.com/drupal/sites/all folder, there you will see a readme.txt file. This file will clearly tell you the trick. You just need to create a new folder named modules here. Now copy the modules folder here. That's all, you have successfully installed the module. Next step would be to enable the module through the Admin interface. To do this navigate to Administer Site Building Modules. Here you will see a list off all installed modules, and our newly installed module will also be listed here. You just have to check the enable check box against the new module and then click the Save Configuration button. That's all. 28. How can I install a new theme in Drupal? This is another common question among Drupal newbies all time. After trying out all available themes under Drupals theme directory, we may naturally want to try new themes. Installing a new theme is very simple and straightforward. Follow the steps below. Download a new theme package. Note that themes for different Drupal versions are not compatible, version 5.x themes do not work with Drupal 6.x and reverse. Read any README or INSTALL files in the package to find out if there are any special steps needed for this theme. Upload the contents of the theme package to a new directory in the themes directory in your Drupal site. In Drupal 5.x & 6.x, you place your themes in /sites/all/themes/yourThemeName Click administer themes and enable the new theme (Drupal will auto-detect its presence). Edit your user preferences and select the new theme. If you want it to be the default theme for all users, check the default box in the themes administration page. 29. How to make my Drupal site offline to public, while it is under construction? You can set your Drupal site in off-line mode, while it is being developed. Just click Administer Site maintenance. There you can set the status to off-line. If you wants, you can also set your own custom off-line message. When set to Off-line, only users with the administer site configuration permission will be able to access your site to perform maintenance; all other visitors will see the site off-line message configured there. Authorized users can log in during Off-line mode directly via the user login page. 30. How does caching work in Drupal? One of the common (mostly unfounded) complaints about Drupal has been, "Drupal is slow." You want to hire a developer who understands Drupal's built in caching system, and what its limitations are. For example, Drupal 6's block cache will not appreciably speed up the page if the user is logged in. Ask your candidate to recommend some additional solutions to speed up Drupal's caching. These could include the Boost module, Varnish, Squid, Memcache or Pressflow. Ask if they've ever run into issues with Drupal's cache. 31. Can you please explain the difference between Core and Contrib in Drupal? The standard release of Drupal, known as Drupal core, contains basic features common to content management systems. These include user account registration and maintenance, menu management, RSS-feeds, page layout customization, and system administration. The Drupal core installation can be used as a brochureware website, a single- or multi-user blog, an Internet forum, or a community website providing for user-generated content. As of August 2011 there are more than 11,000 free community-contributed addons, known as contrib modules, available to alter and extend Drupal's core capabilities and add new features or customize Drupal's behavior and appearance. Because of this plug-in extensibility and modular design, Drupal is sometimes described as a content management framework. Drupal is also described as a web application framework, as it meets the generally accepted feature requirements for such frameworks. 32. What are System requirements for Drupal? A minimum base installation requires at least 3MB of disk space but you should assume that your actual disk space will be somewhat higher. For example, if you install many contributed modules and contributed themes, the actual disk space for your installation could easily be 40 MB or more (exclusive of database content, media, backups and other files). 33. Why ca not A Drupal user edit a node they created? Symptoms: An authorized Drupal user loses "edit" access to nodes they've created, even if they have appropriate node (or other module) access permissions. Or, user cannot edit a node that should be editable by them, based on access control or node access settings. No errors or warnings are presented to the user. Nothing in the Drupal watchdog log. Possible Cause: The user does not have permission to use the input filter currently assigned to the node. (An administrator or other privileged user may have changed the input filter settings, or, input filter permissions may have been changed to exclude the node author since the node was created. As a result, the user never had, or no longer has permission to use the input filter associated with the node.) 34. How Does Drupal Compare to Ruby on Rails? Another common alternative platform to Drupal is Ruby on Rails. We really don't have much to say about Ruby except that it is a framework moreso than a platform. There are some characteristically challenging web development tasks that are quite easy to do with Ruby, and there are others which are infinitely more complicated than they should be. One big difference is the fact that Ruby lacks the refined data object model found in Drupal that ensures interoperability between various aspects of the system, such as adding new modules to modify the operations of others. Whereas Drupal offers a self-generating database schema for many modules and underlying components of the platform, Ruby on Rails emphasizes a design philosophy holding that simplification of code conventions leads to better outcomes. While this all sounds good in principle, we have found there are certain tasks that make adherance to this philosophy an ideal moreso than a practical goal and breaking free from these conventions when necessary a daunting task (especially when integrating with external systems). 35. How Does Drupal Compare to Other Open Source CMS Systems? Drupal is also often compared with other open source content management systems including Joomla, Plone, Scoop, Silverstripe, Typo3, Graffitti, Moveable Type and Wordpress. There are characteristic features to all of these systems that make them appropriate in certain contexts, and most of them compare favorably to Drupal in one category of operation or another. Few of them, however, are capable of offering the balance between performance and functionality found in Drupal. 36. How Does Drupal Compare to Commercial CMS Systems? Drupal is often compared to a number of commercial content management systems including Crown Peak, Expression Engine, Clickability and Site Life in terms of capabilities. None of these systems offer the range of features that can be found in Drupal or the flexible, developer-friendly architecture that allows us to rapidly deploy dynamic web sites. In terms of sustainability, these platforms charactertistically lack the innovative approach to development embraced by the Drupal community, with updates and new features continually being added to the platform. These systems typically do surpass Drupal in terms of out-of-the-box reporting and metrics tools, generally providing views of data that is also stored in other systems. For instance, detailed page tracking information can just as easily be pulled from a CDN and integrated into a Drupal site for much less than the costs of per-seat licenses from a commercial vendor over a 1 month period. 37. What Kind of Support Is Available? A wide range of support services are available for organizations running Drupal sites. The Drupal community itself is an excellent resource for people looking to learn more about the platform or resolve specific issues that emerge using the system. Acquia offers an enterprise distribution of Drupal that includes uptime monitoring, email and telephone based troubleshooting support, and subscription plans for sites with varying performance requirements. For hosting, Our works with a variety of partners to deliver solutions to ensure sites are operational and can scale to meet changing traffic expectations. Rackspace is Our preferred hosting partner, and their 100% uptime guarantee allows us to focus on building great web sites without worrying about the network. Workhabit and Amazon S3 offer cloud hosting solutions that allow us to build sites that automatically scale to handle large peaks of traffic, and to provision new servers dynamically based on actual traffic conditions on any given day. 38. How Does Drupal Scale? Trellon has built Drupal sites and deployed them in very demanding scenarios, serving millions of page views a day. Drupal scalability and performance optimization is one of our core competencies, and we often work with existing web properties to find ways to improve their performance. Contact us to discuss your specific needs. 39. What Does Drupal Do? Drupal is the choice for many great web sites because it does a lot of different things very well, and allows different kinds of information to interact effectively through its flexible, open architecture. Compared with commercial or custom solutions, Drupal's feature set is far more economic and practical for most organizations. 40. Explain coding standards in Drupal? As per the Coding standards, omit the closing ?> tag. Including the closing tag may cause strange runtime issues on certain server setups. (Note that the examples in the handbook will show the closing tag for formatting reasons only and you should not include it in your real code.) All functions in your module that will be used by Drupal are named {modulename}_{hook}, where "hook" is a pre-defined function name suffix. Drupal will call these functions to get specific data, so having these well-defined names means Drupal knows where to look. We will come to hooks in a while. 41. What is CMS? A content management system (CMS) is a collection of procedures used to manage work flow in a collaborative environment. These procedures can be manual or computer-based. The procedures are designed to: Allow for a large number of people to contribute to and share stored data Control access to data, based on user roles. User roles define what information each user can view or edit Aid in easy storage and retrieval of data Reduce repetitive duplicate input * Improve the ease of report writing Improve communication between users In a CMS, data can be defined as almost anything – documents, movies, pictures, phone numbers, scientific data, etc. CMSs are frequently used for storing, controlling, revising, semantically enriching, and publishing documentation. Content that is controlled is industry-specific. For example, entertainment content differs from the design documents for a fighter jet. There are various terms for systems (related processes) that do this. Examples are web content management, digital asset management, digital records management and electronic content management. Synchronization of intermediate steps, and collation into a final product are common goals of each. cms,drupal,drupal cms,interview questions,technical,joomla,joomla cms,drupal interview question,content management system 42. Source Code The program must include source code, and must allow distribution in source code as well as compiled form. Where some form of a product is not distributed with source code, there must be a well-publicized means of obtaining the source code for no more than a reasonable reproduction cost preferably, downloading via the Internet without charge. The source code must be the preferred form in which a programmer would modify the program. Deliberately obfuscated source code is not allowed. Intermediate forms such as the output of a preprocessor or translator are not allowed. 43. Derived Works The license must allow modifications and derived works, and must allow them to be distributed under the same terms as the license of the original software. 44. Integrity of The Author’s Source Code The license may restrict source-code from being distributed in modified form only if the license allows the distribution of “patch files” with the source code for the purpose of modifying the program at build time. The license must explicitly permit distribution of software built from modified source code. The license may require derived works to carry a different name or version number from the original software. 45. No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups The license must not discriminate against any person or group of persons. 46. What are GNU Licenses ? Does free software mean using the GPL? Not at all—there are many other free software licenses. We have an incomplete list. Any license that provides the user certain specific freedoms is a free software license. 47. Why are so many Drupal versions available – 4.x, 5.x …? Which one should I use? It is recommended that you run the most current stable release. This can always be found at the Drupal Project page. However, if there are no compelling features in the latest version, a contrib module that is important to you isn’t ready or you don’t have time, there is no need to rush your upgrade as long as security updates are available for the version you are running. 48. Can I use Drupal on the command line? Yes, you can use drush – drush is a command line shell and Unix scripting interface for Drupal 49. What are hooks in Drupal ? Allow modules to interact with the Drupal core. Drupal’s module system is based on the concept of “hooks”. A hook is a PHP function that is named foo_bar(), where “foo” is the name of the module (whose filename is thus foo.module) and “bar” is the name of the hook. Each hook has a defined set of parameters and a specified result type. To extend Drupal, a module need simply implement a hook. When Drupal wishes to allow intervention from modules, it determines which modules implement a hook and calls that hook in all enabled modules that implement it. 50. what is Database abstraction layer in Drupal ? Allow the use of different database servers using the same code base. Drupal provides a slim database abstraction layer to provide developers with the ability to support multiple database servers easily. The intent of this layer is to preserve the syntax and power of SQL as much as possible, while letting Drupal control the pieces of queries that need to be written differently for different servers and provide basic security checks. Most Drupal database queries are performed by a call to db_query() or db_query_range(). Module authors should also consider using pager_query() for queries that return results that need to be presented on multiple pages, and tablesort_sql() for generating appropriate queries for sortable tables. 51. Explain the menu system in Drupal ? Purpose of menus ? Define the navigation menus, and route page requests to code based on URLs. The Drupal menu system drives both the navigation system from a user perspective and the callback system that Drupal uses to respond to URLs passed from the browser. For this reason, a good understanding of the menu system is fundamental to the creation of complex modules. Drupal’s menu system follows a simple hierarchy defined by paths. Implementations of hook_menu() define menu items and assign them to paths (which should be unique). The menu system aggregates these items and determines the menu hierarchy from the paths. For example, if the paths defined were a, a/b, e, a/b/c/d, f/g, and a/b/h, the menu system would form the structure: a a/b a/b/c/d a/b/h e f/g Note that the number of elements in the path does not necessarily determine the depth of the menu item in the tree. When responding to a page request, the menu system looks to see if the path requested by the browser is registered as a menu item with a callback. If not, the system searches up the menu tree for the most complete match with a callback it can find. If the path a/b/i is requested in the tree above, the callback for a/b would be used. The found callback function is called with any arguments specified in the “page arguments” attribute of its menu item. The attribute must be an array. After these arguments, any remaining components of the path are appended as further arguments. In this way, the callback for a/b above could respond to a request for a/b/i differently than a request for a/b/j. For an illustration of this process, see page_example.module. Access to the callback functions is also protected by the menu system. The “access callback” with an optional “access arguments” of each menu item is called before the page callback proceeds. If this returns TRUE, then access is granted; if FALSE, then access is denied. Menu items may omit this attribute to use the value provided by an ancestor item. In the default Drupal interface, you will notice many links rendered as tabs. These are known in the menu system as “local tasks”, and they are rendered as tabs by default, though other presentations are possible. Local tasks function just as other menu items in most respects. It is convention that the names of these tasks should be short verbs if possible. In addition, a “default” local task should be provided for each set. When visiting a local task’s parent menu item, the default local task will be rendered as if it is selected; this provides for a normal tab user experience. This default task is special in that it links not to its provided path, but to its parent item’s path instead. The default task’s path is only used to place it appropriately in the menu hierarchy. Everything described so far is stored in the menu_router table. The menu_links table holds the visible menu links. By default these are derived from the same hook_menu definitions, however you are free to add more with menu_link_save(). 52. How to interact with Drupal search system ? There are three ways to interact with the search system: Specifically for searching nodes, you can implement nodeapi(‘update index’) and nodeapi(‘search result’). However, note that the search system already indexes all visible output of a node, i.e. everything displayed normally by hook_view() and hook_nodeapi(‘view’). This is usually sufficient. You should only use this mechanism if you want additional, non-visible data to be indexed. Implement hook_search(). This will create a search tab for your module on the /search page with a simple keyword search form. You may optionally implement hook_search_item() to customize the display of your results. Implement hook_update_index(). This allows your module to use Drupal’s HTML indexing mechanism for searching full text efficiently. If your module needs to provide a more complicated search form, then you need to implement it yourself without hook_search(). In that case, you should define it as a local task (tab) under the /search page (e.g. /search/mymodule) so that users can easily find it. 53. What is a Module in drupal ? A module is software (code) that extends Drupal features and/or functionality. Core modules are those included with the main download of Drupal, and you can turn on their functionality without installing additional software. Contributed modules are downloaded from the Modules download section of drupal.org, and installed within your Drupal installation. You can also create your own modules; this requires a thorough understanding of Drupal, PHP programming, and Drupal’s module API. 54. Explain User, Permission, Role in drupal. Every visitor to your site, whether they have an account and log in or visit the site anonymously, is considered a user to Drupal. Each user has a numeric user ID, and non-anonymous users also have a user name and an email address. Other information can also be associated with users by modules; for instance, if you use the core Profile module, you can define user profile fields to be associated with each user. Anonymous users have a user ID of zero (0). The user with user ID one (1), which is the user account you create when you install Drupal, is special: that user has permission to do absolutely eveything on the site. Other users on your site can be assigned permissions via roles. To do this, you first need to create a role, which you might call “Content editor” or “Member”. Next, you will assign permissions to that role, to tell Drupal what that role can and can’t do on the site. Finally, you will grant certain users on your site your new role, which will mean that when those users are logged in, Drupal will let them do the actions you gave that role permission to do. You can also assign permissions for the special built-in roles of “anonymous user” (a user who is not logged in) and “authenticated user” (a user who is logged in, with no special role assignments). Drupal permissions are quite flexible — you are allowed to assign permission for any task to any role, depending on the needs of your site. 55. Explain the concept of node in drupal. A node in Drupal is the generic term for a piece of content on your web site. (Note that the choice of the word “node” is not meant in the mathematical sense as part of a network.) Some examples of nodes: Pages in books Discussion topics in forums Entries in blogs News article stories Each node on your site has a Content Type. It also has a Node ID, a Title, a creation date, an author (a user on the site), a Body (which may be ignored/omitted for some content types), and some other properties. By using modules such as the contributed Content Construction Kit (CCK) module, the core Taxonomy module, and the contributed Location module, you can add fields and other properties to your nodes. 56. Concept of Comment in Drupal . Comments are another type of content you can have on your site (if you have enabled the core Comment module). Each comment is a typically small piece of content that a user submits, attached to a particular node. For example, each piece of discussion attached to a particular forum topic node is a comment. 57 explain Taxonomy in drupal . Drupal has a system for classifying content, which is known as taxonomy and implemented in the core Taxonomy module. You can define your own vocabularies (groups of taxonomy terms), and add terms to each vocabulary. Vocabularies can be flat or hierarchical, can allow single or multiple selection, and can also be “free tagging” (meaning that when creating or editing content, you can add new terms on the fly). Each vocabulary can then be attached to one or more content types, and in this way, nodes on your site can be grouped into categories, tagged, or classified in any way you choose. 58 . How database system of drupal works ? Drupal stores information in a database; each type of information has its own database table. For instance, the basic information about the nodes of your site are stored in the Node table, and if you use the CCK module to add fields to your nodes, the field information is stored in separate tables. Comments and Users also have their own database tables, and roles, permissions, and other settings are also stored in database tables. 59. Explain the path system of drupal ? When you visit a URL within your Drupal site, the part of the URL after your base site address is known as the path. When you visit a path in your Drupal site, Drupal figures out what information should be sent to your browser, via one or more database queries. Generally, Drupal allows each module you have enabled on your site to define paths that the module will be responsible for, and when you choose to visit a particular path, Drupal asks the module what should be displayed on the page. For instance, this site (drupal.org) is (of course) built with Drupal. The page you are now viewing is http://drupal.org/node/19828, whose path is “node/19828?. The module that is responsible for this path is the core Node module, so when you visit this page, Drupal lets the Node module determine what to display. To determine the path to a particular page on your site, for purposes of creating a link, go to the page you want to link to and look at the URL in the address bar. By default the URL, after the base address of your site, will begin with ‘?q=’. When ‘Clean URLs’ are enabled you will see a directory structure in the URL. The “path” for use in a menu item is the part of the URL after the site’s base address and without the “?q=”. 60. Explain Region, Block, Menu in drupal .. Pages on your Drupal site are laid out in regions, which can include the header, footer, sidebars, and main content section; your theme may define additional regions. Blocks are discrete chunks of information that are displayed in the regions of your site’s pages. Blocks can take the form of menus (which are concerned with site navigation), the output from modules (e.g., hot forum topics), or dynamic and static chunks of information that you’ve created yourself (e.g., a list of upcoming events). There are three standard menus in Drupal: Primary Links, Secondary Links, and Navigation. Primary and Secondary links are built by site administrators, and displayed automatically in the page header of many themes (if not, you can enable their blocks to display them). Navigation is the catch-all menu that contains your administration menus, as well as links supplied by modules on your site. You can also create your own custom menus, and display them by enabling their blocks. You can customise menus in several ways, such as reordering menu items by setting their “weight” or simply dragging into place, renaming menu items, and changing the link title (the tooltip that appears when you mouse over a menu item). You can move a menu item into a different menu by editing the Parent property of the menu item. You can also add custom menu items to a menu, from the Add menu item tab of the Menu administration screen. To create a menu item, you will need to provide the path to the content (see above). 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