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melanymwende · 4 years

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Employment Rate: Does it really affect alcohol consumption?

Is employment rate associated with alcohol consumption?

Hypothesis: An increase in levels of unemployment can lead to increase in alcohol consumption Is suicide per 100th associated with income per person?

Hypothesis: Low income per person can cause an increase in suicidal deaths per 100th.

Having gone through the GapMinder study codebook, I am interested to study more about alcohol consumption and the different variables that can cause an upsurge in alcohol uptake. As a result, I chose employment rate as my variable to be included in my codebook. I also decided to study how suicide per 100th is associated with income per person in relation to the main topic.

Alcohol consumption may be affected by very many factors but my main focus is on how the employment rate affects it. In the long run, a negative employment rate may lead to low income per person and hence suicide. I have witnessed very many youths seeking solace in alcohol as a means of relieving their stress levels due to them being unemployed. They find themselves in situations where they cannot support themselves and their families due to lack of income. Therefore the little they get or have is used on alcohol as much term as a stress reliever.

Literature Review

OECD (2020) defines employment rate as ‘a measure of the extent to which available resources are being used’ and in this case the people available to work. It is usually determined based on the ratio of the employed to the working age population (OECD, 2020). UN (2019a), stated that the global working age population i.e. 15 years and above was estimated to be 5.7 billion people out of which 2.3 billion were not part of the labor force, 3.3 billion were in employment while 188 million were unemployed (ILO, 2020) due to various reasons. Alcohol consumption is an act of ingesting a beverage containing ethanol and is typically done orally (Collins S.E. & Kirouac M. 2013).

The consumption of alcoholic beverages has been there since prehistoric times. Presently, many people consume alcohol as a recreation activity that is however causing more health and social problems (Poli, A. et al, 2013).

Catalano et al (2011) states that unemployment could cause financial challenges that lead to increased uptake of alcohol and more so especially if it is over a prolonged period of time (Khan et al., 2002; Mossakowski,2008). Popovici I. & French M. (2013), conducted a research whose research findings were that unemployed men had a higher binge-drinking rate as compared to men who were employed and that unemployed men had a higher chance of being diagnosed with alcohol abuse and/or dependence. Alcohol consumption, in most cases, is not done on busy schedules and that is why (Arkes 2007; Dee 2001; Ettner 1997) found out that unemployed people have more leisure time and this may encourage social drinking.

It is quite evident that many people did lose their jobs in this Covid 19 pandemic. Some were lucky enough to retain their jobs but on a half pay salary and this meant that people had to adjust their way of living so as to survive. This, in the long run, caused a lot of stressful moments and many people may have turned to drinking alcohol to pass time and to relieve away their stress. Heid, M. (2020) wrote that according to data from Bloomberg News the sales of beer and wine went up by 32% and 47% respectively. This was attributed mainly to the stay-at-home restrictions that were imposed which could otherwise mean more leisure time for alcohol consumption as the Americans felt the need to stock their home bars.

The employment rate, as seen from research, affects alcohol consumption. It can also affect the income per person. Income per person which is also known as Per capita income is the measure of the amount of money earned per person in a specific region (Kenton W, 2019). When the employment rate is high therefore the income per person would also increase since this would mean that the economy can well cater for its citizens. However, low income per person can cause stress and depression which can in the long term affect the health of individuals.

A study conducted by (Aron, L. et al, 2015) found out various ways in which income can affect one’s health. They include people with limited money have less to spend on medicine, doctor visits or even healthy foods, Low income can cause stress that can lead to the development of other terminal diseases like heart disease and that those that earn high incomes are able to access more healthier resources. They also stated that adults who are poor are more likely to report being in fair or poor health as their counterparts with high income. A number of research studies show that there is a positive association between income per person and their health.

Case et al. (2002) did a research that focused on how income affect health right from childhood and the results were that children from low income households who suffer from chronic illnesses have worse health compared to those in high income households. Basically, this more or less develops to adulthood. With decreased levels of income therefore, chances of stress and depression are on the rise hence increase in alcohol consumption which can even cause cases of suicide. Breet E et al (2018) carried out a study on how the low and middle income countries are affected by substance abuse and suicidal ideation and the results were that there was a positive association between substance use, alcohol being one of them, and suicidal ideas. Xuan, Z et al. (2015) also identified that heavy alcohol consumption is associated with suicide.

From the researches above, it is quite evident that employment rate has much to do with alcohol consumption. This is because if more people are employed the rate of alcohol consumption is reduced and the vice versa is true. Increased cases of low income per person due to unemployment can affect people’s stress levels which can otherwise lead to suicide among the affected.

References

Arkes J.(2007) Does the economy affect teenage substance use? Health Economics. 2007;Vol. 16(No. 1):19–36.

Breet, E., Goldstone, D., & Bantjes, J. (2018). Substance use and suicidal ideation and behaviour in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. BMC public health, 18(1), 549. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5425-6

Case, Anne, Darren L., & Christina P.,( 2002). "Economic Status and Health in Childhood: The Origins of the Gradient ." American Economic Review, 92 (5): 1308-1334.DOI: 10.1257/000282802762024520

Catalano R. A, Goldman-Mellor S. J, Saxton K., Margerison-Zilko C. E, Subbarama M., Anderson E. (2011) .The Health Effects of Economic Decline. Annual Review of Public Health.2011;32:431–450.

Collins S.E., Kirouac M. (2013) Alcohol Consumption. In: Gellman M.D., Turner J.R. (eds) Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_626

Dee T. S (2001). Alcohol abuse and economic conditions: Evidence from repeated cross-sections of individual level data. Health Economics. 2001;Vol. 10:257–270.

Ettner S.(1997), Measuring the human cost of a weak economy: Does unemployment lead to alcohol abuse? Social Science and Medicine. 1997;Vol. 44(No. 2):251–260.

Heidi M. (2020). What alcohol does to a stressed out brain. https://elemental.medium.com/what-alcohol-does-to-a-stressed-out-brain-af3771a36dba

Khan S., Murray R P., Barnes G. E. (2002).A structural equation model of the effect of poverty and unemployment on alcohol abuse.Addict Behav. 2002 May-Jun; 27(3):405-23.

Mossakowski K.N. (2008),Is the duration of poverty and unemployment a risk factor for heavy drinking?

OECD (2020), Employment rate (indicator). doi: 10.1787/1de68a9b-en

Poli A, Marangoni F, Avogaro A, (2013). Moderate alcohol use and health: a consensus document. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2013; 23:487–504.

Popovici, I., & French, M. T. (2013). Does Unemployment Lead to Greater Alcohol Consumption?. Industrial relations, 52(2), 444–466. https://doi.org/10.1111/irel.12019

Soc Sci Med. 2008 Sep; 67(6):947-55.

UN (2019a). World Population Prospects 2019: Online edition. Rev. 1 (New York, Department of Economic and Social Affairs)

Will K. (2019). Per Capita Income. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/income-per-capita.asp

Xuan, Z., Naimi, T. S., Kaplan, M. S., Bagge, C. L., Few, L. R., Maisto, S., Saitz, R., & Freeman, R. (2016). Alcohol Policies and Suicide: A Review of the Literature. Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research, 40(10), 2043–2055. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.13203

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sci-moba · 5 years

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South Africa the land of Xenophobia.

By Mubarak Ajah Obiahu.

The word xenophobia is made up of the Greek words 'xenos', which means strange or foreigner, and 'phobos', which means fear so the word ‘Xenophobia simply means ‘the fear of strangers or foreigners.

Some reasons for xenophobia.

The fear of foreigners can be attributed to one of the reasons responsible for having negative thinking about the foreigners and this can lead citizens to see strangers or foreigners as someone who have come to reign chaos in the homelands , competition for jobs because of the incoming 'aliens'. The locals, along with the already existing competition, have to further face steep odds owing to the influx of foreigners. Even in case of the ones who are already employed, replacements are available, rather easily. Thus, foreigners might be a threat to their jobs. Foreigners are seen as a threat to the local heritage and legacy. The migrations result in sharing of resources, including the natural ones, which can lead to a stress on the economy and the general lifestyle of the natives. Hatred is passed along among the locals. Along with this, the hatred towards foreigners can be a reciprocated reaction when the roles were reversed, there might be a bad egg among the good but generalizing one negative experience from one foreigner or a bunch of them, and applying it to every stranger or foreigner leads to Xenophobia.

Xenophobia in South Africa since 1994 till date.

Most of us think xenophobia started yesterday or last week in south Africa but hell no xenophobia has been one of the trending topics in South Africa and it has continued to gain media attention throughout the world with everyone asking why some South Africans go that far as to attack their fellow Africans because they are foreigners allegedly taking over local jobs and history has it on record that the current xenophobic attacks are not the first of its kind. As in past years, it has occurred and continues to happen.

Prior to 1994, immigrants from elsewhere faced discrimination and even violence in South Africa. After majority rule in 1994, contrary to expectations, the incidence of xenophobia increased in South Africa Between 2000 and March 2008, at least 67 people died in what were identified as xenophobic attacks. In May 2008, a series of attacks left 62 people dead; although 21 of those killed were South African citizens. The attacks were motivated by xenophobia. In 2015, another nationwide spike in xenophobic attacks against immigrants in general prompted a number of foreign governments to begin repatriating their citizens. A Pew Research poll conducted in 2018 showed that 62% of South Africans viewed immigrants as a burden on society by taking jobs and social benefits and that 61% of South Africans thought those immigrants were more responsible for crime than other groups.

Despite a lack of directly comparable data, xenophobia in South Africa is perceived to have significantly increased after the election of a Black majority government in 1994. According to a 2004 study published by the Southern African Migration Project (SAMP).

The ANC government – in its attempts to overcome the divides of the past and build new forms of social cohesion ... embarked on an aggressive and inclusive nation-building project. One unanticipated by-product of this project has been a growth in intolerance towards outsiders ... Violence against foreign citizens and African refugees has become increasingly common in south Africa and communities are divided by hostility and suspicion.

According to a 1998 Human Rights Watch report, immigrants from Malawi, Zimbabwe and Mozambique living in the Alexandra township were "physically assaulted over a period of several weeks in January 1995, as armed gangs identified suspected undocumented migrants and marched them to the police station in an attempt to 'clean' the township of foreigners. "The campaign, known as "Buyelekhaya" (go back home), blamed foreigners for crime, unemployment and sexual attacks.

In September 1998, a Mozambican national and two Senegalese citizens were thrown out of a train. The assault was carried out by a group returning from a rally that blamed foreigners for unemployment, crime and the spread of AIDS.

In 2000, seven foreigners were killed on the Cape Flats over a five-week period in what police described as xenophobic murders possibly motivated by the fear that outsiders would claim property belonging to locals.

In October 2001, residents of the Zandspruit informal settlement gave Zimbabwean citizens ten days to leave the area. When the foreigners failed to leave voluntarily, they were forcefully evicted and their shacks were burned down and looted. Community members said they were angry that Zimbabweans were employed whilst locals remained jobless and blamed the foreigners for a number of crimes.

In 2005 and first week of 2006, at least four people, including two Zimbabweans, died in the Olievenhoutbosch settlement after foreigners were blamed for the death of a local man. Shacks belonging to foreigners were set alight and locals demanded that police remove all immigrants from the area.

In August 2006, Somali refugees appealed for protection after 21 Somali traders were killed in July of that year and 26 more in August. The immigrants believed the murders to be motivated by xenophobia, although police rejected the assertion of a concerted campaign to drive Somali traders out of townships in the Western Cape.

Attacks on foreign nationals increased markedly in late-2007 and it is believed that there were at least a dozen attacks between January and May 2008.The most severe incidents occurred on 8 January 2008 when two Somali shop owners were murdered in the Eastern Cape towns of Jeffreys Bay and East London, then in March 2008 when seven people were killed including Zimbabweans, Pakistanis and a Somali national after their shops and shacks were set alight in Atteridgeville near Pretoria.

2008 South Africa riots Part of the history of South Africa

Result 62 people died and several hundred injured, voluntary deportation of immigrants to home countries, destruction of immigrant-owned property.

On 12 May 2008 a series of riots started in the township of Alexandra (in the north-eastern part of Johannesburg) when locals attacked migrants from Mozambique, Malawi and Zimbabwe, killing two people and injuring 40 others.

In the following weeks the violence spread, first to other settlements in the Gauteng Province, then to the coastal cities of Durban and Cape Town. Attacks were also reported in parts of the Southern Cape, Mpumalanga, the North West and Free State.

In May 2009, one year after the attacks, the City of Cape Town said it would apply for an eviction order to force 461 remaining refugees to leave two refugee camps in that city

The attacks were condemned by a wide variety of organizations and government leaders throughout Africa and the rest of the world.

The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees expressed concerns about the violence and urged the South African government to cease deportation of Zimbabwean nationals and also to allow the refugees and asylum seekers to regularize their stay in the country.

Malawi began repatriation of some of its nationals in South Africa. The Mozambican government sponsored a repatriation drive that saw the registration of at least 3 275 individuals.

In late May 2009, reports emerged regarding a possible resurgence of xenophobic related activity and the organizing of attacks in the Western Cape. Reports of threats and secret meetings by local businessmen surfaced in Gugulethu,Khayelitsha and Philippi, Cape Town. Samora Machel in Philippi once again emerging as a flash-point.In Gugulethu, reports emerged of secret meetings by local businessmen discussing 'what to do about Somali shopkeepers'. The Anti-Eviction Campaign brought these issues to the open by organizing a series of anti-xenophobia meetings attempting to find the root cause of the crisis.

In November 2009, a community of 1500-2500 Zimbabwean farm workers was forcibly evicted from their homes in the informal settlements of De Doorns, a grape-farming town in the Western Cape. No persons were physically assaulted but homes were trashed and looted and this led to the biggest displacement of foreign nationals since May 2008. The Zimbabweans were then housed in a displaced persons' camp where some remained for a year until it was closed. Researchers identified the role of a ward councilor, Mpumelelo Lubisi, in inciting the attack in possible collusion with informal labor brokers who had financial interests in getting rid of their Zimbabwean competitors. South African workers also accused farmers of employing the Zimbabweans at less than minimum wage (farmers and Zimbabwean workers denied this).

On 30 May 2013, 25-year-old Abdi Nasir Mahmoud Good was stoned to death. The violence was captured on a mobile phone and shared on the Internet. Three Somali shopkeepers were killed in June 2013 and the Somali government requested the South African authorities to do more to protect their nationals. Among those murdered were two brothers who were allegedly hacked to death. The attacks led to public outcry and worldwide protests by the Somali diaspora, in Cape Town, London and Minneapolis.

On 7 June 2014, a Somali national, in his 50s, was reportedly stoned to death and two others were seriously injured when the angry mob of locals attacked their shop in extension 6 late on Saturday. Three more Somalis were wounded from gunshots and shops were looted.

After another round of xenophobic violence against Somali entrepreneurs in April 2015, Somalia's government announced that it would evacuate its citizens from South Africa.

In April 2015, there was an upsurge in xenophobic attacks throughout the country. The attacks started in Durban and spread to Johannesburg. Zulu King Goodwill Zwelithini has be accused of fueling the attacks by saying that foreigners should "go back to their countries".

Locals looted foreigners' shops and attacked immigrants in general, forcing hundreds to relocate to police stations across the country. The Malawian authorities subsequently began repatriating their nationals, and a number of other foreign governments also announced that they would evacuate their citizens. More than 300 people were arrested. On 18 April 2015 a photographer from the Sunday Times, James Oatway, photographed a brutal attack on a Mozambican man. The man, Emmanuel Sithole, died from his wounds. Four suspects were arrested within days of the publication of photographs in the edition of 19 April of The Sunday Times of the murder of Mozambican street vendor Emmanuel Sithole in Alexandratownship the previous day. Sithole's name is not included in the official list of seven victims killed in the April 2015 attacks, including an Ethiopian, a Mozambican, a Bangladeshi, a Zimbabwean and three South Africans who were all killed in KwaZulu-Natal.

In October 2015 there were sustained xenophobic attacks in Grahams town in the Eastern Cape. It as reported than more than 500 people were displaced and more than 300 shops and homes looted and, in some cases, destroyed altogether. In these attacks Muslims were specifically targeted.

The Grahams town xenophobic attacks that took place on 21 October 2015, and coincided with the Fees Must Fall protest at Rhodes University, lasted for several days.

On 21 October 2015 taxi drivers attacked plaza shops owned by Pakistani, Somali, Bangladeshi and Ethiopian residents of Grahams town. There was a mobilization of people by the taxi drivers, with the aim of attacking and looting shops owned by foreigners. There was a rumour that insinuated that foreigners were responsible for the rampant murders in town: that an "Arab man had killed and mutilated women" around town and that the police had not done anything to address these rumours. Grahams town residents in the townships were angry at the police for not doing anything to dispel the rumours, despite having been warned by the councillors that the residents might end up taking the law into their own hands. Thus, it was these rumours that incited the attacks on foreigners.

On 23 October, the Makana Municipality held a town meeting at City Hall. The meeting was focused on how the municipality and the South African police would pacify the residents and address the situation. During that meeting, there was no representative from the police and one of the ward councilors further legitimized the attacks through xenophobic sentiments center on not giving foreigners a platform to have their own shops. The attacks continued, with taxi drivers transporting looters for free, according to the residents of Grahams town.

Reports from the residents allege that the police's attitudes were that of indifference, with some participating in the looting. The policing of the attacks was elitist as there was a line on Beaufort street which pointed out where looting would be tolerated and where it would not be. Thus, looting was allowed in the township and not tolerated in town.The police only pacified the situation and restored order after a week of attacks and looting. The xenophobic attacks in Grahamstown differed from the usual xenophobic attacks in South Africa as the ones in Grahamstown were mostly targeted at Muslims. The main reason why Muslims were targeted was mainly due to the rumour that an Arab man was responsible for the murder of women in the town.

From 20–23 June 2016 a wave of riots hit the City of Tshwane. Although the riots were sparked by political discontent within the ANC .Somali, Pakistani and other foreign owned shops and micro enterprises were targeted for looting and a number of foreigners were attacked.

On Friday 24 February 2017 a large scale and officially sanctioned anti-immigrant protest was organized and held in the Pretoria. Protesters marched to the Foreign Ministry and handed a petition to government representatives. Protesters accused immigrants of taking jobs from South Africans, causing crime and complained that "they are arrogant and they don't know how to talk to people, especially Nigerians."136 protesters were arrested during the march.

On the 25 March 2019 xenophobic riots targeting African immigrants broke out in Sydenham, Jadhu Place and Over port areas of Durban. Around one hundred people attacked businesses owned by foreign nationals resulting in around 50 people seeking shelter in a local police station and mosque. Three people were killed in the riot.A speech given by President Cyril Ramaphosa at the ANC's election manifesto for the 2019 South African general election was blamed for contributing to xenophobic feeling wherein Ramaphosa committed to cracking down on undocumented foreigners involved in criminal activities. The attacks on foreigners were criticized by both the South African government and political parties amidst calls to ensure that xenophobic sentiment was not exploited for electoral purposes.

On 1 September 2019 riots and looting targeting shops owned by foreign nationals broke out in Jeppestown and Johannesburg CBD. By the end of 2 September around 81 people had reportedly been arrested by police for looting. Around 50 businesses predominantly owned by Africans of which Nigerians was the main target from the rest of the continent were reportedly destroyed or damaged during the incident.

South Africa biting the finger that feed her.

Nigeria – South Africa relations refers to the current and historical relationship between Nigeria and South Africa. Both countries are former British colonies. Both countries are members of the Commonwealth of Nations and African Union but South Africans have forgotten the support that Nigeria rendered to ANC during apartheid.

The Apartheid

During the apartheid era in South Africa, Nigeria was one of the foremost supporters of anti-apartheid movements, including the African National Congress; the Nigerian government issued more than 300 passports to South Africans seeking to travel abroad. Sonny Okosun, a Nigerian musician, wrote the hit song "Fire in Soweto" in 1977 to commemorate the 1976 Soweto uprising against apartheid in South Africa.

Post-apartheid.

Following the end of apartheid in 1994, South African businesses sought for professionals to immigrate and a large number of Nigerians did so and Nigeria immigrant are part of those that developed south Africa. Very sad that South Africa has forgotten all this in a short period of time.

Foreigners and the South African Police Service.

The police are meant to bring peace in the society and also to settle internal cases between Foreigners and citizens of that country but in south Africa the foreigners could not rely on police for protection because the police mistreating them, stealing from them and making unconfirmed allegations that they sell drugs, the police are also fueling the citizens to maltreat the foreigners.

Foreigners and the South African Police Service.

South African Small Business Development Minister Lindiwe Daphney Zulu said “foreign business owners cannot expect to co-exist peacefully with local business owners unless they share their trade secrets. According to Zulu, foreign business owners had an advantage over South African business owners due to marginalization under apartheid. "They cannot barricade themselves in and not share their practices with local business owners". Is this what a real African should say?.

African Union.

AU as the regional institution mandated to advance cooperation among African states and between Africa and the international community, the AU has the capacity to be a significant actor in addressing xenophobia and other issues.

AU is mandated to promote human rights, sanctity of life, and peaceful co-existence and cooperation between African states, as well as position the continent at an advantage within the international community.

To co-ordinate and intensify the co-operation of African states in order to achieve a better life for the people of Africa.

To ensure that all Africans enjoyed human rights. Raise the living standards of all Africans. Settle arguments and disputes between members – not through fighting but rather peaceful and diplomatic negotiation.

To bringing the African nations together and resolve the issues within the continent.

To defend the sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of African states.

Xenophobia has been a trending topics in South Africa and it has gain media attention throughout the world, they might claim that foreigners are into job or entrepreneurship competition with them but they forget they are south African citizens in other African countries doing legal and illegal businesses. Africans livinf in south Africa are been maltreated and yet AU has not done anything tangible to put an end to this inhuman act, South Africa have to be Sanctioned.

“Total liberation and unification of Africa under an All-African Socialist Government must be the primary objective of all Black revolutionaries throughout the world. It is an objective which, when achieved, will bring about the fulfillment of the aspirations of African and people of African descent everywhere. It will at the same time advance the triumph of the international socialist revolution, and the onward progress towards world communism, under which, every society is ordered on the principle of –from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.” — Osagyefo Kwame Nkrumah.

Some reasons why Africa should unit.

v Resident permit and visa free.

We say “we are on Africa” then why do we have to pay residence permit when we travel from our country to another African country?, why must we get visa in order to enter another African country?, why are we treated as a foreigner in another African country?. If Africa unite there will be nothing like resident permit for any African citizen living in another country within the continent and there will be visa free for all African willing to travel within the continent.

v Africa is extremely wealthy! In fact, it is the wealthiest land mass on the face of the earth. This wealth can be found in its abundant mineral resources and in its huge agricultural potential. However, because this wealth is unevenly distributed, showing no relationship to the artificial, imperialist imposed division of the continent, this wealth can only benefit the masses of African people when it is shared on a continent-wide basis.

v To invest in large scale production, in both industry and agriculture, a large amount of investment resources is needed. When Africa unites, it will be able to pool its investment resources to ensure that it will have enough money to invest in the large-scale production of industrial and agricultural goods and services. Once Africa unites, it will no longer have to go begging the World Bank, IMF, and various donor nations of the world for loans that are tied to very high interest rates and exploitative conditions designed to keep Africa impoverished and dependent. In short, genuine African unity, where the wealth and resources of this great continent are amassed in the ‘Great Bank of Africa’ and shared amongst its people, is the only alternative for Africa Separately to avoid begging for loans that are designed to keep Africa poor and in perpetual debt.

v Only a united Africa will be able to protect its market! China protects its industries by keeping its currency, the rinminbi, relatively low, thus ensuring its exports will remain attractive on the global market. The United States provides millions of dollars of subsidies for its farmers—especially its rice, cotton, and maize growers—in order to protect their goods against local competition in countries.

v One of the best ways to integrate Africa’s economy, enhance inter-African trade, and gain control in setting the prices of African exports is through the use of a common currency. A common African currency will eliminate the transaction costs customers pay when buying a different currency other than their own, especially for those involved in inter-African trade. the African common currency will become an international currency of higher value that billions of people, inside and outside of Africa, will have to acquire in order to purchase anything made and sold anywhere in Africa.

v Africa will allow nearly 20 African countries to acquire the benefits of having immediate access to the sea. With slightly more than 70% of the earth’s surface covered by the ocean, the benefits of having immediate access to marine life are tremendous. They include, minimally, food, medicine, raw materials, mineral resources, tourism, and the protection of geopolitical strategic interests.

v The UN, NATO, EU, USA, or any other entity outside of Africa can never and will never solve our problems. None of them have the interest, will, means, or mandate to do so; instead, if left in their hands, they will only make matters worst in order to make Africa more malleable for continued imperialist domination.

Nelson Mandela said “I dream of the realization of the unity of Africa, whereby its leaders combine in their effort to solve the problem of the continent. I dram of our vast deserts, of our forests, of our great wildernesses”.

We are one Africa so in order to stop this inhuman act in South Africa or any other African country.

Kwame Nkrumah once said “Africa must unite or perish!’ Without genuine African unity, our continent will remain at the mercy of imperialist domination and exploitation”.

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brandenevensen · 6 years

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Sweden’s Political Landscape

Systems of governance can have a tremendous impact on the environment, culture, and way of life in a country. The Scandinavian country of Sweden features a clear system of government that has clear effects on life in the modern world of 2019. The government of Sweden is classified as a democratic constitutional monarchy with a king as a figurehead and a constitution that establishes rights and the rule of law (factmonster.com). Because it is a democratic constitutional monarchy, Sweden has officials in its government operating for ceremonial purposes and legislative purposes. The current king of Sweden is King Carl XVI Gustav and the current prime minister is Stefan Löfven of the Swedish Social Democratic Party (University of Washington).

Akin to almost any country, the political landscape in Sweden has undergone some evolution. Sweden in its early years was a pure religious monarchy led by a powerful king and a state church. Factmonster.com establishes that in Sweden’s early years that religion was a large part of the government “The Lutheran Swedish church was eventually adopted as the state church.” After their stretch of rule by a monarch and a state church, Sweden evolved to have a government that was reliant upon socialism and socialist policies. Per factmonster.com Sweden joined the European Union in 1994 after a referendum vote and that membership has played a significant role in their laws, policies, and political landscape. Recently Sweden has begun to evolve their politics again. This evolution involves the emergence of far-right politicians in the Swedish government and parliament, “In September 2010 parliamentary elections, the far-right, anti-immigration Sweden Democrats won seats in parliament for the first time” (factmonster.com). With each evolution, the Swedish landscape has changed little by little.

With the election and emergence of far-right government officials in Sweden, populism emerges. The most significant populist movement in Sweden is those from the far-right fueled by anti-immigration policies and rhetoric. Carl-Ulrik Schierup, Aleksandra Ålund & Anders Neergaard do an excellent analysis of the emergence of populism in Sweden in their academic work entitled “ Race” and the upsurge of antagonistic popular movements in Sweden. Far-right politicians in Sweden utilize media to feed messages to Sweden’s public and get elected. “Another was a propaganda film aired on national TV and uploaded on YouTube. It pitted an elderly white “Swedish” woman against “Muslim” women wearing Burkas and surrounded by many children. It projected an image of how decreasing welfare for elderly “Swedes” was a direct effect of immigration by culturally incompatible “Muslims” portrayed in quasi-biological attributes” (Schierup, Alund, & Neergaard, 2017,p.1842). Media messages are key to the movements of many populists, showing that the far-right of Sweden fulfills that definition.

The far-right populists of Sweden do have clear leadership, political stances, and positions in the country’s government. While far-right politics make up the populism in Sweden, one political party, in particular, is central. The central party of populism in Sweden is the party of the Sweden Democrats. Jens Rydgren details that the rise of right-wing parties has been led by the controversial group of the Sweden Democrats. The Sweden Democrats have extreme views and have been view as having links to fascism (Rydgren, 2010, p.67). Despite being extreme, the party has resonated with some people within Sweden’s borders and they have gained some positions in the Swedish government and parliament. In the last ten years, the Sweden Democrats have become more involved in the governance and resonated more with sects of the public, “ In 2010 the Sweden Democrats entered parliament with the support of close to 6 per cent, and in the general election of 2014 the party more than doubled its support” (Schierup, Alund, & Neergaard, 2017, p.1841). Support has risen and populism’s effects have become more present in the political landscape of Sweden.

Human rights, voter rights, and free and fair elections are an important part of any political climate especially one that involves democracy. In Sweden, the climate is not without human rights issues. Per Amnesty International, in 2017-2018 Sweden’s authorities failed to make policies that would prevent racist or xenophobic attacks. This fact is relevant as it relates to the sentiments echoed by the populists in Sweden, which is very much against immigration and outsiders. Voter rights in Sweden, on the other hand, are strong. Freedom House gives Sweden a score of 100/100 for freedom and stresses that there are free and fair elections in the country. Because political rights and the ability to vote are present in Sweden it is clear that the people’s voice can be heard. People’s ability to express how they feel and vote does offer populism the opportunity to become prevalent, however.

#sweden #populism #politics

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riyab12 · 2 years

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Mucormycosis (Black Fungus) And COVID 19.

Catastrophic second wave of COVID 19 has left millions of people infected and dead. India is experiencing the world’s worst outbreak with not only rising COVID cases but also an alarming upsurge in a rare and potentially life-threatening fungal infection, Mucormycosis.

What is Mucormycosis ?

According to CDC, Mucormycosis (black fungus) is a serious and rare fungal infection caused by a group of molds called mucormycetes. These fungi live in the environment, particularly in soil and in decaying organic matter, such as fruits, vegetables, leaves, compost piles, or rotten wood. People can contract mucormycosis by coming in contact with the fungal spores in the environment. For example, by inhalation of spores, by swallowing spores. Additionally, mucormycosisis likely to develop on the skin when fungus enters the skin via scrape, cut, burn, or any other type of skin trauma or injury.

How is mucormycosis related to COVID 19 ?

This rare fungal infection usually affects people who suffer from long-term health issues and/or take medications that lower immunity. Mucormyosis can be life-threatening in diabetics and immunocompromised individuals, such as recipients of organ or stem transplants, long-term usage of steroids, post-surgery, cancer.

When diabetes is poorly controlled, and blood sugar is high the tissues become relatively acidic, it creates a suitable condition for Mucorales fungi to grow. This has been identified as a risk factor for mucormycosis in India. People with diabetes and obesity are expected to develop more severe Covid-19 infections. This means they’re more likely to receive corticosteroids, which are frequently used to treat Covid-19. But corticosteroids together with diabetes increase the risk of mucormycosis. Meanwhile, coronavirus can damage airway tissue and blood vessels, which could also increase susceptibility to fungal infection.

Moreover, damaged lungs and suppressed immune system as seen in the case of COVID-positive patients make sinuses and nose the most common site of mucormycosis manifestation. From there it can spread to the eyes, leading to blindness, or the brain, causing headaches, seizures, stroke, and even death in certain cases. A recent study showed 94% of people infected with mucormycosis had diabetes and poorly controlled diabetes in 67% people.

Furthermore, long-term ventilation reduces immunity and there are speculations of the fungus being transmitted by the humidifier water being given along with oxygen.

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Is it contagious ?

No, it’s not. It does not spread from one person to another.

What are the symptoms ?

You must visit your doctor if you experience the following symptoms; Cough Shortness of breath fever headache nasal congestion, discharge. sinus pain blackened skin tissue blisters redness and swelling ulcers one side facial pain loosening of teeth blackish discoloration over the bridge of the nose

How is mucormycosis treated ?

This includes antifungal medication, controlling blood sugar, urgent removal of dead tissue. The outcome is poor in many patients affected with mucormyosis. Nearly half of the patients affected will die and many will sustain permanent damage to their health.

Can we prevent mucormycosis ?

Yes, mucormycosis can be prevented. Vaccination can help, it will protect from infection, which in turn will protect immunity. A strong immunity system can keep mucrmycosis at bay. Awareness must be created regarding fungal infections, diagnose them early, along with a focus on controlling diabetes and using corticosteroids wisely.

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thetejasamale · 2 years

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Air Compressor Market Size- Potential Growth, Share, Demand and Analysis Of Key Players- Research Forecast To 2030

The global air compressor market can be expected to enjoy an incredible CAGR of 7.5% during the review period (2017-2023), reports Market Research Future (MRFR). Air compressors have a wide-range of applications in both industrial and non-industrial verticals. Recent developments in the industry has helped in expanding the base by filtering spectrums in a more precise and definitive manner and attain the desired market results.

Drivers and Restraints:

With the advent of technology, the market is experiencing more efficient machines being introduced every day. The portable compressors have penetrated the market well and now command a high demand from diverse sectors. The maintenance cost is also going down with the current developments. In addition, the erstwhile problem of noise and air pollution has been eradicated. These improvisations are boosting the market further.

The rise in eco-awareness has also propelled the demand for robust and energy-efficient compressors. The construction sector is also exploring the possible utility of air compressors and has opened up previously uncharted territory for air compressors.

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Rapid urbanization is also a significant factor fueling the market demand. Disposable income levels of consumers and improved spending power on lifestyle appliances are other factors expected to bolster market growth over the forecast period. This shift in consumer behavior has given rise to the various technological implementation of air compressors in luxury items.

However, the high installation cost can pull the growth backward during the forecast period.

Industry Trend:

The market is now flooded with air compressors that are energy-efficient, centrifugal, and oil-free. Air Technologies have recently launched a new compressor that uses DirectAIR technology and conserves more kilowatt-hours (kWh).

SCR Air has introduced a compressor machine that uses a permanent magnet. These machines have low rotational speed which means it would generate the same airflow with device a size smaller. Also, the machines produce merely 67 decibels (dB) of sound and cut down the running cost.

Segmentation:

The air compressor market can be segmented by product, technology, lubrication, and end-user.

Product-wise segmentation comprises portable and stationary. The stationary type segment is expected to dominate the market as it is experiencing a growing demand from various industries and non-industrial sectors. Home appliances, automotive, and manufacturing sectors are capable of playing a pivotal role in the market growth.

Based on technology the market is segmented into rotary, reciprocating, and centrifugal. Rotary is estimated to dominate the market as it incurs low maintenance cost and is highly efficient. Centrifugal can also fetch in heavy demand in the coming years.

Lubrication-based segmentation includes oil free and oil filled. Rising awareness regarding various contamination is anticipated to trigger the sale of oil-free air compressors.

On the basis of end-user, the market can be segmented into home appliances, food & beverage industry, oil & gas industry, energy industry, semiconductors & electronics industry, manufacturing industry and the healthcare industry. Rapid urbanization has secured the market for home appliances where the air compressors can find utility in luxury items such as air conditioners, refrigerators, and others.

Regional Segmentation:

Region-wise segmentation includes North America, Europe, Asia Pacific (APAC), and Rest-of-the-World (RoW).

APAC accounts for a significant share of the market and is expected to experience the fastest growth rate owing to the upsurge in urbanization and escalation in industries across sectors. China, Japan, and India are upcoming economies that are bolstering the growth of this segment.

In North America, the increasing number of industrial infrastructure projects, and investment made across sectors such as process and oil & gas industries can trigger the market growth.

Europe follows the lead of APAC closely with a robust industrial sector that generates the demand for air compressors.

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Market Competitors:

Various international and regional players have taken over the market and are implementing new technologies to stay ahead of each other. However, major strategists are mostly focusing on mergers and acquisitions for market expansion. Recently, Ohio Transmission Corporation has acquired Louisiana compressed air company which can be taken as exemplary.

Several companies are now influencing the market. The significant ones are Sullair, L.L.C. (U.S.), Atlas Copco AB (Sweden), Doosan Portable Power (U.S.), Gardner Denver (U.S.), Ingersoll Rand (U.S.), Rolair Systems. (U.S.), Kaeser Compressors SE (Germany), and others.

#Air Compressor Market Size

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shreyas-inkwood · 3 years

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Trends in the Global Animal Nutrition Market

Animal nutrition is the dietary needs of animals, primarily agricultural and domesticated livestock. The products offered include amino acids, carotenoids, vitamins, minerals, vacuum salts, enzymes, and others. The nutrient-rich animal feed provides health benefits like the improved immune system, fertility, optimal performance, and overall growth and well-being. Due to these benefits, its adoption has increased among animal farmers and modern animal husbandries worldwide, which eventually surges the demand and innovations in feed technology. Thus, the growing consumption and industrialization of animal-based products and services fuel the growth of the global animal nutrition market.

Blog Title:

https://inkwoodresearch.com/trends-in-global-animal-nutrition-market/

Below List Provides the Leading Animal Feed Producers in the World:

Cargill

The US-based agribusiness giant is a multinational corporation and operates in 67 countries. The company provides various services and products like agriculture nutrition, protein, food ingredients, and others. It has a broad consumer base such as farmers, food service providers, industries, and personal care products makers.

Alltech Inc.

Alltech Inc., established in 1980, is a US-based company. It offers products like Bioplex and others related to animal health, crop sciences, and human health. The company provides animal feed products using innovative technology like enzymes, algae, nutrigenomics, and others.

DSM

DSM, the multinational company, headquartered in the Netherlands, operates in the field of animal nutrition, health, pharmaceuticals, along with other sectors such as food & beverages, personal care and medical. The company offers nutrient-rich animal feed products, namely Ronozyme NP, Ronozyme ProAct, Ronozyme A, and others.

Tyson Foods Inc.

Tyson Foods, Inc., a US-based multinational corporation, operates in the food and agricultural industries. It runs various feed mills to provide animal feed for pigs, chickens, and cattle worldwide.

Elanco

Elanco Products Company was launched in 1960 and is headquartered in the United States. The Company is a division of Eli Lily and Company and manufactures animal feed and related products for animal health globally. It offers products like Hemicell, Rumensin, Maxiban, etc., to customers such as veterinarians, food producers, and other entities.

Novozymes

Novozymes, the multinational company, was founded in 2000 in the kingdom of Denmark. The company manufactures enzymes and microbe-based products which have applications in poultry, aquaculture, and animal nutrition. Its product offerings include Alterion, Floramax, Novozymes PondDtox, and others.

Evonik Industries AG

Evonik Industries AG is a Germany-based specialty chemicals company. It operates worldwide through nutrition & care, resource efficiency, performance materials, and service segments. The company offers products like CreAmino, Ecobiol, Biolys (L-Lysine), and other chemicals for applications in consumer goods, animal nutrition, and the healthcare sector.

Land O’Lakes Inc.

Land O’Lakes Inc., a US-based company, was founded in 1921. It operates in agribusiness, food products, and dairy products. The company offers animal feed like Purina animal nutrition, Mazuri, and Land O’ Lakes feed.

Tata Chemicals Ltd. S.P.A

Tata Chemicals Limited, founded in 1939, is one of the leading producers of chemical-based products. The India-based company offers products for areas like agriculture, animal nutrition, pharmaceuticals, and food. The company manufactures animal nutrition products known as Alkakarb and other agro-products.

BASF SE

BASF SE is a Germany-based chemical company and operates in many countries. The company offers nutrition products such as feed additives, vitamins, enzymes, chemicals, agricultural solutions, and performance products.

Conclusion

The ever-increasing global animal nutrition market upsurge many prominent manufacturers, accompanied by new players with a bright prospect. Moreover, the growing demand for premium quality meat on a global scale has stimulated animal feed production and exports among various manufacturers.

#Animal Nutrition Market #Animal Nutrition #industrialization #products and services #inkwood #inkwood research #market research report #market research reports #market research

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truptilisa · 3 years

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Balsa Core Materials: Demand, Use Cases

Balsa core materials market is projected to reach USD 291 million by 2025, According to a new report by Allied Market Research. Balsa core is the most commonly used end-grain wood core, which possesses high strength and stiffness to weight ratio. It offers advantages such as superior fire resistance, high sheer strength, wide operating temperature, and enhanced thermal & acoustic insulation.

Increase in demand for lightweight materials in a wide range of end-use industries such as marine, aerospace, and construction is expected to fuel the balsa core materials market growth during the forecast period. However, minimum density and ability to absorb large amount of resins during lamination hamper the adoption of global balsa core materials, thereby restraining the market growth.

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Key Findings of the Balsa Core Materials Market:

1. In terms of value, the multilayer segment accounted for 66% share of the global market in 2016, and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 5.2% from 2018 to 2025. 2. Asia-Pacific balsa core materials market is anticipated to witness the highest growth, registering a CAGR of 5.4%, in terms of value. 3. China and India are expected to occupy approximately 56% share of the total Asia-Pacific market by 2025. 4. India is expected to grow at a CAGR of 6.5%, in terms of value.

In 2017, Asia-Pacific accounted for the highest share, and is expected to continue its dominance during the forecast period.

In 2017, Europe and Asia-Pacific collectively accounted for more than 67% of the global balsa core materials market, in terms of value. The development of the shipping industry is one of the major trends responsible for the growth of the European balsa core material market. Furthermore, increase in trade activities through sea is projected to boost the demand for balsa core materials, thereby driving the growth of the market. Rise in investment in the construction and automotive industries is anticipated to further drive the market growth.

Balsa core materials are available in two types, monolayer and multilayer. The multilayer segment accounted for a significant share in 2017, and is expected to witness high growth rate during the forecast period, owing to higher energy absorption property of multilayer as compared to monolayer materials.

The wind energy segment accounted for a significant share in 2017, and is anticipated to maintain its dominance during the forecast period, due to rise in adoption of lightweight materials in wind energy applications worldwide.

Balsa core is considered as an economical substitute to higher priced foam cores, which is expected to augment the balsa core materials market growth. Moreover, surge in preference for balsa core materials is expected to increase in Asia-Pacific, owing to increase in wind turbine installations.

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Companies such as Schweiter Technologies and BCOMP Ltd. have significantly contributed to the growth of the European balsa core material market. For example, BCOMP Ltd. is involved in the development, manufacturing, and distribution of composite materials produced from natural fibers.

In Asia-Pacific, development of the marine and wind power industries drives the growth of the market. Furthermore, upsurge in demand for balsa core materials across various industry verticals such as marine, wind power, construction, automotive, and furnishing boosts the market growth. Major economies, including, India, China, Japan, Korea, and Australia have contributed to the growth of the balsa core materials market.

The major companies profiled in this balsa core materials market are DIAB, Schweiter Technologies, BCOMP LTD., Carbon-Core Corp, Gurit Holding AG, Evonik Industries AG, I-Core Composites, LLC, CoreLite Inc., BONDi (Shandong) Environmental Material Company Limited, and Nord Compensati Spa.

About Us

Allied Market Research (AMR) is a market research and business-consulting firm of Allied Analytics LLP, based in Portland, Oregon. AMR offers market research reports, business solutions, consulting services, and insights on markets across 11 industry verticals. Adopting extensive research methodologies, AMR is instrumental in helping its clients to make strategic business decisions and achieve sustainable growth in their market domains. We are equipped with skilled analysts and experts, and have a wide experience of working with many Fortune 500 companies and small & medium enterprises.

#Balsa core materials #Balsacorematerials

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eagleq7tu0uy · 3 years

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Genf20 Plus Reviews From Users - Keep Your Skin Looking Nice With These Great Tips!

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Genf20 Plus For Bodybuilding: Have you been feeling and looking older than you’d like? Have you been constantly feeling used out and exhausted? If that's the case, you may be many most likely struggling with a Human development Hormone (HGH) deficiency. Once we age, the human body produces less for this important, youth-giving hormone.

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Is GenF20 Plus Right for You?

If you’re exhausted of witnessing an adult form of yourself in the mirror, or just don’t want to feel old and exhausted most of the time, GenF20 Plus is just things you need. Stop the aging process in its tracks and commence looking and experiencing such as your more youthful self once again with GenF20 Plus.

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