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Week 10: Social Media Governance

As digital citizens in an increasingly interconnected world, it's crucial to understand the complexities of social media governance and its role in managing conflicts. This topic is integral to any study of digital citizenship, as it explores how social media spaces are regulated, how conflicts arise, and what mechanisms are (or aren’t) in place to address them.

Why Examine Conflict in Social Media?

Social media has transformed how we communicate, but it has also introduced new challenges. Conflict arises in digital spaces just as it does offline; however, the virtual world amplifies and accelerates these dynamics. Understanding social media governance and regulation helps us recognize both the potential for constructive engagement and the need for safeguards. By examining how these platforms manage disputes and harmful behaviors, we can learn more about the responsibilities of digital citizenship and how society can work toward a safer online environment (Ess, 2020; Jain & Agrawal, 2022).

What Is Social Media Governance and Regulation?

Social media governance refers to the frameworks and policies that social media companies and governments implement to manage content and user behavior on their platforms. This includes guidelines around acceptable speech, privacy policies, and reporting mechanisms (Gorwa, 2019). Regulation, meanwhile, involves the rules and laws that governments impose on social media companies, dictating what content is allowed or restricted and defining accountability for issues like misinformation and online harassment.

The policies of social media companies vary widely, but most have community standards or terms of service designed to reduce harmful content and maintain user safety. Governments are increasingly involved, with some creating legislation that demands greater transparency and accountability from these platforms. Understanding social media governance is essential to realizing how digital spaces are controlled and how different stakeholders—platforms, governments, and users—play a role in shaping them (Flew, 2021; Heldt, 2020).

Trolling, Flaming, and Harassment: Defining Key Terms

To delve deeper into social media conflict, it’s essential to define some common terms related to online antagonistic behavior:

Trolling: This refers to intentionally provoking or upsetting others online to elicit an emotional reaction. Trolls often disguise their intent behind humor or sarcasm, but their goal is usually to disrupt conversation and sow discord (Phillips, 2015).

Flaming: Flaming is the act of posting aggressive or insulting messages, often in response to specific individuals or topics. This behavior typically involves more explicit hostility than trolling (Jane, 2017).

Harassment: Online harassment includes a broad spectrum of abusive behaviors, from direct insults and threats to coordinated campaigns aimed at harming individuals or groups. Unlike trolling and flaming, harassment is sustained and often intended to intimidate or harm the target (Eckert, 2018).

These behaviors have evolved alongside the internet itself, with early online forums and chat rooms witnessing the first instances of trolling and flaming. As social media platforms grew, so did the prevalence and intensity of online harassment.

What Research Tells Us About Online Harassment

Research into online harassment has highlighted several concerning trends. Studies have shown that a significant portion of internet users have experienced harassment, with women, minorities, and other marginalized groups being disproportionately affected (Duggan, 2017; Powell & Henry, 2017). The psychological impact of online harassment can be severe, often leading to anxiety, depression, and even withdrawal from online spaces. Platforms have attempted to address these issues through features like block lists, reporting tools, and AI-driven content moderation, but these measures have often fallen short (Citron, 2014).

Research also suggests that effective solutions require a multi-faceted approach, combining technology, policy, and social education. Educating users on respectful online conduct, implementing stricter policies, and increasing accountability for perpetrators are all part of a comprehensive strategy to combat harassment. However, balancing freedom of expression with the need for safety remains a complex challenge.

This lecture on social media governance and conflict is crucial for understanding the responsibilities of digital citizens and the challenges of creating safe and constructive online spaces. As we continue to navigate the digital world, gaining insight into social media governance and the underlying causes of conflict can help shape more informed, empathetic, and responsible online communities.

References

Citron, D. K. (2014). Hate crimes in cyberspace. Harvard University Press.

Duggan, M. (2017). Online harassment 2017. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org

Eckert, S. (2018). Fighting for recognition: Online abuse of women bloggers in Germany, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. New Media & Society, 20(4), 1282–1302. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816688457

Ess, C. (2020). Digital media ethics. Polity Press.

Flew, T. (2021). Regulating platforms. Polity Press.

Gorwa, R. (2019). The platform governance triangle: Conceptualizing the informal regulation of online content. Policy & Internet, 11(1), 18-41. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.185

Heldt, A. (2020). Reading between the lines and the numbers: an analysis of the first NetzDG reports. Internet Policy Review, 9(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.14763/2020.1.1452

Jain, S., & Agrawal, V. (2022). Digital citizenship and online conflict: The role of social media governance. International Journal of Digital Culture, 14(3), 29-43.

Jane, E. A. (2017). Misogyny online: A short (and brutish) history. Sage.

Phillips, W. (2015). This is why we can't have nice things: Mapping the relationship between online trolling and mainstream culture. MIT Press.

Powell, A., & Henry, N. (2017). Sexual violence in a digital age. Palgrave Macmillan.

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Week 9: Social Gaming

The intersection of games histories, cultures, and communities forms a rich tapestry that reflects the evolving nature of gaming as both a medium and a form of social interaction. This post explores the significant aspects of game platforms, community gaming practices, and how these elements contribute to the overall gaming culture.

Games Histories, Cultures, and Communities

Games have a storied history that dates back to the early days of analog play, evolving through various technological advancements. From board games and card games to the advent of digital games, each era has left an imprint on the gaming culture. As video games became more mainstream in the late 20th century, they began to forge distinct cultures and communities around them (Muriel & Crawford, 2018). These communities are characterized by shared experiences, common language, and collective practices, which are integral to understanding the cultural significance of gaming.

The cultural impact of video games manifests through various subcultures that emerge within gaming communities. Different platforms—be it consoles, PC, or mobile—cater to distinct gaming experiences and player communities. Each platform has not only influenced the types of games produced but also shaped the social dynamics within gaming cultures (Sotamaa, 2021).

Games Platforms

Game platforms have evolved dramatically over the years. The initial console wars of the 1980s, primarily between Nintendo and Sega, laid the groundwork for competitive gaming. As the industry matured, new players such as Microsoft and Sony entered the market, bringing with them innovative technologies and expansive gaming libraries (Wolf, 2008).

Today, platforms continue to diversify, with mobile gaming expanding rapidly due to the proliferation of smartphones. This shift has democratized access to gaming, enabling diverse populations to participate in gaming culture through platforms that require minimal investment compared to traditional consoles or PCs (Newzoo, 2020). Furthermore, cross-platform play is now becoming more common, erasing barriers between different gaming communities and fostering a more inclusive gaming environment.

Community Gaming Practices

Community gaming practices encompass a variety of activities that strengthen social bonds among players. These include multiplayer gaming, where individuals collaborate or compete in online environments, and streaming services, where gamers share their gameplay experiences through platforms like Twitch and YouTube. Such practices not only enhance the gaming experience but also cultivate unique community experiences centered around shared interests and interactions (Carlson & Corliss, 2011).

Moreover, community events, such as gaming conventions, tournaments, and eSports competitions, serve as significant gatherings for players to engage with one another personally. These events create spaces for the celebration of gaming culture and foster a sense of belonging among participants (Šisler et al., 2017). Furthermore, the role of social media cannot be overlooked, as it facilitates communication and collaboration within gaming communities, leading to the formation of networks that extend beyond the gaming experience itself (Charles et al., 2005).

In conclusion, the exploration of games histories, cultures, and communities emphasizes the integral role that game platforms and community practices play in shaping our understanding of gaming culture. As technology continues to advance, the dynamics of these communities are likely to evolve, offering new opportunities for engagement and interaction among players around the world.

References

Carlson, R., & Corliss, J. (2011). Imagined commodities: Video game localization and mythologies of cultural difference. Games and Culture, 6(1), 61-82. https://doi.org/10.1177/1555412010377322

Charles, D., McNeill, M., McAlister, M., Black, M., Moore, A., Stringer, K., Kücklich, J., & Kerr, A. (2005). Player-centred game design: Player modelling and adaptive digital games. In Proceedings of DiGRA 2005 Conference (pp. 285-298).

Muriel, D., & Crawford, G. (2018). Video games as culture: Considering the role and importance of video games in contemporary society. Routledge.

Newzoo. (2020). Global games market report. https://resources.newzoo.com/hubfs/Reports/2020_Free_Global_Games_Market_Report.pdf

Sotamaa, O. (2021). Studying game development cultures. The Communication Review, 24(4), 249-265. https://doi.org/10.1080/10714421.2021.1970360

Šisler, V., Švelch, J., & Šlerka, J. (2017). Video games and the asymmetry of global cultural flows: The game industry and game culture in Iran and the Czech Republic. International Journal of Communication, 11, 3857-3879.

Wolf, M. J. (2008). The video game explosion: A history from Pong to PlayStation and beyond. Greenwood Press.

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Week 8: Face Filters

In recent years, beauty filters powered by augmented reality (AR) technology have dramatically transformed how consumers approach beauty, skincare, and makeup application (Kumar & Anshari, 2020). These innovations not only enhance personal aesthetics but also revolutionize the shopping experience, making it more interactive and personalized (Chen & Chang, 2021).

The Rise of Beauty Filters

Beauty filters utilize AR technology to superimpose enhancements onto a user's live image, allowing for virtual makeovers in real time (Serrano et al., 2019). These filters can smooth skin, adjust facial features, and apply makeup digitally. The widespread use of apps and platforms like Instagram and Snapchat has popularized these filters, enabling users to experiment with various looks before making any permanent changes physically. This instantaneous transformation fosters a sense of experimentation and playfulness, inviting users to explore different facets of their appearance without the commitment associated with traditional beauty methods (Wang & Kou, 2021).

Technology Driving Enhancement

The underlying technology of AR enables incredibly accurate facial detection and mapping, which are essential for applying beauty effects (Chen & Chang, 2021). Advanced algorithms analyze the user's facial features, ensuring that the filters respond dynamically as they move. This hyper-realistic interaction enhances user engagement and satisfaction, making the experience feel more authentic and personal. The technology has evolved to include sophisticated features like skin analysis and color-matching capabilities, enabling brands to provide tailored product recommendations based on individual skin tones and types (Serrano et al., 2019).

Personalization Through Data

As the cosmetics industry increasingly embraces AR, the focus on data-driven personalization becomes essential (Revieve, 2023). Companies like Revieve and Perfect Corp highlight the importance of collecting cumulative data to offer tailored beauty experiences. They leverage consumer behavior insights to create more meaningful and relevant interactions with users, enhancing brand loyalty and satisfaction (Banet-Weiser, 2020). This trend aligns with the growing demand for personalized shopping experiences that meet the unique preferences of today’s digitally savvy consumers (Smith & Williamson, 2022).

Innovative Applications in Beauty Shopping

The integration of beauty filters with e-commerce platforms is paving the way for innovative virtual try-on solutions. Shoppers can now use their smartphones or in-store devices to visualize how products—ranging from lipsticks to foundation shades—would look on their skin (Kumar & Anshari, 2020). This technology significantly reduces uncertainty and boosts confidence in purchase decisions. The interaction not only makes the shopping process more enjoyable but also minimizes product returns, which is a critical factor for both retailers and consumers (Chen & Chang, 2021).

The Evolving Future of AR in Beauty

Looking ahead, the marriage of AR technology and beauty filters is set to deepen, further reshaping industry dynamics. As younger generations, particularly Millennials and Gen Z, become dominant consumers, their expectations for immersive, technology-driven experiences will drive brands to innovate continuously (Smith & Williamson, 2022). The emergence of the Metaverse could also open new avenues for beauty companies to engage customers in virtual environments where they can interact with peers and brands seamlessly (Smith & Williamson, 2022).

In conclusion, as beauty filters powered by AR technology continue to evolve, they are not merely enhancing appearance—they are fundamentally redefining how consumers engage with beauty products and brands (Wang & Kou, 2021). This shift highlights a broader trend in the cosmetics industry toward embracing technological advancements to create more personalized, interactive, and engaging shopping experiences, ultimately transforming consumer expectations and behaviors in the beauty landscape. The potential of AR in personal beauty is limitless, and it will be exciting to see how this technology evolves in the coming years.

References

Banet-Weiser, S. (2020). Empowered: Popular feminism and popular misogyny. Duke University Press.

Chen, H. W., & Chang, W. T. (2021). Effects of augmented reality on cosmetic product presentation and customer engagement: A customer engagement perspective. Journal of Business Research, 124, 192-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.12.007

Kumar, A., & Anshari, M. (2020). The role of augmented reality in beauty industry: An insight on digitalization of customer experience. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 56, 102176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102176

Revieve. (2023). How beauty brands are using AR to personalize the consumer experience. Retrieved from https://www.revieve.com

Serrano, F. D., Pérez-Bustamante, L. G., & Borrás, E. L. (2019). Augmented reality, artificial intelligence, and virtual reality as key tools for the cosmetic industry in the digital age. Computers in Human Behavior, 101, 238-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.07.014

Smith, J., & Williamson, L. (2022). Virtual beauty in the metaverse: Evolving customer expectations. Journal of Digital Marketing and Beauty Tech, 7(3), 45-67.

Wang, Y., & Kou, Y. (2021). Applying virtual makeup try-on technology in cosmetic retailing: Influence on customer behavior and engagement. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 43(4), 378-389. https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12704

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Week 7: Digital Citizenship and Health Education - Body Modification on Visual Social Media

In today's digital landscape, visual social media platforms have significantly influenced public perception of beauty and body image. As users engage with meticulously curated content, the impact on health education and digital citizenship becomes increasingly evident. This discourse examines the phenomenon of ‘aesthetic templates’ on social media—distinctive beauty standards that users adhere to, largely mobilized by celebrities and social media influencers.

Public Health Campaigns and Microcelebrity Culture

Public health campaigns are adapting to the realities of social media, which serve as potent platforms for promoting healthy body standards. Microcelebrities—individuals who achieve fame through social media—play a crucial role in these campaigns. They leverage their following to challenge traditional notions of beauty, yet they often inadvertently reinforce harmful aesthetic templates that contribute to unrealistic body standards. For instance, when celebrities advocate for body positivity but simultaneously promote hyper-visible modifications, it creates a conflict that can confuse followers on what constitutes a healthy body image (Ioannou et al., 2024).

Aesthetic Labour and Pornification

The concept of aesthetic labor comes into play as individuals, especially women, engage in self-presentation efforts on social media. This labor can manifest through intense editing of images, constant engagement with beauty trends, and pursuit of approval through likes and shares (Tiggemann & Slater, 2013). The pornification of social media further complicates matters, as sexualized content becomes increasingly normalized, narrowing the spectrum of acceptable body types and appearances. Such a climate can skew users' perceptions of attractiveness, leading to superficial engagement rather than meaningful discourse on health and wellness.

Female and Male Aesthetic Templates

The examination of female and male aesthetic templates reveals a gendered dimension to body image issues. For women, templates often emphasize slim physiques, flawless skin, and idealized features, which can prompt body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) and identity dissonance (Tiggemann & Slater, 2013). Men are not exempt; they also face pressure to adhere to muscular ideals driven by social media portrayals that reward hyper-masculinity. This division highlights the need for inclusive conversations around body image that accommodate diverse representations beyond generic templates (Griffiths, 2020).

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) and Identity Dissonance

The unchecked pursuit of these aesthetic templates can lead to severe consequences, including mental health issues such as BDD, where individuals obsess over perceived flaws in their appearance (Ioannou et al., 2024). The frequent exposure to idealized images may foster identity dissonance, where one’s self-image conflicts with the socially constructed ideals they encounter online. This discordance risks promoting a cycle of dissatisfaction and unhealthy behavior as individuals strive for unattainable standards (Perloff, 2014).

What Can We Do?

Addressing these pervasive issues requires a multifaceted approach. Education becomes paramount, not only in promoting digital citizenship but also in fostering critical media literacy. Active engagement in awareness campaigns that advocate for diverse bodies and challenge harmful aesthetic templates can empower individuals to resist unrealistic beauty standards. Moreover, encouraging open discussions around mental health and body image can help dismantle stigma (Perloff, 2014).

By leveraging the reach of social media, public campaigns can harness the power of celebrities and microcelebrities to cultivate a healthier, more inclusive perception of beauty. By advocating for authentic representations and supporting community-driven narratives, we can collectively reshape how we view body modification and health on visual platforms.

In conclusion, as we navigate the complex terrain of digital citizenship and health education, it is crucial to engage with and critically assess the aesthetic templates prevalent on social media. The interplay between these visuals and public health lies at the intersection of empowerment and responsibility, enabling us to harness our digital presence for positive change.

References

Griffiths, S. (2020). Body image and social media: A review of the literature. The Open Psychology Journal, 13(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874350102013010001

Ioannou, M., Tzani, K., Price, P., & Walker, F. (2024). #NoFilter: The impact of social media body dysmorphic disorder in adults. Mental Health Science, [e89]. https://doi.org/10.1002/mhs2.89

Perloff, R. M. (2014). Social media effects on young women’s body image concerns: Theoretical perspectives and an agenda for research. Sex Roles, 71(11-12), 363-377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-014-0384-6

Tiggemann, M., & Slater, A. (2013). NetGirls: The Internet, Facebook, and body image concern in adolescent girls. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 46(6), 630-633. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22141

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Week 6: Digital Citizenship and Social Media Influencers - A Case Study on the Slow Fashion Movement

In today’s interconnected world, the role of digital citizens has never been more crucial, especially as social media continues to shape our perceptions and behaviors. One fascinating area where this dynamic plays out is within the slow fashion movement, a response to the fast fashion industry that advocates for sustainable and ethical clothing practices. This post explores how social media influencers contribute to this movement and the implications for digital citizenship.

Understanding Digital Citizenship

Digital citizenship encompasses the norms of appropriate and responsible behavior regarding technology use. As consumers increasingly turn to social media for information, entertainment, and inspiration, influencers wield significant power in shaping public opinion and driving trends. Digital citizenship in this context requires influencers to be mindful of their impact, promoting informed decisions and responsible consumption (Fletcher, 2020).

The Slow Fashion Movement

Slow fashion emphasizes quality over quantity, sustainability over disposability, and ethical production practices. It encourages consumers to rethink their purchasing habits, prioritize timeless pieces, and support brands committed to environmentally friendly practices (Fletcher, 2020). The slow fashion movement aligns perfectly with the principles of digital citizenship, as it embraces transparency, inclusivity, and social responsibility.

Influencers Leading the Charge

Social media influencers have emerged as pivotal advocates for the slow fashion movement, using their platforms to educate followers about sustainable practices and the importance of mindful consumption. Here are some ways they promote digital citizenship within this space:

Awareness and Education: Influencers often create content that raises awareness about the environmental impact of fast fashion. Through engaging visuals and storytelling, they highlight the importance of sustainable choices, encourage discussions about ethical production, and share valuable resources for making more conscious decisions (Fletcher & Grose, 2012).

Advocacy for Transparency: By partnering with sustainable brands, influencers promote transparency in sourcing and production processes. They emphasize the significance of supporting companies that prioritize ethical practices, thus empowering consumers to make informed choices (Sipos, 2024).

Community Building: Influencers foster communities that celebrate slow fashion ideals. They encourage followers to share their sustainable fashion journeys, creating a sense of belonging and shared purpose. This community engagement reinforces the values of digital citizenship, promoting collective responsibility.

Creativity and Inspiration: Slow fashion is not just about sustainability; it also encompasses creativity. Influencers showcase innovative ways to style second-hand or upcycled clothing, proving that sustainability can be stylish. By embracing creativity, they inspire their audience to think outside the box and embrace individuality (Marques et al., 2019).

Challenges and Responsibilities

While influencers have the power to inspire positive change, they also face challenges. The fast-paced nature of social media can sometimes lead to the promotion of quick-fix solutions or trends that contradict the very essence of slow fashion. Digital citizenship requires influencers to navigate this landscape thoughtfully, balancing authenticity with responsibility (Fletcher & Grose, 2012).

The intersection of digital citizenship and the slow fashion movement highlights the potential of social media to drive meaningful change. As influencers continue to advocate for sustainable practices, they play a vital role in promoting responsible consumption and fostering a culture of mindfulness among their audiences (Sipos, 2024). In an era where every post can influence perceptions and behaviors, embracing the principles of digital citizenship is essential for shaping a more sustainable future.

As we support the slow fashion movement, let’s remember the power of our choices—both as consumers and digital citizens. Together, we can redefine the fashion landscape for the better.

References

Fletcher, K. (2020). Sustainable fashion and textiles: Design journeys. Earthscan. https://katefletcher.com/publications/books/sustainable-fashion-and-textiles-design-journeys/

Fletcher, K., & Grose, L. (2012). Fashion and sustainability: Design for change. Laurence King Publishing. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311949593_Fashion_and_sustainability_Design_for_Change

Marques, A. D., Moreira, B., Cunha, J., & Moreira, S. (2019). From waste to fashion – a fashion upcycling contest. Procedia CIRP, 80, 513–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2019.04.217

Sipos, D. (2024). The role of social media in promoting sustainable brands: Influencing consumer perceptions and behavior towards sustainable products. Technium Sustainability, 8, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.47577/sustainability.v8i.11741 

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Week 5: Digital Citizenship and Online Activism - Navigating Hashtag Publics

What is Digital Citizenship?

Digital citizenship refers to the responsible and ethical use of technology by individuals in the digital world. It encompasses various competencies that include understanding digital rights, respecting privacy, and engaging appropriately in online platforms. In the context of political engagement, digital citizenship has become increasingly important as people use digital platforms not only for communication but also for advocacy and activism.

The term hashtag publics refers to the creation of online communities that coalesce around specific hashtags. These digital communities, often formed through social media platforms, serve as spaces where users can engage in political discourse, spread awareness, and mobilize for collective action (Jackson & Foucault Welles, 2015). Hashtags act as a tool for organizing information, amplifying marginalized voices, and fostering discussions that drive political activism.

Political engagement through digital citizenship manifests in several forms, such as sharing content, signing online petitions, or participating in digital campaigns. Digital activists leverage hashtag publics to challenge dominant narratives, foster solidarity, and promote social justice causes. The power of digital tools in activism has transformed political participation, making it more accessible and widespread (Bennett & Segerberg, 2013).

However, digital citizenship also brings challenges, including issues of misinformation, cyberbullying, and the digital divide, which limit some individuals' capacity to participate effectively (Jenkins et al., 2016). Thus, fostering good digital citizenship involves promoting media literacy, ethical online behavior, and the empowerment of all users to use technology responsibly in political and civic engagement.

References

Bennett, W. L., & Segerberg, A. (2013). The logic of connective action: Digital media and the personalization of contentious politics. Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/logic-of-connective-action/6B54DBBEAD1625C2778F8D80A17D58E1

Jackson, S. J., & Foucault Welles, B. (2015). #Ferguson is everywhere: Initiators in emerging counterpublic networks. Information, Communication & Society, 19(3), 397-418. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1106571

Jenkins, H., Ito, M., & boyd, d. (2016). Participatory Culture in a Networked Era: A Conversation on Youth, Learning, Commerce, and Politics. Polity Press. https://www.wiley.com/en-au/Participatory+Culture+in+a+Networked+Era%3A+A+Conversation+on+Youth%2C+Learning%2C+Commerce%2C+and+Politics-p-9780745660707

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Week 4: Digital Community and Fandom - Reality TV Case Study

The digital landscape has redefined the public sphere, giving rise to the concept of digital publics, which encompass online communities, social media platforms, and digital spaces where public discourse and engagement occur (Papacharissi, 2014). This transformation is evident in online spaces such as #Auspol, a hashtag used on social media platforms to discuss Australian politics (Jones et al., 2013), and Tumblr fandoms, where fans of various TV shows, movies, and celebrities converge to share their fanart, fanfiction, and discussions (Duffett, 2013).

Reality TV has become a focal point for examining the intersection of digital publics and the public sphere. With the blurred lines between reality TV and social media, there is a need to define and engage with the debates surrounding these phenomena (Andrejevic, 2004). Reality TV, once known for its passive viewing experience, has now evolved into an interactive and participatory space with the integration of social media.

The relationship between reality TV stars, fans, and networks has undergone significant changes due to social media (Marwick & boyd, 2011). The once clear boundaries between these entities have become increasingly porous, with reality TV stars using social media to directly engage with their fans, and networks leveraging social media platforms to promote and engage audiences in real-time conversations (Ellis, 2019).

This shift has led to a change in the dynamics of the public sphere, with reality TV and social media serving as platforms for public engagement and discourse (Couldry, 2012). The interactions between reality TV stars, fans, and networks have led to new forms of dialogue, critique, and participation, shaping the nature of public discourse within digital publics (Livingstone, 2005).

In conclusion, the intertwining of reality TV and social media has given rise to a new public sphere engagement, blurring the lines between traditional media, public discourse, and audience engagement. This evolution highlights the changing landscape of public communication and the transformative power of digital publics in shaping contemporary public spheres (Papacharissi, 2010).

References

Andrejevic, M. (2004). Reality TV: The work of being watched. Rowman & Littlefield. https://rowman.com/ISBN/9780742527485/Reality-TV-The-Work-of-Being-Watched

Jones, S., Weller, K., Bruns, A., Burgess, J., Mahrt, M., & Puschmann, C. (Eds.). (2013). Twitter and Society. Peter Lang Incorporated, International Academic Publishers. https://www.peterlang.com/document/1109452

Couldry, N. (2012). Media, society, world: Social theory and digital media practice. Polity Press. https://www.academia.edu/82663241/Nick_Couldry_Media_Society_World_Social_Theory_and_Digital_Media_Practice_London_Polity_2012

Duffett, M. (2013). Understanding fandom: An introduction to the study of media fan culture. Bloomsbury Academic. https://fr.scribd.com/document/453350977/Mark-Duffett-Understanding-Fandom-An-Introduction-to-the-Study-of-Media-Fan-Culture-Bloomsbury-Academic-2013

Ellis, J. (2019). Seeing things: Television in the age of uncertainty. I.B. Tauris. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338444912_Seeing_Things_Television_in_the_Age_of_Uncertainty

Livingstone, S. (2005). Audiences and publics: When cultural engagement matters for the public sphere. Intellect. https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/A/bo5545025.html

Marwick, A. E., & boyd, d. (2011). To see and be seen: Celebrity practice on Twitter. Convergence, 17(2), 139–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856510394539

Papacharissi, Z. (2010). A private sphere: Democracy in a digital age. Polity Press. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312080805_Zizi_Papacharissi_2010_Malden_MA_Polity_Press_A_Private_Sphere_Democracy_in_a_Digital_Age

Papacharissi, Z. (2014). Affective publics: Sentiment, technology, and politics. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199999736.001.0001

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Week 3: Digital Community - Tumblr Case Study

In our recent discussions, we delved into the concept of the public sphere, a vital element in understanding how communication and engagement shape society. The public sphere refers to the social space where individuals come together to discuss and address matters of mutual interest, contributing to the formation of public opinion and influencing political action (Blood, 2002).

Considering the significance of blogging in today's digital age, it has become a powerful tool for individuals to participate in the public sphere. Blogs provide a platform for free expression, allowing diverse voices to be heard and fostering discussions on a wide range of topics, thereby contributing to the democratization of information and ideas (Leccese & Lanson, 2016).

Exploring the history of blogging and its evolution sheds light on its role in shaping the public sphere. Tumblr, in particular, stands out as a case study exemplifying how platforms can serve as hubs for public engagement. The platform has not only provided a space for personal expression but also facilitated the formation of counterpublic spaces for marginalized communities, enabling them to voice their perspectives and advocate for social justice (Massanari, 2017).

Tumblr's unique characteristics and user base have cultivated a distinct 'platform vernacular,' referring to the specific language, norms, and practices that define interactions within the platform. This vernacular plays a crucial role in shaping the public discourse on Tumblr, influencing how users engage with content, express their identities, and participate in broader societal discussions (Senft, 2008).

As we reflect on these insights, we are reminded of the dynamic relationship between blogging, platforms like Tumblr, and the public sphere. Understanding how these elements intersect and influence each other is essential for comprehending the evolving landscape of digital communication and its impact on society. Let's continue to explore and analyze these themes to deepen our knowledge of public sphere engagement in the context of blogging and online platforms.

References:

Blood, R. (2002). The Weblog Handbook: Practical Advice on Creating and Maintaining Your Blog. Perseus Books. https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/579724

Leccese, M., & Lanson, J. (2016). The Elements of Blogging: Expanding the Conversation of Journalism. Focal Press. https://www.routledge.com/The-Elements-of-Blogging-Expanding-the-Conversation-of-Journalism/Leccese-Lanson/p/book/9781138021549?srsltid=AfmBOor5fUnaOE6o09ja6fxZWYJihxCrLb6Wl12TrXWclhgicD3bUaTP

Massanari, A. (2017). #Gamergate and The Fappening: How Reddit’s algorithm, governance, and culture support toxic technocultures. SageJournals. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815608807

Senft, T. M. (2008). Camgirls: Celebrity and Community in the Age of Social Networks. Peter Lang. https://researchers.mq.edu.au/en/publications/camgirls-celebrity-and-community-in-the-age-of-social-networks

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Pride isn't just a month — it's a movement!🌈

We're here to celebrate and support LGBTQ+ voices all year long. Whether you're out, questioning, or an ally, remember that love is love and every identity deserves respect.

Let's keep raising awareness about the importance of inclusion and representation in all spaces. Together, we can create a world where everyone feels safe to be themselves. 💖🏳️‍🌈

Join the conversation below, share your experiences, or simply spread love. 🌍❤️