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Vlad The Impaler: Documents & Useful information
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This blog is dedicated exclusively to the historical figure of Vlad III Drakulya, Voivode of Wallachia (known as Vlad the Impaler; ca. 1431-1476) and to everything related to him: books, documents, chronicles, manuscripts and personal research.
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vladdocs · 13 days ago
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Ask CD Anything about VLAD Live!
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vladdocs · 1 month ago
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Don't forget about the 180+ Corpus Draculianum shorts!
Your question was most likely answered in one of them:
They are in Romanian but most of them have English subtitles
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vladdocs · 1 month ago
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Do you recommend Matei Cazacu's biography about Vlad?
The Romanian version, yes. it's alright. The other version I don't recommend, he added stuff in his book to make it more appealing to the Dracula fans from outside the country.
The best books are Corpus Draculianum (GER/ROM) or stefan andreescu's book who can be found in multiple languages. You should look for some in the CD's free library on Facebook
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vladdocs · 1 month ago
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Do you actually believe Vlad was raped? Which scholar came up with this idea in the first place? And why these accusations always involve Vlad&Radu but never other ottoman prisoners and hostages. Skanderbeg could have been potentially raped as well yet no one ever brings that up.
Vlad was too valuable to become sultan's toy boy. Even if Murad was a p*do, he had slaves for that. Earning Vlad's devotion and raising him to become a loyal vassal was much more important than having a nonconsensual one night stand with him.
Of course not, Vlad being raped comes from the modern online space, probably because some people confuse Vlad with Radu. Also from an anime called "hellsing" I talked about this a while ago in long, but in short: Sultans spent most of their time in the capital or military campaigns, While political prisoners in the Christian side of the empire being educated either by priests or by boyars friendly to the draculesti family.
While prisoner, Vlad was housed in the NYMPHAION palace So very far away from Edirne.
Here are some videos on the topic(english sub):
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vladdocs · 1 month ago
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NEW CD VIDEO
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vladdocs · 2 months ago
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I like number 6:
"To the noble, foresighted, and prudent men, lords, fathers, brothers, friends, and neighbors truly beloved by us. You well know and remember what covenants and oaths we have between us, strengthened by unshakable faith, which, as long as we live, it is never fitting to break; as they are affirmed in writing both before you and by us. On our part, there has been no coercion, nor was it begun with any. But now we have heard and fully understood from the people of this priest of the Wallachians, who calls himself the son of a voivode, who were present with you in secret councils and matters, and from Peter Gereb of Rothberg and from Petermann, the son of a certain Petermann, your fellow residents,
[that] they should grant and promise to you that the taxes from Rucăr and Brăila should forever remain in your possession and that you should collect the profits. Recall those [times] when I was a wanderer and walked among you: you did not admit me into your council. You had decided through the chosen lord Ioan Gereb of Vingard and Nicolae of Vizakna to seize us in Geoagiu and bring about our death. For the sake of the honorable lord Vladislav, the voivode of these regions, you wished to do this. With God’s help, having taken our land without any other aid, we made a good and unshakable peace so that you would be enemies to our enemies.
As we have fully understood, you have placed this priest of the Wallachians, who calls himself the son of a voivode, in our true inheritance along with all that pertains to it. And regarding other things he might do against us, you have consulted with him every day, so that he might enter Amlaș and, with your consent, remain and hold it. Therefore, through this present [letter], we ask you and each one of you, solely for the sake of God and fidelity to the Catholic faith, and also for the brotherhood and friendship we share, that upon seeing this [letter], you write back to us or let us know whether you wish to remain steadfast in the same state of faith and order as stated in your letters and ours. However, if you do not wish this, inform us immediately so that we may rule and govern.
Given in Târgoviște, the second day after the feast of the blessed Pope Gregory, in the year etc.
Vlad, Voivode of the Transalpine regions, your brother, son, and wholly faithful servant."
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Also Document nr. 93 "… even though I have no doubts that Your Holiness has already been reliably informed of the news about the Turks from various sources, I will nevertheless write what I consider to be the most credible of the diverse reports told to me.
It was also said to me that in the city of Colomea there was a rumor that Dracula, [the captain] of the King of Hungary, had entered Wallachia with a large army to lay it waste and … where the Turk had built bridges, he burned them and the triremes … and … they are guarding the place where he intended to await the Turk at the crossing. All this I learned from Batista Luca de Zoagli, a Genoese citizen, who also told me that the same news about Dracula had been confirmed to him in the city of Lviv and, likewise, in Krakow by a certain brother of the Observance of Saint Bernard [of Siena], a Krakow priest of good repute and a professor of holy theology, who, as it is said, is not accustomed to telling lies. He wrote to a canon in Wrocław that for the victory Dracula had over the Turks, they sang a Te Deum laudamus in Košice. And the same Batista recounted that a Hungarian who had been in the Turks’ service reported from Suceava that the Turkish emperor was personally present with his army and that he had with him the son of a certain Petru, who had once been the lord of Little Wallachia, whom the Turk wished to reinstate in rule. The Turk had 200,000 men with him.
The aforementioned Batista also said, after hearing this news from me, that it was possible that after the Wallachian drove them out of Wallachia, the Turks, as was rumored, might have scattered through Wallachia, divided into bands. May the Most High keep Your Holiness blessed for His Holy Church.
From Wrocław, on the 16th day of September 1476. Your Holiness’s unworthy servant, Balthasar de Piscia"
List of Documents you can Find In Corpus Draculianum vol 1,1 and 1,2 books:
Corpus Draculianum Vol I,1 -All the internal sources about Vlad
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[Controversial attribution] [14]48 October 31, Târgoviște Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, informs the council of Brașov that they must reject the request of the Vice-Voivode of Transylvania, Nicolae de Vizakna, as it is still unknown what has happened to Iancu of Hunedoara. Informants from the Ottoman Empire keep him updated on the progress of the war.
[September 1456 – December 1461] Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, sends a mandate to the customs officers in Rucăr, stating that an envoy should inform the Brașov council that the news about the Ottoman advance is false. The expected envoy from Brașov may still come, and the customs officer on his way to Brașov should be escorted back.
September 6, 1456, Târgoviște Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, issues a diploma for the representatives of Țara Bârsei, granting them extensive trade privileges in Wallachia. In return, they are to offer him asylum in case he loses the throne. Both parties commit to providing mutual military support.
September 10, 1456, Târgoviște Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, informs the Brașov council that an Ottoman envoy is demanding the right for Ottoman troops to pass through Wallachia into Transylvania. He asks the Brașovians to send armed men to help him deter the Ottoman envoy.
[1456 – 1461] December 8 Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, requests that the Brașov council return the steel confiscated from his man, Dimitru, or reimburse him for it.
March 14, 1457, Târgoviște Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, reminds the Sibiu council that, according to agreements made, they should cease supporting a pretender to the throne residing in the Amlaș region.
April 16, 1457, Târgoviște Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, issues a confirmation for the Cozia Monastery regarding the village of Troienești, exempting it from services and taxes.
[1457] December 1, Rucăr Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, confirms to the Brașov council and the inhabitants of Țara Bârsei the observance of the armistice negotiated by Mihail Szilágyi and ensures trade freedom based on reciprocity. He agrees to uphold the agreement as long as peace between Szilágyi and the Brașovians lasts.
March 5, 1458, Tismana Monastery Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, issues a confirmation to Tismana Monastery regarding its ownership over all villages it possessed since the time of his father, Vlad Dracul, exempting them from services and princely burdens.
[Between March 28 and July 4, 1458] Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, issues a credential for Ivan Polivar to the Brașov council, also requesting them to expel his enemies, Mihail the Chancellor and Pardoi, from the Brașov region.
May 18, 1458, Gherghița Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, asks Gaspar, the steward of Brașov, to vouch for the Brașov craftsmen who will be sent to Wallachia.
June 13, 1458, near Dâmbovița Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, issues a credential for Petrus Sor to the Brașov council.
[January 21, 1459, near Sighișoara] Basarab, a pretender to the Wallachian throne, promises the Brașov council his military support against the city's enemies.
[Before April 2, 1459] Dan, a pretender to the Wallachian throne, informs the Brașov council that, under the commission of the King of Hungary, he is coming to seize Wallachia and seeks their support.
15a-b. April 2 and April 5, 1459, Feldioara Dan, a pretender to the Wallachian throne, grants the judge and the Brașov council the goods left in the city by Wallachian merchants as compensation for the damages caused by Vlad Țepeș.
September 20, 1459, Bucharest Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, issues a confirmation for Andrei and his sons regarding their estate in Poiana lui Ștev and Ponor, exempting them from taxes and services.
March 1, 1460, [Brașov] Dan, a pretender to the Wallachian throne, issues a mandate to the inhabitants of Wallachia, forbidding them from harassing the Brașovians for confiscating the goods of Wallachian merchants.
June 4, 1460, the fortress of [Bucharest?] on the Dâmbovița Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, requests the Brașov council to send back to Wallachia, along with his envoy Voico Dobrița, the boyars who took refuge in Brașov and wish to submit to him, or to expel those who refuse.
July 26, 1460, [Wallachia] Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, informs the Brașov council that he wishes to maintain peace as long as the city does not support the people of Făgăraș, against whom he announces a punitive expedition.
August 10, 1460, the fortress of [Bucharest?] near the Dâmbovița Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, writes to the Brașov council regarding certain disputes.
October 11, [14]60, Wywar/[Bucharest] Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, complains to a high-ranking Transylvanian official that the Brașovians are not honoring the treaty concluded a few weeks earlier.
February 10, 1461, Bucharest Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, issues a confirmation for Bâra and his brother, Godea, regarding the village of Godeni, exempting it from taxes and duties.
[Disputed authenticity] February 11, 1462, Uywar/[Bucharest] Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, reports to Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, that the Ottomans attempted an attack against him and that, as a result, he took up arms against them. Describing the military operations in detail, he requests Matthias to send an army in his support. The letter includes a meticulous count of the Turks and Bulgarians killed.
[1464/1465] February 19 Radu the Handsome, Voivode of Wallachia, responds to the Brașov council regarding their repeated requests for trade privileges, stating that first, the compensations established during Vlad Țepeș’s rule must be repaid.
June 2, 1475, [Moardăș] Vlad Țepeș, a pretender to the Wallachian throne, issues a credential for his boyar, Cristian Pârcălab, to the Sibiu council and requests that a house in the city be made available to him.
October 13, 1475, Bălcaciu Vlad Țepeș, a pretender to the Wallachian throne, issues a confirmation to Thomas Altemberger, mayor of Sibiu, for the receipt of 200 Hungarian florins.
[After July 22 – Before August 1, 1476], Cipău Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, issues a safe-conduct for Sebastian, who is traveling to Brașov.
October 7, 1476, Brașov Vlad Țepeș, a pretender to the Wallachian throne, issues a charter to the Brașovians granting them privileges, ensuring free trade without limitations resulting from the right of scale and with fixed customs duties.
November 8, [1476], Târgoviște Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, informs the Brașov council of his victory over Basarab Laiotă and the latter’s flight to the Ottomans, urging the Brașovians to resume trade. Lord Rătundul is accredited as an envoy.
[November 8 – 26, 1476] Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, asks the Brașov council to support him in recruiting Transylvanian mercenaries.
[November 8 – 26, 1476] Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, asks the Brașov council to confirm the receipt of the oxen and cows he gifted, justifying this by freeing the cattle herders.
[November 8 – 26, 1476] Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, issues a credential to the Brașov council for Lord Stoica armaș (a high-ranking military officer).
[November 8 – 26, 1476] Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, requests the Brașov council to grant justice to Lord Stoica armaș regarding the goods left with Paul Kewer.
[November 17, 1476], Târgoviște Cristian Pârcălab reports to the judge and council of Brașov about the capture of Bucharest and the submission of the boyars under Vlad Țepeș, while also requesting more carpenters.
[From November 26, 1476] Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, informs the Brașov council about the submission of the Wallachian boyars, inviting them to once again use the trade routes.
[After October 27, 1479] Basarab the Younger, Voivode of Wallachia, requests the Brașov council to stop supporting any pretender to the throne.
[After February 24, 1480], Bucharest Lord Neagu requests the Brașov council to release the wife of Basarab the Younger, Voivode of Wallachia, who is being held hostage, and to cease supporting any pretender. He also reminds them of Vlad Țepeș’s punitive expeditions.
April 1, 1551, Bucharest Mircea Ciobanul, Voivode of Wallachia, confirms the Monastery of Govora’s ownership over the villages of Glodul and Hințea. On this occasion, he recalls the destruction of the monastery by the boyar Albu cel Mare and his defeat at the hands of Vlad Țepeș.
January 20, 1604, Târgoviște Radu Șerban, Voivode of Wallachia, issues a confirmation to Vintilă of Satu Mare and his brothers for their ownership of the villages of Satu Mare and Vâlcana.
Complementary Sources
Documents No. 40 – 59
Annex: Documents of Controversial Attribution
[Controversial Attribution and Authenticity] August 8, 1447, Târgoviște Vlad, Voivode of Wallachia and son of Voivode Vlad, issues a confirmation to Taeâncoș, Stan, and Colțea for their estate in Coteana, over which they had established kinship.
[Controversial Authenticity] November 7, 1462, [Rucăr] Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, informs Sultan Mehmed II about a planned march into Wallachia, requesting permission for the free passage of his envoys who were to deliver his declaration of submission. In return, the Voivode offers his support to the Ottomans for the conquest of Transylvania and the rest of Hungary.
______________________________
Corpus Draculianum Vol I,2 - All the external sources about Vlad
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62. February 6, 1452, Buda John Hunyadi, Governor of Hungary, informs the Brașov Council about the armistice concluded with the Ottomans, sending them a mandate to refrain from supporting the pretender Vlad because of this agreement.
63. March 30, 1452, Săcălaz John Hunyadi, Governor of Hungary, informs the Brașov Council about certain decisions made at the Vienna meeting, as well as about the expulsion of the pretender Vlad from the kingdom, issuing a mandate instructing the Brașovians not to extradite the wives of Wallachian fugitives.
64. July 3, 1456, Cuvin John Hunyadi, Count of Bistrița, issues a mandate for the Saxons of the Seven Seats to urgently join him with their troops and reports that he has entrusted the defense of the region to Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia.
65. December 17, 1456, Kecskemét Ladislaus Hunyadi, Count of Bistrița, etc., issues a mandate to the Brașov Council to support the pretender Dan, designated by Ladislaus the Posthumous, King of Hungary, against the unfaithful Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia.
66. November 23, 1457, Sighișoara Mihály Szilágyi, Ban of Macsó and commander of Belgrade, certifies the armistice agreement between himself and his supporters and Ladislaus the Posthumous, King of Hungary. This armistice involves Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, and the Burzenland region. The Brașovians are required to expel the pretender Dan and cease supporting him in the future.
67a-b. March 3 and 6, 1458, Buda Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, and Mihály Szilágyi, Governor of Hungary, each issue a mandate to the Council and the community of Sibiu, calling for an end to violent conflicts with Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, whom they have invited to maintain peace and order.
68. July 4, 1458, Buda Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, issues a mandate to the Brașov Council, ordering them to hand over the belongings of Mihail Logofăt, who was killed by Vlad Țepeș, to his servants.
69. September 10, 1458, Szeged Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, issues a mandate to the Brașov Council, instructing them to pay Benedict de Boythor, his envoy traveling to Wallachia to meet Voivode Vlad Țepeș, 48 florins from the revenues of the Hărman estate.
70. April 23, 1459, Buda Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, issues a mandate to the Brașov Council and the Burzenland community, ordering them to hand over to the Count of the Szeklers the properties located in Brașov that belonged to Codrea, who was executed by Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, as well as the pepper confiscated from the castellans of Bran.
71. April 22, 1460, Pest Blasius of Bardejov sends a report to the Council of Bardejov about the defeat of the pretender Dan and the execution of his men by Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia.
72. April 28, 1460, Vingard János Geréb de Vingard, Vice-Governor of Hungary, orders the Brașov Council to confirm the news that Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, is allegedly preparing an incursion into Transylvania alongside the Ottomans.
73. [After October 11, 1460, Brașov] The recording of the proposals made by the envoy of Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, regarding an agreement with the Two and Seven Saxon Seats, the city of Brașov, the Burzenland region, and the Szeklers.
74. [After March 4 – Before April 3, 1462, Vác] Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, informs Girolamo Lando, Bishop of Crete and Papal Legate, about his alliance with Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia.
75. March 21, 1462, Nyirád Blasius of Bardejov informs János of Sunja, the tax collector in Sáros County, about the killing of "24,000 Turks" by Vlad Țepeș.
76. [Mid-March 1462, Buda] Instructions for Ladislaus de Vesen, envoy of the Hungarian royal court, regarding his mission to the Doge of Venice and Pope Pius II. He is tasked with requesting subsidies for the Kingdom of Hungary, anticipating Ottoman retaliation for Vlad Țepeș's attack in the previous winter.
77. April 2, 1462, Caffa Raffaele Monterosso, Consul of Caffa, offers the city's vassalage to Casimir IV, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland, requesting in return that Caffa be included in a peace treaty or armistice with the Ottomans or placed under his protection.
78. [After July 1, 1462] ? Sultan Mehmed II sends a fetih-name (conquest decree) about the campaign in Wallachia to Prince Damad II İbrahim Beğ of Karaman.
79. 1462/63, Caffa Accounting records from the Genoese colony of Caffa regarding the stay of a Wallachian delegation.
80. August 15, 1462, Cluj Albert of Istenmezeje, Vice-Count of the Szeklers, issues a mandate to the Brașov Council for maintaining the armistice with Radu the Handsome, Voivode of Wallachia.
81. December 3, 1462, Brașov Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, confirms the privileges of the new settlers in Șercaia and Părău, following significant destruction.
Here is the English translation:
71. April 22, 1460, Pest Blasius of Bardejov sends a report to the Council of Bardejov about the defeat of the pretender Dan and the execution of his men by Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia.
72. April 28, 1460, Vingard János Geréb de Vingard, Vice-Governor of Hungary, orders the Brașov Council to confirm the news that Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, is allegedly preparing an incursion into Transylvania alongside the Ottomans.
73. [After October 11, 1460, Brașov] The recording of the proposals made by the envoy of Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, regarding an agreement with the Two and Seven Saxon Seats, the city of Brașov, the Burzenland region, and the Szeklers.
74. [After March 4 – Before April 3, 1462, Vác] Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, informs Girolamo Lando, Bishop of Crete and Papal Legate, about his alliance with Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia.
75. March 21, 1462, Nyirád Blasius of Bardejov informs János of Sunja, the tax collector in Sáros County, about the killing of "24,000 Turks" by Vlad Țepeș.
76. [Mid-March 1462, Buda] Instructions for Ladislaus de Vesen, envoy of the Hungarian royal court, regarding his mission to the Doge of Venice and Pope Pius II. He is tasked with requesting subsidies for the Kingdom of Hungary, anticipating Ottoman retaliation for Vlad Țepeș's attack in the previous winter.
77. April 2, 1462, Caffa Raffaele Monterosso, Consul of Caffa, offers the city's vassalage to Casimir IV, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland, requesting in return that Caffa be included in a peace treaty or armistice with the Ottomans or placed under his protection.
78. [After July 1, 1462] ? Sultan Mehmed II sends a fetih-name (conquest decree) about the campaign in Wallachia to Prince Damad II İbrahim Beğ of Karaman.
79. 1462/63, Caffa Accounting records from the Genoese colony of Caffa regarding the stay of a Wallachian delegation.
80. August 15, 1462, Cluj Albert of Istenmezeje, Vice-Count of the Szeklers, issues a mandate to the Brașov Council for maintaining the armistice with Radu the Handsome, Voivode of Wallachia.
81. December 3, 1462, Brașov Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, confirms the privileges of the new settlers in Șercaia and Părău, following significant destruction.
82. July 6, 1464, Lipova Ferenc Literatus de Kezy, castellan of Hunedoara, writes to the Sibiu Council regarding the sum of money owed to him by the late citizen Iacob Sor.
83. October 8, 1464, Deleni Ștefan de Héderfája allows the inhabitants of the Miercurea Sibiului seat to graze their pigs in the forests belonging to Amlaș.
84. June 25, 1475, Bistrița Dominicus, provost of Székesfehérvár, and Gasparus of Oradea, envoys of King Matthias Corvinus to Stephen the Great, send a letter to the king in which the voivode requests assistance against the Turks.
85. [Uncertain identification] [After July 12, 1475] Dominicus, provost of Székesfehérvár and apostolic protonotary, announces the fall of Caffa and the oaths of allegiance made by Stephen the Great and the "Transalpine voivode," possibly the pretender Vlad Țepeș, to King Matthias Corvinus.
86. August 15, 1475, Buda The second vassalage treaty between Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, and Stephen the Great, Voivode of Moldavia.
87. September 21, 1475, Buda Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, sends a mandate to Thomas Altemberger, Mayor of Sibiu, for the payment of a subsidy of 200 florins from the tridecima or vigesima (taxes) of the Baia de Arieș chamber for his loyal supporter Vlad Țepeș, pretender to the throne of Wallachia.
88. January 16, 1476, Stremț János Pongrácz, Voivode of Transylvania, writes to the Brașov Council about the alliance between King Matthias Corvinus and Basarab Laiotă, Voivode of Wallachia, as well as the need to send Vlad Țepeș's supporters to him.
89. March 7, 1476, Buda Gabriele Rangone, Bishop of Eger, reports to Pope Sixtus IV about the capture of the fortress of Srebrenica by the Hungarian army, among whose commanders was Vlad Țepeș.
90. July 21, 1476, Șintereag Ștefan Erdély, Vice-Voivode of Transylvania, informs the Brașov Council that Transylvanian troops are summoned to Turda on July 25 to join the royal army led by Ștefan Báthory and Vlad Țepeș. Additionally, he orders envoys to be sent to Moldavia to gather news about the progress of the war.
91. July 22, 1476, Oradea The Brașov notary, Magistrate Paulus, writes to the Brașov Council about the preparations for restoring Vlad Țepeș to the throne of Wallachia, informing them that Stephen the Great would also accept Basarab the Younger.
92. August 7, 1476 A report on the war in Moldavia, based on the testimony of Ladislau, secretary of Vlad Țepeș.
93. September 16, 1476, Wrocław Balthasar de Piscia, papal legate, reports to Pope Sixtus IV about the Ottoman campaign in Moldavia and Vlad Țepeș’s victory in Wallachia.
94. [October–November 1476, Edirne?] The informant “Yusuf” reports on high-level changes in the Ottoman hierarchy and the situation of the Ottoman army in Anatolia. Vlad Țepeș’s campaign against Basarab Laiotă is cited as the reason for shifting Ottoman attacks toward Wallachia.
95. November 11, 1476, camp near Bucharest Ștefan Báthory, royal judge and supreme commander of the royal troops in Transylvania, sends a report to the Sibiu Council on the progress of the campaign in Wallachia and issues a mandate for the delivery of supplies.
96. November [2]5, 1476, Buda Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, informs Ernst, Elector Prince of Saxony, about the battle against the Ottomans, the conquest of Wallachia, and the reinstatement of Vlad Țepeș.
97. December 4, 1476, Buda Giustiniano Cavitelli, a counselor at the court in Buda, notifies Galeazzo Maria Sforza, Duke of Milan, about the enthronement of Vlad Țepeș.
98. December 8, 1476, Buda Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, reports to Pope Sixtus IV on the victory of the Hungarian armies against Basarab Laiotă, Voivode of Wallachia.
99. January 5, 1477, Hârlău Stephen the Great, Voivode of Moldavia, thanks the Brașov Council for the news about Vlad Țepeș and requests further information.
100. May 8, 1477, Venice Transcription of the speech given by Ioan Țamblac, envoy of Stephen the Great, before the Venetian Senate regarding the political and military situation of the Principality of Moldavia.
101. March 12, 1479, Buda Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, issues a grant to Royal Judge Ștefan Báthory and his brother Andrei, comprising several properties, in recognition of their service to the crown.
102. September 10, 1489, Pécs The chapter of Pécs Cathedral draws up a sale-purchase deed for the "Dracula House."
This section provides complementary sources related to historical events:
103. January 16, 1458, Brașov Mihail Masa, vice-comes of the Szeklers and castellan of Bran, commits to halving the customs duty levied on goods belonging to Brașov merchants with a value exceeding 1,000 florins.
104. March 28, 1458, Lipova Mihail Szilágyi, governor of Hungary, orders the people of Sibiu, Brașov, the Szeklers, and the Transylvanian nobility to accept refugees coming from Moldavia and Wallachia.
105. April 3, 1459, Buda Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, prohibits the export of weapons from Brașov to Wallachia and orders the punishment of those who violate this restriction.
106. May 26, 1460, Cistei Nicolaus, castellan of Vízakna, informs the Brașov Council that King Matthias and Mihail Szilágyi wish to conclude a treaty with Bohemia to fight against the Ottomans and asks for support for travelers heading to Wallachia.
107. April 12, 1461, Sniatyn Michał Mużyło Buczacki, castellan of the fortress of Kamianets-Podilskyi and hetman of the provinces of Sniatyn and Kolomyia, authenticates the loan of a sum of money from Mihail, the Moldavian logothete, during a diplomatic mission to Wallachia.
108. January 26, 1462, Kraków The inhabitants of Kamianets petition King Casimir IV of Poland to ensure the continuation of trade along the Luczko–Olesko route, given the ongoing war in Moldavia.
109. [April/May] 1462, Buda János Vitéz, Bishop of Oradea, informs Cardinal Juan Carvajal de Sant’Angelo about the peace agreement between King Matthias Corvinus and Jan Giskra, as well as the Ottoman war preparations along the Danube, requesting the cardinal’s intervention with the Pope to support the Kingdom of Hungary.
110. July 1462, Bistrița A section from a military register of the city of Bistrița, compiled in preparation for the Wallachian campaign announced for 1462.
111. August 1, 1476, Sighișoara Ștefan Báthory, royal judge and supreme commander of the Hungarian armies, orders all regional Transylvanian authorities to assist Brașov officials traveling on royal missions by providing them with horses and other necessities.
This section contains reports by Pietro di Tommasi and the Venetian Senate regarding military movements and political affairs:
112. March 10, 1457, Buda Pietro di Tommasi reports on the large concentration of Ottoman troops and their advance through Bulgaria and Wallachia.
113. April 16, 1457, Buda Pietro di Tommasi reports on Ottoman troop movements based on information from Serbian envoys.
114. March 4, 1462, Buda Pietro di Tommasi describes the conflict between Vlad Țepeș and the Ottomans, copies Vlad's letters to Matthias Corvinus, and advocates for Hungary's support.
115. May 27, 1462, Buda Pietro di Tommasi reports on the Ottoman incursion, the state of their troops, and the military measures taken by Vlad Țepeș.
116. May 27, 1462, Buda Pietro di Tommasi describes the march of Ottoman troops through Bulgaria.
117. May 29, 1462, Buda Pietro di Tommasi details the war preparations of both the Ottomans and Hungarians.
118. [Undated] Pietro di Tommasi reports on Mehmed II’s offensive in Wallachia, Vlad Țepeș’s preparations, and the number of troops on both sides.
119. June 15, 1462, Buda Pietro di Tommasi states that Sultan Mehmed II is personally leading the offensive in Wallachia.
120. July 19, 1462, Venice The Venetian Senate instructs Pietro di Tommasi to assure King Matthias Corvinus of Venice’s support in the fight against the Ottomans.
121. October 11, 1462, Venice The Venetian Senate permits Pietro di Tommasi to return home but orders him to continue drafting reports on Wallachia until officially relieved from his duties.
122. January 15, 1463, Venice The Venetian Senate confirms receipt of news regarding the arrest of Vlad Țepeș.
This section contains reports from Antonio Guidobono regarding the military conflict between Vlad Țepeș and the Ottomans, as well as the reactions in Venice and Hungary:
123. March 18, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports on the execution of the sultan’s envoys and the occupation of Ottoman territories by the Wallachians.
124. March 29, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono confirms the defeat of the Ottomans in battle with the Wallachians and mentions the dispatch of Hungarian troops to support Vlad Țepeș.
125. May 25, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono confirms the mobilization of Ottoman forces against Vlad Țepeș.
126. June 2, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono confirms Ottoman war plans against Wallachia.
127. June 9, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports on the Ottoman march against Wallachia and Vlad Țepeș’s defensive preparations.
128. June 12, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports on the Ottoman march against Wallachia and Hungary’s financial difficulties.
129. June 16, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports on the arrival of Ladislau de Vesen in Venice.
130. June 21, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports on the Ottoman advance toward Wallachia.
131. June 25, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports on Venetian fears of a possible Ottoman land invasion.
132. June 28, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports growing concerns in Venice that the Ottomans might attack within their territory.
133a-b. July 2, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports that Vlad Țepeș has been defeated and that an attack on Belgrade is expected.
134. July 7, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports on rumors of heavy Ottoman defeats.
135. July 12, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono states that he cannot confirm rumors of an Ottoman defeat in Wallachia.
136. July 20, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports that a battle between the Wallachians, Hungarians, and Ottomans is expected.
137. July 23, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports that the Venetians fear a truce between the Hungarians and Ottomans. In Wallachia, Radu the Handsome is recognized as ruler by the inhabitants.
138. July 30, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports on alleged Venetian financial aid to Matthias Corvinus and rumors of a major Ottoman defeat in Wallachia.
139. August 3, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports that Hungary is preparing for a confrontation with the Ottomans.
140. August 10, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports on the Ottoman retreat due to supply difficulties and the Hungarian offensive.
141. August 13, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports on news that the Ottomans may have been defeated in Wallachia.
142. August 20, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports on news that the Ottomans suffered significant losses and possibly a defeat in Wallachia, as well as on Hungary's offensive preparations and troop gatherings.
143. August 25, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports on the Ottoman retreat from Wallachia.
144. August 28, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono confirms the Ottoman retreat from Wallachia.
145. August 31, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono sends a copy of a letter from Bailo Balbi in Constantinople and confirms information about Ottoman losses, as well as Matthias Corvinus's intention to continue the fight.
146. September 2, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono sends a copy of a letter from Bailo Balbi in Constantinople and confirms information about Ottoman losses.
147. September 11, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono confirms the Ottoman retreat towards Adrianople.
148. October 19, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports on further attacks by King Matthias Corvinus's royal troops, who sought to fight against Radu the Fair and the Ottoman forces supporting him.
149. December 20, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports on an unsuccessful Ottoman attack in Hungary.
Chapter of Authors: Leonardo Botta
150. October 28, 1476, Venice Leonardo Botta reports on gifts from the King of Hungary, Matthias Corvinus, to his supporters.
151. February 1, 1477, Venice Leonardo Botta reports on the capture of a Hungarian fortress near Semendria and the death of Vlad Țepeș.
152. February 7, 1477, Venice Leonardo Botta reports on the return of Italian ambassadors from Hungary.
Individual Letters
153. December 7, 1448, Constantinople A French informant reports on the battles for the throne of Wallachia.
154. March 20, 1462, Venice The Venetian Senate informs Pope Pius II about Vlad Țepeș's military successes against the Ottomans.
155a-b. March 23 – July 17, 1462, Bologna Mention of the arrival of two letters containing news about the war between the Wallachians and the Ottomans.
156. March 30, 1462, Rome Cardinal Francesco Gonzaga reports to Luigi III Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua, about discussions among cardinals regarding the battles fought by the Wallachians against the Ottomans.
157. April 12, 1462, Venice Cezar of Florence reports to Ludovico III Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua, on Wallachian operations against an Ottoman transport fleet and their consequences.
158. May 26, 1462, Santa Maura Leonardo III Tocco, Despot of Arta, informs the Doge of Venice about the advance of Ottoman troops toward the Danube.
159. June 28, 1462, Venice The Venetian Senate informs Niccolò Sagundino, its secretary at the Papal Curia, about Mehmed II’s campaign and orders him to intervene to ensure the continued financial support for Hungary.
160. July 19, 1462, Venice The Venetian Senate assigns Niccolò Sagundino, its secretary at the Papal Curia, to continue negotiations for granting subsidies to King Matthias Corvinus.
161. July 28, 1462, Constantinople Domenico Balbi, the Venetian bailo in Constantinople, reports to Cristoforo Moro, the Doge of Venice, about the return of the Ottoman army from Wallachia.
162. August 3, 1462, Candia Aloysio Gabriel, rector of Candia, reports to Antonio Loredano, commander of Modon, about the defeat of the Ottomans.
163. August 13, 1462, Modon Antonio Loredano, commander of Modon, reports on the Wallachians’ victory over the Ottomans based on the account of an Albanian fugitive from Adrianople.
164. January 15, 1463, Venice The Venetian Senate thanks Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, for the news regarding Vlad Țepeș, the Voivode of Wallachia.
165. March 3, 1463, Venice The Venetian Senate instructs Bernardo Giustiniani, its envoy to the Papal Curia, to advocate for continued support for Hungary, citing the betrayal of Voivode Vlad Țepeș as evidence of the kingdom’s ongoing threat.
166. April 18, 1463, Venice Cristoforo Moro, the Doge of Venice, sends Giovanni Aymo as an envoy to the court in Buda, tasking him with gathering information regarding the arrest of Vlad Țepeș and a possible treaty between the King of Hungary and the Ottomans.
167. July 18, 1475, Buda Florio Reverella, the envoy of Ferrara at the Hungarian court, reports to Ercole I d’Este, Duke of Ferrara, about the alliance between Stephen the Great and Matthias Corvinus, as well as the designation of Vlad Țepeș as Voivode.
168. After February 15, 1476 – December/January 1477, Vienna A citizen from Krems reports on the successes and then the presumed death of Vlad Țepeș during the campaign in Serbia.
169. August 30, 1476, Florence The Florentine Chancellery thanks Francesco Vino, Florence’s ambassador in Venice, for the information about Vlad Țepeș.
170. October 8, 1476, Venice The Venetian Senate informs Emanuele Gerardo, the Venetian secretary in Moldavia, that efforts will be made to obtain subsidies for Stephen the Great.
171. December 24, 1476, Buda Heinrich von Milticz, the envoy of the Elector of Saxony at the court in Buda, reports to Ernst, the Elector of Saxony, and Albrecht, the Duke of Saxony, about the reinstatement of Vlad Țepeș on the throne.
172. January 7, 1477, Venice The Venetian Senate informs Jacobo de Medio, its envoy to the Roman Curia, about the victories of Stephen the Great and Vlad Țepeș.
173. January 10, 1477, Venice The Venetian Senate informs Emanuele Gerardo, the Venetian secretary in Moldavia, about the efforts to support Stephen the Great.
Complementary Sources
174. February 26, 1461, Venice A speech by the envoy of Stjepan Tomašević, King of Bosnia, in which the Venetians are asked to support him against the Ottomans.
175. March 22, 1462, Venice Cezar of Florence reports to Ludovico III Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua, about the Wallachian army’s operations on the Danube and the defeat of the Ottomans.
176. June 25, 1462, Venice Giacomo Antonio della Torre, Bishop of Modena, and Giovanni Arcimboldi report to Francesco Sforza, Duke of Milan, about the Ottoman war preparations.
177. October 21, 1463, Rome A call from Pope Pius II for a crusade against the Ottomans, accompanied by a description of their campaigns and a mention of the "occupation of Wallachia" in 1462.
178. (Uncertain) August 23, 1476, Florence The Florentine Chancellery thanks Francesco Vino, its ambassador in Venice, for the news about the Ottomans.
179. (Uncertain) September 29, 1476, Florence The Florentine Chancellery thanks Francesco Vino, its ambassador in Venice, for the correspondence regarding the Ottomans.
180. (Uncertain) October 5, 1476, Florence The Florentine Chancellery sends instructions to Francesco Vino, its ambassador in Venice, regarding an audience with the Doge of Venice.
181. January 10, 1477, Venice The Venetian Senate orders Gabriel Bertucio, its envoy at the royal court in Buda, to send congratulations to King Matthias Corvinus for the victorious campaign in Wallachia.
182. January 10, 1477, Venice The Venetian Senate repeats the instructions from the previous letter to Gabriel Bertucio, its envoy at the royal court in Buda, and orders him to send 200 ducats to Emanuele Gerardo.
183. January 29, 1477, Venice The Venetian Senate confirms to Jacopo di Mezzo, its envoy to the Roman Curia, the successes in the fight against the Ottomans on the Danube, as well as in Wallachia.
______________________ And this is it for the volume I,1 and I,2. If you are curious about the content of those chronicle/letters (+Other hunadreds of things that are inside) buy the books which can be found in Romanian and Dutch only as of now. Also don't forget to follow Corpus Draculianum on Youtube:
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List of Documents you can Find In Corpus Draculianum vol 1,1 and 1,2 books:
Corpus Draculianum Vol I,1 -All the internal sources about Vlad
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[Controversial attribution] [14]48 October 31, Târgoviște Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, informs the council of Brașov that they must reject the request of the Vice-Voivode of Transylvania, Nicolae de Vizakna, as it is still unknown what has happened to Iancu of Hunedoara. Informants from the Ottoman Empire keep him updated on the progress of the war.
[September 1456 – December 1461] Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, sends a mandate to the customs officers in Rucăr, stating that an envoy should inform the Brașov council that the news about the Ottoman advance is false. The expected envoy from Brașov may still come, and the customs officer on his way to Brașov should be escorted back.
September 6, 1456, Târgoviște Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, issues a diploma for the representatives of Țara Bârsei, granting them extensive trade privileges in Wallachia. In return, they are to offer him asylum in case he loses the throne. Both parties commit to providing mutual military support.
September 10, 1456, Târgoviște Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, informs the Brașov council that an Ottoman envoy is demanding the right for Ottoman troops to pass through Wallachia into Transylvania. He asks the Brașovians to send armed men to help him deter the Ottoman envoy.
[1456 – 1461] December 8 Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, requests that the Brașov council return the steel confiscated from his man, Dimitru, or reimburse him for it.
March 14, 1457, Târgoviște Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, reminds the Sibiu council that, according to agreements made, they should cease supporting a pretender to the throne residing in the Amlaș region.
April 16, 1457, Târgoviște Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, issues a confirmation for the Cozia Monastery regarding the village of Troienești, exempting it from services and taxes.
[1457] December 1, Rucăr Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, confirms to the Brașov council and the inhabitants of Țara Bârsei the observance of the armistice negotiated by Mihail Szilágyi and ensures trade freedom based on reciprocity. He agrees to uphold the agreement as long as peace between Szilágyi and the Brașovians lasts.
March 5, 1458, Tismana Monastery Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, issues a confirmation to Tismana Monastery regarding its ownership over all villages it possessed since the time of his father, Vlad Dracul, exempting them from services and princely burdens.
[Between March 28 and July 4, 1458] Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, issues a credential for Ivan Polivar to the Brașov council, also requesting them to expel his enemies, Mihail the Chancellor and Pardoi, from the Brașov region.
May 18, 1458, Gherghița Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, asks Gaspar, the steward of Brașov, to vouch for the Brașov craftsmen who will be sent to Wallachia.
June 13, 1458, near Dâmbovița Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, issues a credential for Petrus Sor to the Brașov council.
[January 21, 1459, near Sighișoara] Basarab, a pretender to the Wallachian throne, promises the Brașov council his military support against the city's enemies.
[Before April 2, 1459] Dan, a pretender to the Wallachian throne, informs the Brașov council that, under the commission of the King of Hungary, he is coming to seize Wallachia and seeks their support.
15a-b. April 2 and April 5, 1459, Feldioara Dan, a pretender to the Wallachian throne, grants the judge and the Brașov council the goods left in the city by Wallachian merchants as compensation for the damages caused by Vlad Țepeș.
September 20, 1459, Bucharest Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, issues a confirmation for Andrei and his sons regarding their estate in Poiana lui Ștev and Ponor, exempting them from taxes and services.
March 1, 1460, [Brașov] Dan, a pretender to the Wallachian throne, issues a mandate to the inhabitants of Wallachia, forbidding them from harassing the Brașovians for confiscating the goods of Wallachian merchants.
June 4, 1460, the fortress of [Bucharest?] on the Dâmbovița Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, requests the Brașov council to send back to Wallachia, along with his envoy Voico Dobrița, the boyars who took refuge in Brașov and wish to submit to him, or to expel those who refuse.
July 26, 1460, [Wallachia] Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, informs the Brașov council that he wishes to maintain peace as long as the city does not support the people of Făgăraș, against whom he announces a punitive expedition.
August 10, 1460, the fortress of [Bucharest?] near the Dâmbovița Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, writes to the Brașov council regarding certain disputes.
October 11, [14]60, Wywar/[Bucharest] Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, complains to a high-ranking Transylvanian official that the Brașovians are not honoring the treaty concluded a few weeks earlier.
February 10, 1461, Bucharest Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, issues a confirmation for Bâra and his brother, Godea, regarding the village of Godeni, exempting it from taxes and duties.
[Disputed authenticity] February 11, 1462, Uywar/[Bucharest] Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, reports to Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, that the Ottomans attempted an attack against him and that, as a result, he took up arms against them. Describing the military operations in detail, he requests Matthias to send an army in his support. The letter includes a meticulous count of the Turks and Bulgarians killed.
[1464/1465] February 19 Radu the Handsome, Voivode of Wallachia, responds to the Brașov council regarding their repeated requests for trade privileges, stating that first, the compensations established during Vlad Țepeș’s rule must be repaid.
June 2, 1475, [Moardăș] Vlad Țepeș, a pretender to the Wallachian throne, issues a credential for his boyar, Cristian Pârcălab, to the Sibiu council and requests that a house in the city be made available to him.
October 13, 1475, Bălcaciu Vlad Țepeș, a pretender to the Wallachian throne, issues a confirmation to Thomas Altemberger, mayor of Sibiu, for the receipt of 200 Hungarian florins.
[After July 22 – Before August 1, 1476], Cipău Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, issues a safe-conduct for Sebastian, who is traveling to Brașov.
October 7, 1476, Brașov Vlad Țepeș, a pretender to the Wallachian throne, issues a charter to the Brașovians granting them privileges, ensuring free trade without limitations resulting from the right of scale and with fixed customs duties.
November 8, [1476], Târgoviște Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, informs the Brașov council of his victory over Basarab Laiotă and the latter’s flight to the Ottomans, urging the Brașovians to resume trade. Lord Rătundul is accredited as an envoy.
[November 8 – 26, 1476] Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, asks the Brașov council to support him in recruiting Transylvanian mercenaries.
[November 8 – 26, 1476] Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, asks the Brașov council to confirm the receipt of the oxen and cows he gifted, justifying this by freeing the cattle herders.
[November 8 – 26, 1476] Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, issues a credential to the Brașov council for Lord Stoica armaș (a high-ranking military officer).
[November 8 – 26, 1476] Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, requests the Brașov council to grant justice to Lord Stoica armaș regarding the goods left with Paul Kewer.
[November 17, 1476], Târgoviște Cristian Pârcălab reports to the judge and council of Brașov about the capture of Bucharest and the submission of the boyars under Vlad Țepeș, while also requesting more carpenters.
[From November 26, 1476] Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, informs the Brașov council about the submission of the Wallachian boyars, inviting them to once again use the trade routes.
[After October 27, 1479] Basarab the Younger, Voivode of Wallachia, requests the Brașov council to stop supporting any pretender to the throne.
[After February 24, 1480], Bucharest Lord Neagu requests the Brașov council to release the wife of Basarab the Younger, Voivode of Wallachia, who is being held hostage, and to cease supporting any pretender. He also reminds them of Vlad Țepeș’s punitive expeditions.
April 1, 1551, Bucharest Mircea Ciobanul, Voivode of Wallachia, confirms the Monastery of Govora’s ownership over the villages of Glodul and Hințea. On this occasion, he recalls the destruction of the monastery by the boyar Albu cel Mare and his defeat at the hands of Vlad Țepeș.
January 20, 1604, Târgoviște Radu Șerban, Voivode of Wallachia, issues a confirmation to Vintilă of Satu Mare and his brothers for their ownership of the villages of Satu Mare and Vâlcana.
Complementary Sources
Documents No. 40 – 59
Annex: Documents of Controversial Attribution
[Controversial Attribution and Authenticity] August 8, 1447, Târgoviște Vlad, Voivode of Wallachia and son of Voivode Vlad, issues a confirmation to Taeâncoș, Stan, and Colțea for their estate in Coteana, over which they had established kinship.
[Controversial Authenticity] November 7, 1462, [Rucăr] Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, informs Sultan Mehmed II about a planned march into Wallachia, requesting permission for the free passage of his envoys who were to deliver his declaration of submission. In return, the Voivode offers his support to the Ottomans for the conquest of Transylvania and the rest of Hungary.
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Corpus Draculianum Vol I,2 - All the external sources about Vlad
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62. February 6, 1452, Buda John Hunyadi, Governor of Hungary, informs the Brașov Council about the armistice concluded with the Ottomans, sending them a mandate to refrain from supporting the pretender Vlad because of this agreement.
63. March 30, 1452, Săcălaz John Hunyadi, Governor of Hungary, informs the Brașov Council about certain decisions made at the Vienna meeting, as well as about the expulsion of the pretender Vlad from the kingdom, issuing a mandate instructing the Brașovians not to extradite the wives of Wallachian fugitives.
64. July 3, 1456, Cuvin John Hunyadi, Count of Bistrița, issues a mandate for the Saxons of the Seven Seats to urgently join him with their troops and reports that he has entrusted the defense of the region to Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia.
65. December 17, 1456, Kecskemét Ladislaus Hunyadi, Count of Bistrița, etc., issues a mandate to the Brașov Council to support the pretender Dan, designated by Ladislaus the Posthumous, King of Hungary, against the unfaithful Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia.
66. November 23, 1457, Sighișoara Mihály Szilágyi, Ban of Macsó and commander of Belgrade, certifies the armistice agreement between himself and his supporters and Ladislaus the Posthumous, King of Hungary. This armistice involves Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, and the Burzenland region. The Brașovians are required to expel the pretender Dan and cease supporting him in the future.
67a-b. March 3 and 6, 1458, Buda Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, and Mihály Szilágyi, Governor of Hungary, each issue a mandate to the Council and the community of Sibiu, calling for an end to violent conflicts with Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, whom they have invited to maintain peace and order.
68. July 4, 1458, Buda Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, issues a mandate to the Brașov Council, ordering them to hand over the belongings of Mihail Logofăt, who was killed by Vlad Țepeș, to his servants.
69. September 10, 1458, Szeged Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, issues a mandate to the Brașov Council, instructing them to pay Benedict de Boythor, his envoy traveling to Wallachia to meet Voivode Vlad Țepeș, 48 florins from the revenues of the Hărman estate.
70. April 23, 1459, Buda Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, issues a mandate to the Brașov Council and the Burzenland community, ordering them to hand over to the Count of the Szeklers the properties located in Brașov that belonged to Codrea, who was executed by Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, as well as the pepper confiscated from the castellans of Bran.
71. April 22, 1460, Pest Blasius of Bardejov sends a report to the Council of Bardejov about the defeat of the pretender Dan and the execution of his men by Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia.
72. April 28, 1460, Vingard János Geréb de Vingard, Vice-Governor of Hungary, orders the Brașov Council to confirm the news that Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, is allegedly preparing an incursion into Transylvania alongside the Ottomans.
73. [After October 11, 1460, Brașov] The recording of the proposals made by the envoy of Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, regarding an agreement with the Two and Seven Saxon Seats, the city of Brașov, the Burzenland region, and the Szeklers.
74. [After March 4 – Before April 3, 1462, Vác] Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, informs Girolamo Lando, Bishop of Crete and Papal Legate, about his alliance with Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia.
75. March 21, 1462, Nyirád Blasius of Bardejov informs János of Sunja, the tax collector in Sáros County, about the killing of "24,000 Turks" by Vlad Țepeș.
76. [Mid-March 1462, Buda] Instructions for Ladislaus de Vesen, envoy of the Hungarian royal court, regarding his mission to the Doge of Venice and Pope Pius II. He is tasked with requesting subsidies for the Kingdom of Hungary, anticipating Ottoman retaliation for Vlad Țepeș's attack in the previous winter.
77. April 2, 1462, Caffa Raffaele Monterosso, Consul of Caffa, offers the city's vassalage to Casimir IV, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland, requesting in return that Caffa be included in a peace treaty or armistice with the Ottomans or placed under his protection.
78. [After July 1, 1462] ? Sultan Mehmed II sends a fetih-name (conquest decree) about the campaign in Wallachia to Prince Damad II İbrahim Beğ of Karaman.
79. 1462/63, Caffa Accounting records from the Genoese colony of Caffa regarding the stay of a Wallachian delegation.
80. August 15, 1462, Cluj Albert of Istenmezeje, Vice-Count of the Szeklers, issues a mandate to the Brașov Council for maintaining the armistice with Radu the Handsome, Voivode of Wallachia.
81. December 3, 1462, Brașov Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, confirms the privileges of the new settlers in Șercaia and Părău, following significant destruction.
Here is the English translation:
71. April 22, 1460, Pest Blasius of Bardejov sends a report to the Council of Bardejov about the defeat of the pretender Dan and the execution of his men by Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia.
72. April 28, 1460, Vingard János Geréb de Vingard, Vice-Governor of Hungary, orders the Brașov Council to confirm the news that Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, is allegedly preparing an incursion into Transylvania alongside the Ottomans.
73. [After October 11, 1460, Brașov] The recording of the proposals made by the envoy of Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, regarding an agreement with the Two and Seven Saxon Seats, the city of Brașov, the Burzenland region, and the Szeklers.
74. [After March 4 – Before April 3, 1462, Vác] Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, informs Girolamo Lando, Bishop of Crete and Papal Legate, about his alliance with Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia.
75. March 21, 1462, Nyirád Blasius of Bardejov informs János of Sunja, the tax collector in Sáros County, about the killing of "24,000 Turks" by Vlad Țepeș.
76. [Mid-March 1462, Buda] Instructions for Ladislaus de Vesen, envoy of the Hungarian royal court, regarding his mission to the Doge of Venice and Pope Pius II. He is tasked with requesting subsidies for the Kingdom of Hungary, anticipating Ottoman retaliation for Vlad Țepeș's attack in the previous winter.
77. April 2, 1462, Caffa Raffaele Monterosso, Consul of Caffa, offers the city's vassalage to Casimir IV, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland, requesting in return that Caffa be included in a peace treaty or armistice with the Ottomans or placed under his protection.
78. [After July 1, 1462] ? Sultan Mehmed II sends a fetih-name (conquest decree) about the campaign in Wallachia to Prince Damad II İbrahim Beğ of Karaman.
79. 1462/63, Caffa Accounting records from the Genoese colony of Caffa regarding the stay of a Wallachian delegation.
80. August 15, 1462, Cluj Albert of Istenmezeje, Vice-Count of the Szeklers, issues a mandate to the Brașov Council for maintaining the armistice with Radu the Handsome, Voivode of Wallachia.
81. December 3, 1462, Brașov Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, confirms the privileges of the new settlers in Șercaia and Părău, following significant destruction.
82. July 6, 1464, Lipova Ferenc Literatus de Kezy, castellan of Hunedoara, writes to the Sibiu Council regarding the sum of money owed to him by the late citizen Iacob Sor.
83. October 8, 1464, Deleni Ștefan de Héderfája allows the inhabitants of the Miercurea Sibiului seat to graze their pigs in the forests belonging to Amlaș.
84. June 25, 1475, Bistrița Dominicus, provost of Székesfehérvár, and Gasparus of Oradea, envoys of King Matthias Corvinus to Stephen the Great, send a letter to the king in which the voivode requests assistance against the Turks.
85. [Uncertain identification] [After July 12, 1475] Dominicus, provost of Székesfehérvár and apostolic protonotary, announces the fall of Caffa and the oaths of allegiance made by Stephen the Great and the "Transalpine voivode," possibly the pretender Vlad Țepeș, to King Matthias Corvinus.
86. August 15, 1475, Buda The second vassalage treaty between Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, and Stephen the Great, Voivode of Moldavia.
87. September 21, 1475, Buda Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, sends a mandate to Thomas Altemberger, Mayor of Sibiu, for the payment of a subsidy of 200 florins from the tridecima or vigesima (taxes) of the Baia de Arieș chamber for his loyal supporter Vlad Țepeș, pretender to the throne of Wallachia.
88. January 16, 1476, Stremț János Pongrácz, Voivode of Transylvania, writes to the Brașov Council about the alliance between King Matthias Corvinus and Basarab Laiotă, Voivode of Wallachia, as well as the need to send Vlad Țepeș's supporters to him.
89. March 7, 1476, Buda Gabriele Rangone, Bishop of Eger, reports to Pope Sixtus IV about the capture of the fortress of Srebrenica by the Hungarian army, among whose commanders was Vlad Țepeș.
90. July 21, 1476, Șintereag Ștefan Erdély, Vice-Voivode of Transylvania, informs the Brașov Council that Transylvanian troops are summoned to Turda on July 25 to join the royal army led by Ștefan Báthory and Vlad Țepeș. Additionally, he orders envoys to be sent to Moldavia to gather news about the progress of the war.
91. July 22, 1476, Oradea The Brașov notary, Magistrate Paulus, writes to the Brașov Council about the preparations for restoring Vlad Țepeș to the throne of Wallachia, informing them that Stephen the Great would also accept Basarab the Younger.
92. August 7, 1476 A report on the war in Moldavia, based on the testimony of Ladislau, secretary of Vlad Țepeș.
93. September 16, 1476, Wrocław Balthasar de Piscia, papal legate, reports to Pope Sixtus IV about the Ottoman campaign in Moldavia and Vlad Țepeș’s victory in Wallachia.
94. [October–November 1476, Edirne?] The informant “Yusuf” reports on high-level changes in the Ottoman hierarchy and the situation of the Ottoman army in Anatolia. Vlad Țepeș’s campaign against Basarab Laiotă is cited as the reason for shifting Ottoman attacks toward Wallachia.
95. November 11, 1476, camp near Bucharest Ștefan Báthory, royal judge and supreme commander of the royal troops in Transylvania, sends a report to the Sibiu Council on the progress of the campaign in Wallachia and issues a mandate for the delivery of supplies.
96. November [2]5, 1476, Buda Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, informs Ernst, Elector Prince of Saxony, about the battle against the Ottomans, the conquest of Wallachia, and the reinstatement of Vlad Țepeș.
97. December 4, 1476, Buda Giustiniano Cavitelli, a counselor at the court in Buda, notifies Galeazzo Maria Sforza, Duke of Milan, about the enthronement of Vlad Țepeș.
98. December 8, 1476, Buda Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, reports to Pope Sixtus IV on the victory of the Hungarian armies against Basarab Laiotă, Voivode of Wallachia.
99. January 5, 1477, Hârlău Stephen the Great, Voivode of Moldavia, thanks the Brașov Council for the news about Vlad Țepeș and requests further information.
100. May 8, 1477, Venice Transcription of the speech given by Ioan Țamblac, envoy of Stephen the Great, before the Venetian Senate regarding the political and military situation of the Principality of Moldavia.
101. March 12, 1479, Buda Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, issues a grant to Royal Judge Ștefan Báthory and his brother Andrei, comprising several properties, in recognition of their service to the crown.
102. September 10, 1489, Pécs The chapter of Pécs Cathedral draws up a sale-purchase deed for the "Dracula House."
This section provides complementary sources related to historical events:
103. January 16, 1458, Brașov Mihail Masa, vice-comes of the Szeklers and castellan of Bran, commits to halving the customs duty levied on goods belonging to Brașov merchants with a value exceeding 1,000 florins.
104. March 28, 1458, Lipova Mihail Szilágyi, governor of Hungary, orders the people of Sibiu, Brașov, the Szeklers, and the Transylvanian nobility to accept refugees coming from Moldavia and Wallachia.
105. April 3, 1459, Buda Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, prohibits the export of weapons from Brașov to Wallachia and orders the punishment of those who violate this restriction.
106. May 26, 1460, Cistei Nicolaus, castellan of Vízakna, informs the Brașov Council that King Matthias and Mihail Szilágyi wish to conclude a treaty with Bohemia to fight against the Ottomans and asks for support for travelers heading to Wallachia.
107. April 12, 1461, Sniatyn Michał Mużyło Buczacki, castellan of the fortress of Kamianets-Podilskyi and hetman of the provinces of Sniatyn and Kolomyia, authenticates the loan of a sum of money from Mihail, the Moldavian logothete, during a diplomatic mission to Wallachia.
108. January 26, 1462, Kraków The inhabitants of Kamianets petition King Casimir IV of Poland to ensure the continuation of trade along the Luczko–Olesko route, given the ongoing war in Moldavia.
109. [April/May] 1462, Buda János Vitéz, Bishop of Oradea, informs Cardinal Juan Carvajal de Sant’Angelo about the peace agreement between King Matthias Corvinus and Jan Giskra, as well as the Ottoman war preparations along the Danube, requesting the cardinal’s intervention with the Pope to support the Kingdom of Hungary.
110. July 1462, Bistrița A section from a military register of the city of Bistrița, compiled in preparation for the Wallachian campaign announced for 1462.
111. August 1, 1476, Sighișoara Ștefan Báthory, royal judge and supreme commander of the Hungarian armies, orders all regional Transylvanian authorities to assist Brașov officials traveling on royal missions by providing them with horses and other necessities.
This section contains reports by Pietro di Tommasi and the Venetian Senate regarding military movements and political affairs:
112. March 10, 1457, Buda Pietro di Tommasi reports on the large concentration of Ottoman troops and their advance through Bulgaria and Wallachia.
113. April 16, 1457, Buda Pietro di Tommasi reports on Ottoman troop movements based on information from Serbian envoys.
114. March 4, 1462, Buda Pietro di Tommasi describes the conflict between Vlad Țepeș and the Ottomans, copies Vlad's letters to Matthias Corvinus, and advocates for Hungary's support.
115. May 27, 1462, Buda Pietro di Tommasi reports on the Ottoman incursion, the state of their troops, and the military measures taken by Vlad Țepeș.
116. May 27, 1462, Buda Pietro di Tommasi describes the march of Ottoman troops through Bulgaria.
117. May 29, 1462, Buda Pietro di Tommasi details the war preparations of both the Ottomans and Hungarians.
118. [Undated] Pietro di Tommasi reports on Mehmed II’s offensive in Wallachia, Vlad Țepeș’s preparations, and the number of troops on both sides.
119. June 15, 1462, Buda Pietro di Tommasi states that Sultan Mehmed II is personally leading the offensive in Wallachia.
120. July 19, 1462, Venice The Venetian Senate instructs Pietro di Tommasi to assure King Matthias Corvinus of Venice’s support in the fight against the Ottomans.
121. October 11, 1462, Venice The Venetian Senate permits Pietro di Tommasi to return home but orders him to continue drafting reports on Wallachia until officially relieved from his duties.
122. January 15, 1463, Venice The Venetian Senate confirms receipt of news regarding the arrest of Vlad Țepeș.
This section contains reports from Antonio Guidobono regarding the military conflict between Vlad Țepeș and the Ottomans, as well as the reactions in Venice and Hungary:
123. March 18, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports on the execution of the sultan’s envoys and the occupation of Ottoman territories by the Wallachians.
124. March 29, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono confirms the defeat of the Ottomans in battle with the Wallachians and mentions the dispatch of Hungarian troops to support Vlad Țepeș.
125. May 25, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono confirms the mobilization of Ottoman forces against Vlad Țepeș.
126. June 2, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono confirms Ottoman war plans against Wallachia.
127. June 9, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports on the Ottoman march against Wallachia and Vlad Țepeș’s defensive preparations.
128. June 12, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports on the Ottoman march against Wallachia and Hungary’s financial difficulties.
129. June 16, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports on the arrival of Ladislau de Vesen in Venice.
130. June 21, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports on the Ottoman advance toward Wallachia.
131. June 25, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports on Venetian fears of a possible Ottoman land invasion.
132. June 28, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports growing concerns in Venice that the Ottomans might attack within their territory.
133a-b. July 2, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports that Vlad Țepeș has been defeated and that an attack on Belgrade is expected.
134. July 7, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports on rumors of heavy Ottoman defeats.
135. July 12, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono states that he cannot confirm rumors of an Ottoman defeat in Wallachia.
136. July 20, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports that a battle between the Wallachians, Hungarians, and Ottomans is expected.
137. July 23, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports that the Venetians fear a truce between the Hungarians and Ottomans. In Wallachia, Radu the Handsome is recognized as ruler by the inhabitants.
138. July 30, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports on alleged Venetian financial aid to Matthias Corvinus and rumors of a major Ottoman defeat in Wallachia.
139. August 3, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports that Hungary is preparing for a confrontation with the Ottomans.
140. August 10, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports on the Ottoman retreat due to supply difficulties and the Hungarian offensive.
141. August 13, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports on news that the Ottomans may have been defeated in Wallachia.
142. August 20, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports on news that the Ottomans suffered significant losses and possibly a defeat in Wallachia, as well as on Hungary's offensive preparations and troop gatherings.
143. August 25, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports on the Ottoman retreat from Wallachia.
144. August 28, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono confirms the Ottoman retreat from Wallachia.
145. August 31, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono sends a copy of a letter from Bailo Balbi in Constantinople and confirms information about Ottoman losses, as well as Matthias Corvinus's intention to continue the fight.
146. September 2, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono sends a copy of a letter from Bailo Balbi in Constantinople and confirms information about Ottoman losses.
147. September 11, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono confirms the Ottoman retreat towards Adrianople.
148. October 19, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports on further attacks by King Matthias Corvinus's royal troops, who sought to fight against Radu the Fair and the Ottoman forces supporting him.
149. December 20, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports on an unsuccessful Ottoman attack in Hungary.
Chapter of Authors: Leonardo Botta
150. October 28, 1476, Venice Leonardo Botta reports on gifts from the King of Hungary, Matthias Corvinus, to his supporters.
151. February 1, 1477, Venice Leonardo Botta reports on the capture of a Hungarian fortress near Semendria and the death of Vlad Țepeș.
152. February 7, 1477, Venice Leonardo Botta reports on the return of Italian ambassadors from Hungary.
Individual Letters
153. December 7, 1448, Constantinople A French informant reports on the battles for the throne of Wallachia.
154. March 20, 1462, Venice The Venetian Senate informs Pope Pius II about Vlad Țepeș's military successes against the Ottomans.
155a-b. March 23 – July 17, 1462, Bologna Mention of the arrival of two letters containing news about the war between the Wallachians and the Ottomans.
156. March 30, 1462, Rome Cardinal Francesco Gonzaga reports to Luigi III Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua, about discussions among cardinals regarding the battles fought by the Wallachians against the Ottomans.
157. April 12, 1462, Venice Cezar of Florence reports to Ludovico III Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua, on Wallachian operations against an Ottoman transport fleet and their consequences.
158. May 26, 1462, Santa Maura Leonardo III Tocco, Despot of Arta, informs the Doge of Venice about the advance of Ottoman troops toward the Danube.
159. June 28, 1462, Venice The Venetian Senate informs Niccolò Sagundino, its secretary at the Papal Curia, about Mehmed II’s campaign and orders him to intervene to ensure the continued financial support for Hungary.
160. July 19, 1462, Venice The Venetian Senate assigns Niccolò Sagundino, its secretary at the Papal Curia, to continue negotiations for granting subsidies to King Matthias Corvinus.
161. July 28, 1462, Constantinople Domenico Balbi, the Venetian bailo in Constantinople, reports to Cristoforo Moro, the Doge of Venice, about the return of the Ottoman army from Wallachia.
162. August 3, 1462, Candia Aloysio Gabriel, rector of Candia, reports to Antonio Loredano, commander of Modon, about the defeat of the Ottomans.
163. August 13, 1462, Modon Antonio Loredano, commander of Modon, reports on the Wallachians’ victory over the Ottomans based on the account of an Albanian fugitive from Adrianople.
164. January 15, 1463, Venice The Venetian Senate thanks Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, for the news regarding Vlad Țepeș, the Voivode of Wallachia.
165. March 3, 1463, Venice The Venetian Senate instructs Bernardo Giustiniani, its envoy to the Papal Curia, to advocate for continued support for Hungary, citing the betrayal of Voivode Vlad Țepeș as evidence of the kingdom’s ongoing threat.
166. April 18, 1463, Venice Cristoforo Moro, the Doge of Venice, sends Giovanni Aymo as an envoy to the court in Buda, tasking him with gathering information regarding the arrest of Vlad Țepeș and a possible treaty between the King of Hungary and the Ottomans.
167. July 18, 1475, Buda Florio Reverella, the envoy of Ferrara at the Hungarian court, reports to Ercole I d’Este, Duke of Ferrara, about the alliance between Stephen the Great and Matthias Corvinus, as well as the designation of Vlad Țepeș as Voivode.
168. After February 15, 1476 – December/January 1477, Vienna A citizen from Krems reports on the successes and then the presumed death of Vlad Țepeș during the campaign in Serbia.
169. August 30, 1476, Florence The Florentine Chancellery thanks Francesco Vino, Florence’s ambassador in Venice, for the information about Vlad Țepeș.
170. October 8, 1476, Venice The Venetian Senate informs Emanuele Gerardo, the Venetian secretary in Moldavia, that efforts will be made to obtain subsidies for Stephen the Great.
171. December 24, 1476, Buda Heinrich von Milticz, the envoy of the Elector of Saxony at the court in Buda, reports to Ernst, the Elector of Saxony, and Albrecht, the Duke of Saxony, about the reinstatement of Vlad Țepeș on the throne.
172. January 7, 1477, Venice The Venetian Senate informs Jacobo de Medio, its envoy to the Roman Curia, about the victories of Stephen the Great and Vlad Țepeș.
173. January 10, 1477, Venice The Venetian Senate informs Emanuele Gerardo, the Venetian secretary in Moldavia, about the efforts to support Stephen the Great.
Complementary Sources
174. February 26, 1461, Venice A speech by the envoy of Stjepan Tomašević, King of Bosnia, in which the Venetians are asked to support him against the Ottomans.
175. March 22, 1462, Venice Cezar of Florence reports to Ludovico III Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua, about the Wallachian army’s operations on the Danube and the defeat of the Ottomans.
176. June 25, 1462, Venice Giacomo Antonio della Torre, Bishop of Modena, and Giovanni Arcimboldi report to Francesco Sforza, Duke of Milan, about the Ottoman war preparations.
177. October 21, 1463, Rome A call from Pope Pius II for a crusade against the Ottomans, accompanied by a description of their campaigns and a mention of the "occupation of Wallachia" in 1462.
178. (Uncertain) August 23, 1476, Florence The Florentine Chancellery thanks Francesco Vino, its ambassador in Venice, for the news about the Ottomans.
179. (Uncertain) September 29, 1476, Florence The Florentine Chancellery thanks Francesco Vino, its ambassador in Venice, for the correspondence regarding the Ottomans.
180. (Uncertain) October 5, 1476, Florence The Florentine Chancellery sends instructions to Francesco Vino, its ambassador in Venice, regarding an audience with the Doge of Venice.
181. January 10, 1477, Venice The Venetian Senate orders Gabriel Bertucio, its envoy at the royal court in Buda, to send congratulations to King Matthias Corvinus for the victorious campaign in Wallachia.
182. January 10, 1477, Venice The Venetian Senate repeats the instructions from the previous letter to Gabriel Bertucio, its envoy at the royal court in Buda, and orders him to send 200 ducats to Emanuele Gerardo.
183. January 29, 1477, Venice The Venetian Senate confirms to Jacopo di Mezzo, its envoy to the Roman Curia, the successes in the fight against the Ottomans on the Danube, as well as in Wallachia.
______________________ And this is it for the volume I,1 and I,2. If you are curious about the content of those chronicle/letters (+Other hunadreds of things that are inside) buy the books which can be found in Romanian and Dutch only as of now. Also don't forget to follow Corpus Draculianum on Youtube:
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List of Documents you can Find In Corpus Draculianum vol 1,1 and 1,2 books:
Corpus Draculianum Vol I,1 -All the internal sources about Vlad
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[Controversial attribution] [14]48 October 31, Târgoviște Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, informs the council of Brașov that they must reject the request of the Vice-Voivode of Transylvania, Nicolae de Vizakna, as it is still unknown what has happened to Iancu of Hunedoara. Informants from the Ottoman Empire keep him updated on the progress of the war.
[September 1456 – December 1461] Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, sends a mandate to the customs officers in Rucăr, stating that an envoy should inform the Brașov council that the news about the Ottoman advance is false. The expected envoy from Brașov may still come, and the customs officer on his way to Brașov should be escorted back.
September 6, 1456, Târgoviște Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, issues a diploma for the representatives of Țara Bârsei, granting them extensive trade privileges in Wallachia. In return, they are to offer him asylum in case he loses the throne. Both parties commit to providing mutual military support.
September 10, 1456, Târgoviște Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, informs the Brașov council that an Ottoman envoy is demanding the right for Ottoman troops to pass through Wallachia into Transylvania. He asks the Brașovians to send armed men to help him deter the Ottoman envoy.
[1456 – 1461] December 8 Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, requests that the Brașov council return the steel confiscated from his man, Dimitru, or reimburse him for it.
March 14, 1457, Târgoviște Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, reminds the Sibiu council that, according to agreements made, they should cease supporting a pretender to the throne residing in the Amlaș region.
April 16, 1457, Târgoviște Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, issues a confirmation for the Cozia Monastery regarding the village of Troienești, exempting it from services and taxes.
[1457] December 1, Rucăr Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, confirms to the Brașov council and the inhabitants of Țara Bârsei the observance of the armistice negotiated by Mihail Szilágyi and ensures trade freedom based on reciprocity. He agrees to uphold the agreement as long as peace between Szilágyi and the Brașovians lasts.
March 5, 1458, Tismana Monastery Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, issues a confirmation to Tismana Monastery regarding its ownership over all villages it possessed since the time of his father, Vlad Dracul, exempting them from services and princely burdens.
[Between March 28 and July 4, 1458] Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, issues a credential for Ivan Polivar to the Brașov council, also requesting them to expel his enemies, Mihail the Chancellor and Pardoi, from the Brașov region.
May 18, 1458, Gherghița Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, asks Gaspar, the steward of Brașov, to vouch for the Brașov craftsmen who will be sent to Wallachia.
June 13, 1458, near Dâmbovița Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, issues a credential for Petrus Sor to the Brașov council.
[January 21, 1459, near Sighișoara] Basarab, a pretender to the Wallachian throne, promises the Brașov council his military support against the city's enemies.
[Before April 2, 1459] Dan, a pretender to the Wallachian throne, informs the Brașov council that, under the commission of the King of Hungary, he is coming to seize Wallachia and seeks their support.
15a-b. April 2 and April 5, 1459, Feldioara Dan, a pretender to the Wallachian throne, grants the judge and the Brașov council the goods left in the city by Wallachian merchants as compensation for the damages caused by Vlad Țepeș.
September 20, 1459, Bucharest Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, issues a confirmation for Andrei and his sons regarding their estate in Poiana lui Ștev and Ponor, exempting them from taxes and services.
March 1, 1460, [Brașov] Dan, a pretender to the Wallachian throne, issues a mandate to the inhabitants of Wallachia, forbidding them from harassing the Brașovians for confiscating the goods of Wallachian merchants.
June 4, 1460, the fortress of [Bucharest?] on the Dâmbovița Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, requests the Brașov council to send back to Wallachia, along with his envoy Voico Dobrița, the boyars who took refuge in Brașov and wish to submit to him, or to expel those who refuse.
July 26, 1460, [Wallachia] Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, informs the Brașov council that he wishes to maintain peace as long as the city does not support the people of Făgăraș, against whom he announces a punitive expedition.
August 10, 1460, the fortress of [Bucharest?] near the Dâmbovița Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, writes to the Brașov council regarding certain disputes.
October 11, [14]60, Wywar/[Bucharest] Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, complains to a high-ranking Transylvanian official that the Brașovians are not honoring the treaty concluded a few weeks earlier.
February 10, 1461, Bucharest Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, issues a confirmation for Bâra and his brother, Godea, regarding the village of Godeni, exempting it from taxes and duties.
[Disputed authenticity] February 11, 1462, Uywar/[Bucharest] Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, reports to Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, that the Ottomans attempted an attack against him and that, as a result, he took up arms against them. Describing the military operations in detail, he requests Matthias to send an army in his support. The letter includes a meticulous count of the Turks and Bulgarians killed.
[1464/1465] February 19 Radu the Handsome, Voivode of Wallachia, responds to the Brașov council regarding their repeated requests for trade privileges, stating that first, the compensations established during Vlad Țepeș’s rule must be repaid.
June 2, 1475, [Moardăș] Vlad Țepeș, a pretender to the Wallachian throne, issues a credential for his boyar, Cristian Pârcălab, to the Sibiu council and requests that a house in the city be made available to him.
October 13, 1475, Bălcaciu Vlad Țepeș, a pretender to the Wallachian throne, issues a confirmation to Thomas Altemberger, mayor of Sibiu, for the receipt of 200 Hungarian florins.
[After July 22 – Before August 1, 1476], Cipău Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, issues a safe-conduct for Sebastian, who is traveling to Brașov.
October 7, 1476, Brașov Vlad Țepeș, a pretender to the Wallachian throne, issues a charter to the Brașovians granting them privileges, ensuring free trade without limitations resulting from the right of scale and with fixed customs duties.
November 8, [1476], Târgoviște Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, informs the Brașov council of his victory over Basarab Laiotă and the latter’s flight to the Ottomans, urging the Brașovians to resume trade. Lord Rătundul is accredited as an envoy.
[November 8 – 26, 1476] Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, asks the Brașov council to support him in recruiting Transylvanian mercenaries.
[November 8 – 26, 1476] Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, asks the Brașov council to confirm the receipt of the oxen and cows he gifted, justifying this by freeing the cattle herders.
[November 8 – 26, 1476] Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, issues a credential to the Brașov council for Lord Stoica armaș (a high-ranking military officer).
[November 8 – 26, 1476] Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, requests the Brașov council to grant justice to Lord Stoica armaș regarding the goods left with Paul Kewer.
[November 17, 1476], Târgoviște Cristian Pârcălab reports to the judge and council of Brașov about the capture of Bucharest and the submission of the boyars under Vlad Țepeș, while also requesting more carpenters.
[From November 26, 1476] Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, informs the Brașov council about the submission of the Wallachian boyars, inviting them to once again use the trade routes.
[After October 27, 1479] Basarab the Younger, Voivode of Wallachia, requests the Brașov council to stop supporting any pretender to the throne.
[After February 24, 1480], Bucharest Lord Neagu requests the Brașov council to release the wife of Basarab the Younger, Voivode of Wallachia, who is being held hostage, and to cease supporting any pretender. He also reminds them of Vlad Țepeș’s punitive expeditions.
April 1, 1551, Bucharest Mircea Ciobanul, Voivode of Wallachia, confirms the Monastery of Govora’s ownership over the villages of Glodul and Hințea. On this occasion, he recalls the destruction of the monastery by the boyar Albu cel Mare and his defeat at the hands of Vlad Țepeș.
January 20, 1604, Târgoviște Radu Șerban, Voivode of Wallachia, issues a confirmation to Vintilă of Satu Mare and his brothers for their ownership of the villages of Satu Mare and Vâlcana.
Complementary Sources
Documents No. 40 – 59
Annex: Documents of Controversial Attribution
[Controversial Attribution and Authenticity] August 8, 1447, Târgoviște Vlad, Voivode of Wallachia and son of Voivode Vlad, issues a confirmation to Taeâncoș, Stan, and Colțea for their estate in Coteana, over which they had established kinship.
[Controversial Authenticity] November 7, 1462, [Rucăr] Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, informs Sultan Mehmed II about a planned march into Wallachia, requesting permission for the free passage of his envoys who were to deliver his declaration of submission. In return, the Voivode offers his support to the Ottomans for the conquest of Transylvania and the rest of Hungary.
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Corpus Draculianum Vol I,2 - All the external sources about Vlad
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62. February 6, 1452, Buda John Hunyadi, Governor of Hungary, informs the Brașov Council about the armistice concluded with the Ottomans, sending them a mandate to refrain from supporting the pretender Vlad because of this agreement.
63. March 30, 1452, Săcălaz John Hunyadi, Governor of Hungary, informs the Brașov Council about certain decisions made at the Vienna meeting, as well as about the expulsion of the pretender Vlad from the kingdom, issuing a mandate instructing the Brașovians not to extradite the wives of Wallachian fugitives.
64. July 3, 1456, Cuvin John Hunyadi, Count of Bistrița, issues a mandate for the Saxons of the Seven Seats to urgently join him with their troops and reports that he has entrusted the defense of the region to Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia.
65. December 17, 1456, Kecskemét Ladislaus Hunyadi, Count of Bistrița, etc., issues a mandate to the Brașov Council to support the pretender Dan, designated by Ladislaus the Posthumous, King of Hungary, against the unfaithful Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia.
66. November 23, 1457, Sighișoara Mihály Szilágyi, Ban of Macsó and commander of Belgrade, certifies the armistice agreement between himself and his supporters and Ladislaus the Posthumous, King of Hungary. This armistice involves Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, and the Burzenland region. The Brașovians are required to expel the pretender Dan and cease supporting him in the future.
67a-b. March 3 and 6, 1458, Buda Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, and Mihály Szilágyi, Governor of Hungary, each issue a mandate to the Council and the community of Sibiu, calling for an end to violent conflicts with Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, whom they have invited to maintain peace and order.
68. July 4, 1458, Buda Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, issues a mandate to the Brașov Council, ordering them to hand over the belongings of Mihail Logofăt, who was killed by Vlad Țepeș, to his servants.
69. September 10, 1458, Szeged Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, issues a mandate to the Brașov Council, instructing them to pay Benedict de Boythor, his envoy traveling to Wallachia to meet Voivode Vlad Țepeș, 48 florins from the revenues of the Hărman estate.
70. April 23, 1459, Buda Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, issues a mandate to the Brașov Council and the Burzenland community, ordering them to hand over to the Count of the Szeklers the properties located in Brașov that belonged to Codrea, who was executed by Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, as well as the pepper confiscated from the castellans of Bran.
71. April 22, 1460, Pest Blasius of Bardejov sends a report to the Council of Bardejov about the defeat of the pretender Dan and the execution of his men by Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia.
72. April 28, 1460, Vingard János Geréb de Vingard, Vice-Governor of Hungary, orders the Brașov Council to confirm the news that Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, is allegedly preparing an incursion into Transylvania alongside the Ottomans.
73. [After October 11, 1460, Brașov] The recording of the proposals made by the envoy of Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, regarding an agreement with the Two and Seven Saxon Seats, the city of Brașov, the Burzenland region, and the Szeklers.
74. [After March 4 – Before April 3, 1462, Vác] Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, informs Girolamo Lando, Bishop of Crete and Papal Legate, about his alliance with Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia.
75. March 21, 1462, Nyirád Blasius of Bardejov informs János of Sunja, the tax collector in Sáros County, about the killing of "24,000 Turks" by Vlad Țepeș.
76. [Mid-March 1462, Buda] Instructions for Ladislaus de Vesen, envoy of the Hungarian royal court, regarding his mission to the Doge of Venice and Pope Pius II. He is tasked with requesting subsidies for the Kingdom of Hungary, anticipating Ottoman retaliation for Vlad Țepeș's attack in the previous winter.
77. April 2, 1462, Caffa Raffaele Monterosso, Consul of Caffa, offers the city's vassalage to Casimir IV, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland, requesting in return that Caffa be included in a peace treaty or armistice with the Ottomans or placed under his protection.
78. [After July 1, 1462] ? Sultan Mehmed II sends a fetih-name (conquest decree) about the campaign in Wallachia to Prince Damad II İbrahim Beğ of Karaman.
79. 1462/63, Caffa Accounting records from the Genoese colony of Caffa regarding the stay of a Wallachian delegation.
80. August 15, 1462, Cluj Albert of Istenmezeje, Vice-Count of the Szeklers, issues a mandate to the Brașov Council for maintaining the armistice with Radu the Handsome, Voivode of Wallachia.
81. December 3, 1462, Brașov Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, confirms the privileges of the new settlers in Șercaia and Părău, following significant destruction.
Here is the English translation:
71. April 22, 1460, Pest Blasius of Bardejov sends a report to the Council of Bardejov about the defeat of the pretender Dan and the execution of his men by Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia.
72. April 28, 1460, Vingard János Geréb de Vingard, Vice-Governor of Hungary, orders the Brașov Council to confirm the news that Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, is allegedly preparing an incursion into Transylvania alongside the Ottomans.
73. [After October 11, 1460, Brașov] The recording of the proposals made by the envoy of Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, regarding an agreement with the Two and Seven Saxon Seats, the city of Brașov, the Burzenland region, and the Szeklers.
74. [After March 4 – Before April 3, 1462, Vác] Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, informs Girolamo Lando, Bishop of Crete and Papal Legate, about his alliance with Vlad Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia.
75. March 21, 1462, Nyirád Blasius of Bardejov informs János of Sunja, the tax collector in Sáros County, about the killing of "24,000 Turks" by Vlad Țepeș.
76. [Mid-March 1462, Buda] Instructions for Ladislaus de Vesen, envoy of the Hungarian royal court, regarding his mission to the Doge of Venice and Pope Pius II. He is tasked with requesting subsidies for the Kingdom of Hungary, anticipating Ottoman retaliation for Vlad Țepeș's attack in the previous winter.
77. April 2, 1462, Caffa Raffaele Monterosso, Consul of Caffa, offers the city's vassalage to Casimir IV, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland, requesting in return that Caffa be included in a peace treaty or armistice with the Ottomans or placed under his protection.
78. [After July 1, 1462] ? Sultan Mehmed II sends a fetih-name (conquest decree) about the campaign in Wallachia to Prince Damad II İbrahim Beğ of Karaman.
79. 1462/63, Caffa Accounting records from the Genoese colony of Caffa regarding the stay of a Wallachian delegation.
80. August 15, 1462, Cluj Albert of Istenmezeje, Vice-Count of the Szeklers, issues a mandate to the Brașov Council for maintaining the armistice with Radu the Handsome, Voivode of Wallachia.
81. December 3, 1462, Brașov Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, confirms the privileges of the new settlers in Șercaia and Părău, following significant destruction.
82. July 6, 1464, Lipova Ferenc Literatus de Kezy, castellan of Hunedoara, writes to the Sibiu Council regarding the sum of money owed to him by the late citizen Iacob Sor.
83. October 8, 1464, Deleni Ștefan de Héderfája allows the inhabitants of the Miercurea Sibiului seat to graze their pigs in the forests belonging to Amlaș.
84. June 25, 1475, Bistrița Dominicus, provost of Székesfehérvár, and Gasparus of Oradea, envoys of King Matthias Corvinus to Stephen the Great, send a letter to the king in which the voivode requests assistance against the Turks.
85. [Uncertain identification] [After July 12, 1475] Dominicus, provost of Székesfehérvár and apostolic protonotary, announces the fall of Caffa and the oaths of allegiance made by Stephen the Great and the "Transalpine voivode," possibly the pretender Vlad Țepeș, to King Matthias Corvinus.
86. August 15, 1475, Buda The second vassalage treaty between Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, and Stephen the Great, Voivode of Moldavia.
87. September 21, 1475, Buda Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, sends a mandate to Thomas Altemberger, Mayor of Sibiu, for the payment of a subsidy of 200 florins from the tridecima or vigesima (taxes) of the Baia de Arieș chamber for his loyal supporter Vlad Țepeș, pretender to the throne of Wallachia.
88. January 16, 1476, Stremț János Pongrácz, Voivode of Transylvania, writes to the Brașov Council about the alliance between King Matthias Corvinus and Basarab Laiotă, Voivode of Wallachia, as well as the need to send Vlad Țepeș's supporters to him.
89. March 7, 1476, Buda Gabriele Rangone, Bishop of Eger, reports to Pope Sixtus IV about the capture of the fortress of Srebrenica by the Hungarian army, among whose commanders was Vlad Țepeș.
90. July 21, 1476, Șintereag Ștefan Erdély, Vice-Voivode of Transylvania, informs the Brașov Council that Transylvanian troops are summoned to Turda on July 25 to join the royal army led by Ștefan Báthory and Vlad Țepeș. Additionally, he orders envoys to be sent to Moldavia to gather news about the progress of the war.
91. July 22, 1476, Oradea The Brașov notary, Magistrate Paulus, writes to the Brașov Council about the preparations for restoring Vlad Țepeș to the throne of Wallachia, informing them that Stephen the Great would also accept Basarab the Younger.
92. August 7, 1476 A report on the war in Moldavia, based on the testimony of Ladislau, secretary of Vlad Țepeș.
93. September 16, 1476, Wrocław Balthasar de Piscia, papal legate, reports to Pope Sixtus IV about the Ottoman campaign in Moldavia and Vlad Țepeș’s victory in Wallachia.
94. [October–November 1476, Edirne?] The informant “Yusuf” reports on high-level changes in the Ottoman hierarchy and the situation of the Ottoman army in Anatolia. Vlad Țepeș’s campaign against Basarab Laiotă is cited as the reason for shifting Ottoman attacks toward Wallachia.
95. November 11, 1476, camp near Bucharest Ștefan Báthory, royal judge and supreme commander of the royal troops in Transylvania, sends a report to the Sibiu Council on the progress of the campaign in Wallachia and issues a mandate for the delivery of supplies.
96. November [2]5, 1476, Buda Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, informs Ernst, Elector Prince of Saxony, about the battle against the Ottomans, the conquest of Wallachia, and the reinstatement of Vlad Țepeș.
97. December 4, 1476, Buda Giustiniano Cavitelli, a counselor at the court in Buda, notifies Galeazzo Maria Sforza, Duke of Milan, about the enthronement of Vlad Țepeș.
98. December 8, 1476, Buda Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, reports to Pope Sixtus IV on the victory of the Hungarian armies against Basarab Laiotă, Voivode of Wallachia.
99. January 5, 1477, Hârlău Stephen the Great, Voivode of Moldavia, thanks the Brașov Council for the news about Vlad Țepeș and requests further information.
100. May 8, 1477, Venice Transcription of the speech given by Ioan Țamblac, envoy of Stephen the Great, before the Venetian Senate regarding the political and military situation of the Principality of Moldavia.
101. March 12, 1479, Buda Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, issues a grant to Royal Judge Ștefan Báthory and his brother Andrei, comprising several properties, in recognition of their service to the crown.
102. September 10, 1489, Pécs The chapter of Pécs Cathedral draws up a sale-purchase deed for the "Dracula House."
This section provides complementary sources related to historical events:
103. January 16, 1458, Brașov Mihail Masa, vice-comes of the Szeklers and castellan of Bran, commits to halving the customs duty levied on goods belonging to Brașov merchants with a value exceeding 1,000 florins.
104. March 28, 1458, Lipova Mihail Szilágyi, governor of Hungary, orders the people of Sibiu, Brașov, the Szeklers, and the Transylvanian nobility to accept refugees coming from Moldavia and Wallachia.
105. April 3, 1459, Buda Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, prohibits the export of weapons from Brașov to Wallachia and orders the punishment of those who violate this restriction.
106. May 26, 1460, Cistei Nicolaus, castellan of Vízakna, informs the Brașov Council that King Matthias and Mihail Szilágyi wish to conclude a treaty with Bohemia to fight against the Ottomans and asks for support for travelers heading to Wallachia.
107. April 12, 1461, Sniatyn Michał Mużyło Buczacki, castellan of the fortress of Kamianets-Podilskyi and hetman of the provinces of Sniatyn and Kolomyia, authenticates the loan of a sum of money from Mihail, the Moldavian logothete, during a diplomatic mission to Wallachia.
108. January 26, 1462, Kraków The inhabitants of Kamianets petition King Casimir IV of Poland to ensure the continuation of trade along the Luczko–Olesko route, given the ongoing war in Moldavia.
109. [April/May] 1462, Buda János Vitéz, Bishop of Oradea, informs Cardinal Juan Carvajal de Sant’Angelo about the peace agreement between King Matthias Corvinus and Jan Giskra, as well as the Ottoman war preparations along the Danube, requesting the cardinal’s intervention with the Pope to support the Kingdom of Hungary.
110. July 1462, Bistrița A section from a military register of the city of Bistrița, compiled in preparation for the Wallachian campaign announced for 1462.
111. August 1, 1476, Sighișoara Ștefan Báthory, royal judge and supreme commander of the Hungarian armies, orders all regional Transylvanian authorities to assist Brașov officials traveling on royal missions by providing them with horses and other necessities.
This section contains reports by Pietro di Tommasi and the Venetian Senate regarding military movements and political affairs:
112. March 10, 1457, Buda Pietro di Tommasi reports on the large concentration of Ottoman troops and their advance through Bulgaria and Wallachia.
113. April 16, 1457, Buda Pietro di Tommasi reports on Ottoman troop movements based on information from Serbian envoys.
114. March 4, 1462, Buda Pietro di Tommasi describes the conflict between Vlad Țepeș and the Ottomans, copies Vlad's letters to Matthias Corvinus, and advocates for Hungary's support.
115. May 27, 1462, Buda Pietro di Tommasi reports on the Ottoman incursion, the state of their troops, and the military measures taken by Vlad Țepeș.
116. May 27, 1462, Buda Pietro di Tommasi describes the march of Ottoman troops through Bulgaria.
117. May 29, 1462, Buda Pietro di Tommasi details the war preparations of both the Ottomans and Hungarians.
118. [Undated] Pietro di Tommasi reports on Mehmed II’s offensive in Wallachia, Vlad Țepeș’s preparations, and the number of troops on both sides.
119. June 15, 1462, Buda Pietro di Tommasi states that Sultan Mehmed II is personally leading the offensive in Wallachia.
120. July 19, 1462, Venice The Venetian Senate instructs Pietro di Tommasi to assure King Matthias Corvinus of Venice’s support in the fight against the Ottomans.
121. October 11, 1462, Venice The Venetian Senate permits Pietro di Tommasi to return home but orders him to continue drafting reports on Wallachia until officially relieved from his duties.
122. January 15, 1463, Venice The Venetian Senate confirms receipt of news regarding the arrest of Vlad Țepeș.
This section contains reports from Antonio Guidobono regarding the military conflict between Vlad Țepeș and the Ottomans, as well as the reactions in Venice and Hungary:
123. March 18, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports on the execution of the sultan’s envoys and the occupation of Ottoman territories by the Wallachians.
124. March 29, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono confirms the defeat of the Ottomans in battle with the Wallachians and mentions the dispatch of Hungarian troops to support Vlad Țepeș.
125. May 25, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono confirms the mobilization of Ottoman forces against Vlad Țepeș.
126. June 2, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono confirms Ottoman war plans against Wallachia.
127. June 9, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports on the Ottoman march against Wallachia and Vlad Țepeș’s defensive preparations.
128. June 12, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports on the Ottoman march against Wallachia and Hungary’s financial difficulties.
129. June 16, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports on the arrival of Ladislau de Vesen in Venice.
130. June 21, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports on the Ottoman advance toward Wallachia.
131. June 25, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports on Venetian fears of a possible Ottoman land invasion.
132. June 28, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports growing concerns in Venice that the Ottomans might attack within their territory.
133a-b. July 2, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports that Vlad Țepeș has been defeated and that an attack on Belgrade is expected.
134. July 7, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports on rumors of heavy Ottoman defeats.
135. July 12, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono states that he cannot confirm rumors of an Ottoman defeat in Wallachia.
136. July 20, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports that a battle between the Wallachians, Hungarians, and Ottomans is expected.
137. July 23, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports that the Venetians fear a truce between the Hungarians and Ottomans. In Wallachia, Radu the Handsome is recognized as ruler by the inhabitants.
138. July 30, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports on alleged Venetian financial aid to Matthias Corvinus and rumors of a major Ottoman defeat in Wallachia.
139. August 3, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports that Hungary is preparing for a confrontation with the Ottomans.
140. August 10, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports on the Ottoman retreat due to supply difficulties and the Hungarian offensive.
141. August 13, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports on news that the Ottomans may have been defeated in Wallachia.
142. August 20, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports on news that the Ottomans suffered significant losses and possibly a defeat in Wallachia, as well as on Hungary's offensive preparations and troop gatherings.
143. August 25, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports on the Ottoman retreat from Wallachia.
144. August 28, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono confirms the Ottoman retreat from Wallachia.
145. August 31, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono sends a copy of a letter from Bailo Balbi in Constantinople and confirms information about Ottoman losses, as well as Matthias Corvinus's intention to continue the fight.
146. September 2, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono sends a copy of a letter from Bailo Balbi in Constantinople and confirms information about Ottoman losses.
147. September 11, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono confirms the Ottoman retreat towards Adrianople.
148. October 19, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports on further attacks by King Matthias Corvinus's royal troops, who sought to fight against Radu the Fair and the Ottoman forces supporting him.
149. December 20, 1462, Venice Antonio Guidobono reports on an unsuccessful Ottoman attack in Hungary.
Chapter of Authors: Leonardo Botta
150. October 28, 1476, Venice Leonardo Botta reports on gifts from the King of Hungary, Matthias Corvinus, to his supporters.
151. February 1, 1477, Venice Leonardo Botta reports on the capture of a Hungarian fortress near Semendria and the death of Vlad Țepeș.
152. February 7, 1477, Venice Leonardo Botta reports on the return of Italian ambassadors from Hungary.
Individual Letters
153. December 7, 1448, Constantinople A French informant reports on the battles for the throne of Wallachia.
154. March 20, 1462, Venice The Venetian Senate informs Pope Pius II about Vlad Țepeș's military successes against the Ottomans.
155a-b. March 23 – July 17, 1462, Bologna Mention of the arrival of two letters containing news about the war between the Wallachians and the Ottomans.
156. March 30, 1462, Rome Cardinal Francesco Gonzaga reports to Luigi III Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua, about discussions among cardinals regarding the battles fought by the Wallachians against the Ottomans.
157. April 12, 1462, Venice Cezar of Florence reports to Ludovico III Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua, on Wallachian operations against an Ottoman transport fleet and their consequences.
158. May 26, 1462, Santa Maura Leonardo III Tocco, Despot of Arta, informs the Doge of Venice about the advance of Ottoman troops toward the Danube.
159. June 28, 1462, Venice The Venetian Senate informs Niccolò Sagundino, its secretary at the Papal Curia, about Mehmed II’s campaign and orders him to intervene to ensure the continued financial support for Hungary.
160. July 19, 1462, Venice The Venetian Senate assigns Niccolò Sagundino, its secretary at the Papal Curia, to continue negotiations for granting subsidies to King Matthias Corvinus.
161. July 28, 1462, Constantinople Domenico Balbi, the Venetian bailo in Constantinople, reports to Cristoforo Moro, the Doge of Venice, about the return of the Ottoman army from Wallachia.
162. August 3, 1462, Candia Aloysio Gabriel, rector of Candia, reports to Antonio Loredano, commander of Modon, about the defeat of the Ottomans.
163. August 13, 1462, Modon Antonio Loredano, commander of Modon, reports on the Wallachians’ victory over the Ottomans based on the account of an Albanian fugitive from Adrianople.
164. January 15, 1463, Venice The Venetian Senate thanks Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, for the news regarding Vlad Țepeș, the Voivode of Wallachia.
165. March 3, 1463, Venice The Venetian Senate instructs Bernardo Giustiniani, its envoy to the Papal Curia, to advocate for continued support for Hungary, citing the betrayal of Voivode Vlad Țepeș as evidence of the kingdom’s ongoing threat.
166. April 18, 1463, Venice Cristoforo Moro, the Doge of Venice, sends Giovanni Aymo as an envoy to the court in Buda, tasking him with gathering information regarding the arrest of Vlad Țepeș and a possible treaty between the King of Hungary and the Ottomans.
167. July 18, 1475, Buda Florio Reverella, the envoy of Ferrara at the Hungarian court, reports to Ercole I d’Este, Duke of Ferrara, about the alliance between Stephen the Great and Matthias Corvinus, as well as the designation of Vlad Țepeș as Voivode.
168. After February 15, 1476 – December/January 1477, Vienna A citizen from Krems reports on the successes and then the presumed death of Vlad Țepeș during the campaign in Serbia.
169. August 30, 1476, Florence The Florentine Chancellery thanks Francesco Vino, Florence’s ambassador in Venice, for the information about Vlad Țepeș.
170. October 8, 1476, Venice The Venetian Senate informs Emanuele Gerardo, the Venetian secretary in Moldavia, that efforts will be made to obtain subsidies for Stephen the Great.
171. December 24, 1476, Buda Heinrich von Milticz, the envoy of the Elector of Saxony at the court in Buda, reports to Ernst, the Elector of Saxony, and Albrecht, the Duke of Saxony, about the reinstatement of Vlad Țepeș on the throne.
172. January 7, 1477, Venice The Venetian Senate informs Jacobo de Medio, its envoy to the Roman Curia, about the victories of Stephen the Great and Vlad Țepeș.
173. January 10, 1477, Venice The Venetian Senate informs Emanuele Gerardo, the Venetian secretary in Moldavia, about the efforts to support Stephen the Great.
Complementary Sources
174. February 26, 1461, Venice A speech by the envoy of Stjepan Tomašević, King of Bosnia, in which the Venetians are asked to support him against the Ottomans.
175. March 22, 1462, Venice Cezar of Florence reports to Ludovico III Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua, about the Wallachian army’s operations on the Danube and the defeat of the Ottomans.
176. June 25, 1462, Venice Giacomo Antonio della Torre, Bishop of Modena, and Giovanni Arcimboldi report to Francesco Sforza, Duke of Milan, about the Ottoman war preparations.
177. October 21, 1463, Rome A call from Pope Pius II for a crusade against the Ottomans, accompanied by a description of their campaigns and a mention of the "occupation of Wallachia" in 1462.
178. (Uncertain) August 23, 1476, Florence The Florentine Chancellery thanks Francesco Vino, its ambassador in Venice, for the news about the Ottomans.
179. (Uncertain) September 29, 1476, Florence The Florentine Chancellery thanks Francesco Vino, its ambassador in Venice, for the correspondence regarding the Ottomans.
180. (Uncertain) October 5, 1476, Florence The Florentine Chancellery sends instructions to Francesco Vino, its ambassador in Venice, regarding an audience with the Doge of Venice.
181. January 10, 1477, Venice The Venetian Senate orders Gabriel Bertucio, its envoy at the royal court in Buda, to send congratulations to King Matthias Corvinus for the victorious campaign in Wallachia.
182. January 10, 1477, Venice The Venetian Senate repeats the instructions from the previous letter to Gabriel Bertucio, its envoy at the royal court in Buda, and orders him to send 200 ducats to Emanuele Gerardo.
183. January 29, 1477, Venice The Venetian Senate confirms to Jacopo di Mezzo, its envoy to the Roman Curia, the successes in the fight against the Ottomans on the Danube, as well as in Wallachia.
______________________ And this is it for the volume I,1 and I,2. If you are curious about the content of those chronicle/letters (+Other hunadreds of things that are inside) buy the books which can be found in Romanian and Dutch only as of now. Also don't forget to follow Corpus Draculianum on Youtube:
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vladdocs · 3 months ago
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@tutanchanup Thank you for letting me pick first but I have 0 fashion taste :*( But in my head canon, If Vlad was alive today he would really like to wear something called "Suman Schilăresc" a mix of modern, traditional and old clothing:
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Or maybe a Redingota but that's too vampirish. If you want to keep it more in line with how historically Vlad dressed, remember 3 things: 1. Brokat, that's the main material the voivode clothes were made out of 2. The voivevode was dressed in a way to symbolize his political alliance, so in today's age he will wear something the european leaders would wear but back then something The Hungarians, Italians and Germans wear. 3. The symbolistic, every line or shape on a voievode cloth had a meaning, most of the time a religious one, that's a complex subject so don't bother too much with it. That's actually the reason why neo-romanian style is dying, most people either don't have the knowledge or the talent to build it anymore.
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I am sad that there's no good contemporary depiction of Vlad III. Draculea with a beard, since he wore one, at least according to his own personal seal (surprising, right?!). But we only have images of him with the iconic moustache.
So I decided to make one myself :D
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I used the style of mediaeval icons, inspired by the ones painted in Snagov Monastery, which is connected to Vlad III. As I am no master of this type of art, I used as a base the icon of st. Alexander Nevskij, since he's holding a sword. I also wanted to draw him with a crown, sice that is also on Vlad's seal.
For his face, I used the contemporary description of Vlad from an eye-witness, Niccolò Modrussa, who describes him with aquiline nose, green eyes, long, black curly hair and intimidating, bushy eyebrows. I also tried to imitate the shape of his face from the traditional depictions of Vlad, although these were probably made by people who might've never seen him (and they also depicted him as ugly as part of propaganda against him. It's funny how in the chronicles his enemies always describe him as ugly while his allies described him as beautiful :D).
I was surprised that none of these depictions paint the mentioned strong eyebrows, but then I found out that medieval paintings in general don't really focus on various shapes of eyebrows, they're always more or less the same, so my decision to paint them might be a little bit anachronistic :D
I hope no-one will be offended that I kept the hallo. It looks good aesthetically, and, to be honest, Vlad's cousin Stephen the Great was hallowed, and I feel that if Vlad's name hasn't been dragged through the mud by the horrible propaganda, he might've ended like that as well, as it seems he was quite loved by his people.
Enjoy!
And if you want to know more about the real Vlad III. Dracula, without the distortion of the sensational propaganda against him, I highly recommend the professional team Corpus Draculianum and their illustrious YouTube channel, where they talk about Vlad's fascinating life in engaging and enjoyable form:
The personal seal of Vlad III. Draculea depicting him with a beard and a crown, which I found thanks to Corpus Draculianum and which I used as a main inspiration:
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I admit I changed the beard a bit to look more like the royal fashion, and, well, in a hardly preserved 500 year old wax seal there wasn't much room for details, so I took it with a grain of salt.
108 notes · View notes
vladdocs · 4 months ago
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thank you again. i can't figure out where to buy CD in english, my german is not so good, can you help?
For now, you can only find the books in Romanian and German, There are plans for an english version but CD wants to complete all the volumes first.
English speaking people can enjoy the youtube channel till the books are translated
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vladdocs · 4 months ago
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Hello, thank you for your blog! do you know where I could find the full text of Vlad's letter to Matthias from February 1462?
Hi, Thank you for reading my blog. All Vlad's letters can be found in the Corpus Draculianum volumes CD vol 1,1 = All Vlad's documents inside the country (The one from 1462 is here) CD vol 1,2 = All external documents about Vlad CD vol 3 = All ottoman chronicles about Vlad Here is the letter and it entry copied from CD:
Vlad the Impaler, February 11, 1462, Uywar/[Bucharest] 23 [authenticity disputed] February 11, 1462, Uywar/[Bucharest]274 Vlad the Impaler, Voivode of Wallachia, reports to Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, that the Ottomans may have attempted an attack against him and that, as a result, he has risen to fight them. Describing the operations in detail, he asks Matthias to send an army to support him. This is followed by a meticulous count of the Turks and Bulgarians killed.
Diplomatic Preserved only in copies, this letter presents an unusual diplomatic format, largely reduced to exposition, preceded by a brief address and followed by the final protocol with topical and chronological dating. This atypical format led some historians to conclude that the letter might not be authentic, a thesis contradicted, however, by the mention of this document in the diplomatic correspondence of the time (cf. no. 114). The formal anomalies can be easily explained by the way this letter was transmitted. It was likely copied multiple times and thus transmitted to us as a partially literary text, leading to an adaptation of the initial formulations into a new format. The authenticity issue must therefore be clarified based on the different manuscripts, the circulation of this letter, and its internal characteristics.
On the other hand, the register attached to the letter as an annex is somewhat more problematic. Unlike the letter itself and except for the last sentence, it is written in the third person. Although the place of issuance in the title of the variants transmitted is indicated as "Turkey," this can only be the result of a scribe’s error. One possible explanation is that the letter and the register were conceived as separate texts. In the absence of other copies, it can only be suspected that the passages in the register written in the third person were interpolated at a later stage based on other letters of V., which, as Matthias Corvinus writes, arrived in Buda "almost daily" (cf. no. 74).
The oldest codex containing a copy of the letter along with the register is a miscellany from the second half of the 15th century, held in the Bavarian State Library (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek). Produced in the library of the Benedictine monastery of Tegernsee, it includes papal bulls, letters, speeches, theological and medical treatises by various authors such as Johann Capistrano, Pius II, Jean Gerson, Matthias von Worms, Jakob Paradyza, or Heinrich von Friemar.275 The second codex, which contains a second copy of the letter and the register, is preserved in the Herzog August Library in Wolfenbüttel. Its provenance is accepted as the library of Johannes Melch. This codex is also a miscellany, but it has a more unified thematic focus, with all the texts being directly related to Pius II. The first part of the manuscript contains the papal treatise De curialium miseriis, and the second part contains several letters addressed to the pope or issued by him during the period between the fall of 1461 and the spring of 1462.276 The Wolfenbüttel codex thus provides a valuable clue about the spread and dating of copies of this letter. The copied text must therefore have been a copy originating from Italy, drafted at the papal court, and circulating along with the letters of Pius II from 1461-1462. This is supported by the proven circulation of this letter in Italy. The report by Pietro di Tommasi from March 4, 1462 (no. 114) was sent from Buda to Venice along with a copy of this letter, which reached Rome by the end of March and later Mantua (no. 156). The hypothesis of a modern forgery, as claimed by STOIDE in 1978, must be rejected based on the proven circulation of this letter in Italy in 1462 (cf. no. 114) as well as the manuscript from Wolfenbüttel discovered later.277 Corbea’s hypothesis, that the letter written by V. was significantly processed in Buda, where the register was also added, does not withstand critical examination. Detailed knowledge of the toponymy along the Danube suggests a Wallachian origin for the register, or at least for a significant portion of it. However, the letter and the register were copied by scribes who were completely unfamiliar with the political and geographic context, so their copies contain numerous errors, distortions, omissions, or insertions.
274 According to ȘLUȘANSCHI, the "new city/town" (Hung. Ujvár) on the Dâmbovița River is very likely the Bucharest attested under V. (cf. no. 21). 275 Cf. detailed description of the codex in Karl HALM, Friedrich KEINTZ, Wilhelm MEYER, Georg THOMAS: Catalogus codicum manu scriptorum Bibliothecae Regiae Monacensis. Vol. 4, part 3. Wiesbaden 1969, pp. 263-264. 276 For a detailed description see http://diglib.hab.de/?db=mss&list=ms&id=858-novi&catalog=Martin&lang=en.
Contextualization After stabilizing political relations with the people of Brașov, starting in the fall of 1460 (cf. no. 21 and 73), as well as the alliance with Matthias Corvinus (who was pushed to crusade by Pope Pius II) and his marriage to a member of the royal family (cf. no. 74 and 114), V. apparently felt secure enough to once again refuse to pay tribute to the Ottomans, a payment that had been suspended since 1459 (cf. Mihajlović in Corpus Draculianum vol. 3). Following his alliance with the Hungarian king and the peace treaty with the Transylvanians, V. abandoned the pretext used over the past three years to avoid Ottoman demands, namely the destabilization of the intra-Carpathian region by military incursions (cf. Tursun Beğ in Corpus Draculianum (Germ.) vol. 3, p. 121), actions that the sultan would have benefitted from as well.
The rejection of the Ottoman ultimatum, as well as the attempt to capture the voivode (cf. Chalkokondyles in ibid., p. 19-21), an action “sold” to Matthias as a direct attack on the security of the Kingdom of Hungary, led to the open outbreak of the conflict. V. attacks the main Ottoman strongholds along the Danube, with the exception of Vidin, the most important fortress in the region. The strategic motivation behind V.'s actions is difficult to reconstruct. One hypothesis is that geopolitical motives triggered the conflict, with V. wanting to prove his determination to engage in the crusade alongside the Catholic powers. Another points to military factors, as by destroying Ottoman bases and the infrastructure for crossing the Danube, he would have made the anticipated Ottoman attack more difficult. In addition to these, there may be internal political motives, such as stabilizing his rule through a significant military action.278 It is highly likely that the attack was motivated by military factors, considering that the largest cities attacked (Isaccea, Hârșova, Silistra, Tutrakan/Turtucaia, and Nicopolis) were the most important strongholds of the akıncı-i along the Danube. Five of the smaller neighboring settlements (Marotin, Batin, Novgrad, Ghighen, Oryahovo/Rahova) are recorded with military duties or associated tasks in Ottoman tax registers. One of them was even part of the ḥāṣṣ of the sancak-bey of Nicopolis. The complete absence of Ottoman registers for 15th-century Dobruja makes it impossible to create analogies for the settlements on its territory.
Carried out by several army corps, it was meticulously prepared, as evidenced by the register with the numbers of victims.279 In this letter to the court in Buda, V. describes the military operations and their consequences, detailing in the register the destroyed localities and the number of local inhabitants killed there. Whether it was processed in Buda or not, the purpose of the letter was to convince the king of the necessity of military support in the face of the inevitable confrontation with the Ottomans. V.'s strategy of argumentation was focused on presenting his actions south of the Danube as part of a larger conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary, which in turn was seen as an expression of the struggle between Islam and Christianity. The most details presented in this letter align with this strategy: the Ottoman attempt to remove V. from his alliance with Hungary, the portrayal of the Wallachian attack as a defensive reaction to an alleged Ottoman plot against the Kingdom of Hungary itself, as well as the antemural rhetoric. However, the register presents certain interpretive issues, particularly regarding the numbers of victims and the inclusion of Orthodox Christians among them. V.'s uncertainty regarding the expected response from the Hungarian king is evident in the adjustment of his troop request. Initially, it was maximal, including the king’s personal participation at the head of the royal army, but by the end, it only referred to Transylvanian or Szekler troops.
Chronologically preceded by no. 22. Chronologically followed by no. 114.
Description:
Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, clm. 19648 (Teg. 1648), fol. 169v-171r (M): quarto, 221 fol., miscellaneous manuscript, chancery minuscule, second half of the 15th century, possibly even the beginning of the next century, South German paper, possibly from Freising or Northern Italian, possibly Venice, from the late 14th or early 15th century; watermark: bull's head with a seven-pointed star between the horns.
Wolfenbüttel, Herzog August Bibliothek, Cod. Guelf. 858 Novi (manuscript title: Pius II. – Ludwig XI. – Vlad III.), fol. 31r-34r (W): quarto (20.5 x 14 cm), 44 fol., miscellaneous manuscript, chancery minuscule characteristic of the 14th-15th centuries. According to CORBEA, Italian paper from the second half of the 14th century; watermark: two tulips separated by a star.
Editions: BOGDAN: Vlad Țepeș, pp. 78-82 [after a copy of M made by Nicolae Iorga]; CORBEA: "Cu privire la corespondența," pp. 677-685 [critical edition of W; facsimiles of both copies; with commentary]. Translations: Gheorghe GHIBĂNESCU: "Vlad Țepeș." In: Arhiva 8 (1897), p. 403; Nicolae IORGA: Istoria românilor în chipuri și icoane. Vol. 2. Bucharest 1905, pp. 224-227 [without the register]; IDEM: Scrisori de domni, pp. 164-167; George MIHĂILĂ / Dan ZAMFIRESCU (ed.): Literatura română veche (1402-1647). Bucharest 1969, pp. 42-45; TREPTOW (ed.): Dracula, pp. 315-318. Literature: BOGDAN: Vlad Țepeș, pp. 76-82; Radu ROSETTI: Istoria artei militare a românilor până la mijlocul veacului al XVII-lea. Bucharest 1947, pp. 225-226; PASCU: Istoria medie, pp. 212-213; Petre Ș. NASTUREL: "De quelques toponymes danubiens." In: Studia Balcanica 1 (1970), pp. 123-128; Dinu C. GIURESCU: Țara Românească în secolele XIV și XV. Bucharest 1973, pp. 341, 394-396; Anca GHIAȚĂ: "Condițiile instaurării dominației otomane în Dobrogea." In: Studii istorice sud-est europene. Ed. by Eugen Stănescu. Bucharest 1974, pp. 43-126, here p. 112; STOICESCU, p. 94; Constantin A. STOIDE: "Luptele lui Vlad Țepeș cu turcii (1461-1462)." In: AIIAI 15 (1978), pp. 15-38, here p. 17; IDEM: "În legătură cu ‘scrisoarea’ datată 11 februarie 1462. Contribuții la cunoașterea izvoarelor domniei lui Vlad Țepeș." In: AIIAI 18 (1981), pp. 151-166; Radu LUNGU: "À propos de la campagne antiottomane de Vlad l’Empaleur au sud du Danube (hiver 1461-1462)."
Footnote: 279 It remains a mere hypothesis whether the attack was actually prepared in coordination with the royal court in Buda, but not for offensive purposes, rather defensively, as a reaction to a possible Ottoman attack on Belgrade. By attacking the eastern flank of the Empire, the Ottoman military system in Bulgaria would have suffered significant damage, affecting potential operations in Hungary. Some contemporaries were convinced that the attack had been ordered by the King of Hungary (cf. no. 123).
1462)". In: RRH 22 (1983), pp. 147-158; Dan SLUȘANȘCHI: "The Lower Danube and Vlad Țepeș' Campaign of Winter 1461-1462 (Philological Clarifications)." In: Revista Arhivelor 47 (1985), pp. 434-437; Tahsin GEMIL: Românii și otomanii în secolele XIV-XVI. Bucharest 1991, pp. 142-143; REZACHEVICI: Cronologia domnilor, p. 104; Achim PAPACOSTEA: "Vladi voivodae Valachiae Transalpinae litterrae ad Mathiam Corvinum, regem Hungariae, scriptae." In: Repertorium Fontium Historiae Medii Aevi. Vol. 10, part 3. Rome 2007, pp. 405-406; Ioan-Aurel POP: "Italian Testimonies on the Ottoman Assault of the Summer of 1462 on Christianity." In: In honorem Alexandru Moșanu: Studii de Istorie Medievală, Modernă și Contemporană a Românilor. Ed. by Nicolae Enciu. Cluj-Napoca 2012, pp. 19-28, here pp. 19-20; Sergiu IOSIPESCU: "At the Beginning of the Confrontation of Wallachia under Vlad Țepeș with the Ottoman Empire." In: Viam inveniam aut faciam. In honorem Ștefan Andreescu. Ed. by Ovidiu Cristea, Petronel Zahariuc, and Gheorghe Lazăr. Iași 2012, pp. 59-78, here pp. 71-75; COMAN: Putere și teritoriu, pp. 263-266; CRISTEA: Puterea cuvintelor, p. 19; ANDREESCU, pp. 104-107; WEBER: "Diplomatia Draculiana," p. 149; CAZACU, pp. 139-144; Tamás PALOSFALVI: From Nicopolis to Mohács. A History of Ottoman-Hungarian Warfare, 1389-1526. Leiden-Boston 2018, pp. 204-205.
Nota bene: The text has been edited based on M and W with the aim of reconstructing as closely as possible the original edition of the Wallachian chancery, assuming that this letter, like others from V., was grammatically and formally correct. Passages that appear in only one of the two copies were incorporated. Since W seems to be closer to the copied model, it was preferred as the basis for this critical edition. The editors of this volume wish to thank Dr. Gabriele Annas from Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt am Main for her collegial support in deciphering the text and preparing the critical apparatus.
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{Copy280 of a letter written to the Illustrious Lord, the King of Hungary, by Vlad Voivode of the Transalpine regions, from the Turkish side.}
Most Illustrious Prince and our gracious Lord!281 Since in our previous letters we have written to your Illustrious Majesty regarding how the Turks, the terrible enemies of the cross of Christ, sent their distinguished envoys so that we would not maintain peace and unity between your Illustrious Majesty and us, which had been initiated and concluded, and that we should disregard the marriage proposal282 and instead join them to go to the Gate of this emperor of the Turks, who is called the Curia. If we do not abandon the peace and unity and the marriage of your Illustrious Majesty, ...
{Exemplum litterarum scriptarum Serenis- simo | domino Regi Vngarie per Vulnad | vaivodam* parcium Transalpinarum ex~ parte Turci}* | Serenissime princeps et domine* noster graciose | quia in prioribus nostris litteris scripseramus eidem Serenitati vestre, quomodo Turcj* seuissimi crucis χρristi inimici nunccios | ipsorum solemnes, eo quod pacem et vnionem inter vestram serenitatem | et nos initam et confederatam non tenere nupciasque | sperneremus celebrare transmiserunt sed quod ipsius solum ad|herere ad portamque ipsius Cesaris Turkorum* que | curia dicitur transiremus quod si pacem vnionemque || et nupcias vestre Serenitatj non derelinqueremus
5 10 15 3 M: vamodam. 4 M: Turcis. {...} missing in W. 5 M: then a second "dne". 8 W: Thurci. 9 BOGDAN: solennes. 13 M: sed ipsis. 15 W: Turckorum.
280 In the original "Exemplum litterarum," a term commonly used for copied documents. The same term is used for copies of Pietro di Tommasi's reports (no. 112).
281 Similar forms of address are found in letters from the Archbishop of Esztergom to Emperor Frederick III from 1444, as well as in a letter from Stephen the Great in 1490 (cf. IORGA: Notes et extraits, vol. 4, p. 36-37 and Alexandru SIMON: "The Lord of Moldavia and the Kings of Hungary in 1490. A Document from Stephen the Great." In: AIIAI 44 (2006), pp. 15-36, here pp. 31-32).
282 The identity of this wife, who is not the same as Jusztina Szilágyi (cf. no. 102), remains unknown (cf. no. 82, and also Alexandru SIMON: "Propaganda and Matrimony: Dracula between Hunyadi and Habsburg." In: Transylvanian Review 20 (2011), no. 4, pp. 80-90, here p. 83). The connection to the royal family of Hungary is recorded by Pietro di Tommasi (no. 114), the Russian Chronicles (Corpus Draculianum, vol. 2,1), and by Antonio Bonfini (ibid., vol. 2,2). Kinship with the Corvini family is explicitly claimed by Vlad’s descendants in the 16th century (cf. Pavel CHIHAIA: De la 'Negru vodă' la Neagoe Basarab. Bucharest 1976, pp. 120-129). Additionally, see András KUBINYI: Matthias Rex. Budapest 2008, pp. 17-18, 204.
At that time, these Turks would not want to maintain peace with us. They even sent a principal advisor to the Emperor of the Turks, named Hamza Beğ, the lord of Nicopolis, to set the borders beyond the Danube. So, if the same Hamza Beğ, by some means or through some deception, either by promise or by trickery, could somehow lead us to the Gate, it would certainly be good; but if not, then he must capture us and bring us once captured. But by divine mercy, meanwhile, as we were heading toward the said borders, we were warned of their deceit and trickery, and we captured the same Hamza Beğ in their territory and kingdom, near a certain fortress called Georgio. ex tunc* pacem | nobiscum ipsi Turci nollent tenere, qui et | quendam Consili- arium Cesaris Turkorum* principalem | nomine Hanzabech* domini* de Nicopoll ad metas super* danubium constituendas miserunt Sic quod si idem | Hanzabech nos aliquomodo per quasdam decepciones siue | super fidem* siue alia* fraude quoquomodo* posset ad por|tam* ducere bene quidem Si vero non apprehendere nos deberet | apprehensumque adducere* || Sed diuina volente clemencia | interim* quo ad dictas* metas iremus* de ipsorum, || fraude et astucia aduisabamur* et eundem Hanzabech283 | in~tenutam ipsorum et regnum sub quodam castro Ger|gio vocato apprehendimus
Footnotes: 284. Vlad does not mention the demand for tribute payment as the reason for the conflict (cf. Corpus Draculianum, vol. 1,2, no. 123). For the Ottomans, non-payment was one of the main reasons for declaring the voivode a rebel (cf. Tursun Beğ in ibid. (germ.), vol. 3, p. 121). Regarding the amount of this tribute, see ibid., p. 59 and Mihai BERZA: "The Tribute of Moldova and Wallachia in the 15th-19th Centuries." In: SMIM 2 (1957), p. 7-47, here p. 27-28. 285. Hamza Beğ; regarding his family connections, see Corpus Draculianum (germ.), vol. 3, p. 37, note 64. Vlad does not mention Thomas Katavolinos, the Greek secretary, who, according to Chalkokondyles (ibid., p. 19-21), took over the diplomatic role, while Hamza took the military role in the mission to capture the voivode. 286. Chalkokondyles (Corpus Draculianum (germ.), vol. 3, p. 21) provides a detailed report here: Vlad accompanied Katavolinos back toward the Danube when the attempt to capture was launched. Initially surprised, the voivode not only managed to repel the attackers but also captured Katavolinos and Hamza Beğ, who were later tortured and impaled.
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At the shouts of our people, they opened the city gate so that their people could enter; our people, mixing with theirs, entered and took the city. Thus, soon we burned it down, and people of both sexes, both young and old, from the place called Oblisica and Novazel, where the Danube flows into the sea, to Rahoma, which is somewhat near Chilia, up to the place called Zemomt and Gigni, Turks and Bulgarians, were killed, totaling 23,889, apart from those who were burned in their houses or whose heads were not presented to our attendants.
In clamoribus autem hominum | nostrorum Castrum aperientes eo quod homines ipsorum intrarent, homines nostri in suos se miscentes* intrarunt acceperunt|que quamo- do et mox comburi* fecimus hominesque vtriusque sexus | parui et magni a loco Oblisica et Nouazel* voca|to vbi Danu- bium in mare cadit usque ad Rahoma* | qui locus infra versus Kiliam* parue distancie alicuius | existit, usque ad locum Zemouit* et Gigni nuncupatum287 | Turci et Bolgari288 interempti sunt in numero xxiiim viiic. et .l.x.x.x.viiii* Exceptis qui in domibus com|busti* sunt vel quorum Capita officialibus nostris non | sunt presentata
Footnotes:
The numbers given by the two manuscripts differ from each other, as well as between the actual letter and the register. This is in addition to a number of clear scribal errors. The total of 23,889 victims allows for the correction of the copyist errors as well as those in modern editions. The number of 410 victims from Svištov and the neighboring markets is too small, considering the size of the settlement. If the victims from other localities are subtracted from the total, it results in 4,100 victims for Svištov.
Uncommon in European sources, this method of counting victims is frequently reported with the appearance of the Mongols. According to Polish sources, after the battle of Liegnitz, the Mongol soldiers presented Batu Khan with nine sacks full of the ears of their defeated enemies (cf. George VERNADSKY: The Mongols and Russia. New Haven, London 1953, p. 55).
Let it be known to Your Enlightened Highness that we, this time, set ourselves against them, even though many, urging us, encouraged us to abandon Christianity and join them. Therefore, let Your Enlightened Highness know that we did not break the peace with them for our own sake, but for the honor of Your Enlightened Highness and your sacred crown, and for the preservation of all Christendom and the strengthening of the Catholic faith. For, having already seen what we have done, the disputes and disagreements they had everywhere until now, they have withdrawn, both those related to the kingdom of Your Enlightened Highness and the sacred crown, as well as those from other parts, and they have cast all their power over us, so that, with all their strength, when the time opens, undoubtedly in the spring, they plan to come with hostility. However, they have no passage, because we have burned and destroyed all their passages across the Danube and laid waste to them, except for Bodon.
Jsta vestra* Serenitas sciat pro hac*291 vicenos | in ipsos perpetrasse qui tamen pluribus nos rogatibus | hortabantur χρristianitatem deserere ipsisque adherere | Igitur sciat. e. vestra serenitas quod nos pacem
cum ipsis non propter | nos sed propter honorem || e. serenitatis vestre eiusque sacre Corone | tociusque χρistianitatis conserua- cionem fidei-que Catholice ro|boracionem violauimus quod ipsi jam nos fecisse vi|dentes, lites ipsorum ac discordias
vndique habitas | tam ad Regnum serenitatis
vestre sacramque Coronam pertinentes | quam eciam ad omnes alias partes quas hucusque habue|runt retraxerunt omnem
fauorem* super nos inicierunt*292 | qui toto
conamine ad aperitionem temporis videlicet in vere | hostiliter venire jntendunt, qui tamen vada non habent quoque omnia vada
ipsorum super Danubium excepto Bodon
com|buri fecimus et destruj | desolarique
Footnotes:
CORBEA, p. 674, argues that this passage was introduced at the court of Buda, as it contradicts the diplomatic formula. Indeed, the use of "sciat" instead of the plural "sciatis," which is common in diplomatic correspondence, is at least unusual, but still proves the authenticity of the text. A processor or manipulator at the royal court would certainly not have omitted the use of the pluralis majestatis in relation to Matthias Corvinus.
Another indication that M was not created after W.
Regardless of whether we have an edited form here or not, the rhetoric of antemurale is evident. Cf. SRODECKI: Antemurale Christianitatis, p. 358; Andrei PIPPIDI: "La croisade au Bas Danube: les Roumains comme ‘rempart de la chrétienté’". In: Histoire des idées politiques de l’Europe centrale. Ed. by Chantal Delsol and Michel Maslowski. Paris 1998, p. 77-89. For a similar formulation, defensio fidei catolicae, cf. no. 3.
Because through the Bodon passage they can cause little harm, they still plan to bring troops and ships from Constantinople and Gallipoli, from the sea to the Danube. Therefore, my merciful lord, if it is Your Enlightened Highness's will to face them, then [may you] gather all the passages and your army, both cavalry and infantry, to bring them to these Transalpine parts, and here you can decide and choose to face them. And if Your Enlightened Highness does not wish to come in person, then may you send your army to your Transalpine parts, already by the feast of Saint Gregory the Martyr.
quod per vada Bodon* | minime nocere possunt. Sed vada et naues ex Canstan- |tinopoli* et Galipoli* per mare* ad Danubium volunt | adducere et intendunt* Ob hoc domine mi Graciose si vestre serenitatis | voluntas est cum eidem* habere conflictum, extunc* omnia vada | vestra populumque vestrum exercitualem tam equestrem quam | pedestrem congregare id* hasque partes nostras transalpinas | conducere hicque cum ipsis conflictum habere dignemini et | velitis Si autem eadem vestra serenitas solus cum suo capite venire | nollet extunc suum populum exercitualem ad partes suas || transeruas || Iam ad festum sancti Gregorij*294 martiris
Footnotes:
A scribe's error in the Tegernsee manuscript: it is highly probable that the original, as in the W manuscript, referred to "Saint George" (April 23) instead of "Saint Gregory" (March 12), which would have given little time for gathering and sending the army. Additionally, on Saint George’s day (osm. Hızır İlyas), an old custom existed, even before the Ottoman conquest, for collecting tributes (harac) from vassals, as well as the capitulation (cizye) from the subjects (zimmi) of the empire.
V. notes that he was informed about the mobilization of Ottoman troops and the preparations for sending transport ships to the Danube. Cf. Chalkokondyles in Corpus Draculianum (German), vol. 3, p. 23, and the Wallachian attack that would follow a few weeks later on Ottoman ships on the Danube (no. 157 and Adrian GHEORGHE / Albert WEBER: "Cezar of Florence, the Calamari and the Wallachians. An unpublished source about an undocumented period of Vlad Țepeș's second reign." In: SMIM 34 (2016), p. 61-72). The Ottomans had to send ships from the Black Sea, not having a Danube fleet before the 16th century (cf. Anca POPESCU: “The Ottoman Danube Flotilla (16th century)” in SMIM 21 (2003), p. 151-160). V.'s statement that the Ottomans would not attack via Vidin/Calafat is important. Whether the voivode wanted to cover up the fact that the Vidin passage remained undestroyed, or this passage simply was not an option for the Ottomans, is unclear. Except for Firuz Beğ’s incursion at the end of the 14th century, which used provincial and border troops, Vidin did not play a role in the Ottoman-Wallachian conflicts of the following centuries (COMAN: Power and Territory, p. 286-287). The explanation likely lies in the fact that Ottoman interior armies had to march a significantly longer distance from the major communication routes to Vidin, and that it was further away from the Wallachian princely courts.
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Which will be soon; Your Enlightened Highness should find it appropriate to arrange and send [it]. And if Your Enlightened Highness does not wish to give us all your people, then, as it is Your Enlightened Highness's will, please find it appropriate to offer us at least Transylvania and the lands of the Szeklers. If Your Enlightened Highness indeed wishes to give us any assistance, then Your Enlightened Highness should find it appropriate not to delay, but truly to make known to us your will, finding it appropriate to send our man, the bearer of this writing, without holding him back, but to send him back to us soon and quickly, because we in no way wish to abandon the work we have begun, but to see it through to the end. For if Almighty God listens to the prayers and petitions, inclining His gracious ears to the prayers of His humble Christian followers, He will grant such victories against the pagans, the enemies of the cross of Christ, just as He will do for Your Enlightened Highness and His sacred crown, and for the entire kingdom, the Christian faith will be honored and will bring the greatest benefit and spiritual gain.
proxime | affuturum* deputari et transmitti dignetur vestra. Si autem eadem | serenitas vestra totum suum populum dare nollet extunc* quantum serenitati vestre esset voluntas prebere dignaretur Saltim transfer- |uiam et siculorum partes Si vero serenitas vestra ullum* nobis dare | vellet subsidium tunc Serenitas vestra non aliqua proroga- |cione* tenere dignetur, sed veraciter nobis suam indicet | voluntatem hominem nostrum exhibitorem presentium hac vice | non retardare dignetur296 Serenitas vestra sed mox* et celeriter | remittere quoniam nullis modis rem inceptam derelinquere | sed ad finem volumus deducere, quod si deus omnipotens oracionibus | et suffragijs exauditis χρistianorum ad precesque suorum | humilium suas benignas inclinauerit aures nobisque | tales erga paganos crucis χρisti inimicos victorias prebu|erit eidem vestre Serenitati sueque sacre Corone totique regno | orthodoxe fidei χρistiane honor summus erit vtilitasque | et comodum spirituale,
Footnotes:
sed veraciter nobis suam indicet voluntatem hominem nostrum exhibitorem presentium hac vice non retardare dignetur – This missing phrase in W suggests that the original manuscript (likely more carefully written) may have left out this segment in the copy.
The distinction made by V. between the Transylvanians and the Szeklers reflects the military organization of the latter. The Szeklers formed a separate military corps from the Transylvanian army, led by their own comite (count). In exchange for fiscal immunity and privileges, the Szeklers were obliged to provide military services "from the first summons to arms until old age." During the reign of John Hunyadi and Matthias Corvinus, the position of comite of the Szeklers lost its autonomy, and in 1467, it was taken over by the voivode of Transylvania (cf. Zoltán KORDÉ: "The Office of Count of Székelys During the Reign of Sigismund of Luxembourg." In: Tortenelmi Szemle 46 (2004), no. 3-4, p. 193-239).
For we do not wish to flee from their cruelty, but in any way to have a confrontation with them. For if – God forbid! – something bad were to happen to us, and our small dominion (regniculum) were to perish in such a manner, Your Enlightened Highness would gain no benefit or profit from it, for it would be to the harm of all Christendom. Moreover, whatever this man of ours, Radiul Farma, will say, Your Enlightened Highness should believe it as if we ourselves had said it in your presence.
From the New Castle, on Thursday, at the feast of the Blessed Virgin Scholastica of Nursia, in the year of Our Lord fourteen hundred sixty-two.
Quum* non ipsorum* ferocitatem ipsorum fugere sed | conflictum modis* omnibus volumus cum ipsis habere Quod si | nobis quod deus auertat male successerit
regniculumque298 nostrum || jnterierit, neque idem. Serenitati vestre ex hoc* vtilitas | proueniet* et commodum quoniam toti* χρistianitati animati* esset in~detri|men- tum* Jnsuper quitquod* js homo noster radiul~farma* dictum | eidem Serenitati
tamquam in propria nostra persona cum
Serenitate vestra essemus | constituti. Ex Unigiuar* feria qujnta in festo beate | Scolastice virginis Anno domini millesimo quadringentesio sexagesimo secundo.*
Footnotes:
The use of the term regniculum (a diminutive of "kingdom") is often cited as an argument for the authenticity of this document. While this term is not recorded in the Hungarian royal chancery, its equivalent is found in the 15th-century Wallachian Slavic documents (COMAN, p. 25).
Radu Farma has been identified by Constantin Şerban as the secretary Radu (“Vlad Ţepeș's relations with Transylvania and Hungary,” Studii. Revista de Istorie 29 (1976), p. 1709); this identification is also proposed by IOSIPESCU, p. 75. Although a secretary by this name is indeed documented in Vlad's chancery in 1457, there is no proof connecting him with the envoy of 1462. The unusual surname has been used as an indication of the letter's potential falsity, arguing that Vlad would not have sent a modest official on one of his most important missions (STOIDE, p. 158). The uncertainty of the documentary situation makes it difficult to reliably identify Vlad’s most trusted men.
Bogdan identifies this location as Giurgiu, but a more convincing proposal comes from Şluşanschi, p. 437, who suggests that the name Wywar is derived from the Hungarian Ujvár, meaning "new castle" on the Dâmbovița River. Therefore, this toponym refers to the city of Bucharest, built in the previous years by Vlad (cf. also note 21: Wywar).
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Note, register: in which places, how many people were killed, in this case, in Turkey, by Lord Vlad, Voivode of the Transalpine regions, Bulgarians and Turks, of both sexes. First, in the places called Oblisica and Novazok, 1,250 Turks and Bulgarians were killed, etc. Similarly, in Dârstor and in Kartal...
Nota* registrum in~quibus locis quot* homines pro hac vice | in Turcia per dominum Vnlaad* parcium transalpinarum | vaiuodam* vtriusque sexus Turcj et bolgari* inter|empti sunt | Primo in oblisica et in Nonazok* locis sic vocatis turci et belgari| interempti sunt .i.m .iic .l. etc. || Jtem in Drechtar301 et in Cartari302 et
Footnotes:
The explicit inclusion of Bulgarians among the victims raises some questions. It seems that Vlad did not view the anti-Ottoman war from a religious perspective (at least not Orthodox), despite using the rhetoric of the Crusades. It is possible that he assumed killing Bulgarian schismatics would not generate negative reactions from the Catholic recipient. Indeed, Vlad was accused of killing numerous Christians only after propaganda agitation and later literary demonization (cf. German Accounts in Corpus Draculianum, vol. 2,1).
Oblucița, the old name of Isaccea, the most important crossing on the trade route from Poland along the Siret River to the Ottoman Empire. Regarding the identification of Oblucița with Isaccea, cf. Marcel Dumitru Ciucă: “From the Relations of Moldavia with the Ottoman Empire during the Reign of Bogdan III,” RdI 31 (1978), p. 1259-1262. Also, cf. Oruc P in Corpus Draculianum (German), vol. 3, p. 153.
Bogdan discusses the possibility that this might refer to a Novoselo (Slavic for “new village”). Due to the large number of villages with this name in northern Bulgaria, the identification remains imprecise. It is possible that the Wallachian army attacked a larger village in the hinterland of Isaccea. According to Şluşanschi, p. 435, this must have been located either west of Oblucița or between the Danube's branches toward its mouth. Therefore, it could be Yeni Köy (Turkish for “new village”).
Aydemir and between the two rivers, 6,840. Similarly, 343 were killed in Hârșova. Similarly, 840 were killed in Vetren. Similarly, 630 were killed in Turkama. Likewise, surrounding, they took his fortress, and only one tower remained.
n Aldemir306 et inter do potroni307 | vim.viiic.v[x]l* | Jtem in Orzoma308 interempti sunt iijc xliii.* | Jtem* in Vetrem309 interempti sunt viiic xl. | Jtem* in Turkanna310 sunt interempti vic xxx. | Jtem Castra eciam* eiusdem circumferentis* acceperunt vna sola* turris | re|mansit*|
Footnotes:
In the Ottoman register from 1530, Aydemir/Ayademir is mentioned about 8 km from Silistra (cf. POPESCU: The Ottoman Imperial Integration, no. 24, p. 103). Today, Aydemir is located on the Danube’s bank.
A convincing toponym identified by ŞLUȘANSCHI, p. 436: inter dio potami = “between the two rivers,” meaning between the branches of the Danube.
NĂSTUREL, p. 127: Hârșova; also mentioned in Oruc P. (Corpus Draculianum (germ.), vol. 3, p. 153).
NĂSTUREL, p. 127, aligns with CAZACU’s proposal for identifying it with Vardim. However, it is more likely to be Vetrem (Ottoman Vetrene), in the Silistra district, mentioned in the first half of the 16th century in Ottoman registers (cf. 370 Numaralı Muhâsebe-i Vilâyet-i Rûm-İli Derfeteri (937/1530). Vol. 2. Ankara 2002, p. 383; POPESCU: The Ottoman Imperial Integration, no. 26, p. 103). The small village of Vetren is located on the Danube’s bank, about 18 km from Silistra and 40 km from Turtucaia (cf. infra), while Vardim is about 190 km from Silistra.
BOGDAN: Tutrakan (Romanian Turtucaia).
Nearly two decades earlier, in 1445, following a Wallachian attack led by Mircea, Vlad’s brother, and supported by the Burgundian and papal fleets, this tower was captured, and the Ottoman garrison was arrested and then executed (cf. the report by Jehan de Wavrin: Chroniques d’Angleterre. In: Colin IMBER (ed.): The Crusade of Varna, 1443-45. Burlington 2006, p. 144-147).
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Similarly, 210 were killed in Maroten. Similarly, in Giurgiu, on both sides, 6,414 were killed. Similarly, the fortress on the other side of the Danube was conquered and taken. The commander of the fortress, the zabas, was undoubtedly killed, and Hamza Beğ was captured there. Also, the zabas of Nicopolis, the son of Firuz Beğ, was captured [and we] cut off their heads. All the Turks who were part of Nicopolis, the most important among them, perished together with him.
Jtem jn Maroten312 interempti sunt ijc.x. || Jtem* in Gregio313 ab ambabus partibus interempti sunt vjm.iiijc.xiiij.* | Jtem castrum que* ex altera* parte Danubij314 habitum expugnatum | est et receptum dominus castri videlicet zabas occisus* | est et Hanicabeg* ibidem apprehensus* est et zabas315 de Ni|copol* filius Phirnebug316 eciam apprehensus est et decolla|uimus; quotquot eciam turcj de pertinencijs* Nicopol fuerunt, po|ciores omnes cum eodem interierunt|
Footnotes:
Maroten (cf. COMAN, p. 275-277). In the Ottoman register from 1479 (OAK 45/29), this village is recorded in the sancak of Nicopolis as part of the hinterland of Giurgiu (tābiʾ-i Yerkökü). Of the 659 aspri (akçe), representing its total revenue, 500 were likely reserved for a military ocak (unit where an individual was an active soldier, and the others were assistants), probably akıncı-i, and the remaining 159 aspri were to be collected from the 5 households (hane) not belonging to this ocak. This indicates that the ocak consisted of 20 houses and that 25 households with at least 100 inhabitants were recorded for the entire village. The mention of the 500 aspri as exemption from the harac tax suggests that the inhabitants of this village were not Muslims. Cf. Turski Izvori za Bălgarskata Istorija. Ed. by Boris NEDKOV. Vol. 2. Sofia 1966, p. 198-199. In the 16th century, the village was in the district of Niğbolu (Nicopolis) (cf. BOA registers TD 370, p. 556 (Çerçin), TD 382, p. 81, and TD 467, p. 17).
Giurgiu. The identification by BOGDAN is widely accepted.
BOGDAN: Ruse.
This might refer to the military rank of subaşı, subordinate and deputy, as needed, to the city commander.
IORGA suggests reading it as Firuz Beğ. A certain Firuzoğlu (“son of Firuz”) Mehmed Beğ is attested in 1444 as sancak-beğ of Nicopolis. He was a holder of large estates in the Tarnovo region (cf. Stefka PARVEVA: Village, town and people in the Ottoman Balkans: 16th–mid 19th century, Istanbul 2009, p. 156). Since this "son of Firuz Beğ" is indicated to be the subaşı of Nicopolis, it is possible this refers to another member of the Firuzoğlu family. It is also possible to connect his name to Yunus Beğ, mentioned in Ottoman chronicles (cf. Enveri and (Pseudo)Ruhi Çelebi in Corpus Draculianum (germ.), vol. 3, p. 91 and 159).
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Similarly, 384 were killed in Pirgos, Batin, and Nongrad. In Șiștov and in two towns within its area, 410 were killed.
Jtem in Pirgos317 et Batin318 & in Nou- grad319 interempti sunt iijc.lxxxiiij.* | Jn Finston320 et in duobus opidis eiusdem pertinentibus interempti sunt iiijc.x.
Footnotes:
The identification of Pirgos with Turnu, proposed by BOGDAN and accepted by most researchers, has been questioned by Leon Șimanschi, Alexandru Kuzev, and Gheorghe Cantacuzino, who prefer the village Pirgovo in Bulgaria (ȘLUȘANSCHI, p. 436, note 22, and CANTACUZINO: Cetăţile medievale, p. 73). This latter identification can be supported by two arguments. First, it explains why Pirgos/Pirgovo is listed next to Batin and Novgrad, all these villages being situated 10-15 km from the Bulgarian bank of the Danube. In contrast, Turnu is about 50 km away on the Romanian side. Secondly, in Pirgovo, between the 14th and 16th centuries, there was an important fortified tower mentioned in Ali Paşa's conquests in Mehmed Neşri's chronicle. It is also mentioned in 16th-century Ottoman sources under the name Despot Pirgoz (cf. Machiel KIEL: "Mevlana Neşri and the towns of medieval Bulgarian Historical and Topographical Notes." In: Studies in Ottoman History in Honour of Professor V. L. Ménage. Ed. by Colin HEYWOOD and Colin IMBER. Istanbul 1994, p. 165-187, here p. 182, and especially note 54). The village is listed as Desbot Berġoz in the 1479 register with 27 houses and a revenue of 5,089 aspri (Turski Izvori, vol. 2, p. 192-193). In the 16th century, it was part of the district of Çernovi (370 Numaralı, p. 556, cf. also the map on p. 152).
BOGDAN: The village Batin, now in the Ruse province. In 1479, 53 houses and 2 widows were recorded there, along with a total income of 5,400 aspri (akçe) (Turski Izvori, vol. 2, p. 326/327). Since the inhabitants are listed as exempt from taxes, it is likely that they performed military service in exchange. They probably belonged to Christian paramilitary units such as the voynuks. Regarding this institution, see Yavuz ERCAN: Osmanlı İmparatoluğunda Bulgarlar ve Voynuklar. Ankara 1989. In the 16th century, it was part of the Çernovi district (370 Numaralı, p. 557).
BOGDAN's identification of Novgrad is convincing, but there are multiple settlements with this name. POP: Ecouri italiene, p. 234: Ruse [Novigrad]. However, this hypothesis is contradicted by the geographical context of the enumeration, as Novgrad is mentioned next to Batin and Pirgos, as well as by the very small number of victims. Therefore, the only viable identification remains the village Novaġrād, recorded in the 1479 register with 5 houses and 1,260 akçe (Turski Izvori, vol. 2, p. 174/175). The remaining inhabitants were exempt from taxes, most likely in exchange for military service. In the 16th century, this village was part of the Tırnova district (370 Numaralı, p. 538; cf. the map on p. 152). See also KIEL: "Mevlana Neşri", p. 181. The village is located on the Yantrei River, a tributary of the Danube.
BOGDAN: Șvistov or Șiștov (Ottoman: Ziştova), between Ruse and Nicopolis. In 1479, 4 Muslim households (hane), 200 Christians, and 4 widows were recorded there, along with a total income of 33,996 akçe (Turski Izvori, vol. 2, p. 244-245). At the beginning of the 16th century, the settlement was also mentioned by Neşri (cf. Kiel: Mevlana Neşri, p. 182-183). Cf. 370 Numaralı, p. 512.
Similarly, the penises(?) were cut (?) and impaled. Similarly, the ford at Nicopolis was completely burned and destroyed. Similarly, in Somovid and Ghighen, 1,318 were killed. Similarly, in the town of Oratova, 1,560 were killed. Similarly, the ford there was completely burned.
labas autem de sinstos et in palum tractus* Jtem vadus de Nicopol combustus est omnio* & destructus || Jtem [in]* Zomonid321 et in Gingin322 interempti* sunt .jm.iijc.xviii.* | Jtem* in opido Oratona* interempti sunt .jm. vc. lx.* | Jtem vadum ibidem totaliter est combustum et
Footnotes:
BOGDAN proposes Zimnicea, but IORGA's suggestion is more convincing, as it is confirmed by Ottoman records. The village (ḳariye) Somovīd is recorded in 1479 as part of the hinterland of Nicopolis (tābiʾ-i Niğbolı) and the ḥāṣṣ of the sancakbey (ḥāṣṣ-i mīr-liva): 99 houses, 8 widows, and a total revenue of 15,103 akçe. In the 16th century, the village of Somovīt is mentioned in the Nicopolis district (370 Numaralı, p. 512). Today, it still carries the same name and is located on the banks of the Danube.
BOGDAN's identification with the village Ghighen (Ottoman: Gīgān), located between Nicopolis and Rahova, is confirmed by the 1479 register, which records 79 houses and 10 widows, as well as a total revenue of 12,762 aspri (Turski Izvori, vol. 2, p. 252-253). The fact that these revenues do not include ispence indicates that the inhabitants were not Muslims. The locality was part of the timar of the brothers Evrenos and Zaim, who provided military services in return. These details, as well as the exemption from ispence for the inhabitants, suggest that they provided soldiers for the military obligations of the timar holders. For the 16th century, see 370 Numaralı, p. 512.
During the campaign in Bosnia in the spring of 1476, V. personally cut off the limbs of Ottoman prisoners and impaled them (cf. note 89). For the use of impaling in Wallachia and other corporal punishments, see note 219.
The mention of the ford implies that V. did not attack the town itself, which, along with Vidin, represented the most important Ottoman base on the Danube, thus benefiting from appropriate fortifications. In 1479, the population recorded was 308 Muslim households, 446 Christians, as well as another 318 exempt from ispence and cizye, as they provided soldiers for the müsellem troops stationed in the garrison. According to KIEL's calculations, the total population must have been around 5,000. Cf. the Ottoman register with code OAK 45/29 published in Turski Izvori, vol. 2, p. 298-321 and KIEL: "Mevlana Neşri", p. 183.
Typically, the term oppidum in the chancery vocabulary referred to a small town without fortifications (cf. Laurenţiu RĂDVAN: At Europe's Borders: Medieval Towns in the Romanian Principalities. Leiden 2010, p. 145-146).
There, Captain Nagoi of Oraoia was appointed by Prince Vlad. Similarly, in the aforementioned places, everywhere there were fords, these were all burned and destroyed, and people of both sexes, young and children and infants, were killed in the same way. Every mentioned place was left destroyed. These mentioned are, therefore, only those who were killed, whose heads and identifying marks were [shown] to our servants appointed in all the aforementioned areas. Otherwise, those who were not shown or were burned in their homes, we do not know their number because many died this way, etc.
ibidem capitaneus | fuit Nagoi* de Oraoia* per dominum Vulaad* constitutus | Jtem in suprascriptis* locis vbique vada fuerunt que omnia com|busta* sunt et destructa homines autem vtriusque | sexus juuenes et paruuli cum infantibus pariter | occisi sunt, omnisque locus suprascriptus destructus | remansit Jsta autem supra- scripta interemptorum | solum sunt quorum capita et signa* sunt officiali|bus nostris ad omnes* partes suprascriptas constitutis qui* | aliter non sint* ostensi aut in domibus combusti* quorum | numerum ignoramus quia quam plures sic* interierunt etc.*
Footnotes:
Surely an important person. Based on inscription no. 3 (→), an initial attempt at identification can be made. This Neagoe must have been Neagoe from Craiova, the ancestor of the Craiovești family, who was elevated together with his kin to the rank of vlastel by Vladislav II somewhere between 1447 and 1456. The fact that he is mentioned by name suggests that Neagoe must have been quite well known at the royal court in Hungary, and perhaps even part of a pro-Hungarian faction. An alternative identification, given the current documentary situation, is impossible. In Vlad's documents, no Neagoe is mentioned. The paharnic Neagoe from the council of Vladislav II is no longer attested after 1453 (DRH, B, vol. 1, no. 111, p. 193-194). The comis Neagoe as well as the vornic Neagoe from the council of Radu the Handsome are not mentioned before 1464 and 1466, respectively (DRH, B, vol. 1, no. 123, p. 208-209 and no. 130, p. 222-223). It cannot be proven if this Neagoe is identical with the commander of the army or the beglerbegi of Vlad sent to the eastern border of Wallachia during the Ottoman campaign of the summer of 1462 (cf. Ottoman chronicles, especially Tursun Beğ (Corpus Draculianum (germ.), vol. 3, p. 127).
This formulation suggests that the method of accounting was prepared in advance before the campaign started, which would explain the very detailed figures.
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Postscript
Due to the special importance of the present document, a true unique in the history of Wallachia, a more in-depth historical commentary is necessary. A detailed reconstruction of the military operations during these incursions across the Danube has so far been made only by Marian Coman, who also created a map of these operations. The main weak point in previous reconstructions lies in the fact that they took into account very little, or nothing at all, of the chronicles, and especially the Ottoman registers (defterler), which provide valuable clues about the inhabitants of the affected settlements. Oruc's manuscript (Ms. P) accurately reports that Vlad divided his troops into six columns, ordering them to attack six different points across the Danube: Isaccea (osm. Saḳci), Hârşova (osm. Hırşova), Silistra, Turtucaia (osm. Tutrakan), Ruse, and Nicopole. This division explains how the Wallachian troops could operate over the impressive distance of 600 km without losing the element of surprise, thus preventing the mobilization of akıncı-i troops and the formation of significant resistance centers around them. That this was the case is confirmed by the report of Cezare of Florence (no. 157). From this, it follows that Vlad could personally command only one of the columns, most likely the one targeting the most important Ottoman settlement, Nicopole. Not far from him, in the immediately adjacent territory, was that mysterious "Nagoi" (Neagoe from Craiova?). Given the importance of his operation and the explicit mention by name in the letter to the King of Hungary, it is suspected that "Nagoi" was a key figure in Vlad's entourage, perhaps even that anonymous commander of his army sent against the Moldavian troops a few months later (cf. Chalkokondyles in Corpus Draculianum, vol. 3).
The Ottoman registers from the 15th century and the first half of the 16th century allow the following conclusions to be drawn: 1. the majority of fortified settlements, namely cities (Isaccea, Hârşova, Silistra, Turtucaia, Nicopole), were important hubs of akıncı-i, frequently recorded in the mühimme defterleri from the first half of the 16th century; 2. most villages and small settlements either fulfilled military duties and were largely inhabited by Christians (Marotin, Despot Pirgoz, Batin, Novgrad), or were under the possession of the local sancāk-beği (Somovid). Of the 21 mentioned settlements, half can with some certainty be associated with Ottoman military institutions. Regarding the others, especially those in modern Dobrogea, no useful data is available. The registers from the end of the 16th century do not allow conclusions to be drawn about realities from over a century earlier. This circumstance, along with the massive (re)colonizations in later centuries, complicates the identification of the Dobrogean settlements attacked by Vlad's forces. In contrast, settlements in Northern Bulgaria still exist today, almost all on the same sites as in the 15th century. A geographical contextualization of the mentioned places confirms this.
Map from CD:
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I used ChatGPT to translate all of this so no doubt there are a lot of mistakes, If you know German or Romanian you should try the real books:
Or some videos from Corpus Draculianum channel:
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vladdocs · 4 months ago
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Is it possible that we know nothing about Vlad's first wife because, well... she didn't exist? That he had bedmates and lovers (and those rendezvous resulted in children) but did not actually married any of them? Honestly, it would explain why there's zero information about his first partner - no one at that time would bother themselves with writing about some concubine(s) of a voievode. It would also explain why Vlad was able to marry Justina Szilagyi just like that. Christianity forbid bigamy so Vlad would not have married Justina if he already had a wife waiting for him in Wallachia. It always seemed to me that Justina was Vlad's only wife and the 'first wife' is just a product of romanticized mytho that grew around Vlad. A mytho that got very strong after Coppola's 1992 Dracula came out.
You are kinda right, Vlad had 1 Wallchian concubine and 2 Hungarian wives, you can learn about Vlad's love life here:
youtube
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vladdocs · 4 months ago
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youtube
NEW VIDEO! Enjoy!
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vladdocs · 4 months ago
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Hey! What can we say about Vlad's personality ?
CD has a short about this with ENG subtitles:
youtube
But the even shorter version is that we don't know since we don't have documents where Vlad talked about himself
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