#except for subsurface stuff

[lunavagans]

I cannot be bothered to put a lot of effort into shading the sketch, but it looks nice enough now, so I‘ll call it quits. The right version is the one with the honor of becoming my new profile pic, which is also why the background is pretty much only behind the head and shoulders.

I actually made multiple early versions of shading to decide where the light source should be and what colour, and eventually I wanted to try to imitate the scene from the volcano duel because I hated all I had at that point. It ended up with some pretty wacky colours and eventually became the one I developed further while the others got murked. So, yeah. There‘s actually context behind this.

[xtruss]

Alcatraz Island still draws tourists for its history as a federal penitentiary. But it also has a rich past as little-known military base, erected to guard against foreign invasion. Image Credit: Mbprojekt Maciej Bledowski, iStock

Ground-Penetrating Radar Reveals Military Structures Buried Beneath Alcatraz Penitentiary

Using non-invasive techniques, archaeologists have confirmed the presence of a coastal fortification beneath what was once the prison’s recreation yard.

— By Katherine J. Wu, Published March 4, 2019 | August 02, 2023

Alcatraz might be best known as a popular tourist destination, the site of the former high-security prison that once held Al Capone. But a team of archaeologists has now unveiled new evidence of this San Francisco Bay island’s often overlooked military history.

In the study, published last Thursday in the journal Near Surface Geophysics, researchers used non-invasive technologies to pull back the curtain on a stunningly well-preserved 19th century coastal fortification that lies beneath the ruins of this infamous federal penitentiary. The work confirms that while prison construction in the early 1900s destroyed much of the former military installation, several structures were buried more or less intact, enshrining a critical sliver of Alcatraz’s colorful past.

“This really changes the picture of things,” says study author Timothy de Smet, an archaeologist at Binghamton University. “These remains are so well preserved, and so close to the surface. They weren’t erased from the island—they’re right beneath your feet.”

Study author Timothy de Smet used non-invasive techniques to create a subsurface map of remains of Alcatraz Island's former military fortification. Image Credit: Timothy de Smet, Binghampton University

Prior to the mid-1800s, Alcatraz Island was a barren strip of land capable of supporting little more than a raucous population of seabirds. But in the wake of the California Gold Rush, the United States government looked to the rocky outcrop as a potential military base to protect the newly bustling city from foreign invasion. Over the next several decades, a stone- and brick-based fortification was erected, then rebuilt as earthen structures better equipped to handle erosion. But Alcatraz struggled to keep pace with the rapid changes in artillery during and after the Civil War era, and by the late 1800s, the island’s defenses were essentially obsolete. Military pursuits on Alcatraz were abandoned shortly thereafter.

When the island’s prison was erected around the turn of the 20th century, little physical evidence of its former architecture remained—or so many thought. The new study, led by de Smet, says otherwise. To look beneath the surface, the researchers deployed ground-penetrating radar, which pulses electromagnetic waves into the earth, returning signals that can visualize remains without excavation. The strategy uncovered a labyrinth of subterranean structures, including an earthwork traverse, a kind of defensive trench, running beneath the penitentiary’s former recreation yard.

“Below the Surface, Alcatraz is Still Full of Mysteries”

“This really reinforces what several historians and archaeologists had long suspected,” says study author and Alcatraz historian John Martini. “Up until this point, we had nothing to go on except for a few visible trace remains and maps—and a lot of suspicion.”

In a way, Martini says, the findings reflect just how limited real estate was on Alcatraz, which clocks in at less than 50 acres. “On a small island, there’s only so many places you can build,” he says. “And it’s unlikely they went to the trouble of demolishing all this stuff.”

A 15-inch Rodman cannon and its gun crew, 1869. These were the largest guns mounted on Alcatraz. Image Credit: National Park Service, Golden Gate National Recreation Area

Because they’re both sensitive and non-destructive, techniques like ground-penetrating radar are crucial for these kinds of investigations, and can complement historical records that survived the era, says Jolene Babyak, an Alcatraz historian who was not involved in the study.

With these results in hand, de Smet and his colleagues plan to continue archaeological investigations under Alcatraz. Going forward, only time will tell what this rock will reveal, Martini says. “Below the surface, Alcatraz is still full of mysteries,” he says. “There’s still a whole lot to be learned.”

Soldiers posing in the island’s ordnance yard. A brick Citadel capped the summit of Alcatraz. 1869. Image Credit: National Park Service, Golden Gate National Recreation Area

[the-firebird69]

Charlotte County’s Sunseeker Resort sale sparks community discussion https://winknews.com/2025/02/05/charlotte-countys-sunseeker-resort-sale-sparks-community-discussion/

They're planning on selling it yes they're planning on selling the airline and they're going to sell it pretty soon they have requested bids and with it proposals as to what's it going to do with it most of their planes are 737s so it would be short runs some of them say they're going to open runs to all over the place and they don't want to hear that we do have a way of doing it but really it's public stock it's a public offering and they have no right to ask people for any information since they're going to offer it publicly other people will have to run it and our son and daughter said to them if it's not private but nothing. So that's out the window it says that in the article then the numbers are all over the place they don't know how much it's worth and our son and daughter say about 80 million and that's about right they spent probably 60 million building it is not true they put too much in no they're slow and lazy and the guys were making a cost more they're going to ask like 120 million and people wonder why they're selling it it seems to go okay except he had no money and they say this their idea didn't work and they were going to try and grab him and that's what they said do you think they have subsurface issues in other words they think that the harbor will sink in a screwed it's not really true the cavern will sink under that is some kind of asteroid shell of iron they think they think that will collapse but it won't for a long long time one or 200,000 years and they're not sitting on anything that will sink and their piles are pretty deep for where they are so people want to ask those questions our son and daughter and we figured out that they can't afford to run it that people are at them all the time and it is to sell the thing people want to buy it and take information from people it is going to be a public sale as part of the allegiant Air company Trump is starting to sell things again and he's trying to screw around with the stock exchange what you saw in the video was fake the Miami exchange is pretty big. So we're going ahead and we are going to take them apart and we're going to buy tons of stuff allegiant is one of them JetBlue is another new airline discover is another they're going to sell them all. There's a bunch of stuff coming up for sale from them and once again it's out in the Midwest and it's already lost and we it's probably 60% empty and the rest of it's going pretty good and it's going to try and sell those businesses so if he takes any of it and we buy we're going to be taking it from him and other people will say that too it's going on now that he's selling off mostly what is missing and thinks that he's a smart person and we retrieve the money it isn't hard and we keep it now he's losing a lot of stuff a lot of businesses but in the upper Midwest it's around 70% of them that's in the middle areas and he's going to lose all of them coming up shortly and Big Time.

--one of the biggest questions our son and daughter have what is the suit jacket for usually it's for casual things Church a lot of times it's Church golf down here would be golf some kind of meeting like Tupperware management or that delivery thing did Mr Nunez was doing there's a list of stuff yeah Mr Nunez he was the work of art and it might have been Trump farting and sucking the air in and he tied Joey federman. That's looking quite an impressive person.

the suit coat is also for dinners some places require it and he went to one and we think he wore the jacket people say that's him wearing it right there there's a couple other places that you would wear it naturally and you would wear it you know as a normal thing to do and that's if you go to theater a lot of people wear those out here I hope he goes on a cruise if he's invited on a cruise ship or a big boat if he has to appear as a witness he can wear that because it's Florida it's better off with a suit they have worn these jackets and a lot of events out here practically everything art shows and even at the home show. Most parties that were here in semi-formal basis and lots of them are celebrations birthdays anniversaries so he's wondering who and there's a few people Stan might be one and he might want to have someone along there's no dress code at the VA but he would possibly go to an appointment or two where you're sort of required to dress up it is wondering what that would be and he might have to drive even if he gets new glasses because of the radiation he has meetings at the planning board because he is a larger landholder and he has realtor meetings and our son says I can find a century 21 badge it says you don't want to put a hole in the jacket it says aren't they clip-ons like the time down here the tires down here and he says no. They're all old and they do with the old way this is what about Uncle Phil he says yeah it's probably a clip on so Uncle Phil's kind of smiling cuz yeah that would be him with the clip on a few other things but yeah it's it's a hell of a day here but the jacket would really be good for a lot of things and people have to keep in mind that it's his and not yours and we don't want to hear from you Jason so we're going to penalize you and you're a moron and we're going to take your stuff and have people wear clothing in your realm it's very bad if you do it to him you end up dead two strikes. We know what it's for Ken and Justin really have any formal events right now that they go to but Ken might be going to court to get some things out of his brother that would be Trump and her son might go with him and he says be ready for farts we're going to use them to distract them and he says please don't do that he says it's already been planned and he says yeah probably so he's up for that he says I'm going to smell my dockors up. It says I need you to shut up and heat rises so he's looking at him and he's saying could you stop says yeah I'll just move the jacket around and release it he says so that's a possibility and Ken has been thinking about it and going to court about risperdal and he might drag our sign into that but really it's just to see a lawyer to add their names but they would wear that. Our son would put it in a bag and put it in his backpack folded nicely so at the way home we have a few things like that but they also sometimes go to parties Castle might have one yeah I don't dress up sometimes these places do but these guys don't do anything for them.

So they're asking us once again what it's for. At least that is several events that require it coming up in Florida and he says what events and I guess you don't know but Ellie does and she's saying in the letter and it's someone in Florida and it's not Mom and he says I don't think Uncle Phil's gone and she says oh yeah so Uncle Phil is not BG. People say that he passed away and he says I don't have any time to get ready and they're saying yes you do and there are two events a wake and a funeral and you wear the casual to the wake and the suit to the funeral and they got to get you out of here they said those big ones are starting to go okay so Uncle Phil is still around and what he said was at the shelter that I'm dying from cancer and it's not BG and our son says isn't there anything they can do you think she comes back and it is true we think he does come back and he becomes a troll and he does other stuff and he does go to the Lord of the rings and his wife is in it too not really. Most of them stay home. But yeah he might be somewhere sitting there and everybody's fighting over it and they can't get him out so that's what they do they have a funeral and they bring the big wings in and they pull them out usually threatening the big ways and stuff so Ellie is not related but there he is part of their group and he got she got instructions that is and to send the stuff and he said what and they got the jacket for you so that's coming up pretty quick real quick in the next few days should get that package and then it's time to go out there to Orlando and Frank and Aunt Rose might come by and pick you up and he says do I need a voucher LOL and they say no it says we'll get fill out of there he's just going to complain to me afterwards but that's the way it is with Phil and then said you already know it and why I say it instead It had to be said. And it's one of your friends from back school it is but at least to talk and they got things done they were helping society. Brad was doing some of his work and then he did this Buffalo stance thing and everybody was s******* their pants but it actually made them aware it's not a bad idea so he kept doing it and people start saying I hate this s*** right away this is not really normal it says I'm eating a nice s*** right away and it's not normal either so he's slow down on it but really people start to pay attention it's actually one of our sons ideas and a son forgot about it and Brad forgot too it says all this s*** in the river and the Prilosec are making people s*** all the time he'll shut up Peter he says shut up Peta. He's laughing he says my go-kart can beat your car so does any car can be my car it's probably not working any laughs says yeah that's funny. But yeah I can but he wants to know if he's over there at the county Fair says no but he has some in there fast and you can make little cars and he only has the medium chassis people don't make automobiles but yeah he might try and get in that would be fun and Trump wants to take over the company wants to know if he does large ones or can you get them so yeah he can get those and he says okay and they're moving out

Coming up this week and he's saying I don't know if he already died and he says where's BG in the movie oh yeah he might be actually the leed. Bilbo baggins no it's frodo and he says yeah that's me and it means something it's not the froth of a beer thank you though Bilbo and man you're a weird guy and it's true he's strange I wonder who that is it's a good job in westborough it was tough and it was because of the Mac proper he says to our son and it's true sounds pretty young at the time I didn't know exactly what was happening but I found the story out later and it was kind of the hard way I have a small construction business later and I'm in a different school but it's college and it's good we're all there and we think that it's kind of like quinsigamond but it's not it's actually a branch of Harvard and he smiles and says good later in life we're doing a roof it's very big we had trouble getting supplies and I think it's the wife of his and he she thinks he's dead but I will tell you there are secrets in life very big secrets terrifying secrets big huge iron crosses they get small in my life to bigger and yeah they're getting the hell out of here the hard way it's going down and I can't help it I can't resist it and it's going to take me take me there into the dirt and he said that's enough for further episodes please send $7 to Steve Rick Steve and his and the girls all over the world and I have some time to go to westboro. So he overdoes it with that guy you said all that stuff and he said I don't know if I can remember it yeah I can it sounds like a fledgling guy doing it so he tried to get him into the camera thing and was just absolutely shocked at what they're doing wasting time doing 3D stuff screwing around with it recording all sorts of dumb things it doesn't go the way you wanted says the history here is very steep and we think other people don't want it out Eli Whitney and there's a lot more than that this was the headquarters for the revolutionary war you might want to recall that and tell other people and we have to organize well I'm getting made honorary in the Continental Congress I was in like the other one centennial or something and Pennsylvania bunch. This is really rude and he says he's really rude but he's a baby giant and he can't help it and the testosterone levels of mine are like twice yours he said holy s*** no you should not do testosterone it's like crack cocaine it doesn't really work right so he tried it and says it is not good for us and St John's Wort sucks this psychoactive medicine is awful Prilosec is the worst medicine I've ever heard of it makes everybody s*** this s******* people everywhere and it's awful they're stuck in radiation and I went to the hospital to visit people and I have heard it before but I didn't see it that much and yeah it's horrible but I think we can make some money with it a scary monster movie she said you're nuts but yeah probably

It was one thing that forced Ken out of the hospital he says Uncle Paul yeah he has to go there there's so much junk in his body and it works and you helped him and I appreciate it and you did something for me and I had to work ethic and strengthened it but I was ready to face that kind of politics it's very steep and there's a whole bunch of it so he's fine and said we're not ready either it's a little tough and it did a good job I did a good job was fun and I learned and I work at Julio's to go down and you can be crabby some woman I think that the partner of mine there is going to jump over the counter so he's watching one day yes I noticing and he's watching Jeff and these women come up and they're so nasty you think you think that someone would harm them but Jeff knows what they go through and you did too and you kind of putting up with it but Avon was too much that little s*** was a huge a****** she still is good Lord so we're getting to these things and a funeral is no fun at Uncle Phil and her son have a long history of working together no but they do have a history of doing it and her son will be commended for his work with Uncle Phil even though he's going to get out Uncle Phil will see it and he's going to get a plaque it comes with it no. Not this time but Uncle Phil wants to have one and he says he probably should and other stuff like that but really the foreigners don't want him to at all and they don't really want to go to the funeral and get money but this is already happened I can't seem to do it no one can seem to pull him out and. Some people want him to go there Jason and Trump sometimes others but not really and they're trying to get him to do it we of course don't want our son to be kidnapped but that's a driving force and you can see the idiots there at the Goodwill place so it's coming up and he talked to him about being sick and it's pretty sharp he's an old man and he's Sharp some of these guys are still like that Uncle Frank Mac Daddy and some others they're pretty sharp and they don't let on but he turned it up said I remember you and yeah those things you can do and he's saying there's a lot of stuff you can do it says I tried it all but no he didn't and he heard it too there's triple therapy which is a new one in the works great on everybody it's targeted immune therapy do you do things like the laser knife and you do chemo and it works real well and they support each other and people usually had to go down a little and he said with hyperoxygenation you can't lose and that was the one that caught his eye and you have to flush so he's asking about what that is and our son said it you have to eat right you have to check your blood level of oxygen you get a tank and use it you can go to a hyperbaric chamber but you need to use the oxygen all the time hyperbaric chamber only works as long as you're in it so he said thank you and he saw you healing like madness and he said what do I do eat and drink as much as you can and good stuff and he did he felt a lot better and it was getting a little better so he continued doing it and then he came here a few times and got sick and he was already sick as he I guess we're going to move out but we're going downtown again basically dreaded shrimp she had Jamie chomo the incredible a****** yeah we have Trump already now it's you what do you think you're doing you a****** that's what our son says just what are you doing so we're getting ready to help out right now

Thor Freya

I think you both for filling us in and we're talking about it and for my husband for asking me what I think about it I think it's great we're finally going to do something this is so damn boring and these people are heinous I'm tired of them trading looks and yelling things and it's a mental patient it's a mental hospital. Who needs to commit him in one when he's in one. So we saw stand out there and he's in the Sun and then we can have a blast away from the water he wanted to see it and what the effects were and the lady coughed a little and my husband coughed a little and he says you guys are immuned and my husband says I am it's like doing something else to me and he says I sometimes get that but he's not getting it lately and he knows he's in trouble so she says I feel sick and she's not really a friend but he helped her out and they left and he says he's a good boy he doesn't know we're fighting and says no he does but he wants you to survive so when we turn you'll be here be softly said and I want you to be here too and she was tearing up and said I'm going to try so she's trying she says don't ask him to help if he's going to be a crybaby it says that's just it right there I'm a baby she got a little sad since you're in the wrong place at the wrong time and he said you're calling African music but I know the song and it's not me and the Mac proper holding me here and everybody else is here and it probably is that movie so we need to talk to Gene Hackman it's a mission if you guys want to do it and they said we're going to do it so they're off to do that find out why they're here at the wrong time and the wrong place so it's going okay he's getting stuff he needs and things but it is sad we have had our share of incidents in close calls we don't need anymore done on purpose either for comic books and boy do you suck Jason

We're going to print this is very important

Thor Freya

Olympus

[bobcat-pie]

I was thinking about stuff I could do on my computer if I was ever without wifi. Obviously, I've got my music, and my pirated copy of Godzilla Vs. Biollante, but I figured I'd probably have some random PDFs laying around too.

some notable ones i've found:

a legally obtained copy of V for Vendetta

Pennsylvania micromobility fact sheet

Several academic papers on anthropomorphism in autism (it was for a V for Vendetta essay)

Lebanese restaurant menu

a Farcille fancomic

Hydrothermal vents fact sheet

Historical Common Names of Great Plains Plants, with Scientific Names by Elaine Nowick (i dont remember why when or how i got this)

Imperial Japan's Human Experiments Before And During World War Two by Alan Vanderbrook (...i have even less of an idea than the last one why i would have this)

a completely blank page with the name "sex_pressure"

map of the famous donut trail

a review of The Etruscan World (???? I have beef with the etruscans and i hate reading book reviews. why do i have this)

Baby Ben® alarm clock manual (i do not own a Baby Ben alarm clock)

an article on that famous self-administered electric shocks experiment

sewing pattern for a cape

Redevelopment potential of landfills. A case study of six New Jersey projects by J.B. Wiley, III& B, Asadi

letter in which the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency reads Sherwin-Williams for filth

The ILLUSTRATED ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GODZILLA by Ed Godziszewski

GOOD AND CHEAP, a budget cookbook by Leanne Brown

local creek water quality survey (it was bad)

The temperature of Europa’s subsurface water ocean by H.J. Melosh, A.G. Ekholm, A.P. Showman, and R.D. Lorenz (it's surprising!)

Walk-thru Metal Detector Medical Exception Form

Trump indictment

Skin donation fact sheet

list of inorganic and organic lead compounds

Second hydrothermal vent fact sheet

a Tennessee man very earnestly trying to convince northerners not to freak out when trees have lichen on them

Triumphal Chariots of Antimony by Basil Valentine

The Lore of Ships (awww, I remember this! a guy sent me this when I mentioned I was anxious about roleplaying a captain!)

GUIDE FOR THE CARE AND USE OF LABORATORY ANIMALS: Eighth Edition (wow we're getting far back, I think I downloaded that for my Horseshoe Crab Essay in... junior? senior year?)

Mitigation Options for Accidental Releases of Hazardous Gases by Vasilis M. Fthenakis

On the Modeling of Snowflake Growth Using Hexagonal Automata by Jessica Li

salt crystal growth experiment

Plants used for the Production of Stimulants by Jenő Bernáth

Wild berry identification fact sheet

postoperative opioid prescribing guidelines

Guidance for the Selection of Laboratory Coats

A BRIEF HISTORY OF FLYING CLOTHING by Dr. Graham Rood

3MTM Respirators for Professional Mold Remediators fact sheet

Medicinal Lichens: The Final Frontier by Brian Kie Weissbuch

welp. i highly recommend looking through your PDFs for a walk down memory lane!

[necarion]

I watched the Avatar rerelease last night. And it is in fact as good as I remembered it. A couple key points:

Effects remain amazing. Like, yeah, there are a couple spots where they show their age slightly. Textures and subsurface scattering has gotten a lot better over the last 13 years. But the attention to detail is astounding. It’s just stunning throughout. And the 3D remains the only good use of 3D I’ve seen. This isn’t a movie where the effects were incidental, or “we’ll fix it in post”. Everything was carefully thought-out from beginning to end. And the live visualization stuff that’s basically universal now was invented for this.

The plot is sort of generic, but is decidedly fine for the story. If it were a MCU film, it would certainly be in the top 10 as far as plots go, probably higher if you exclude the comedies. It is a plot that is a good vehicle for the story it’s in, which is “look at how pretty this is”. Some of the plot holes that got ragged on by everyone are...not really actually plot holes. “Why didn’t Protagonist tell the Na’vi sooner?” “He was actually legitimately finished an important first task, and got his hand forced by the bad guys”. There isn’t a lot of bullshit drama for drama’s sake. The protagonists don’t start having fights in the middle of dramatic scenes for bullshit stuff that happened a while ago. No “arguing about the relationship” while being shot at. Nobody being aggressively stupid, except for the protagonist at the very beginning, when it’s okay for protagonists to be aggressively stupid and cocky.

The acting isn’t astounding, but it’s totally adequate for the job. Zoe Saldana and Sigourney Weaver do a great job. Sam Worthington is pretty bland. But he’s basically fine.

The “White Savior” plot remains kind of problematic, but it is entirely metatextual. Considered within the story, it’s fine. If you magically recast the protagonist as a Native American actor and changed literally nothing else, the story would suddenly be considered progressive and interesting. I think they should have cast someone else (including, say, a better actor). But I think Avatar was one of the first films to really get that backlash.

The environmental message remains pretty heavy-handed.  On the other hand, in Brazil, Jair Bolsonaro was supporting corporate slash-and-burn of the Amazon, in part because it was useful to get the natives out of the way. So the problem remains relevant.

Holy shit the villain is great. Again comparing to the comic book movies, Colonel Badass ranks in the top 5, easy. He has some degree of depth, even if that gets taken too far by the character as he pushes for revenge. He’s extremely badass, but well within what a normal human could reasonably do. He’s not like Black Widow or whatever, where she is non-powered but still can do things more and better than normal humans. Instead, he’s just focused, strong, and a good shot. (I love this clip, because he’s taking things too far, does a lot of damage, is willing to put everyone else at risk, and the only thing remarkable is that he’s doing it while holding his breath.  For well within the time a normal person could. Or consider the scene where he jumps out of the burning bomber (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zRG-grqhFvE: 4:00). He uses his training and skill to get into a mech while holding his breath. And while on fire. And shows his character by refusing to stop and put out the fire until he’s safe. You basically never see characters this willing to prioritize what’s important vs what’s urgent.

The movie got an amazing amount of backlash when it came out. I remember being pressured into making the jokes about how I liked it mainly for the special effects, but it was “dances with smurfs” or whatever. When Endgame finally beat Avatar’s sales, a lot of folks were cheering because finally Avatar got put in its place. Obviously the film did well, but it lost relevance because (a) the Left and Right both had things they got Performative about, and (b) it really isn’t as beautiful when not in 3D on the big screen. Without that, it remains a perfectly fine story with very good effects, but loses what made it amazing. Would I watch it outside of 3D? Probably not. But there are a lot of Marvel films I have no intention of ever watching again. Was the plot kind of dumb? Sure. But, again, a lot of Scifi and superhero stories are aggressively stupid (sigh, Foundation TV show, and films like Civil War).

So, would I watch it again on TV? Probably not. Will I see it again in theaters while it’s still available? If I have time, very likely.

Because it’s a masterpiece.

[harpywritesfic]

Stephen growing up on a farm is one of favorite facts about him, since I’m a farm kid myself. If any of you city/suburbia people want help writing Stephen’s childhood, here’s some farming knowledge, which I will try to keep relevant to Nebraska and the 80s/90s when we can assume MCU Stephen was young. I’m planning to follow this with another post of general country kid stuff, so if you want to see that, just lmk and I can tag you in it! Also, if you have any questions, feel free to ask!

Farming vs. Ranching- Farming is crops, while ranching is livestock (typically cattle. Cattle are the most common livestock in NE). We’ll talk about farming, since all I know is farming.

Crops

Nebraska is known for corn. So much corn. Hay (timothy hay, oat hay, or alfalfa) is another common crop- many farmers grow both corn and hay. Crops in NE are usually corn or hay because that’s what you feed cattle.

There are different types of corn! The big two are field corn and sweet corn. Field corn is usually for animal feed (cows, remember?) so that’s most common in NE. Sweet corn is the kind we eat.

Irrigation

I’m only talking about sprinkler irrigation and siphon tubes here, fyi! Other methods (i.e. drip lines or subsurface) are for different crops. (I should rly go take my own photos, but it’s dark out ;-; )

Also worth noting: the amount of land you can water decreases with each method down the list, because of the work involved increases for the lower methods.

Circles

Nowadays the most popular and most efficient method of watering corn and hay is the circle (aka center pivot, but no farm kid calls them that). They have a central tower with a control panel (lets you choose how fast it turns, when to stop, etc.) A line of pipe and sprinklers pivots around the tower (hence the name). They’re very expensive, so if you want to write Stephen’s family as lower-class farmers, no circles for them! Middle-class, they either had circles or a mix of circles and the other types below. 

Lots of things can go wrong on a circle, from a sprinkler head getting plugged, hoses leaking, wheels getting stuck when it’s muddy, and on and on. Not fun maintenance-wise.

Here are a couple photos of a circle, in case you haven’t seen one! The first shows the tower and the second shows the sprinklers (hoses attached to the pipe) and endgun (water gun on the end, increases radius of water). Each section between the wheels is called a span, and a span usually has between 8-30 sprinklers, depending on the length of the spans and the amount of spans in the circle. A circle can have anywhere from 2-10 spans, maybe more. The wheels move a little bit at a time, starting at the span farthest from the pivot and moving inwards.

Wheel lines

These are the second-easiest method of irrigation. Water is distributed from a long pipe on wheels, and they have a motor to move themselves. The wheels are about 7 or 8 feet in diameter, so standing next to them, they’re as tall or taller than a person. Each span has a sprinkler with a leveler to keep it facing up. Usually a field has several of these in a row.

Similar deal as circles on what can go wrong, but on a smaller scale and easier to fix/replace parts.The connection between spans can come undone and leak, or the sprinkler heads will spray water everywhere. If the pipe breaks, the water will shoot straight up.

Hand lines

These lowkey suck. You have to move and connect each span by hand every time you need to water a different section of the field, and it takes half an hour or so for a small field. 

Maintenance and issues here are the same as wheel lines, except for the way mice start nesting in the pipes if they’re disconnected and not used for weeks.

Siphon tubes

These. These suck. They work by using a tube to siphon water from a reservoir (called a head ditch) over a mound and into a ditch that runs alongside the crop rows. You have to start the suction on each tube with your hand morning and evening, or whenever you want to water. This is done by shoving the pipe in the water, then pulling it out with your hand plugging the end, and repeating that until the water comes out. Then the suction will keep the water flowing until the head ditch is drained. For most farmers who use these, this is a sunrise chore. It also takes a lot of time to start a hundred or more of these.

These are the cheapest (and least efficient) way to irrigate. Not many parts to break here, just a lot of work and time.

[bunabi]

every time I see a flesh cloud & flesh cube tutorial I age 500 years

I get the intention, but if you tell well-meaning artists 'this is the correct shade & highlight for these complexions' those constraints gonna ruin their whole understanding of lighting skin, specifically dark complexions

especially when you get into more advanced stuff like ambient occlusion & subsurface scattering, there are so many exceptions and variables involved, ol 'rb to save a life' foreheads are doing more long-term harm than short-term good 😩

[bryyo-data]

What if Samus had Metroid powers: design for a hypothetical game

I got this ask the other day and my answer was a bit of a ramble, but I've come back to it with a clear head. I decided to have a go at hypothetical game design, for a Metroid title set post-Fusion in which Samus Aran gains Metroid-like abilities due to her DNA changes! Some of the stuff below is rehashed from the ask reply itself.

Be warned! Bit of a long post, and I apologise in advance for mobile users for whom readmores don't always work.

Premise

I tried to stay vague with the story details because I was more interested in writing about the gameplay, but I failed at that and wrote a lot. Story has it's own section at the bottom. However, the basic idea is that Samus, now an enemy to the Federation and probably on the run, ends up on a world where the environment triggers the manifestation of strange powers. Metroids are known to adapt when introduced to new worlds, and Samus is essentially doing the same- her Metroid DNA, previously doing little more than sparing her from the X, is now active and granting her abilities.

New abilities

This isn't solid ideas so much as a brainstorm, but I tried to come up with a few ideas for what Samus might be able to do with Metroid DNA. None of it has any scientific basis but that's okay, there's dragons in this franchise.

ENERGY DRAIN: This is the first ability you learn, perhaps one you start off with. Samus starts the first area trapped, maybe after a ship crash, and is told how to shoot and jump etc. by the game. Or alternatively, maybe she doesn’t shoot. Let's say her weapon is down for now, hence being more trapped than usual, and she's stuck using a melee move to break through the surrounding rocks. While doing this, she comes across a biological barrier. But as she goes to use her melee attack, something unusual happens... The barrier turns to dust, and the health she lost during her crash-landing is replenished.

Henceforth, that melee thing becomes a drain attack. This power allows Samus to drain energy, killing a foe quickly and restoring some of her own health, but it isn't unlimited or easy to perform beyond the starting portion of the game. With mobile and aggressive enemies, it requires very precise timing to pull off. I would personally make it so that the game relies on this move much less than Samus Returns relied on the melee counter, but have it function in a similar way. Samus can still blast quickly through enemies like she could in Super Metroid/Zero Mission/Fusion, but if she wants to absorb health she can coax enemies into a specific position and with the right timing, perform a drain move.

If the move is a success, it will insta-kill a low-level enemy and is more rewarding than a standard kill. This might even replace normal energy drops from shooting, or at least would give much more health back than a standard drop. If she fails, she opens up to the enemy attack and risks taking more damage than usual. So if a skilled player is at low health and might die, they can take the risk of draining from an enemy. They may either stabilise themselves, or take double damage and die instantly.

If we don't replace normal energy drops altogether, this becomes less of a thing. In fact for the sake of health grinding and general convenience it's probably better to keep regular drops in- this would just become a fun extra which allows you to get past certain points in the game, like barriers, and can let you heal up quicker if you've learned how to pull it off without fail.

Regardless, this allows for OPTIONAL bullshitting past segments and sequence breaking; for example, you might be able to just get past a standard too-hot-without-Varia region by energy draining the whole way through.

Most bosses would have opportunities to use this if you position yourself right, but I'd personally cut down on flashy cutscenes when it happens. They're fun but I don't want to sacrifice the flow of the game for cinematics too much. Just a quick draining move, steal a bit of health. This move wouldn't work on mechanical enemies, because it relies on life energy specifically.

As you go along, this ability might power up, perhaps triggered either by the environments Samus moves into (since Metroids introduced to new environments will alter accordingly). Perhaps there are ways to power up every Metroid ability, or even an item that allows you to enhance one at a time by channelling your energies-something like that. An enhanced Energy Drain may steal more health and even fuel your weapon ammunition or something like that. Plus, it would make it easier to insta-kill some stronger enemies with the move.

I kinda like the idea of using an item to power up one Metroid ability at a time. To add a bit of challenge to the game, so you can't just switch to the most convenient one at any given time, maybe have it so that you can only change your powered-up ability in certain areas? Special Chozo statues? Interfacing with the other half of whatever this technology is, maybe a computer system found in a couple of rooms across the planet (with all except the first one or two being in hidden and slightly hard-to-find locations? Is that being too mean?)

(Btw just to get retro, we're giving this hypothetical game cheats- one of which is the ability to switch power at any time. Among others like immortality and fun suit colour changes.)

One thing I considered is that, similar to Aeion, Samus might have a power meter for using other Metroid abilities. This would give more function to the draining move outside of just health, and could explain some of Metroid biology too. It would imply that they specifically have to feed on life energy in order to do the things they do, and normal food wouldn't power them up the same. For that reason, Samus could power up her energy meter by draining. The amount of power she absorbs would be proportional to the enemy difficulty.

This could make certain segments trickier; for example, if there were a region similar to the end of Metroid 2 (not Samus Returns) where Metroids have killed off most of the life in the area, Samus would have to use her powers sparingly. The player might find it a bit trickier to traverse the area if they run out of power. Enemies here might be easy to kill and give a lot of power back on easier modes, but harder to kill and less rewarding on hard difficulty.

An alternative is that Samus's powers are fuelled directly by her own life energy, i.e. her health. This would essentially work like Phazon, but not in bursts; each time Samus activates a power, she sacrifices a bit of health, either continually or at once (again, same as how Aeion works, but depleting the health meter instead of a separate one). This makes it vital to locate energy tanks, which could prompt more exploration and may lead Samus to interesting locations that have hidden lore and such (see the section below for more on that). This might also be interesting from a lore perspective because it explains why Metroids are so aggressive as predators- they waste so much energy on simple things like flying, it means they have to near-constantly feed.

Which brings me to the other power-ups. I imagine Samus wouldn’t pick these up traditionally like items. There would still be items in the game, including several brand new ones not directly comparable to those in previous games in the series (obviously we can bring back some old favourites but copy-pasting the exact same items over and over again can get a bit dull even with new abilities). Most normal items would play to the normal Metroidvania game design, of “can’t access area -> locate pickup -> move to new area. These abilities might be triggered by moving into new environments, or if Samus is under stress i.e. during a specific boss fight. So you wouldn’t necessarily be hunting for them, but they could still let you get to new areas or items.

FLOATING: Samus floats, draining power continually until she stops or runs out. This one would require significant limitations; for example, perhaps as you move further away from the ground, you drain SIGNIFICANTLY more energy. This means you are welcome to try and sequence break, or get an item that you were meant to get with grapple beam, but you're wasting a LOT of energy doing so. Maybe gravity is still trying to pull Samus down once you lift off, so you have to actively fight it, and each ascent drains energy faster the higher you go. Sort of like a built-in jetpack. With that said, this would have interesting applications in world traversal.

An enhanced float may have a significantly lower cost for ascending or just maintaining the float. Because we all love some Aesthetic(tm), maybe Float+ gives Samus a faint wing-like aura when she uses it- especially if we go with the above idea that Samus uses Chozo tech to power it up. Imagine the sick fanart that could come out of that.

SHIELD: A fairly standard one ripped off of Samus Returns' lightning sheild. By sacrificing some energy, Samus can temporarily keep up a shield that will mean she takes less damage. If we go with the function of sacrificing health for Metroid abilities (rather than a separate power bar) it would require some careful balancing as well as player learning- for example, trying to ensure that (at least for stronger enemies) it's worth turning it on at all, and that the energy loss to create the shield is less than the theoretical energy loss if you took hits from the enemy.

Maybe this would be a pulse thing rather than an ongoing one; you activate it, and it lasts maybe 10-30 seconds, taking a defined amount of energy. During that time, you get an opportunity to pummel the enemies around you while not being knocked back or stunned when they hit (though you might still take e.g. 1/2 or 1/4 damage from incoming attacks). Of course, it could also function to protect Samus from things like lava, allowing her to access subsurface items if the game never gave her a Gravity Suit or equivalent.

A powered up version would obviously be something like a stronger shield, or a less costly one, or longer lasting if it's activated in pulses. Or a mix of them all. Maybe even a lightning shield effect where things that come into contact with Samus take damage, possibly even feeding her a bit of health (in TINY amounts, not comparable to the drain ability). Visually, so it looks as pretty as the powered-up float, it could maybe have an effect similar to the traditional big-shoulder Varia suit (assuming Samus is still in some form of the Fusion suit by this point).

SENSE/METROID VISION: I'm ripping this one off Samus Returns as well, but I'd change it. This would allow Samus to detect the life energies of all creatures in the area by focusing. It would also indicate how the larval Metroids, lacking eyes, locate their prey. Sensing would either come as a pulse like in Samus Returns, or a toggle on-toggle off ongoing thing, which you can't keep up indefinitely due to energy waste. Like in Skyrim where you can use the Aura Whisper shout or Detect Life/Undead etc.

Key differences include that this ability doesn’t show you hidden entrances by default; it would just indicate that "something is living in this wall" and you have to make judgements based on that info. Is this an enemy that will jump out and kill you (hence, you can avoid it)? Is it a hidden room with enemies in, and an entrance nearby? Thus, it keeps in a little challenge and exploration work.

A powered up version might be able to show other things too, including nearby items, entrances, or breakable blocks- like scan pulse from Samus Returns. That would make it useful for players who don't want to spend hours bombing every wall, or 100%ers like me who are at the endgame and getting frustrated because they can't find the last two missile upgrades. Obviously it's offset by the aforementioned fact that if you choose this ability, you can't choose another without going back to one of the set locations.

TELEPORT: I'm hesitant to include this one because it was fairly signature to Phazon Metroids, but I guess it could be passed off as "a hidden Metroid ability that Phazon unlocked". This would allow Samus to do short-range teleports for an energy cost. I dunno who's played Axiom Verge here, but there's an item which (spoilers if you haven't played it) lets you teleport through walls, and once upgraded it lets you go through bigger and bigger gaps. Samus's teleport would be more instantaneous than that one, and available to use from any position, but costly to perform.

The teleport could help her dodge enemy attacks (though like energy drain, success would rely on timing, and Samus might still take damage just before she teleports assuming there's a slight delay from inputting the command to actually jumping). It would also allow Samus to get through certain walls, though there may be some which are inpenetrable due to the material they're made of. I don't know how it would work in terms of control schemes, but maybe the player could choose their jump distance, with smaller jumps needing less energy.

A powered up version might be able to take Samus further or even have her emit an energy burst when she leaves/emerges from the jump, damaging nearby enemies- though with a greater energy cost.

METROID COMMAND: I can't think of a lore reason why this one would cost energy, unless it's some weird energy psychic thing that specifically resonates with Metroids. Anyway, let's assume Metroids aren't unique to the end-game Tourian-esque area in this game, and there are several locations where you can encounter them throughout the world. This ability would allow you to communicate with them, actually stopping their attacks and saving yourself or other nearby innocent creatures.

Maybe these Metroids are communicating with a "parent" who is actually an evil enemy (i.e. intelligent species that bonded parentally to them- see lore section below) which may result in more co-ordinated attacks than you see from wild roaming individual Metroids. But Samus can use this ability to stop their coordination, or even turn them on their handlers!

An upgrade of this... Maybe Samus turning the Metroids on their allies, including each other and the enemies commanding them? Keep it up long enough and you might be left with just one Metroid standing for you to take out. That could lead to some dark stuff as well. I can imagine Samus needing to be ruthless by using this ability for survival, but feeling baaaad about it.

The upgrade may also include things like asking local Metroids to affect the environment; bringing inaccessible power-ups to Samus, such as ones on high ledges (if she doesn't want to waste energy floating up there) or opening new passageways that Samus herself couldn't get open, either via draining or using brute strength, depending on the Metroid form.

SOMETHING TO DO WITH SHAPE CHANGING: This is one that, cool as it would be, would be REALLY hard to implement because I cannot think of an idea for how it would work. Especially because Samus is in the suit, and we're presuming that the suit itself can't really change shape along with her. But the basic idea is that Metroids famously mature and change, so what if someone with Metroid DNA could undergo controlled, temporary form changes? Or just change certain body parts? I'll come back to this one in the plot section but I'm not convinced Samus could use it herself, though it would be really cool, if potentially OP. Why have a Metroid Vampire when you can have a METROID WEREWOLF kinda I guess.

Just going for bullshit here, perhaps Samus could unlock this one close to the end in a Zero Mission-esque sequence where she's parted from her suit. She seems vulnerable and really has to rely on her Metroid abilities while being extremely energy-conscious, because she's no longer got extra energy tanks to keep her alive (going by the life=power method anyway; slightly less relevant in the separate-energy-bar method except for the fact that energy refills require enemy draining, and that move is much riskier without the suit, since it already increases damage if failed.)

At the end of the segment, she starts growing claws and being able to slash through thick wires or whatever un-drainable thing is in her way. Then she grows bigger and gets more hunched, scaled, and armoured, until she's starting to look like a warped variant of an Omega Metroid. Maybe even a Queen. Luckily she gets under control of it and reverts when she finds a power suit to fit into, something most Metroids can't do but luckily she's a humanoid protagonist and can't stay monstrous forever. Also gives a reason for her to replace her Fusion suit with a cooler classic Chozo suit!

(For real, would Nintendo even do that? Use their sex-sells tiddy out game section as the scene where Samus becomes the most un-fuckable monstrous body horror dragon alien in the game? Probably not but I can dream.)

Maybe the player can't really control this one, or there's a huge cost to doing so but when you do you become SICK AWESOME POWERFUL and take up half the screen and the final boss attack that should've one-shotted you just slides off your back. Maybe. Maybe I just think monster aliens are cool.

Ideally I would like to have maybe 4-5 unique abilities in the game. With drain as one and four others, it would be fairly similar to Aeion and could act as an off-SR388 Aeion replacement. The above ideas are by no means the limits of what could be done, but I can't think of any others at the moment. To work nicely with the game lore, ideally there would be some powers that Samus hasn't seen Metroids use before. Not only does she learn to use them herself, but the Metroids on this planet start using them too, making for some new and unique Metroid battles.

I would leave as much leeway as possible- there's a lot of ideas here, and while new abilities are fun to play with, I don't want it to be over-complicated or inaccessible. This is very much just a brainstorm! If this were a real game, the most important things would be letting the player have fun, feel badass, and tackle challenges their way so they can feel a sense of achievement from finding items or beating puzzles.

Plot

Okay I wasn't originally going to go into plot, but I got carried away. Because this is a sidescroller in particular, you don't have the advantage of Prime's scan system to pile on lore. I wouldn't do too much heavy plot and dialogue, at least not more than Fusion. If anything, LESS than Fusion to decrease dialogue time. But I might adopt Prime elements, specifically stealing the idea of scan downloads from Another Metroid 2 Remake. These would activate at key times, including new boss encounters, entering new regions, or when the player stumbles upon something interesting. In that regard, I'd hide secrets around the world; little rooms which may or may not contain items, but which add an optional lore entry to your logbook as you enter.

Some plot/gameplay stuff I would include:

So this post-Fusion game would probably be where you'd pick up the thread hinted at by Samus Returns' Chozo memories- there are evil Chozo, and either they still exist, or have left a dangerous legacy of bioweapons and robots. Perhaps there's only one or two commanders left alive, and they will stop at nothing to stay that way.

Adam exists, but his dialogue with Samus is limited. This is intended to create isolation, but also hope. When all feels down, you might stumble on a way to communicate with your ship and with Adam again, getting a bit of reassurance. Adam may be able to help direct you during these moments, but I wouldn't go to the same extent as Fusion itself (or Zero Mission's Chozo statues). He might not be able to point out direct target locations, at least not later in the game. Regardless, I don't want to totally sideline him in the title where, post-reveal in Fusion, his character really ought to be emerging properly.

Metroids have new, previously unforeseen abilities locked into their DNA. The planet this game is set on is a Chozo haven with a perfect atmosphere. It has been selected by the evil Chozo for Metroid breeding in order to bring out their full potential. As Samus arrives here, the environment starts affecting her DNA as well, and she begins unlocking her own hidden abilities, one by one.

She runs into evil Chozo, most of whom are hostile to her. If we permit some dialogue at designated points (otherwise implying that Adam and Samus's communications are largely disrupted, keeping the isolated feeling in place) she might confess to Adam that she feels horrible killing what might be the last of her kin. Though I wouldn't write a plot around pushing a theme, there may be an underlying theme of identity, with Samus's human vs. Chozo vs. Metroid identities coming into conflict. The conclusion of which might be "actually, who cares, I'm just Samus. And whatever Samus is, she's an awesome galactic saviour who won't ever be truly alone in the universe."

The main boss Chozo are not initially hostile- they may coax Samus in, pretending to be her ally until it becomes apparent that they want to use her as a pawn for their greater plans. Again, I'd minimize dialogue here. Instead, Samus's communications with these Chozo may be through things such as wall scrawlings or messages left on abandoned computers (readable through the logbook). When she actually meets them, the dialogue would be vague as to whether she read those lore snippets or not, but the players that did read them will have a deeper connection to these mysterious Chozo and greater understanding (though it may be a completely false one) of their motivations.

Adding to that, there may even be a good Chozo among the ranks, one whose wall scrawlings etc. are harder to find, implying they have to hide them. Maybe even taking the Axiom Verge route of having them in an untranslatable language, until Samus picks up a required cipher and can go back to her logbook and read them. But they give Samus reason not to trust the others. You may or may not ever meet the individual(s) leaving these messages, implying they have been taken care of since you arrived but before you met them.

This could actually give the players plot advantage- maybe at some point, Samus is offered a choice of direction. Evil!Chozo says "Meet me at the pool where we will perform the ritual to revive all the dead Chozo." but Good!Chozo's scrawlings said "If he tries to take you to the pool, you're gonna die and the Metroids will be unleashed again. Sneak in via the overhead pipe and drop some bombs on his machine, destroying it before he even gets a chance to start it up." (Something you could optionally do anyway, if you the player finds the pipe entrance and decides not to trust this Chozo. It gives you a bit of free reign to interpret the characterisation of Samus and what she would do.) In the latter case, it might prevent you from taking some initial surprise damage from the boss, or let you skip sections of the boss fight.

Evil Chozo are breeding Metroids, and forging parental bonds to them. This means the Metroids will defend them to the death just as the baby Metroid did for Samus, and also they have trained them to follow commands, mostly battle-related ones. Maybe they have figured out what SR388's Chozo could not- how to remain friends with Metroids after puberty. Thus allowing them to use matured Metroids. It would be lazy to include Alpha-Gamma-etc again because this isn't SR388, so I'd design new Metroid forms, which in-lore are supposed to be upgraded and more powerful according to the design of the Chozo that bred them here. They might superficially resemble Alphas etc. at first, but their developmental pathway ends up very different and unique.

The big ending twist is that the final boss Chozo is modified like yourself- you couldn't have guessed! Lore-wise, perhaps they were one of the ones who originally created the Metroids, not starting as one of the murderous Chozo seen in the Chozo memories. They knowingly turned on the other SR388 Chozo in order to side with the bad guys, and worked their way up the ranks once that trust was earned. Their Metroid DNA could then be explained by them having, like Samus, come off SR388 with an X infection that needed curing. Or maybe they just happened to be an expert in Metroids and thought it would be awesome to use Metroid DNA to get stronger.

Gameplay-wise, this means they can use powers like yours, but also a variety of others because they're a final boss. One of these might be a refined form of the shape-changing that I'm not convinced Samus could use. Metroids mature into new, bigger forms, and perhaps our villain has figured out how to do this in a controlled manner.

Remember the Chozo tech Samus might use to power up her Metroid abilities? Our villain upgraded theirs so all their abilities are powered up. But you're Samus Aran and you're still winning. In desperation, they use it to mutate into a giant monster, like some kind of weird bird-dragon-alien with hundreds of eyes and bioluminescence. Awesome! This is their final form, but it's not as brief as the mutant SA-X's appearance; maybe you defeat their normal Chozo form in the penultimate boss fight, then have to go up against this version of them at the very end.

Of course, they're still a Metroid-based monster. They have VERY potent draining abilities, which they will use more often on , so you have to use a combination of items you've picked up on your adventure, and your Metroid abilities, to prevent them from making the fatal strike, because if they hit you with that attack you're gonna lose between 1/2 to a full energy tank and they're gonna gain a chunk of health back. It's a mean boss design, but on lower difficulty settings it would be toned down.

Sequel potential

I’ll give this one it’s own section to break up the text walls a bit.

The idea behind having this SR388 traitor Chozo character in particular is that they are NOT the initial wave of evil Chozo. This means that whoever "turned them to the dark side" might STILL be out there. Thus, the plot is not over yet, and there's even more sequel opportunity to be had! It could essentially begin a new arc. I wonder how the next game's final boss could compare to "giant intelligent bird-alien-dragon-lamprey" though?

The game discussed so far might make no mention of the Federation at all, because that would overcomplicate things when the plot focus is on Samus, Chozo, and Metroids. A sequel could easily reunite Samus with the Federation, and let trust be regained on both sides as she saves them from the evil Chozo that are now trying to destroy and dominate everything for evil reasons.

Though we don’t want to sacrifice too much traditional fast-paced Metroid sidescroller gameplay time on plot stuff, maybe have a sideplot where the corrupt parts of the Federation are cut out? No doubt those who wanted to breed Metroids, no matter how pure or evil their intentions, are the most likely to accept help from a band of evil Chozo who have lots of Metroids and need help breeding and improving them. It could end up being a dialogue-heavy thing but it would be fun to see this subplot played out without any dialogue whatsoever; Samus just doing her thing behind-the-scenes to stop or expose these people, while they send threats after her.

One reason why I bring up sequel potential at all is because Samus is now part Metroid and the Federation know it- but they don’t know about her abilities. Now she’s saving their asses and they’re gonna have to learn about it. That might lead to a whole bunch of new conflict potential, which could either be explored in-canon or by fanfic writers afterward. Fun either way. May even lead to MORE sequels where the Feds are creating superhuman bioweapons because they learned it worked with Samus.

What happens with Samus's powers between the two games? Will she go into the next game being super OP? Probably not. So how will that be resolved? Theoretically this first game in the “arc” could be the only one, and could actually end the timeline, but it would be a bit of a shame to do that.

One possibility is that Samus has to suppress or lose her powers. Maybe they start getting out of hand, beyond her control, especially if the shape-changing thing comes into play. She may use a reverse form of the power-up technology to tone down her abilities to nothing for safety reasons. She may even use the final-boss-guy's DNA modification equipment to strip herself of her Metroid DNA. Perhaps she decides that it's not something she wants to be a part of herself any more, and takes it out.

Here's a fun tangent off the last one- what if the DNA mod goes wrong and she does something else... Like damage her Chozo DNA? What implications might that have for a future game, and for Samus's own perception of herself? What if we were left on a cliffhanger, where Samus knows she has to rush off to her next battle with the evil Chozo but when she steps into her own suit, her own second skin, it rejects her?

As an alternative, maybe something off-world- or even just the act of BEING off-world- means she loses her abilities because her body "settles down" and suppresses them outside of that world's environment. While this may seem like a cheap ending, it depends on how sequels go. Because in theory, Metroids adapt to their local environments, which means Samus might be able to unlock a plethora of brand-new and previously unseen abilities in the next game owing to her arrival in another new environment.

Conclusion? I have too much time on my hands. It's been an interesting one to think about. Aside from "Chozo will return as villains" I couldn't really speculate what will happen in Metroid 5 at this point, though I'm very tempted to say it will be made eventually. Unfortunately, word-of-god says that Metroid Fusion's ending rectified Samus's DNA and took out the Metroid stuff (hence her losing cold weakness at the very end) so it's unlikely that any of this kind of thing would make it to canon, unless they're happy for to retcon what was already a fairly unclear thing in game.

[kornkidd]

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Absolutely #amazing #technology Posted @withregram • @seekersofthecosmos Video and Audio as recorded by Huygens space probe which landed on Titan in 2005! Saturn’s largest moon Titan is an extraordinary and exceptional world. Among our solar system’s more than 150 known moons, Titan is the only one with a substantial atmosphere. And of all the places in the solar system, Titan is the only place besides Earth known to have liquids in the form of rivers, lakes and seas on its surface. Titan is larger than the planet Mercury and is the second largest moon in our solar system. Jupiter's moon Ganymede is just a little bit larger (by about 2 percent). Titan’s atmosphere is made mostly of nitrogen, like Earth’s, but with a surface pressure 50 percent higher than Earth’s. Titan has clouds, rain, rivers, lakes and seas of liquid hydrocarbons like methane and ethane. The largest seas are hundreds of feet deep and hundreds of miles wide. Beneath Titan’s thick crust of water ice is more liquid—an ocean primarily of water rather than methane. Titan’s subsurface water could be a place to harbor life as we know it, while its surface lakes and seas of liquid hydrocarbons could conceivably harbor life that uses different chemistry than we’re used to—that is, life as we don’t yet know it. Titan could also be a lifeless world. Credit: @europeanspaceagency @nasa Via:@astrogeekz Are you ready to explore the Universe? 🔭 @SeekersOfTheCosmos Follow ➮ @SeekersOfTheFuture for interesting stuff about Engineering & Technology 🤖 ➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖ #stargazing #cosmos #astrophysics #outerspace #physics #spacefacts #universe #astronomy #spacenerd #cosmology #astronomylover #esa #hubbletelescope #hubble #hubblespacetelescope #astrophotos #spacelover #astronomy #science #space #carlsagan #astrophotography #nasa #spacelovers #sciencelover #nasa #spacelover #astronomylover #deepspace https://www.instagram.com/p/CUdtk3SjtDG/?utm_medium=tumblr

[spaceexp]

Bright Areas on Ceres Suggest Geologic Activity

NASA - Dawn Mission patch. December 12, 2017

Occator Perspective View

Image above: The bright areas of Occator Crater -- Cerealia Facula in the center and Vinalia Faculae to the side -- are examples of bright material found on crater floors on Ceres. This is a simulated perspective view. Image Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA/MPS/DLR/IDA PSI. If you could fly aboard NASA's Dawn spacecraft, the surface of dwarf planet Ceres would generally look quite dark, but with notable exceptions. These exceptions are the hundreds of bright areas that stand out in images Dawn has returned. Now, scientists have a better sense of how these reflective areas formed and changed over time -- processes indicative of an active, evolving world. "The mysterious bright spots on Ceres, which have captivated both the Dawn science team and the public, reveal evidence of Ceres' past subsurface ocean, and indicate that, far from being a dead world, Ceres is surprisingly active. Geological processes created these bright areas and may still be changing the face of Ceres today," said Carol Raymond, deputy principal investigator of the Dawn mission, based at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. Raymond and colleagues presented the latest results about the bright areas at the American Geophysical Union meeting in New Orleans on Tuesday, Dec. 12. Different Kinds of Bright Areas Since Dawn arrived in orbit at Ceres in March 2015, scientists have located more than 300 bright areas on Ceres. A new study in the journal Icarus, led by Nathan Stein, a doctoral researcher at Caltech in Pasadena, California, divides Ceres' features into four categories. The first group of bright spots contains the most reflective material on Ceres, which is found on crater floors. The most iconic examples are in Occator Crater, which hosts two prominent bright areas. Cerealia Facula, in the center of the crater, consists of bright material covering a 6-mile-wide (10-kilometer-wide) pit, within which sits a small dome. East of the center is a collection of slightly less reflective and more diffuse features called Vinalia Faculae. All the bright material in Occator Crater is made of salt-rich material, which was likely once mixed in water. Although Cerealia Facula is the brightest area on all of Ceres, it would resemble dirty snow to the human eye.

The Bright Stuff: New NASA Dawn Findings at Ceres

More commonly, in the second category, bright material is found on the rims of craters, streaking down toward the floors. Impacting bodies likely exposed bright material that was already in the subsurface or had formed in a previous impact event. Separately, in the third category, bright material can be found in the material ejected when craters were formed. The mountain Ahuna Mons gets its own fourth category -- the one instance on Ceres where bright material is unaffiliated with any impact crater. This likely cryovolcano, a volcano formed bythe gradual accumulation of thick, slowly flowing icy materials, has prominent bright streaks on its flanks.

Oxo Crater at LAMO

Image above: Oxo Crater is an example of bright material found on the rims of a crater on Ceres. Image Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA/MPS/DLR/IDA/PSI. Over hundreds of millions of years, bright material has mixed with the dark material that forms the bulk of Ceres' surface, as well as debris ejected during impacts. That means billions of years ago, when Ceres experienced more impacts, the dwarf planet's surface likely would have been peppered with thousands of bright areas. "Previous research has shown that the bright material is made of salts, and we think subsurface fluid activity transported it to the surface to form some of the bright spots," Stein said. The Case of Occator Why do the different bright areas of Occator seem so distinct from one another? Lynnae Quick, a planetary geologist at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, has been delving into this question. The leading explanation for what happened at Occator is that it could have had, at least in the recent past, a reservoir of salty water beneath it. Vinalia Faculae, the diffuse bright regions to the northeast of the crater's central dome, could have formed from a fluid driven to the surface by a small amount of gas, similar to champagne surging out of its bottle when the cork is removed.

Haulani Crater in Enhanced Color

Image above: Ahuna Mons, Ceres' unique tall mountain, hosts the only example of bright material on Ceres that is not associated with an impact. This is a simulated perspective view. Image Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA/MPS/DLR/IDA. In the case of the Vinalia Faculae, the dissolved gas could have been a volatile substance such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane or ammonia. Volatile-rich salty water could have been brought close to Ceres' surface through fractures that connected to the briny reservoir beneath Occator. The lower pressure at Ceres' surface would have caused the fluid to boil off as a vapor. Where fractures reached the surface, this vapor could escape energetically, carrying with it ice and salt particles and depositing them on the surface. Cerealia Facula must have formed in a somewhat different process, given that it is more elevated and brighter than Vinalia Faculae. The material at Cerealia may have been more like an icy lava, seeping up through the fractures and swelling into a dome. Intermittent phases of boiling, similar to what happened when Vinalia Faculae formed, may have occurred during this process, littering the surface with ice and salt particles that formed the Cerealia bright spot.

Ahuna Mons: Side View

Image above: Ahuna Mons, Ceres' unique tall mountain, hosts the only example of bright material on Ceres that is not associated with an impact. This is a simulated perspective view. Image Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA/MPS/DLR/IDA. Quick's analyses do not depend on the initial impact that formed Occator. However, the current thinking among Dawn scientists is that when a large body slammed into Ceres, excavating the 57-mile-wide (92-kilometer-wide) crater, the impact may have also created fractures through which liquid later emerged. "We also see fractures on other solar system bodies, such as Jupiter's icy moon Europa," Quick said. "The fractures on Europa are more widespread than the fractures we see at Occator. However, processes related to liquid reservoirs that might exist beneath Europa's cracks today could be used as a comparison for what may have happened at Occator in the past."

Map of Ceres' Bright Spots

Image above: This map from NASA's Dawn mission shows locations of bright material on dwarf planet Ceres. There are more than 300 bright areas, called "faculae," on Ceres. Image Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA/MPS/DLR/IDA/PSI/Caltech. As Dawn continues the final phase of its mission, in which it will descend to lower altitudes than ever before, scientists will continue learning about the origins of the bright material on Ceres and what gave rise to the enigmatic features in Occator. The Dawn mission is managed by JPL for NASA's Science Mission Directorate in Washington. Dawn is a project of the directorate's Discovery Program, managed by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. UCLA is responsible for overall Dawn mission science. Orbital ATK Inc., in Dulles, Virginia, designed and built the spacecraft. The German Aerospace Center, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Italian Space Agency and Italian National Astrophysical Institute are international partners on the mission team. For a complete list of mission participants, visit: https://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission More information about Dawn is available at the following sites: https://www.nasa.gov/dawn https://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov Images (mentioned), Video, Text, Credits: NASA/JPL/Elizabeth Landau. Greetings, Orbiter.ch Full article

[bluethepaladin]

hey so you said we could ask you questions about space. so like i'm writing this fic and i want to do what you do with all the cool science stuff but i dont understand it. like what is gravity? how do u write about it? i love When I Dream it happens in Blue, btw! my fav Voltron fic!

Hi!!!

Thank you for reading when I dream it happens in blue! I’m so honored that it’s your favorite, seriously, that’s awesome! Yes, you are always welcome to send me questions, I’ll answer them as best I can.

Gravity

Gravity is the force that holds the universe together. It holds together planets and stars and holds things down to their surfaces. Gravity is what locks planets and satellites into their orbits. It’s what holds galaxies together. So, in that sense, you’re right. Gravity is fundamental when considering the setting where planets are stars are found, i.e. space. Gravity is complicated when it comes to real-world systems, but like I said before, you don’t have to master it, just understand it. 

Gravitational force follows an inverse-square law: that is to say two bodies attract each other with a force proportional to their masses, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. (the bigger the mass and the shorter the distance, the greater the gravity) Mathematically, it looks like thisF=GMm/r²where F is the force exerted, M and m are the masses of the bodies, and r is the distance between their centers of mass. G is a universal constant. That means it’s always the same. For the sake of clarity, I’ll give it to you in both dynes (gram centimeter/sec²) and newtons (kilogram meter/sec²). Use the value of G depending on whether your planet is measured in grams and centimeters or kilograms and meters. (basically is your planet tiny or is it regular planet-sized) Based on what you use, F will be expressed in dynes or newtons respectively.

Universal Constant:G = 6.667 × 10⁻⁸ dyne cm²/g² = 6.667 × 10 ×-11 newton m²/kg²

It’s important to note that gravity forces planets and stars into spheres. So don’t write non-spherical planets unless the non-spherical shape is maintained dynamically, meaning by ongoing forces. (For example, planets have an equatorial bulge due to the planet’s rotation, which is a dynamic force). It’s pretty implausible to have an oddly-shaped planet. Galileo actually explained this. It’s because strength goes up as the square, but mass the cube. So to make something 4 (2× 2) times as strong, it would have to be 8 (2× 2 × 2) times as massive. This is the problem with the shrinking/growing plotlines. The legs of a human-sized ant would collapse. A giant, for example, would have to have a skeleton made out of something much stronger than bone if they were humanoid. 

Surface Gravity

What we mean by this is what an object feels, the “pull” it feels by something on the surface of a spherical object, in this case a planet. Mathematically, this looks likeg = GM/r²g is the acceleration or the “pull”, G is the universal gravitational constant (see above), M is the mass of the planet, and r is its radius. It’s important to remember that g does NOT depend on the mass of the object on the surface. 

On average, g = 9.8 m/sec² on Earth, or 32 feet/sec/sec

So, how can we use that to world build on hypothetical planets? Well, what we can do is assign Earth’s gravity the value of 1. So instead of a number in meters per second squared, we’ll figure out if a planet has 2x the gravity of Earth’s or if it has half the gravity of Earth. From there, you can explore how that affects the life on the hypothetical planet. 

Here’s an equation that will help you with that.gp= Mp/rp2 = rp(ρp/ρe)

When trying to figure out the gravitational force of a potential planet, you need to take a few things into consideration. So, we’re trying to find gp or the “pull” or acceleration of an object on its surface. Remember, we assigned Earth has the value of 1, so in this case gp , Mp , and rp all would correlate to that number (if Mp equals 2.4, that would mean that the planet has 2.4 times the mass of Earth,and so on). All the letters stand for what they did before, except this time, we are adding in ρ (the Greek letter rho) to stand for the planets’ density. ρestands for the mean density of Earth (5.5 g/cm³)and ρp stands for the mean density of your hypothetical planet. 

It’s important to note that the mean density of the entire planet is all that matters. Earth would have far less gravity if it didn’t have a high-density core of iron-nickel alloy and other light elements. 

So what does this all mean?

Basically, the “pull” of the gravity on a planet’s surface depends on both the density and the radius of the planet. If you want the surface gravity of a planet that has low density to be similar to Earth’s, it would have to be larger.  For example, if we solve the above equation for rp, a planet with a density of 4.0 but Earth-normal gravity, it must have a radius of 1.38 Earth’s. Conversely, even a small planet can have a gravitational pull similar to Earth’s if it’s dense enough!

Surface gravity is a good story detail to include in science fiction. For example, things will fall faster on high-gravity planets, human people on such a world would be more injury-prone. Not only will things hit harder, but their reflexes, tuned to a more leisurely pace will be too slow. Characters are also likely to suffer from heart problems if there for extended periods of time. There would be an adjustment period where the body has to get used to digestion and circulating blood at this new level of gravity. If all other things are equal with this planet and Earth, mountains would likely be lower, weathering would be more effective: raindrops hit harder and landslides would happen more often.

Notes:

Surface gravity differs from place to place, because no planet is a perfect sphere. First to consider is the rotational flattening from the planet’s spin. Due to this alone, Earth’s sea-level value varies from ~9.83m/sec² at the poles to ~9.78 at the equator. 

Gravity variation has two causes: the different distances from the center of the Earth (the poles are closer than the equator) and the face that centrifugal force offsets gravity slightly, with the maximum at the equator. For slow-moving planets like Earth, this variation doesn’t really affect daily life, but it could become important on a planet that spins rapidly! Other causes of variation include tidal distortion and difference in density of subsurface rocks. Once you know the rules, it can be fun to play with them. 

Hope this helped! Link me to your fic when you’re done, so I can check it out!

love Blue

[asymbina]

Consider the above in light of what we've learned about exoplanets: we have a (relatively) hard time finding Earthlike planets (rocky planets with comparable mass and chemical composition) orbiting a Sun-like star, but we've found Earthlike planets orbiting red dwarfs with orbital periods measured in days, and the easiest exoplanets to find are by far gas giants. In our own solar system, we have multiple gas giant satellites that are covered with ice but appear to have subsurface liquid oceans, kept warm through tectonic activity and tidal heating, which are possibly just as amicable to life as deep ocean vents. And those are filled with amazing and deeply weird life!

Even more fascinating: such a world, with a frozen surface and liquid ocean interior, could arise as a rogue planet, one not bound to the gravity of a star system.

Imagine: in our galaxy, the most abundant forms of life could be those living in lightless oceanic worlds, with supremely weird symmetry and all of this stuff above. Us surface dwellers who experience seasons and breathe air could be the exception.

Let me introduce you to three of my friends: hallucigenia, opabinia, and wiwaxia. They’re all from the Cambrian explosion, the period of time around 500 million years ago when life was just starting and was still trying to figure out questions like “how should a mouth work?” and “legs?”

Hallucigenia was about an inch long (most life back then was tiny, they were only a few eras removed from being single celled after all) and it had sixteen clawed legs, hard spines coming out of its back, and a wicked tentacle neckbeard. 

Opabinia was between two to three inches long and it had thirty fins along the side of its body, along with five mushroom shaped eyes on top of its head. By far though, its most interesting feature was its strange proboscis. Like a Dr. Moreau style mashup of an elephant and a lobster, the long nose terminated in a large claw that it used to grab prey and bring it to its backward facing mouth.

Finally, this is wiwaxia. This danger-artichoke was a two inch long armored slug-like creature with no head. In fact, its actual body was largely just its one massive foot. 

I find these animals interesting for three main reasons. First, it’s incredibly fascinating to see all of the potential paths that life on earth could have taken. Imagine an ocean filled with elephant lobsters! Second, whenever I feel like my life is going nowhere and all my choices are the wrong ones, I like to think that I’m in in my phase where I’m still developing hallucigenias and wiwaxias, and not yet making awesome things like butterflies or velociraptors. Finally - it serves as a stark reminder that if we ever find alien life, there is a fantastic chance it will look like nothing we’ve ever seen before - it might look more like one of these creatures than a human being. 

[whieldonflyfishing]

FLY FISHING BASICS

To turn into a decent fly fisher, we should have the option to learn how to fly fish. As a calculating teacher we show many individuals we are actually astounded at exactly the number of fishermen has awful methods or propensities when projecting - this is not something to be embarrassed about as it can generally be fixed. It truly pays to locate a decent projecting teacher or mentor to assist us with this.

We now indicated a large number of fishermen, including numerous that had been looking for quite a long time how to project better. So once we can project capably here are seven of our top tips for learning to fly fishing that will expand your catch rate.

How to learn how to fly fish

Types:

Dry fly-fishing is the point at which a fisherman is projecting a light fly—one that copies sea-going bugs—and is basically used to get trout, as indicated by Mitchell. With dry fly-fishing, Mitchell says, "the fisherman normally attempts to make the dry fly buoy along normally with the current." It's likewise the ideal alternative for apprentices—and it's the sort of fly-fishing I attempted—on the grounds that it's moderately simple to tell when you have a strike (basically, a chomp from a fish) on account of the deceivability of the skimming fly.

Wet fly-fishing, which is basically used to get trout and some warm-water species, is the point at which "a fisher projects a fly that sinks or uses a limited quantity of weight to make it sink," says Mitchell. "The fisher attempts to make the fly float at similar movement as subsurface flows, or to gradually swing the fly across subsurface flows, or move the fly through still waters," which means this procedure is likely excessively progressed for a newbie.

The remainder of the procedures—streamer fly-fishing—is the point at which "a fisherman projects a sinking fly, regularly one that impersonates a snare fish, and afterward swings it over the flows or recovers it through still waters," as per Mitchell. This method, which is additionally most likely somewhat progressed for an absolute amateur, is utilized to get the biggest assortment of fish, including trout, warm-water fish, and saltwater fish.

Fly fishing basics:

Hand-Tie Your Leaders

There's no contesting the accommodation of machine-tightened knotless pioneers. Be that as it may, the good old sorts offer a fisher some undeniable points of interest. Knowing the specific engineering of the shape permits us to effortlessly remake a messed up pioneer on the stream or to adjust its exhibition qualities to meet changing fishing conditions. We get greater flexibility at a minuscule part of the expense. All we need are spools of scarf material, the ability to tie a Blood tie.

Skate a Spider

Fishing dry flies on a dead float is an exemplary move; however, skating has a long history, as well. In any case, hesitant trout will regularly squash skittering dries in large, implosive strikes. The more seasoned flies intended for this procedure—called creepy crawlies and variations—are tied on short-shank snares with a long, oversize passion that causes the flies to ricochet and skim on the water.

Keep the fly and pioneer very much lubed, and use bar movement or the current drag to draw the fly over the surface, in a smooth force or in faltering jerks. Incidentally, you can skate swinging wet flies too, lifting the bar until just the pioneer is on the water and the fly is kicking up a little chicken tail. It's a tremendous short-line, pocket-water procedure.

The length of the butt segment takes into account six creeps of the line to be utilized when you're nail-tying it to the fly line; different segments permit 2 inches each for the halfway bunches.

On the off chance that you break a pioneer, it's anything but difficult to decide the right scarf size to begin changing the shape. Simply start at the butt area and check down from 21 by twos (21, 19, 17, and so forth) to discover the measurement in thousandths of an inch, on the off chance that you need a lighter chief, scaled the 4X back to 6 inches and include a 5X or 6X scarf.

For a heavier one, scaled back to 0X (.011) and included a 1X or 2X scarf. Abstain from joining materials that are more than .002 inch separated in breadth on the grounds that the bunch may not hold well.

Dap a Dry

One of the most seasoned and least complex stunts in the book, dapping is currently excused as a method for kids and dolts. Be that as it may, this methodology is undeniably fit to circumstances with no projecting room, as brushy little streams or tight, bankside runs. Remain a pole length back from the water.

With just the pioneer through the pole tip, bring down the fly to the surface, let it float a couple of inches, at that point get it and put it down once more, basically "tapping" or "dapping" the fly on the water—copying exactly the conduct of an egg-laying caddis or mayfly. Tune in and feel for the strike. Unrefined? Perhaps. Powerful? Undoubtedly. It permits us to get a fly into in any case unfishable spots.

 Lose the Bobber

The present fishermen depend intensely on yarn or froth strike pointers despite the fact that old-style nymphing is regularly more profitable. Disregard the marker when:

1) Nymphing profound, energetically paced runs. Given the start to finish current differential and the weight expected to get the fly down, a marker can cause unnatural drag.

2) Working pocket water. Short, bending current tongues and thin chutes make it hard to put the fly and pointer on a similar float—Fish a fairy on a short, scarcely rigid line.

3) Fishing clear, shallow, smooth stretches. Pointers can scare fish. Rather, oil the pioneer to inside a foot or two of the end.

Make Flies from hiding Fur.

Prepackaged hide naming for tying flies is grandly helpful yet restricted. It's typically hacked and mixed hare or squirrel hair. Conversely, hide on the stowaway, which has been utilized for quite a long time, opens up an abundance of decisions, especially for fresher fly-levels who may just know the prepared stuff in fixed plastic packs. Muskrat and otter are fantastic dubbings; mole hide is wonderful.

Badger, lynx, coyote, beaver, wildcat, opossum, raccoon, and nutria are astounding too, and these hairs are as yet reachable. Hide on the cover-up is satisfying to work with, offers a scope of unobtrusive regular tones, and permits the choice of including or precluding the watchman hairs in the blended naming to control the surface of the completed fly body.

Mind Your Streamside Manners

New fly fishers are brought into the world consistently. New trout streams are definitely not. That implies more jam-packed waters. However, it doesn't imply that good old stream decorum must go the method of oiled-silk fly lines and gut pioneers. In actuality—great habits are more critical than any other time in recent memory. The prime, and most often disregarded, order: Give a fisher on the water some space. At any rate, courteously ask whether he minds sharing a spot.

Never poach another angler's water by placing in front of him, whether or not he's working upstream or down. When running into each other when fishing, the fisherman moving downstream respects the one is working up by leaving the water and strolling farther beneath him. On the other hand, on the off chance that you've just discovered a promising pool, fish it well, yet don't residence it.

Continue moving and give others a possibility. On the off chance that incubates is on, and we've discovered rising fish, we need far less room than when you're prospecting. Nothing breeds generosity like contribution another person a bit of your hotspot. The overseeing standard in the entirety of this is straightforward: Respect others' satisfaction.

Fish Wet Flies

To most fishermen over the most recent 50 years, fly fishing has consequently implied dry-fly fishing. Solid skimming lines have settled on it the strategy for decision. However, the old style of wet-fly fishing will frequently get trout when skimming designs fall flat. It's likewise a straightforward strategy. Cast a wet fly across stream or quartering down and attach leader to fly line.

Follow the fly with the pole tip as it swings on a tight line in a circular segment over the current and stops straightforwardly downstream. Retouch the line or utilize the bar tip for swimming the fly before stones, into creases, and underneath the overhanging brush.

At the point when we're fishing a tight line this way, squeeze the fly line against the pole with your pointer, leaving a foot-long circle of slack hanging between your finger and the reel. The circle, pulled tight when a fish hits hard, gives a sort of pad and more dependable hookups. Fish two, or even three, flies thusly, each on a 12-inch dropper attached to the curve of the snare above it.

Learn the Water Haul

  With the accentuation these days on enormous water, and large projects, this subtle introduction has nearly been overlooked. Be that as it may, when we're stitched in by low-hanging brush, the water pull conveys. Let the current convey the line legitimately downstream of us. Hold the pole 45 degrees downstream; at that point clear it upstream with a short arm movement and a flick of the wrist.

Keep the pole tip low, moving corresponding to the water, and we can shoot a cast that never rises in excess of a couple of crawls over the surface, winding a fly profound under tree appendages and shrubs. Also, on the grounds that we can stay frozen in place and play out this cast with the bar low and at least movement, it's a shrewd decision for fishing creepy trout that are holding near us.

Use Feet

The present fishermen cast longer queues and fish at more prominent reaches, much of the time basically in light of the fact that advanced tackle makes it effectively feasible. Be that as it may, except if the circumstance calls for it, arriving at a long distance is really one of the most exceedingly awful methods of getting trout. Exactness endures, drag issues increment, and snaring rate drops.

Extraordinary fishermen of the past, for example, Ray Bergman, perceived that being a decent angler and being a solid caster isn't something very similar. Shrewd situating and secrecy will out fish a ton of fly line. It's similar to safeguard in b-ball; the best players depend more on their feet than on their arms. Study the flows and partition the water into individual fishable areas. At that point walk or swim to the one ideal spot for working each part of the water—a place that permits you to toss a genuinely short, straight, exact cast.

Roll Cast

Most fly fishermen become familiar with the move cast first—at that point rapidly dismiss it as simply a stage while in transit to "genuine" projecting, a demeanour supported by the solid, quick poles now in design and the mind-boggling utilization of weight-forward fly lines, neither of which move cast especially well. However, when the luck runs out's (or the brush), with no space for a regular overhead conveyance, a moving cast keeps you fishing.

With a moderate-activity pole and twofold shape line, it gives amazing reach, and it's ideal for wet-fly fishing, where bogus projecting can dry the fly and repress sinking. The cast is accomplished in a solitary, proficient movement that keeps your fly on the water as opposed to logging preferred customer credits in rehashed, superfluous bogus projects.

Conclusion

Continuously remain safe. We could list endless things here; however, most is the presence of mind. Ensure to wear shades and a cap to secure your eyes. Great quality enraptured shades likewise help with spotting fish and in particular assistance me when we are swimming spotting rocks profound gaps and submerged structure.

We recall a year ago while facilitating an excursion in Norway fishing a major waterway in bright conditions our shades cut; however, the glare of the sun considering the water and recognized numerous impediments.

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