#manetho

[mouseshallot]

Really messy sketch of Manetho as a test for a new coloring style

[promptuarium]

HERCULES, the son (as it is said) of Jupiter and Alcmene, wife of Amphitryon, was born in the 2715th year of the world, the 1247th before Christ was born. He lived 52 years. He died by fire, and was the first of the great pirates, according to Manetho. About this Hercules whom the Greeks claim as their own, they declare many things, or rather tell many stories, which will not be detailed in this passage.

For this passage, the deeds they attribute to be outstanding among all Hercules’s other deeds, by their custom. His twelve labors, which are said to have been preeminent, are described in depth by Diodorus of Sicily, book 5. He went from Hispania to Italy 55 years before Aeneas. He slew Cacus, and gave the Italians laws. He seized Troy, and slew Laomedon because he did not pay his reward. He made Priam, son of the slain one, King of Troy. Eventually, as a cure for a burning sickness, he threw himself headlong into burning flames. Thus the strongest of all men suffered his fate.

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, book 1, says that this greatest leader cleansed the world of tyranny. Diodorus, Herodotus, Vergil and Ovid each tell many things about Hercules in many passages.

[indecisiveavocado]

"Europeans think 100 km is a long distance. Americans think 100 years is a long time." and jews laugh at both of them.

[finelythreadedsky]

constructing an elaborate scenario in my head in which one of the charred herculaneum papyri that looks like a tamale turns out to be book two of aristotle's poetics

[ratscullion]

Business

[milky-rozen]

According to Manetho, an ancient Egyptian priest and historian, there was a time when the gods ruled over Egypt long before the first pharaoh was crowned.

In House of the Sun, the gods continued to rule over Kemet even during the age of mankind, though their domain became limited to the divine realm and the maintenance of cosmic balance, as they left humans to govern their own affairs and society.

The House of Ra had always passed the crown down to the first male heir, until the reign of Set, when the issue of lacking an heir began to shape the fate of future rulers. After the Contendings of Horus and Set ended with Horus’s victory and eventual coronation, that very problem opened the way for a new rule to be established.

Horus the Younger, choosing not to bear an heir in order to preserve cosmic balance, named his successor based on personal judgment. The crown was passed to his mentor and vizier, Thoth, who ultimately returned it to the only goddess at the center of the pantheon’s structure: Ma’at, the still-reigning goddess of justice and cosmic order.

[whencyclopedia]

Nitocris

Nitocris (2184-2181 BCE) is the Greek name for Nitiqret, the last monarch of the 6th Dynasty of Egypt which concluded the period of the Old Kingdom (c. 2613-2181 BCE). Nitocris is best known from the story told of her by Herodotus (484-425/413 BCE) in his Histories (Book II.100) in which she murders the assassins of her brother at a banquet.

More than Just a Name?

For the past century the historicity of Nitocris has been questioned by scholars, even though her name appears on the Turin King's List of Egyptian monarchs, is also mentioned by Manetho (3rd century BCE) in his list of 6th century Egyptian monarchs and by Eratosthenes of Cyrene (276-194 BCE) in his Theban List of Egyptian Monarchy. Flavius Josephus (37-100 CE) references Herodotus' story in his Antiquities of the Jews (Book VIII.6.2) calling her Nicaule and does not question the authenticity of the tale. Eratosthenes' mention of Nitocris is known through the work of Apollodorus of Athens (c. 180 BCE) which is cited by Syncellus (c. 810 CE) in his Selection of Chronography. Still, because there is no physical evidence of this queen - no inscriptions, no monuments, no tomb - nor any later reference to her, some scholars have claimed her name is simply a scribal error for that of the last king of the 6th Dynasty, Neitiqerty Siptah.

Recently, however, an increasing number of Egyptologists and scholars have come to accept that Herodotus' account may have some basis in fact and Nitocris is increasingly being recognized as the first Queen Regnant of Egypt and the last monarch of the Old Kingdom. The underlying reason for this new evaluation of Nitocris is unclear but may have to do with the kind of evidence first presented by the Egyptologist Percy E. Newberry (1869-1949 CE) who argued that Nitocris was an actual Egyptian ruler, not just a character in a fable repeated by Herodotus, and that her historicity should be accepted.

Continue reading...

[literaryvein-reblogs]

More Ancient Egyptian Art Vocabulary

for your next poem/story

Double crown - the crowns of Upper and Lower Egypt worn together

Dynasty - a series of rulers descending within a family; following the Ptolemaic historian Manetho, ancient Egyptian history is divided into thirty dynasties

Faience - a powdered quartz paste, which is modeled or molded and fired; it is either self-glazed or made with applied glaze

False door - a panel in the form of a niched doorway through which the deceased could receive offerings

Gesso - a mixture of whiting and glue often used to prepare a surface for painting

Harakhty - “Horus of the horizon,” the god of the rising sun, depicted as a falcon or a falcon-headed human crowned by a sun disk

Hathor - a goddess sometimes depicted as a cow or with cow’s horns and ears; associated with joy, music, and love

Heh - god of millions of years, of eternity

Hieratic - handwritten counterpart to the hieroglyphic script, developed in the Old Kingdom mainly for writing on papyrus; written from right to left

Hieroglyph - a Greek word meaning “sacred symbol.” In Egypt, one of some seven hundred signs used in writing (considerably more if one counts signs used exclusively in the Old Kingdom and the periods after the New Kingdom). “Hieroglyphs” refers to the signs themselves; “hieroglyphic script” is Egyptian writing. (Calling the signs “hieroglyphics” is incorrect.)

Horus - ancient sky god in the form of a falcon, embodiment of the divine powers of the living king; son of Osiris and Isis

Ideogram - (sense sign) a hieroglyph signifying the actual object depicted or a closely connected notion

Isis - wife of Osiris, mother of Horus, the divine magician because of her extraordinary powers, divine mourner of the dead; her name is written with the hieroglyphic sign for “throne,” which she wears on her headdress

Ka - life force; the hieroglyphic sign is a pair of extended arms

Maat - right order and justice established by the gods, personified by the goddess Maat, who wears an ostrich feather on her head or is represented by the ostrich feather itself

Magic rod - a squared or rectangular object carved with symbols, such as felines, crocodiles, protective wedjat eyes, and baboons tending lamps, that Egyptians may have believed helped the sun reappear each day from the chaos of night. These rods were placed in tombs to guarantee a similar rebirth to the deceased.

Mastaba - a type of Egyptian tomb having a rectangular superstructure with exterior walls slightly slanting inward as they rise; contains chapels, chambers, and a shaft leading to an underground burial

Mortuary temple - a temple erected and endowed by a king where he could receive offerings in perpetuity after his death

Mut - “mother”: worshiped as the consort of Amun; shown as a vulture or as a woman wearing the double crown

Myrrh - a fragrant aromatic plant gum used in making perfume, unguents, and incense

Source ⚜ More: Word Lists

[misssomniferum]

The Abydos Kings List

[Source: @egyptiancopticlanguage on Instagram]

Excerpt from original post:

“This is a king list from the temple of 19th Dynasty king Seti I in Abydos (ꜣbḏw / Ⲉⲃⲱⲧ).

In comparison to lists on papyrus, like the Turin King List, this stone-carved list is in pristine condition and one of the most intact Egyptian king lists.

The list is biased though and deliberately excludes dynasties and rulers that were apparently seen as illegitimate during Seti's reign.

The most significant gaps in this list are:

- The 7th Dynasty (1st Intermediate Period) is missing, though its existence is disputed anyway.

- The 9th and 10th Dynasties (1st Intermediate Period) are missing completely.

- The 11th Dynasty (1st Intermediate Period / Middle Kingdom) is mostly missing. Only the last two rulers, Mentuhotep III and IV, are listed.

- The entire 2nd Intermediate Period (13th‒17th Dynasties) is missing.

- In the 18th Dynasty Akhenaten and his successors Tutankhamun and Ay are missing.

For some kings I am listing several names, though it is not always guaranteed that those names represent the same king, especially in earlier dynasties (for example Menes and Narmer). If available I am also trying to match them with Hellenzied names from Manetho.

Even though there is no indication of a system of different dynasties (as mentioned much later by Manetho) in this list, the kings in this list are mostly associated with the following dynasties:

1‒8 = 1st Dyn

9‒14 = 2nd Dyn

15‒19 = 3rd Dyn

20‒25 = 4th Dyn

26‒33 = 5th Dyn

34‒39 = 6th Dyn

40‒56 = 8th Dyn

57‒58 = 11th Dyn

59‒65 = 12th Dyn

66‒74 = 18th Dyn

75‒76 = 19th Dyn.”

[mythologyandancienthistory]

Second Dynasty of Ancient Egypt: Kings, Chaos, and Religion

This article was originally published on [Mythology and History]

To read the full article

What dynastic changes marked the transition from the First to Second Dynasty?

We do not know the reasons that led to the change of the first dynasty or the events that took place in the days of Qa'a, which ended with the ascension of another family to the throne, and we also do not know the relationship between the two families if there was really a transfer of the king from one family to another, and we follow Manetho in his division of the dynasties, and no doubt he had sufficient documents to justify this division.

In fact, we do not see any change, nor do we feel any trace of a sudden transition, everything continued in its normal course, both in terms of artistic development and in the organization of the government in general.

There is a great difference between the ancient sources in the order of the kings of this dynasty, and the names mentioned by Manetho in their Greek versions are difficult to trace back to their Egyptian origin.

For more details about the First Dynasty in Ancient Egypt First Dynasty of Ancient Egypt: Pharaohs, Timeline, and Legacy

Where were the early royal tombs located and why did they shift?

no one found in Abydos the tombs of some of the kings of this dynasty, which suggests that they preferred the new northern capital, the White Castle, to be their residence during their lifetime, and also preferred to build their tombs in close proximity. We see in what these kings left behind references to palaces built by the kings after the fourth year of their reign, and temples erected for various deities, especially Sokar, one of the greatest deities of the new capital, and we also see from the seals of their employees signs of the progress of governmental organization and the existence of various departments. From the study of the tables of the names of the kings, we see that we know at least eight of them, and there is no doubt about the order of the first three of them, namely Hotepsekhemwy, Nebra and Nynetjer, and we are sure of the order of the last three, Seth-Peribsen, Sekhemib and Khasekhemwy.

What was the political and religious conflict between Horus and Set?

We also know that things in that family did not go smoothly and quietly, but were accompanied by many troubles, but we cannot specify these troubles or mention specific things, except when things reached the point of trying to change the general state system and revolt against the worship of Horus. The god set had a major center in Upper Egypt But the spread of the worship of Horus almost overthrew him and the influence of his priests, especially when the kings before the beginning of the First Dynasty began to represent Horus and live in his shadow, and each of them attributed himself to him. One of the things that complicated the situation - for Upper Egypt - is that the kings preferred the new capital at the meeting of the Delta with Upper Egypt, and it is also possible that they began to be influenced by the culture of the people of the north and showed interest in their idols. In every time there is a group of conservatives who look forward to the old and see in it the ideal, and in every time there are also reactionaries who refuse to introduce any change as long as it affects their personal interests, and there are also in every time and place some clerics who refuse to see that people turn away from them and try to stir up emotions among different groups of people to maintain their influence, wealth, and control.

Who was King Seth-Peribsen and why did he reject Horus?

Therefore, there was a strong reaction against the idol Horus and against the influence of the new capital, and King Seth-Peribsen declared an open war on Horus, removing his name from his titles and replacing it with his old rival, the idol Set. He even goes further and does what no one before or after him did, which is to place the symbol of Set above his name written inside a drawing representing the facade of the palace and declares that it is his symbol and that he represented in it and mentions in some of his monuments that Set is the one who handed over the country to him. Seth-Peribsen did not stop there, but returned to Upper Egypt and returned to the old tradition of building his tomb in Abydos, not Saqqara. Unfortunately, we do not know the reaction that occurred in the north, but this act was a strong departure from the traditions that Egypt has followed since at least the beginning of the first dynasty, as the representation of the king with Horus has been ingrained for generations. Especially since the cornerstone of the continuation of the Egyptian civilization was based on the divinity of the king, who since he took over the country became Horus, and was worshiped by his people on this basis, and became one of the gods not different from his other brothers, and even distinguished from them that he was ruling the people on earth and maintaining order and justice and helping the people in Egypt to carry out their duty to worship him and his brothers of idols. Seth-Peribsen revolted against Horus and the White Castle, and there is no doubt that many people from Upper Egypt, and the priests of Seth in particular, welcomed this change, but we do not know anything about a war or revolution against this king, and what has reached our hands hardly tells us anything except that his name was deleted from some of the names of the kings as a transgressor against the worship of Horus. As the priests did more than a thousand and three hundred years later with Akhenaten and those who ruled after him from his family for trying to change the worship of Amun in the country and glorify Atun instead of him and other idols. For more details about Ancient Egypt Before the Dynasties Ancient Egypt Before the Dynasties: The First Civilizations

How did Sekhemib respond to the religious rebellion?

We do not know for sure how many years he was on the throne and how his days ended, but we do know that the change did not last after his death and that the king who succeeded him, Sekhemib, returned to the worship and glorification of Horus He also returned to the usual activity by conducting campaigns to put down any seditions that may have arisen in the north, because we read on the base of both his statues in the Cairo and Oxford Museums an inscription in which he tells us about his victory over his enemies and killing 47209 northern enemies who may have attacked Upper Egypt, as we know from the inscriptions on some of his vessels. Sekhemib was related to King Seth-Peribsen, and was he his son, or was he a prince or a leader who had to face a fierce revolt in the north against what Seth-Peribsen had done? The answer to these questions is no more than conjecture, because what we have from the documents of that era does not help us at all to answer, and if we return to Manetho, we find only a small quote in it, and if it is true that Sekhemib is the one called by Maniton, Sisu Khris, he was very tall, and perhaps his height was accompanied by physical strength, which helped him in his leadership and his wars that he waged to restore order to the country, and his war against the people of Libya to the west of Egypt.

What was the legacy of King Khasekhemwy in unifying Egypt?

Sitting on the throne of Egypt after Sekhemib, a strong and determined king who wanted to satisfy both the north and the south and put an end to that strife, so he took for himself an emblem, the two idols Horus and Set combined, and he put them together above his name, that is King Khasekhemwy, during whose reign Egypt made great progress in which the use of stone in buildings increased, and Egypt settled on its own artistic conditions, and completed most of its components. His reign was characterized by calm and progress in all aspects of life, and his wife was called Nimaathap, the mother of King Djoser, the founder of the third dynasty

Written by H. Moses

All rights reserved ©Mythology and History

[mouseshallot]

Quick sketch of Manetho since I haven't drawn him in a while

[spacejax]

I have to summarize my professor's "modernized" translations of herodotus and manetho and it is borderline unreadable

[aristoteliancomplacency]

The lack of citations on the Wikipedia page for Manetho is one of those times where I’m like ‘oh nah. You’d have to pay me to fix that.’

[garland-on-thy-brow]

Originally Demotic wsjr-ḥp, ("Osiris-Apis"), the name of the deity is derived from the syncretic worship of Osiris and the bull Apis as a single deity under the Egyptian name wsjr-ḥp. This name was later written in Coptic as ⲟⲩⲥⲉⲣϩⲁⲡⲓ Userhapi; Greeks sometimes used an uncommon form Sorapis (Koinē Greek: Σόραπις), slightly closer to the Egyptian name(s). The earliest mention of a "Sarapis" occurs in the disputed death scene of Alexander (323 BCE),[6] but it is something of a mixup: The unconnected Babylonian god Ea (Enki) was titled Šar Apsi, meaning "king of the Apsu" or "the watery deep",[b] and Ea as Šar Apsi seems to be the deity intended in the description of Alexander's death. Since this "Sarapis" had a temple at Babylon, and was of such importance that only Sarapis is named as being consulted on behalf of the dying king, Sarapis of Babylon appears to have radically altered perceptions of mythologies in the post-Alexandrian era. His significance to the Hellenic psyche, due to the mention in the story of Alexander's death, may have also contributed to the choice of the similar-sounding Osiris-Apis as the chief Ptolemaic god, even if the Ptolemies understood that they were different deities. [...] According to Plutarch, Ptolemy stole the cult statue from Sinope in Asia Minor, having been instructed in a dream by the "unknown god" to bring the statue to Alexandria, where the statue was pronounced to be Serapis by two religious experts. One of the experts was of the Eumolpidae, the ancient family from whose members the hierophant of the Eleusinian Mysteries had been chosen since before history, and the other was the scholarly Egyptian priest Manetho, which gave weight to the judgement both for the Egyptians and the Greeks.

- Wikipedia on Serapis

Help. Everything about this is crazy.

[sherdnerd]

Now I'm done college, time to debate whether or not to devote my free time to writing a comprehensive history of ancient Egypt based on the structure of the Abydos king list and Manetho's writings. It would take literally years but also it would be really fun

[milky-rozen]

Ok so,,,

this is going to be a veery long rant, but I couldn't help opening up about this situation once again.

So,,,

Yesterday I shared a post with the ages and some birthdays of the gods according to my story and,,,

Guess what?

The expert who once scolded me for using the "wrong" hieroglyphs in the Valentine’s post is back again! And this time, they subtly accused me of spreading historical misinformation for having "shared dates based on the wrong calendar" (the Augustan one) and for referencing Manetho, a Ptolemaic historian known for,,, well, taking a fair amount of artistic liberties, to talk about mythology lol.

Now.

I am well aware that the sources I used here aren't the most reliable but, as an artist, I simply used that information to make a creative choice to build the lore of my webcomic. And yet, they made it sound like I was sharing some serious misinformation or something.

What bothers me the most tho is that this isn’t even the first time this person has come to me to passive-aggressively point out my "mistakes".

it's the third.

And it’s always over the tiniest details.

Now, I do respect their work, but I’ve reached the point where I’m tired of having to justify myself over and over again. I understand the internet is full of misinformation, but that’s not on me.

I always try to be as intellectually honest as possible, constantly reminding people that I'm not a scholar, and sharing the sources when some specific topic is involved.

It’s not my job to be an educator or a historian, yet I try to be accurate because I care. That’s a responsibility that should fall on actual experts, not on some random Tumblr artist doodling silly comics in their spare time.

I always widely welcome criticism, and I do crave for some enlightening conversations. But being approached like I’m some sort of fraud? Like dude, my Imposter Syndrome is already doing that job for me, and I think it's enough.

As an artist, I know what I’m doing. And if they don’t like it, that’s fine. But I’m done being constantly underestimated just because I’m not an expert.

That’s it.

Now, I don’t know if it’s just a communication issue. Maybe it’s just me, and they genuinely wanted to warn me about the possibility of people misunderstanding my words.

But like,,,

having to remind me that lies can be spread easily online ALL THE TIME? I wasn’t born yesterday. I’m old and knowledgeable enough to understand that.