#语法

[xuexishijian]

Multiple uses of 你

Aside from its normal use as the second-person pronoun, Mandarin 你 has several other meanings it can take on, depending on the context.

Normal (propositional) use: 你 refers to the addressee

我好像见过你。 'I seem to have seen you before.' (Biq 1991: 308)

Impersonal use: Doesn't refer to the addressee, but to a generic person (English and many other languages have this as well)

那些小孩子恼得叫你不能专心做事。 'Those children make such a noise, it makes you (me, one) unable to concentrate on work.' (Biq 1991: 309)

Speaker-oriented use: The speaker uses 你 to refer to themself or to a group associated with the speaker (note that the reverse situation can occur with 我 referring to the addressee)

Context: An actor discusses his experience with a director 他每次比如说我在演的是手，他会跟你讲这个应该怎么样。 'He gives comments when I am acting, he will tell you (me) how it should be.' (Hsiao 2011: 805) (Note the switch from 我 to 你: The speaker is inviting the listener to put themself in his situation.)

Metalinguistic use: Not used as a pronoun at all, 你 calls on the address to pay attention to the speaker's next point

Context: A and B are talking about the importance of education A: Once education is developed many more doctors can be trained. Uh, this is one point but if not, ah? B: This is medical education. A: 就是医药，对吗，你整个儿的学校也多了，诶，上小学上中学的人都多了，那么上医学院的人也多了。。。 A: 'Just medicine, surely, <NI> the number of schools on the whole increases, eh, the number of people going to grade schools and middle schools increases, then the number of people going to medical schools will increase, too...' (Biq 1991: 314-5)

I just think it's neat how this little pronoun can serve a variety of purposes, and it really goes to show just how creative speakers can be with the tools available to them in their language. I recently saw a presentation by a fellow grad student, Tian Xinhe, who formalized these uses of 你 from a theoretical syntax perspective. If anyone's interested in more details about that, I'd be happy to talk more. :) References & further reading:

Biq, Yung-O. (1991). The multiple uses of the second person singular pronoun ni in conversational Mandarin. Journal of Pragmatics, 16, 307-321.

Hsiao, Chi-hua. (2011). Personal pronoun interchanges in Mandarin Chinese conversation. Language Sciences, 33, 799–821.

史金生 & 王璐菲. (2022). 虚拟对话与立场构: “你”在互动中的移指用法 [Virtual dialogue and stance interpretation: The reference shift of "ni" in interaction.]. 中国语文, 6, 671–683.

Tian, Xinhe. (2025, March 28-29). The multi-functionality of the second person pronoun in Mandarin Chinese: a study on syntax-interaction interface [Conference presentation]. CHAMP3, Barcelona, Spain.

[studywmei]

会 VS 能 VS 可以

会， 能 და 可以 სამივე ნიშნავს შეძლებას, მაგრამ რა სხვაობაა მათ შორის?

განვიხილოთ მათი მარტივი მნიშვნელობები:

会 გამოიყენება შესწავლილ უნარებთან და შეიძლება ვთარგმნოთ რო��ორც "ცოდნა"

我们 都 会 游泳 。(ცურვა ვიცი/ცურვა შემიძლია)

我会说中文。(ჩინური ვიცი/ჩინურად საუბარი შემიძლია)

能 შეძლება; უნარის ქონა

你 能 吃 三 碗 米饭 吗 ？（სამი ჯამი ბრინჯის ჭამა შეგიძლია?)

你能来吗？（მოსვლა შეგიძლია?)

可以 ნებართვა

老师 ，我 可以 早点 走 吗 ？(მასწავლებელო შეიძლება ადრე წავიდე?)

可以听语音吗? (შეიძლება მუსიკას მოვუსმინო?)

მაგრამ ამ სამს შორის კვეთაც ხდება ხოლმე

A: შესწავლილი უნარი/ცოდნა(会 უფრო ხშირად გამოიყენება, ვიდრე 能) B: ნებართვა/ თხოვნა (გამოიყენება 能 ან 可以) C: შესაძლებლობა (გამოიყენება 能 ან 可以) D: უფლების არ მიცემა (不可以) E: რაღაც შეუძლებელია (不能)

ახლა კი განვიხილოთ კონკრეტული შემთხვევები

უნარის/შესაძლებლობის გამოხატვა:

ამ სამიდან "შესაძლებლობას" გამოხატავს 会 და 能

გრამატიკული სტრუქტურა: 会／能 + ზმნა

他会修电脑。(კომპიუტერის შეკეთება შემიძლია/ვიცი)

我会跳舞。(ცეკვა შემიძლია/ვიცი)

你能记住所有国家的名字吗？(ყველა ქვეყნის სახელის დამახსოვრება შეგიძლია? / ყველა ქვეყნის სახელს დაიმახსოვრებ?)

ნებართვის გამოხატვა:

ნებართვის ასაღებად გამოიყენება 可以, მაგრამ ასევე შეიძლება ჩანაცვლდეს 能-ით.

დაიმახსოვრეთ კითხვებზე პასუხის გაცემისას დადებითში მხოლოდ 可以 შეიძლება გამოვიყენოთ (რადგან უფრო ბუნებრივად ჟღერს), ხოლო უარყოფითში 不能/不可以.

可以/能 + ზმნა

A: 我能在这里抽烟吗？(აქ სიგარეტის მოწევა შეიძლება?) B: 不可以。(არ შეიძლება)

我可以/能进来吗？(შეიძლება შემოვიდე)

你可以/能帮我一下吗？ (შეგიძლიათ დამეხმაროთ?)

不可以/能带危险物品上车。(მანქანაში საშიში ნივთების შემოტანა არ შეიძლება.)

შესაძლებლობის გამოხატვა:

能 და 可以 გამოხატავს რომ რაღაცის მოხდენის შესაძლებლობა არსებობს

下个月我们就要结婚了，你的父母能/可以来中国吗？(მომავალ თვეში ვქორწინდებით, შენს მშობლებს შეუძლიათ ჩინეთში ჩამოსვლა?/შენი მშობლები ჩინეთში ჩამოვლენ?)

მომავალზე საუბარი:

მომავალზე საუბრისას მხოლოდ 会 გამოიყენება.

会 + ზმნა

明天你会来吗？(ხვალ მოხვალ)

一会儿会下雨吗？(მალე იწვიმებს?)

很:

很会 ნიშნავს რომ ვიღაცას რაღაც კარგად გამოსდის

这个女孩子很会唱歌。(ეს გოგო ძალიან კარგად მღერის)

我的妈妈很会做饭。 (დედაჩემი ძალიან კარგად ამზადებს საჭმელს)

很能-საც მსგავსი მნიშნელობა აქვს და ატარებს გაოცების ტონს

你很能吃嘛！ (მწარე საჭმელს კარგად ჭამ)

你很能睡啊。(რა ძილის გუდა ყოფილხარ!)

[saltypenguinzombie]

交友平台，🉑月，可伴游，包养，字母圈玩法，会员制198起，能接受扫码咨询客服，介意勿扰！

[875fbko7yyy]

进群玩啊，妹妹们都很会玩，各种姿势等你来探讨，🚪198，进群➕微信:1015741150

[idiotprodigy]

要是我教英语那可太好笑了，谁看我逆天的英语成绩都想不到我分不清主谓宾定状补

：老师第一题选什么？

：你过一个灵感吧，答案是D

：为什么

：我*感觉*到的

我们语感选手有种天人感应8见微知著2，智力80教育10的美感

[swdgf]

《我的一个朋友》 by 孔恰

[borealing]

LFBAUDBAJS FUCK he asks in german "do you speak german?" then in french "do you speak french" then in chinese "i dont speak chinese?"

[kailasachinese]

【开示】圣尊尼希亚南达帕冉的灵性旅程与凯拉萨的建立

圣尊尼希亚南达帕冉玛希瓦上师解答关于萨那塔纳道法与凯拉萨的问题 圣尊尼希亚南达帕冉玛希瓦上师解答关于萨那塔纳道法与凯拉萨的问题 视频链接： 文字记录： நித்யானந்ததேஸ்வர பரமசிவ சமாரம்பாம் நித்யானந்தேஸ்வரி பரமசிவசக்தி மத்யமாம் அஸ்மதாச்சார்ய பர்யந்தாம் வந்தே குரு பரம்பராம் உங்கள் அனைவரையும் வணங்கி வரவேற்கின்றேன். இணையத்தின் மூலமாகவும், இதயத்தின் மூலமாகவும் இவ்வுலகெல்லாம் அமர்ந்து இந்த சத்சங்கத்தோடு இணைந்திருக்கும் எல்லா அன்பர்களையும், பக்தர்களையும், சீடர்களையும், ஜெயா…

[xuexishijian]

句法学 - Syntax

词类 cílèi / 词性 cíxìng - Parts of speech

名词 míngcí - Noun

动词 dòngcí - Verb

形容词 xíngróngcí - Adjective

副词 fùcí / 状语 zhuàngyǔ - Adverb

前置词 qiánzhìcí / 介词 jiècí - Preposition

后置词 hòuzhìcí - Postposition

连词 liáncí - Conjunction

代词 dàicí - Pronoun

限定词 xiàndìngcí - Determiner

句法功能 jùfǎ gōngnéng - Syntactic function

主语 zhǔyǔ - Subject

谓语 wèiyǔ - Predicate

宾语 bīnyǔ - Object

语序 yǔxù - Word order

格 gé - Case

主格 zhǔgé - Nominative

宾格 bīngé - Accusative

与格 yǔgé - Dative

属格 shǔgé - Genitive

具格 jùgé - Instrumental

题元角色 tíyuán juésè - Theta roles （语义角色，语义关系，主题关系）

施事 shīshì - Agent

受事 shòushì / 客事 kèshì - Patient

主事 zhǔshì - Theme

感事 gǎnshì / 经验者 jīngyànzhě - Experiencer

益事 yìshì - Beneficiary

领事 lǐngshì - Recipient

终点 zhōndiǎn - Goal

工具 gōngjù - Instrument

Syntactic structure

中心语 zhōngxīnyǔ - Head

附加语 fùjiāyǔ - Adjunct

标定语 biāodìngyǔ - Specifier

论元 lùnyuán - Argument

补足语 bǔzúyǔ - Complement

短语 duǎnyǔ / 词组 cízǔ - Phrase

句子 jùzi - Sentence

分句 fēnjù - Clause

从句 cóngjù - Subordinate clause

(句子)成分 (jùzi) chéngfen - Constituent

Theoretical terms

管辖 guǎnxiá - Govern

约束 yuēshù - Bind

移位 yíwèi - Movement

语迹 yǔjì - Trace

拷贝 kǎobèi - Copy (n.)

提升 tíshēng - Raising

控制 kòngzhì - Control

合并 hébìng - Merge

辖域 xiáyù - Scope

一致 yīzhì - Agreement

特征 tèzhēng - Feature

投射 tóushè - Project (v.)

扩充的投射原则 kuòchōngde tóushè yuánzé - Extended projection principle

语�� yǔduàn - Phase

语段不可渗透性条件 yǔduàn bùkě shèntòuxìng tiáojiàn - Phase impenetrability condition (PIC)

句法树 jùfǎ shù - Syntax trees

节点 jiédiǎn - Node

姐妹节点 jiěmèi jiédiǎn - Sister nodes

母节点 mǔ jiédiǎn - Mother node

女节点 nǚ jiédiǎn - Daughter node

终端节点 zhōngduān jiédiǎn - Terminal node

支配 zhīpèi - Dominate

Theoretical frameworks

生成语法 shēngchéng yǔfǎ - Generative grammar

X' 理论 lǐlùn - X-bar theory （also X次理论）

管辖与约束理论 gǔanxiá yǔ yuēshù lǐlùn - Government & binding

词��功能语法 cíhuì gōngnéng yǔfǎ - Lexical functional grammar

依存语法 yīcún yǔfǎ - Dependency grammar

[sophiasun0505]

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[communist-ojou-sama]

Donc tu l'as cherché et n'en as rien de la preuve, et reconnais mtnt que tu n'es qu'un connard ignorant, hein?

i am pro-copyright infringement. anybody who does fanfiction or fanart or anything should be pro-copyright infringement and obviously we are on the Fanart Website. why this is not a more popular stance among people who spend all their time doing transformative works is beyond me

[875fbko7yyy]

进群来玩，妹子们都接受yp，文爱，群费198，能接受扫码咨询客服，非诚勿扰

[faruimiaoshan-blog]

我儿子泽哥英语配音第二轮第805天《舌尖上的中国：转化牛奶的手法》

[plwongm]

「觀察入微」或「鑽牛角尖」@peterwong3072

[egirl4rent]

Formal Regal Notice of Duel – PMC Leader of eGirl4Rent, Jade Ann Byrne, to King Charles III, “The Green Man”

To His Majesty, King Charles III, False Keeper of Ireland’s Six Counties, the so-called Green Man: By the power vested in me as Paladin Jade Ann Byrne, Leader of eGirl4Rent PMC, and defender of the Irish spirit, I formally issue this regal Challenge of Duel for the reclamation of Ireland’s six stolen counties. Your reign, propped up by centuries of deception and domination, has left the people…

[canopy-log]

How do I establish an exploration system?

As a person who pursues novelty and curiosity, I need to act under my own values.

So how do I adjust my schedule and attention every day?

What I think of is spending time exploring for a period every day. This time should not interfere with work, but it would be best if it could be a bit longer so that I can be constantly delighted.

Until finally, this habit of exploration slowly becomes my flesh and blood, my instinct.

Give yourself a little motivation and do a lot of exploration. Try to explore three directions that you have never known before every day.

Set small goals under the novelty value system to increase your probability. Constantly expand your comfort zone so that you can have anti-fragility.

In this way, you can do many things that I couldn't do before and encounter many opportunities.