#语法
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xuexishijian · 28 days ago
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Multiple uses of 你
Aside from its normal use as the second-person pronoun, Mandarin 你 has several other meanings it can take on, depending on the context.
Normal (propositional) use: 你 refers to the addressee
我好像见过你。 'I seem to have seen you before.' (Biq 1991: 308)
Impersonal use: Doesn't refer to the addressee, but to a generic person (English and many other languages have this as well)
那些小孩子恼得叫你不能专心做事。 'Those children make such a noise, it makes you (me, one) unable to concentrate on work.' (Biq 1991: 309)
Speaker-oriented use: The speaker uses 你 to refer to themself or to a group associated with the speaker (note that the reverse situation can occur with 我 referring to the addressee)
Context: An actor discusses his experience with a director 他每次比如说我在演的是手,他会跟你讲这个应该怎么样。 'He gives comments when I am acting, he will tell you (me) how it should be.' (Hsiao 2011: 805) (Note the switch from 我 to 你: The speaker is inviting the listener to put themself in his situation.)
Metalinguistic use: Not used as a pronoun at all, 你 calls on the address to pay attention to the speaker's next point
Context: A and B are talking about the importance of education A: Once education is developed many more doctors can be trained. Uh, this is one point but if not, ah? B: This is medical education. A: 就是医药,对吗,你整个儿的学校也多了,诶,上小学上中学的人都多了,那么上医学院的人也多了。。。 A: 'Just medicine, surely, <NI> the number of schools on the whole increases, eh, the number of people going to grade schools and middle schools increases, then the number of people going to medical schools will increase, too...' (Biq 1991: 314-5)
I just think it's neat how this little pronoun can serve a variety of purposes, and it really goes to show just how creative speakers can be with the tools available to them in their language. I recently saw a presentation by a fellow grad student, Tian Xinhe, who formalized these uses of 你 from a theoretical syntax perspective. If anyone's interested in more details about that, I'd be happy to talk more. :) References & further reading:
Biq, Yung-O. (1991). The multiple uses of the second person singular pronoun ni in conversational Mandarin. Journal of Pragmatics, 16, 307-321.
Hsiao, Chi-hua. (2011). Personal pronoun interchanges in Mandarin Chinese conversation. Language Sciences, 33, 799–821.
史金生 & 王璐菲. (2022). 虚拟对话与立场构: “你”在互动中的移指用法 [Virtual dialogue and stance interpretation: The reference shift of "ni" in interaction.]. 中国语文, 6, 671–683.
Tian, Xinhe. (2025, March 28-29). The multi-functionality of the second person pronoun in Mandarin Chinese: a study on syntax-interaction interface [Conference presentation]. CHAMP3, Barcelona, Spain.
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studywmei · 1 year ago
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会 VS 能 VS 可以
会, 能 და 可以 სამივე ნიშნავს შეძლებას, მაგრამ რა სხვაობაა მათ შორის?
განვიხილოთ მათი მარტივი მნიშვნელობები:
会 გამოიყენება შესწავლილ უნარებთან და შეიძლება ვთარგმნოთ როგორც "ცოდნა"
���们 都 会 游泳 。(ცურვა ვიცი/ცურვა შემიძლია)
我会说中文。(ჩინური ვიცი/ჩინურად საუბარი შემიძლია)
能 შეძლება; უნარის ქონა
你 能 吃 三 碗 米饭 吗 ?(სამი ჯამი ბრინჯის ჭამა შეგიძლია?)
你能来吗?(მოსვლა შეგიძლია?)
可以 ნებართვა
老师 ,我 可以 早点 走 吗 ?(მასწავლებელო შეიძლება ადრე წავიდე?)
可以听语音吗? (შეიძლება მუსიკას მოვუსმინო?)
მაგრამ ამ სამს შორის კვეთაც ხდება ხოლმე
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A: შესწავლილი უნარი/ცოდნა(会 უფრო ხშირად გამოიყენება, ვიდრე 能) B: ნებართვა/ თხოვნა (გამოიყენება 能 ან 可以) C: შესაძლებლობა (გამოიყენება 能 ან 可以) D: უფლების არ მიცემა (不可以) E: რაღაც შეუძლებელია (不能)
ახლა კი განვიხილოთ კონკრეტული შემთხვევები
უნარის/შესაძლებლობის გამოხატვა:
ამ სამიდან "შესაძლებლობას" გამოხატავს 会 და 能
გრამატიკული სტრუქტურა: 会/能 + ზმნა
他会修电脑。(კომპიუტერის შეკეთება შემიძლია/ვიცი)
我会跳舞。(ცეკვა შემიძლია/ვიცი)
你能记住所有国家的名字吗?(ყველა ქვეყნის სახელის დამახსოვრება შეგიძლია? / ყველა ქვეყნის სახელს დაიმახსოვრებ?)
ნებართვის გამოხატვა:
ნებართვის ასა��ებად გამოიყენება 可以, მაგრამ ასევე შეიძლება ჩანაცვლდეს 能-ით.
დაიმახსოვრე�� კითხვებზე პასუხის გაცემისას დადებითში მხოლოდ 可以 შეიძლება გამოვიყენოთ (რადგან უფრო ბუნებრივად ჟღერს), ხოლო უარყოფითში 不能/不可以.
可以/能 + ზმნა
A: 我能在这里抽烟吗?(აქ სიგარეტის მოწევა შეიძლება?) B: 不可以。(არ შეიძლება)
我可以/能进来吗?(შეიძლება შემოვიდე)
你可以/能帮我一下吗? (შეგიძლიათ დამეხმაროთ?)
不可以/能带危险物品上车。(მანქანაში საშიში ნივთების შემოტანა არ შეიძლება.)
შესაძლებლობის გამოხატვა:
能 და 可以 გამოხატავს რომ რაღაცის მოხდენის შესაძლებლობა არსებობს
下个月我们就要结婚了,你的父母能/可以来中国吗?(მომავალ თვეში ვქორწინდებით, შენს მშობლებს შეუძლიათ ჩინეთში ჩამოსვლა?/შენი მშობლები ჩინეთში ჩამოვლენ?)
მომავალზე საუბარი:
მომავალზე საუბრისას მხოლოდ 会 გამოიყენება.
会 + ზმნა
明天你会来吗?(ხვალ მოხვალ)
一会儿会下雨吗?(მალე იწვიმებს?)
很:
很会 ნიშნავს რომ ვიღაცას რაღაც კარგად გამოსდის
这个女孩子很会唱歌。(ეს გოგო ძალიან კარგად მღერის)
我的妈妈很会做饭。 (დედაჩემი ძალიან კარგად ამზადებს საჭმელს)
很能-საც მსგავსი მნიშნელობა აქვს და ატარებს გაოცების ტონს
你很能吃嘛! (მწარე საჭმელს კარგად ჭამ)
你很能睡啊。(რა ძილის გუდა ყოფილხარ!)
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saltypenguinzombie · 1 year ago
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交友平台,🉑月,可伴游,包养,字母圈玩法,会员制198起,能接受扫码咨询客服,介意勿扰!
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875fbko7yyy · 1 year ago
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进群玩啊,妹妹们都很会玩,各种姿势等你来探讨,🚪198,进群➕微信:1015741150
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idiotprodigy · 1 month ago
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要是我教英语那可太好笑了,谁看我逆天的英语成绩都想不到我分不清主谓宾定状补
:老师第一题选什么?
:你过一个灵感吧,答案是D
:为什么
:我*感觉*到的
我们语感选手有种天人感应8见微知著2,智力80教育10的美感
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swdgf · 11 months ago
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《我的一个朋友》 by 孔恰
#kongqia has the best prose of all the dnmei authors i’ve read so far imo#简明雅致又绵延 意犹未尽#以已垂暮之年的马小蛇的叙述来展开故事是个很妙的写法 从百十年后再回忆那些往事 感情就没那么撕心裂肺了 只是淡淡的怅然所失#于是读者们会如温水煮青蛙般地陷入平淡的讲述中 最后被虐得半死 尤其是结尾那段简直是神来之笔平地起雷 云淡风轻却句句锥心刻骨#explicitly or not it’s about three different unfulfilled loves: 马小蛇->丁若望->苏方宜->沈姿完 (who is dead long before the story even begins)#丁若望明知自己被算计被利用被当替身了 还是心甘情愿地给自己套上枷锁 一头扎进柔情蜜语编织的天罗地网中 往日的仗剑江湖快意恩仇再不复见#即当上武林盟主又做了朝廷大官不失为一番佳话的他至死还是对那位“沈郁”公子念念不忘#看似是苦苦一生求而不得 可他又说了那句“下一世 还要更糊涂 不让他算得那么辛苦” 或许也是求仁得仁吧#而马小蛇就更悲了 本该是主角却沦为旁观者#把一切都看得透透的却说不出走不了劝不动 只能眼睁睁看着自己心爱的人飞蛾扑火般地越陷越深 与他渐行渐远#悲就悲在当他开口讲这个故事的时候 丁若望和苏方宜的坟头上早已杂草丛生了#即便他有手段使人心不烂肉不腐 每到中秋还去他的坟前夜哭一回 人死万事休 再肝肠寸断的思念也只能永远烂在肚子里了#他从始至终没说过一个字 夜里拆招 大漠挡剑 走过长墙的时候都没说 这一辈子也不会说了#听完故事后的​天心弃说他“没有一天开心快活” 可那十年与君浪迹天涯闯荡江湖又算什么呢?#又想当年春光那样好 两个笑得得意忘形的少年走过长廊 他静静望着那个可以管上六十年的笑容 加快了脚步#也许感情这件事只不过是甘不甘心 情不情愿罢了#all that to say it was very much my kind of story ^_^#r
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borealing · 2 years ago
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LFBAUDBAJS FUCK he asks in german "do you speak german?" then in french "do you speak french" then in chinese "i dont speak chinese?"
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sophiasun0505 · 9 days ago
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幸运是属于这类人的 #观世音菩萨 #心灵法门 #卢台长 #卢军宏 #master lu #白话佛法 #五大法宝 #大悲咒#放生#图腾#成功人生秘...
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xuexishijian · 1 year ago
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句法学 - Syntax
词类 cílèi / 词性 cíxìng - Parts of speech
名词 míngcí - Noun
动词 dòngcí - Verb
形容词 xíngróngcí - Adjective
副词 fùcí / 状语 zhuàngyǔ - Adverb
前置词 qiánzhìcí / 介词 jiècí - Preposition
后置词 hòuzhìcí - Postposition
连词 liáncí - Conjunction
代词 dàicí - Pronoun
限定词 xiàndìngcí - Determiner
句法功能 jùfǎ gōngnéng - Syntactic function
主语 zhǔyǔ - Subject
谓语 wèiyǔ - Predicate
宾语 bīnyǔ - Object
语序 yǔxù - Word order
格 gé - Case
主格 zhǔgé - Nominative
宾格 bīngé - Accusative
与格 yǔgé - Dative
属格 shǔgé - Genitive
具格 jùgé - Instrumental
题元角色 tíyuán juésè - Theta roles (语义角色,语义关系,主题关系)
施事 shīshì - Agent
受事 shòushì / 客事 kèshì - Patient
主事 zhǔshì - Theme
感事 gǎnshì / 经验者 jīngyànzhě - Experiencer
益事 yìshì - Beneficiary
领事 lǐngshì - Recipient
终点 zhōndiǎn - Goal
工具 gōngjù - Instrument
Syntactic structure
中心语 zhōngxīnyǔ - Head
附加语 fùjiāyǔ - Adjunct
标定语 biāodìngyǔ - Specifier
论元 lùnyuán - Argument
补足语 bǔzúyǔ - Complement
短语 duǎnyǔ / 词组 cízǔ - Phrase
句子 jùzi - Sentence
分句 fēnjù - Clause
从句 cóngjù - Subordinate clause
(句子)成分 (jùzi) chéngfen - Constituent
Theoretical terms
管辖 guǎnxiá - Govern
约束 yuēshù - Bind
移位 yíwèi - Movement
语迹 yǔjì - Trace
拷贝 kǎobèi - Copy (n.)
提升 tíshēng - Raising
控制 kòngzhì - Control
合并 hébìng - Merge
辖域 xiáyù - Scope
一致 yīzhì - Agreement
特征 tèzhēng - Feature
投射 tóushè - Project (v.)
扩充的投射原则 kuòchōngde tóushè yuánzé - Extended projection principle
语段 yǔduàn - Phase
语段不可渗透性条件 yǔduàn bùkě shèntòuxìng tiáojiàn - Phase impenetrability condition (PIC)
句法树 jùfǎ shù - Syntax trees
节点 jiédiǎn - Node
姐妹节点 jiěmèi jiédiǎn - Sister nodes
母节点 mǔ jiédiǎn - Mother node
女节点 nǚ jiédiǎn - Daughter node
终端节点 zhōngduān jiédiǎn - Terminal node
支配 zhīpèi - Dominate
Theoretical frameworks
生成语法 shēngchéng yǔfǎ - Generative grammar
X' 理论 lǐlùn - X-bar theory (also X次理论)
管辖与约束理论 gǔanxiá yǔ yuēshù lǐlùn - Government & binding
词汇功能语法 cíhuì gōngnéng yǔfǎ - Lexical functional grammar
依存语法 yīcún yǔfǎ - Dependency grammar
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communist-ojou-sama · 9 months ago
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Donc tu l'as cherché et n'en as rien de la preuve, et reconnais mtnt que tu n'es qu'un connard ignorant, hein?
i am pro-copyright infringement. anybody who does fanfiction or fanart or anything should be pro-copyright infringement and obviously we are on the Fanart Website. why this is not a more popular stance among people who spend all their time doing transformative works is beyond me
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faruimiaoshan-blog · 6 months ago
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我儿子泽哥英语配音第二轮第805天《舌尖上的中国:转化牛奶的手法》
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875fbko7yyy · 2 months ago
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进群来玩,妹子们都接受yp,文爱,群费198,能接受扫码咨询客服,非诚勿扰
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plwongm · 8 months ago
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「觀察入微」或「鑽牛角尖」@peterwong3072
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egirl4rent · 8 months ago
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Formal Regal Notice of Duel – PMC Leader of eGirl4Rent, Jade Ann Byrne, to King Charles III, “The Green Man”
To His Majesty, King Charles III, False Keeper of Ireland’s Six Counties, the so-called Green Man: By the power vested in me as Paladin Jade Ann Byrne, Leader of eGirl4Rent PMC, and defender of the Irish spirit, I formally issue this regal Challenge of Duel for the reclamation of Ireland’s six stolen counties. Your reign, propped up by centuries of deception and domination, has left the people…
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canopy-log · 9 months ago
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How do I establish an exploration system?
As a person who pursues novelty and curiosity, I need to act under my own values.
So how do I adjust my schedule and attention every day?
What I think of is spending time exploring for a period every day. This time should not interfere with work, but it would be best if it could be a bit longer so that I can be constantly delighted.
Until finally, this habit of exploration slowly becomes my flesh and blood, my instinct.
Give yourself a little motivation and do a lot of exploration. Try to explore three directions that you have never known before every day.
Set small goals under the novelty value system to increase your probability. Constantly expand your comfort zone so that you can have anti-fragility.
In this way, you can do many things that I couldn't do before and encounter many opportunities.
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sophiasun0505 · 9 days ago
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卢台长【查出癌前病变,不吃素免不了动手术】 #观世音菩萨 #心灵法门 #卢台长 #卢军宏 #master lu #白话佛法 #五大法宝 #大悲咒#放生
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