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ovaga-technologies · 5 months ago

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Voltage Ratings of AT89C51ED2-RLTUM for Safe Operation

When working with microcontrollers like the AT89C51ED2-RLTUM, understanding the voltage ratings is crucial for ensuring safe and reliable operation. Just as a car needs the correct fuel to run smoothly, a microcontroller requires a specific voltage range to function properly. If the voltage is too high or too low, it can damage the chip, cause errors, or even render it inoperable.

In this article, we will explore the voltage ratings of the AT89C51ED2-RLTUM, explain why they are important, and provide tips for operating this microcontroller within its safe voltage range. Whether you are an electronics hobbyist or a professional engineer, understanding these ratings can prevent costly mistakes and ensure that your projects run smoothly.

What is the AT89C51ED2-RLTUM?

The AT89C51ED2-RLTUM is an 8-bit microcontroller from Atmel (now part of Microchip Technology) based on the 8051 architecture. It is widely used in embedded systems for its efficiency and versatility. The AT89C51ED2-RLTUM is ideal for applications requiring low power consumption and high-speed operation.

Understanding Voltage Ratings

Voltage ratings refer to the range of voltages within which a component, like the AT89C51ED2-RLTUM, can operate safely. These ratings help ensure that the component functions as intended without experiencing electrical stress. Voltage ratings are typically specified in datasheets, and adhering to them is critical for preventing component failure.

Nominal Operating Voltage of the AT89C51ED2-RLTUM

The nominal operating voltage of the AT89C51ED2-RLTUM is 5V. This means that for optimal performance, the microcontroller should be powered by a stable 5V supply. Operating at this voltage ensures that the internal circuits receive the right amount of power for processing, timing, and I/O operations.

Maximum and Minimum Voltage Limits

While the AT89C51ED2-RLTUM operates best at 5V, it has voltage tolerance limits. According to the datasheet, the maximum voltage should not exceed 6V, while the minimum voltage should not fall below 4V. Exceeding these limits can damage the microcontroller and cause malfunction.

Maximum voltage (Vcc): 6V

Minimum voltage (Vcc): 4V

These limits ensure that the chip performs reliably without being exposed to harmful electrical conditions.

Why Voltage Ratings Matter

You might wonder, why is it so important to adhere to voltage ratings? Imagine trying to run a device designed for 110V on 220V power—what happens? It could burn out or fail. Similarly, providing too high or too low voltage to the AT89C51ED2-RLTUM can cause it to malfunction, overheat, or even fail permanently.

Maintaining the right voltage ensures the chip’s timing works as expected, allows its I/O pins to communicate correctly, and prevents thermal stress that could shorten its lifespan.

Consequences of Over-voltage and Under-voltage

The AT89C51ED2-RLTUM is designed to handle specific voltage ranges. If the voltage is too high or too low, you could experience the following issues:

Over-voltage: Exceeding the maximum voltage can lead to overheating, component degradation, or even total failure of the microcontroller. This could cause short circuits, damage to internal circuits, and reduced life expectancy.

Under-voltage: Operating below the minimum voltage could result in unreliable performance. The microcontroller may become unstable, leading to errors, crashes, or failure to start up. Under-voltage can also cause program execution issues as the internal logic may not operate as intended.

How to Measure Voltage for Safe Operation

To ensure safe operation, you need to measure the voltage supplied to the AT89C51ED2-RLTUM accurately. You can use a digital multimeter (DMM) to measure the Vcc (supply voltage) in your circuit.

Steps to Measure Voltage:

Turn off the power before connecting the multimeter.

Set your multimeter to the DC voltage mode.

Connect the multimeter’s probes to the Vcc and GND pins of the microcontroller.

Power on the circuit and read the voltage on the multimeter.

Ensure the reading is within the 4V to 6V range.

If the voltage is outside the specified range, adjust the power supply accordingly.

Power Supply Considerations for Safe Voltage Levels

When powering the AT89C51ED2-RLTUM, you need a reliable and stable power supply that delivers the correct voltage. Consider the following tips:

Regulated Power Supply: Use a regulated 5V power supply to ensure stable voltage. Unregulated supplies may fluctuate, which can damage the microcontroller.

Capacitors for Stabilization: Place decoupling capacitors close to the Vcc pin to stabilize the voltage and filter out noise or spikes that may occur on the power line.

Voltage Tolerance in Different Operating Environments

The AT89C51ED2-RLTUM can operate in various environmental conditions, such as temperature fluctuations. However, extreme conditions may affect the voltage tolerance:

Temperature Sensitivity: At higher temperatures, the voltage tolerance might be affected. The microcontroller may need more precise voltage regulation to avoid malfunctions.

Electromagnetic Interference (EMI): In environments with high EMI, voltage spikes may occur, potentially damaging sensitive microcontrollers.

Voltage Protection Techniques

To protect the AT89C51ED2-RLTUM from voltage issues, consider using these protection techniques:

Zener Diodes: A Zener diode can be placed in parallel with the power supply to clamp the voltage to a safe level, preventing over-voltage.

TVS Diodes: Transient Voltage Suppression (TVS) diodes can protect against voltage spikes.

Fuses: Use fuses to protect against short circuits or power surges that could cause damage to the microcontroller.

Ensuring Long-term Reliability

For long-term reliability, ensure the AT89C51ED2-RLTUM operates within the recommended voltage range and has proper heat dissipation. Consider adding heatsinks or ensuring adequate airflow around the microcontroller to prevent overheating. Regular voltage checks and maintenance can extend its operational life.

Testing the AT89C51ED2-RLTUM under Different Voltages

If you need to test the performance of the AT89C51ED2-RLTUM under different voltages, use a variable power supply. Gradually increase or decrease the voltage within the specified range (4V to 6V) and observe any changes in the microcontroller’s performance.

Best Practices for Safe Voltage Operation

To safely operate the AT89C51ED2-RLTUM, follow these best practices:

Use a regulated 5V power supply.

Monitor voltage levels regularly with a multimeter.

Implement voltage protection techniques like Zener diodes or fuses.

Test under varying voltage conditions to ensure stable performance.

Avoid voltage spikes by ensuring proper circuit design.

Conclusion

In conclusion, understanding the voltage ratings of the AT89C51ED2-RLTUM is essential for ensuring safe and reliable operation. By adhering to the recommended voltage range (4V to 6V), using proper power supplies, and employing voltage protection techniques, you can avoid damage and ensure that your microcontroller performs optimally.

#electronic #microcontrollers

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raguram07-blogger · 1 year ago

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Embedded Systems Demystified: Understanding their components and Uses

Embedded systems, the cornerstone of modern technology, are specialized computer systems designed to perform dedicated functions within a larger mechanical or electrical system. These systems, ranging from simple devices like digital watches to complex ones like the control systems in automobiles, are distinguished by their combination of hardware and software, optimized for specific applications. Unlike general-purpose computers that feature versatile processing units and memory for multiple tasks, embedded systems prioritize efficiency, including low power consumption and cost-effective performance, through the integration of microcontrollers, microprocessors, and real-time operating systems (RTOS).

As the backbone of countless applications across various industries, including telecommunications, automotive, medical devices, and even the Internet of Things (IoT), embedded systems play a pivotal role in the evolution of technology. This article delves into the core components that define these systems, such as microprocessors, application software, and printed circuit boards, while exploring their architecture, design principles, and practical applications. It also addresses the challenges in designing these intricate systems, from debugging to customization, and casts a glance at recent advancements and future directions, highlighting how integrated circuits, the 8051 microcontroller, and embedded C programming continue to shape the landscape of embedded systems.

Core Components of Embedded Systems

Embedded systems are integral to numerous devices, functioning through a complex interplay of hardware, software, and real-time operational protocols. Here we break down the essential components that form the backbone of these systems.

Hardware Components

Processor Types: At the heart of every embedded system is a processor, which can be a microprocessor or a microcontroller. Microcontrollers integrate memory and peripheral interfaces, making them ideal for specific control- oriented applications. Conversely, microprocessors require separate integrated circuits for memory and peripherals, offering more flexibility but at a complexity cost.

Memory: Embedded systems utilize two primary types of memory: RAM (volatile) and ROM (non-volatile). The ROM stores permanent instructions for the system, while RAM facilitates the ongoing operations.

Power Supply: Essential for operation, the power supply can be standalone or integrated into a larger system, depending on the design requirements.

Input/Output Ports: These ports are crucial for the system’s interaction with external devices, enabling data transmission through various communication protocols like UART, SPI, and USB.

Software Components

Real-Time Operating System (RTOS): This software manages the hardware resources of embedded systems, optimized for real-time applications. It ensures tasks are completed within strict timing constraints, crucial for applications like medical systems and automotive controls.

Application Software: Tailored to the specific functionalities of the embedded device, this software directly manages device operations and user interactions.

Device Drivers: These software components allow the operating system to interact with the hardware.

Development Tools

Compilers and Assemblers: These tools translate high-level code into machine language that processors can execute. While compilers handle languages like C and C++, assemblers are used for assembly language.

Debuggers and Emulators: Essential for testing, these tools help developers debug the code and emulate hardware operations, ensuring software reliability before deployment.

Integration Technologies

System on Chip (SoC): Integrating all components onto a single microchip, SoC technology simplifies design and enhances performance while reducing power consumption and cost.

Multicore Processing: Allows parallel processing capabilities, enhancing performance and efficiency, particularly in complex applications.

By understanding these core components and their interactions, developers can design more efficient and effective embedded systems, tailored to specific needs and environments.

Design Principles and Architecture

Embedded systems are engineered with specific design principles and architectural frameworks to meet unique operational demands. This section outlines the essential design principles and architectural styles that govern the development of embedded systems.

Key Design Principles

Single-functioned Operation: Each embedded system is developed to perform a specific function, enhancing its efficiency and reliability.

Reactivity and Real-time Operation: These systems are designed to respond to changes in their environment in real- time, a critical feature for applications such as automotive airbag deployment.

Tight Integration of Hardware and Software: Hardware components and application software are closely integrated to optimize performance and reduce power consumption.

Customizability and Flexibility: The architecture allows customization, making embedded systems adaptable to varied requirements.

Low Power Consumption: Design strategies prioritize energy efficiency to extend the life of the system, especially in battery-operated devices.

Compact Size and Cost-Effectiveness: Systems are designed to be small and cost-effective, without compromising on functionality.

Architectural Styles

Embedded systems architecture can be segmented into two primary types:

Harvard Architecture: Separates data and instruction memory, allowing simultaneous data access that speeds up operations

Von Neumann Architecture: Uses a single memory for data and instructions, simplifying the design but potentially slowing the system due to the shared memory

Design Approaches and Considerations

System on Chip (SoC) and Multicore Processing: These technologies integrate multiple components into a singlechip, reducing size and improving performance

Reconfigurable Computing: Offers the flexibility to alter the configuration of the hardware as per changing requirements without halting the system

Design for Manufacturing (DFM): Focuses on designing products that are easier to manufacture, enhancing scalability and reducing costs

Challenges in Design and Architecture

Component Selection and System Integration: Selecting appropriate components that match the system's requirements and ensuring seamless integration pose significant challenges.

Software-Hardware Interface: Designing an effective interface between the software applications and the hardware components is crucial for the optimal functioning of embedded systems.

Heat Dissipation and Environmental Hazards: Special attention is given to managing heat and protecting the system from environmental damages like electrostatic discharge (ESD) and electromagnetic interference (EMI)

By adhering to these principles and considering the outlined architectural styles, designers can create robust, efficient, and reliable embedded systems tailored to specific applications and environments.

Applications Across Industries

Embedded systems have revolutionized operations across a vast array of industries by performing specialized tasks within numerous devices. These systems are integral to technologies ranging from consumer electronics to advanced industrial machinery. Below is an overview of the diverse applications of embedded systems across various sectors:

Automotive Industry

Safety Mechanisms: Embedded systems enhance vehicle safety through features like airbags and anti-lock braking systems.

Navigation and Infotainment: Manage GPS systems and multimedia functions, improving user experience and vehicle functionality.

Vehicle Performance: Control engine systems, monitor vehicle diagnostics, and optimize fuel efficiency.

Medical Devices

Diagnostic Equipment: Embedded systems are crucial in devices that monitor heart rates, glucose levels, and blood pressure.

Treatment Devices: Regulate and administer treatments through advanced drug delivery systems and therapeutic devices.

Wearable Health Monitors: Track health metrics such as physical activity, heart rate, and sleep patterns, providing insights and alerts.

Consumer Electronics

Smartphones and Tablets: Manage core functions including user interface, connectivity, and multimedia processing.

Home Automation: Control systems for lighting, security, and HVAC, enhancing comfort and energy efficiency.

Wearable Technology: Smartwatches and fitness trackers that monitor physical activities and health metrics.

Industrial Automation

Manufacturing: Automate tasks such as assembly lines, quality control, and inventory management, increasing efficiency and safety.

Process Control: Monitor and control industrial processes like chemical reactions and machine operations to ensure optimal performance.

Robotics: Embedded systems guide robotic mechanisms used in manufacturing, warehousing, and material handling.

Aerospace and Defense

Aircraft Systems: Control navigation, communication, and engine management systems in aircraft.

Surveillance and Reconnaissance: Embedded systems play a key role in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for surveillance and data collection.

Mission-Critical Systems: Manage life-support and operational systems in spacecraft and military equipment.

Telecommunications

Network Equipment: Embedded systems are used in routers, switches, and modems to manage data flow and connectivity.

Mobile Communication: Enable smartphones and other portable devices to connect and communicate efficiently.

Satellite Systems: Control satellite operations and data transmission, crucial for global communication networks.

Energy Sector

Smart Grid Technology: Manage the distribution and efficient use of electricity through real-time monitoring and control systems.

Renewable Energy Systems: Control operations in solar panels and wind turbines, optimizing energy production.

Utility Management: Monitor energy consumption, improve system reliability, and facilitate maintenance and repairs.

Embedded systems' adaptability allows them to be customized for specific tasks in these industries, leading to innovations that enhance functionality, safety, and efficiency. Their integration into various devices and machinery has become a cornerstone of technological advancement, influencing how industries evolve and operate.

Challenges in Embedded System Design

Embedded system design faces several challenges that impact the efficiency and security of these technologies. Understanding these challenges is crucial for developers to enhance system performance and reliability.

Debugging and Testing

Debugging Process: Debugging embedded systems typically requires attaching a separate debugging system to the target system via a serial or other port. This setup allows programmers to view and manage the source code from a general-purpose computer, which can be cumbersome and time-consuming.

Testing Protocols: Testing printed circuit boards (PCBs) is conducted at each development phase. Custom testing firmware is created to verify if the PCB functions as expected, demanding meticulous attention to detail and extensive validation procedures.

Security Enhancements

Increasing Security Measures: With the rise of connected devices, security has become a paramount concern. Embedded system designers are now integrating robust security features such as hardware-based security, secure boot procedures, and advanced encryption algorithms to safeguard against breaches.

Cybersecurity Solutions: Developing effective cybersecurity solutions is essential to address vulnerabilities in embedded systems, particularly for Internet of Things (IoT) devices and industries previously lax in security measures.

Software and Hardware Integration

Selection of Programming Language: The choice between C++ and Rust is significant in embedded device programming. Rust offers a memory safety model that enhances security, presenting a compelling alternative to the traditionally used C++ in embedded systems.

Component Selection: The technical proposal phase involves selecting components based on technical characteristics, operating environment, cost, quality, and availability. This balance between cost and performance is critical in determining the overall effectiveness of the embedded system solution.

Project Development Challenges

Requirements Gathering: Conducting thorough interviews with clients to formulate precise requirements for their products is a foundational step in project development.

Offering Alternatives: Providing feasible alternatives during the planning phase ensures that the final product meets the client's needs while adhering to technical and budgetary constraints.

By addressing these challenges through strategic planning and implementation, developers can significantly enhance the performance and security of embedded systems, ensuring they meet the rigorous demands of modern technology applications.

Recent Advances and Future Directions

Embedded systems are continuously evolving, driven by technological advancements and increasing demands across various sectors. This section explores recent innovations and the anticipated future trends in embedded system technology.

Technological Innovations and Trends

AI and Machine Learning: Integration of AI and machine learning in embedded systems has enabled devices to make intelligent decisions and adapt to their environments effectively. This trend is enhancing the capabilities of devices in real-time processing and decision-making.

Edge Computing: By processing data closer to the source of data generation, edge computing minimizes latency and reduces the reliance on constant internet connectivity, thereby enhancing the efficiency of embedded systems.

Advanced Connectivity Solutions: Developments in wireless technologies such as 5G, Wi-Fi 6 and 6E, and Bluetooth LE Audio are revolutionizing how embedded systems communicate and interact, enabling faster and more reliable connections.

Focus on Sustainability and Efficiency

Energy-Efficient Design: With sustainability as a priority, there is a significant shift towards developing low-power embedded systems using advanced power management technologies and energy harvesting techniques

Green Technology: The integration of environmentally friendly practices in the design and deployment of embedded systems is becoming increasingly important

Security and Quality Enhancements

Software Quality: Strengthening the software quality through rigorous testing and adherence to high standards is essential to ensure the reliability and performance of embedded systems

Cybersecurity Measures: As embedded systems become more interconnected, the implementation of robust cybersecurity measures to protect against potential threats and vulnerabilities is crucial

Market Growth and Economic Impact

Market Expansion: The embedded systems market is projected to grow significantly, driven by its applications in AI, mobile computing, and sophisticated processing technologies.

Economic Contributions: As a pivotal element of modern technological solutions, embedded systems are contributing substantially to economic growth and innovation across industries

Future Directions

Quantum Computing: Looking ahead, quantum computing holds the potential to exponentially increase the processing power of embedded systems, opening new avenues for data analysis and decision-making

Open-Source Collaboration: The trend towards open-source hardware and software is fostering greater innovation and collaboration within the embedded systems community

Embedded systems are set to become even more integral to technological progress, with advancements in AI, security, and sustainable practices leading the way. The continuous evolution in this field promises to bring more sophisticated, efficient, and secure embedded solutions to the forefront of technology.

Conclusion

Throughout this exploration of embedded systems, we have journeyed through the intricate balance of hardware and software components, design principles, and the architectural frameworks that underpin these fundamental technology elements.

The discussion highlighted not only the core components and their critical roles but also the current challenges in design and security, underscoring the continuous innovation required to advance in this fast-paced domain. By delving into the varied applications across multiple industries—from automotive to telecommunications and beyond—we've seen how embedded systems function as the linchpins of modern technological infrastructure, driving progress and efficiency at an unprecedented scale.

Looking forward, the future of embedded systems appears boundless, fueled by advancements in AI, machine learning, and edge computing, alongside a growing emphasis on sustainability and cybersecurity. These evolving trends not only promise to expand the capabilities of embedded systems but also underscore the significant economic and societal impact these technologies continue to wield. As we anticipate further breakthroughs, the dialogue around embedded systems will undoubtedly advance, highlighting the imperative for ongoing research, development, and collaboration to harness these powerful tools in the push towards a more innovative and interconnected world.

#embedded systems #embedded systems basics #embedded system architecture

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svsembedded · 1 year ago

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trading435 · 1 year ago

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Microprocessors and Microcontrollers: Key Components of ESE Electronics Syllabus

In the Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE) syllabus for the Engineering Services Examination (ESE) in India, microprocessors and microcontrollers are important topics that are covered. These topics are fundamental to understanding digital electronics and embedded systems. Here are some key components related to microprocessors and microcontrollers in the ese electronics syllabus:

Introduction to Microprocessors and Microcontrollers:

Overview of microprocessors and microcontrollers.

Basic architecture and functionalities of microprocessors and microcontrollers.

Microprocessor Architecture:

Explanation of the architecture of popular microprocessors, such as Intel 8085, 8086, or similar architectures.

Detailed study of various components, including registers, ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit), control unit, memory, and buses.

Microcontroller Architecture:

Understanding the architecture of microcontrollers like the 8051 microcontroller.

Key components like CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O ports, timers/counters, and interrupt system.

Assembly Language Programming:

Writing assembly language programs for microprocessors and microcontrollers.

Understanding instruction sets, addressing modes, and programming concepts.

Memory Interface:

Study of memory interfacing techniques for microprocessors and microcontrollers.

Concepts like memory organization, memory mapping, and interfacing with ROM and RAM.

I/O Interface:

Basics of input and output interfacing with microprocessors and microcontrollers.

Various techniques for interfacing with devices such as LEDs, displays, keyboards, and sensors.

Serial and Parallel Communication:

Serial communication protocols like UART, USART.

Parallel communication techniques for data transfer.

Interrupts and Timers:

Understanding interrupt handling and timer/counters in microcontrollers.

Their significance in real-time systems.

Peripherals and Applications:

Applications of microcontrollers in embedded systems, automation, and control systems.

Interfacing with various peripherals and sensors.

Embedded C Programming:

Writing C programs for microcontrollers.

Embedded C concepts and development tools.

Microcontroller Interfacing and Projects:

Practical application of microcontroller knowledge through projects and hands-on experience.

Developing and implementing microcontroller-based systems.

Recent Advancements:

Awareness of recent developments in the field of microprocessors and microcontrollers.

Emerging technologies and trends.

It's important to note that the specific content and depth of coverage for microprocessors and microcontrollers may vary from one ESE exam to another, so candidates should refer to the official ESE syllabus provided by the conducting authority for the most accurate and up-to-date information. Studying these topics is essential for candidates looking to excel in the ESE examination, especially if they aim for jobs in fields related to electronics, communication, and embedded systems.

#ese electronics syllabus

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wiztechautomations · 2 years ago

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Embedded Training in Chennai

Are you fascinated by the interconnected world of devices, the invisible intelligence behind modern technology, or the idea of creating gadgets that can change lives? If so, you're in the right place! Welcome to the world of embedded systems, where innovation knows no bounds. In this blog post, we'll explore the exciting realm of embedded systems training in Chennai, India, offered by the renowned institution, Wiztech Automations.

At Wiztech Automations we provide training on Embedded systems from Scratch . Our highly qualified trainers gives you a best practical knowledge in Embedded Systems . Basically Our training module deeply works with programming languages required for Microcontroller , We provide training on C , C++ , Python , Assembly language for each controller . Secondly we analyze students requirement and provides training on Microcontroller 8051 , PIC family , AVR , ARM CORTEX , ARM LPC SERIES , ARDUINO , ATMEGA SERIES , RASPBERRY PI . Our Microcontroller training series will be very much practical for the students to learn and work with . We provide importance on working practically because that makes students to work confidently on industries . As our training program is individually focused so it makes student to learn more interactively with flexible timings . We allot 3 hours per day to students work on Lab with our R&D engineers . In this training curriculum students will know about the Architecture , GPIO Interfacing , Sensor interfacing , Communication Protocols . And Finally there comes the IOT module . our students made projects recently to control arduino robot with IOT BLYNK and Google assistant . Our training module includes Machine learning and you can join our one day training program on Embedded Systems with Machine Learning and Deep Learning. Lastly we certify our students and we'll provide a internship for students with popular industries . We'll club students with our Industrial projects which would add value to their resume .

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lowkeynando · 2 years ago

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and microcontrollers that have also been labeled CISC in many academic publications [citation needed include the Motorola 6800, 6809 and 68000-families; the Intel 8080, ¡APX432 and ×86-family; the Zilog Z80, Z8 and Z8000-families; the National Semiconductor 32016 and NS320xx-line; the MOS Technology 6502-family; the Intel 8051-family; and others.

Some designs have been regarded as borderline cases by some writers. For instance, the Microchip Technology PIC has been labeled RISC in some circles and CISC in others. The 6502 and 6809 have both been described as RISC-like, although they have complex addressing modes as well as arithmetic instructions that operate on memory, contrary to the RISC principles. Before the RISC philosophy became prominent, many computer architects tried to bridge the so-called semantic gap, i.e., to design instruction sets that directly support high-level programming constructs such as procedure calls, loop control, and complex addressing modes, allowing data structure and array accesses to be combined into single instructions. Instructions are also typically highly encoded in order to further enhance the code density. The compact nature of such instruction sets results in smaller program sizes and fewer main memory accesses (which were often slow), which at the time (early 1960s and onwards) - [ ] JUNGLEWOODNETHERRACKNETHERWARTENCHANTMENTTABLECHORUSFLOWERREDSTONEREPEATERREDSTONECOMPARATORTRiPWiREHOOKCOMMANDBLOCKSTiCKYPiSTONALiENSSPECiESFAiRiESDEiTiESGODSCLOWNSROBOTSANDROiDSARTiFiCiALiNTELLiGENCESBRAiNSPOWERSiNTELLiGENCEQUOTiENTSWORMSTAPEWORMSTUBESTUMORSCANCERSHOSTSENTiTiESFUNGiSPARASiTESBACTERiASAMiCROORGANiSMSMUSHROOMSSURGERiESSCiENCESPHYSiCSWiTCHCRAFTSMAGiCSVOODOOSHOODOOSWiZARDSWARLOCKSCULTSSECRETSOCiETiSALTEREGOSiNNERDEMONSCROSSROADDEMONSMEDiCALTREATMENTS CLONES

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sztupy · 2 years ago

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Just to elaborate what shenanigans you can encounter when dealing with producers:

We used to order some small devices that used an Intel 8051 based 8-bit microchip, usually in batches of 100. They were fairly inexpensive and perfect for our purpose. There was also a different ARM based version out there, but the price was around 4-5x as much so although we had a couple demo ones to test, we didn't use them as the price was simply not right for our purposes.

We always threw out the code they sent it with opting to program them on our own, and every time we received an order we received something slightly different, and had to adapt our code to support. We have also seen a lot of oddities, like in one of the orders they mixed up a resistor and a condenser meaning something that was pulling one of the input lines up was now pulling it down instead, and they tried to fix this issue in code (considering the chip did not support interrupts on 0->1 this was done using timers that used up almost 30% of the available performance of the chip, and was of course also power inefficient as hell)

However once we received a very odd order - they actually sent us a batch of the ARM version (do note - they were around 5x as expensive - the MCU alone was as expensive as a complete product using the 8051 chip), but they tried to hide this fact from us by manually scrapping down the text from the MCU one-by-one (this made identifying the chip a lot harder, but we managed). The code was kind of a mess as well from what we could reverse-engineer, it did seem to contain some native code and some 8051 emulation though.

Is there any non-cheating reason to have a calculator that has only these buttons, but is secretly running full Android?

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projectchampionz · 7 years ago

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Design And Construction Of A Bi-Directional Visitors Counter

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Title Page

Certification/Declaration

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packlong · 3 years ago

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xanthium-enterprises-blog · 8 years ago

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Learning to use Small Device C Compiler to program 8051 microcontroller tutorial

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diygeeksindia-blog · 8 years ago

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Serial Port programming using Visual Basic for Embedded Developers.Learn how to interface your microcontroller with PC using Visual Basic .net

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unitedloading766 · 4 years ago

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Initio Inic 3609 Windows 10

INIC-1610

The Initio INIC-1610 provides an advanced solution to connect SATA devices to USB or SATA Host with integrated CPU and embedded SRAM. To provide high performance and cost effective solution, the INIC-1610 integrates USB-PHY Mass Storage Class Bulk-Only USB function, SATA link/PHY core and microprocessor into a single ASIC. The INIC-1610 provides the data transfer rate of up to 60 MB/sec connecting to a 1.5G SATA interface.

Features Summary | FW/SW Support | Device Support

Features Summary

Integrates USB2.0 PHY IP core.

Data transfer rate of up to 60 MB/sec on USB side, 150 MB/sec on SATA side.

Integrated internal Turbo 8051 uP with 16KB embedded SRAM.

Program Flash In-Line (Firmware download mechanism, USB direct for MFG Test, write .bta file.

Local Bus Interface to Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) Flash Only.

Support HID.

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Supports SATA (bridged SATA) Hard Disk drives, CD-RW devices, DVDs, Removable media devices, BD (Blu-Ray Disc) drive

USB 1.1 and USB 2.0 compliant.

USB Mass Storage Class Bulk-Only Transport Specification Compliant.

Serial ATA Revision 2.5 specification Compliant (Hot Plug is supported).

Support SATA to SATA pass through.

Supports SATA NCQ.

Supports 3Gbps SATA host and 3Gbps SATA HDD.

Support ATA/ATAPI device DMA and PIO mode.

4k bytes of data buffer for data transfer.

On-Chip 3.3V to 1.8V regulator.

64 pin LQFP

Firmware/Software Support

USB Mass Storage Class Bulk-Only Transport support

Provide software utilities for downloading the upgraded firmware code

Device Support

Hard disk drives

CD-RW devices

DVDs

Removable media devices

Blu-Ray Disk driver

INIC-1610 Datasheet

Inic-3609

Initio Inic 3609 Windows 10

Tech Support Guy System Info Utility version 1.0.0.2 OS Version: Microsoft Windows 7 Home Premium, Service Pack 1, 64 bit Processor: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-3470 CPU @ 3.20GHz, Intel64 Family 6 Model 58 Stepping 9 Processor Count: 4 RAM: 8122 Mb Graphics Card: NVIDIA GeForce GT 620, 1024 Mb Hard.

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Inic-3609

Initio Inic 3609 Windows 10

Initio Corporation, a leading supplier of storage and high speed serial interface ASICs, has introduced INIC-3610, the first USB 3.0 to two ports SATA 6Gbps SOC solution in the world.

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verticalnew176 · 4 years ago

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