#Binary Tree Traversal in C

[leetcode1]

LEETCODE PROBLEMS 1-100 . C++ SOLUTIONS

Arrays and Two Pointers   1. Two Sum – Use hashmap to find complement in one pass.   26. Remove Duplicates from Sorted Array – Use two pointers to overwrite duplicates.   27. Remove Element – Shift non-target values to front with a write pointer.   80. Remove Duplicates II – Like #26 but allow at most two duplicates.   88. Merge Sorted Array – Merge in-place from the end using two pointers.   283. Move Zeroes – Shift non-zero values forward; fill the rest with zeros.

Sliding Window   3. Longest Substring Without Repeating Characters – Use hashmap and sliding window.   76. Minimum Window Substring – Track char frequency with two maps and a moving window.

Binary Search and Sorted Arrays   33. Search in Rotated Sorted Array – Modified binary search with pivot logic.   34. Find First and Last Position of Element – Binary search for left and right bounds.   35. Search Insert Position – Standard binary search for target or insertion point.   74. Search a 2D Matrix – Binary search treating matrix as a flat array.   81. Search in Rotated Sorted Array II – Extend #33 to handle duplicates.

Subarray Sums and Prefix Logic   53. Maximum Subarray – Kadane’s algorithm to track max current sum.   121. Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock – Track min price and update max profit.

Linked Lists   2. Add Two Numbers – Traverse two lists and simulate digit-by-digit addition.   19. Remove N-th Node From End – Use two pointers with a gap of n.   21. Merge Two Sorted Lists – Recursively or iteratively merge nodes.   23. Merge k Sorted Lists – Use min heap or divide-and-conquer merges.   24. Swap Nodes in Pairs – Recursively swap adjacent nodes.   25. Reverse Nodes in k-Group – Reverse sublists of size k using recursion.   61. Rotate List – Use length and modulo to rotate and relink.   82. Remove Duplicates II – Use dummy head and skip duplicates.   83. Remove Duplicates I – Traverse and skip repeated values.   86. Partition List – Create two lists based on x and connect them.

Stack   20. Valid Parentheses – Use stack to match open and close brackets.   84. Largest Rectangle in Histogram – Use monotonic stack to calculate max area.

Binary Trees   94. Binary Tree Inorder Traversal – DFS or use stack for in-order traversal.   98. Validate Binary Search Tree – Check value ranges recursively.   100. Same Tree – Compare values and structure recursively.   101. Symmetric Tree – Recursively compare mirrored subtrees.   102. Binary Tree Level Order Traversal – Use queue for BFS.   103. Binary Tree Zigzag Level Order – Modify BFS to alternate direction.   104. Maximum Depth of Binary Tree – DFS recursion to track max depth.   105. Build Tree from Preorder and Inorder – Recursively divide arrays.   106. Build Tree from Inorder and Postorder – Reverse of #105.   110. Balanced Binary Tree – DFS checking subtree heights, return early if unbalanced.

Backtracking   17. Letter Combinations of Phone Number – Map digits to letters and recurse.   22. Generate Parentheses – Use counts of open and close to generate valid strings.   39. Combination Sum – Use DFS to explore sum paths.   40. Combination Sum II – Sort and skip duplicates during recursion.   46. Permutations – Swap elements and recurse.   47. Permutations II – Like #46 but sort and skip duplicate values.   77. Combinations – DFS to select combinations of size k.   78. Subsets – Backtrack by including or excluding elements.   90. Subsets II – Sort and skip duplicates during subset generation.

Dynamic Programming   70. Climbing Stairs – DP similar to Fibonacci sequence.   198. House Robber – Track max value including or excluding current house.

Math and Bit Manipulation   136. Single Number – XOR all values to isolate the single one.   169. Majority Element – Use Boyer-Moore voting algorithm.

Hashing and Frequency Maps   49. Group Anagrams – Sort characters and group in hashmap.   128. Longest Consecutive Sequence – Use set to expand sequences.   242. Valid Anagram – Count characters using map or array.

Matrix and Miscellaneous   11. Container With Most Water – Two pointers moving inward.   42. Trapping Rain Water – Track left and right max heights with two pointers.   54. Spiral Matrix – Traverse matrix layer by layer.   73. Set Matrix Zeroes – Use first row and column as markers.

This version is 4446 characters long. Let me know if you want any part turned into code templates, tables, or formatted for PDF or Markdown.

[mitscollege]

Building the Way to Success in Tech for BCA Students

The tech industry is booming, and opportunities abound-from software development and data analytics to cybersecurity and cloud computing. For the BCA student this field is no doubt interesting but very competitive. What makes the cut to be unique and successful within a tech industry is beyond a degree - it demands a harmonious blend of skills, experience, and strategic planning. Today, with this blog post, we'll know the key tips through which BCA students can carve out a successful tech career by honing technical skills, good networking, and staying updated with the changing trends in the industry.

1. Master the Fundamentals of Programming and Problem-Solving

Well, basically, programming forms the backbone of the tech industry, and when it comes to a student studying BCA, it becomes important to master the same in order to have an excellent career. Along with the course of your BCA, you are taught various programming languages like C, C++, Java, Python, and other programming languages. Try to master all because most of the tech jobs are covered by these programming languages, whether it is software development, web development, or data science.

Practice HackerRank, LeetCode, and Codeforces are platforms you can practice coding regularly. It helps develop your problem-solving skills and learn algorithms more efficiently. Work on projects. Making your own websites, applications, or software will provide hands-on experience and the chance to apply what's learned to real-world situations.

Participate in Coding Contests: One should really attempt CodeChef and Google's Kick Start since that is the best place to test oneself and hone the coding skills and shine for employers. Remember, the employers value both problem-solving as much as the programming aspect so, logical thinking and finding the most optimum solution to complex problems shall always be key.

2. Strong Base in Data Structures and Algorithms

One of the most crucial aspects of computer science and programming is DSA- data structures and algorithms. Once you grasp DSA, your ability to write code allows its execution as efficiently and optimized as possible, and therefore, very critical in developing scalable software and systems. In fact, the tech companies such as Google, Amazon, and Microsoft are keen on DSA during their hiring process.

Learn Basics: Begin by learning the fundamental data structure, like arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues, hash tables, and binary trees. Practice writing each of them from scratch in many programming languages.

Master Algorithms: Learn typical algorithms like sorting, searching, and recursion. Study the more advanced topics of dynamic programming, greedy algorithms, and graph traversal algorithms.

Practice Problems: GeeksforGeeks, InterviewBit, and LeetCode are platforms that offer structured DSA practice problems across multiple levels of difficulties. Start with easy problems and keep moving on to more challenging levels. DSA is not only a technical interview preparation but also helps in designing systems in a much better way in the workplace.

3. Learn Beyond the Classroom: Explore New Technologies

As your BCA programme will allow you a great foundation in key areas such as programming, database management and web development, do not take this as the only major happenings out there in the tech space, since new technologies and tools are surfacing every single day. For these purposes, you might consider exploring some of them.

Technologies to explore:

Some of the prominent ones existing in the market today are AWS, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud. Thus, you would really learn how to deploy and manage your cloud infrastructure to get a career in the field of cloud computing and DevOps. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: AI and ML are changing the face of industries like healthcare, finance, and e-commerce. But by learning Python, TensorFlow, and other tools for AI and ML, it would be possible to build predictive models and, consequently, develop AI-driven applications.

Blockchain: With increasing applications in the finance sector, supply chain management, and security, blockchain technology is getting popular. Understanding how blockchain works and building smart contracts on platforms like Ethereum will put you at an edge in this niche.

Cybersecurity: Increasing cases of cyber threats demand lots of cybersecurity skills. Thus, one should opt for courses like network security, ethical hacking, and data encryption to stand out in the niche of cybersecurity.

You will be in a position to understand and cope with industry changes and be placed in specialization roles that could best fit your interest.

4. Learn through Internships

This will enable you to interact with new technologies and know how you can adapt them into your daily practice.

Internships will give you real-world experience in which you will be using everything you have learned. You will also get to know different roles, industries, and technologies that can help you in your chosen path. But most of all, they can really make your resume spectacularly jump at the face of any hiring manager for a full-time job after graduation.

How to find and excel in internships:

**Tapping into Networking: Reach out to professors, alumni, and business professionals for the purpose of locating an internship. Utilize LinkedIn in building connections with possible employers and seek out job openings. Apply Early: Start searching for internships early because most companies post their applications months before the actual date the internship is set to start.

Be Proactive: After you get the internship, it is not just about taking advantage of being at a good organization but also to your benefit, it presents an opportunity to bring value. Engage in real projects, learn from feedback, and most importantly, seize opportunities during your period of mentorship.

That experience, no matter how small you start with - whether paid or unpaid internships - will eventually pay dividends in the long term because it adds to your list of skills and professional experiences.

5. Acquire Soft Skills Along With Technical Skills

With technical skills, one might achieve partial fulfillment of success in the tech industry. Soft skills are equally important, such as good communication, team working, time management, and problem-solving skills, without which a technical professional will not be able to fly high in that industry. When working in a team environment, proper explanation of the technical concepts to nontechnical stakeholders, managing projects properly, and working with heterogeneous groups is a major requirement.

Key soft skills to focus on :

Communication: Learn how to communicate technical ideas in both writing and speaking.

Teamwork: Most of the work in tech involves teamwork. You will work with designers, marketers, and project managers. All these will help you gain great interpersonal skills.

Time Management: Deadlines and multiple projects at once are some of the regular phenomena. Proper time management helps target priorities and work effectively.

A balance between your technical and soft skills will make you a more diversified candidate, thereby making you more employable in the highly competitive job market.

6. Portfolio and Personal Branding

A diversified portfolio, showing off your skills, projects, and experiences, will differentiate you from other applicants. It should prove that you can solve problems, write clean code, and deliver high-quality projects.

What to include:

Personal Projects: Make sure to describe and include code for personal and class projects worked on. It's better to have a few well-executed projects than many unfinished ones.

GitHub Repository: Include your GitHub profile in your resume. This provides employers with an opportunity to review your code, contributions and development practices. You can include the following in the portfolio:

Certificates: If you have undertaken some certificates that illustrate your sector of competence in a particular domain, such as cloud computing, data analytics, or cybersecurity. Include all those certificates in the portfolio

Blog or Website: If possible, create a personal website or blog whereby one can express his thoughts regarding their portfolio and may write concerning the tech topic he or she is enthusiastic about. This would help build your own brand and make you out as the source of ideas or as a thought leader in your chosen field.

7. Stay updated about current trends and network professionally

The reason for this is that the technology sector keeps changing rapidly, and awareness of cutting-edge technology is a must in order to avoid outdatedness. Update yourself regularly by reading the latest technology blogs, participating in conferences, and joining online groups to keep you posted on current technologies, the standards of the industry, and the best practices prevailing in the industry.

Staying updated and networking

Follow Tech blogs proactively: Websites like TechCrunch, Wired, and The Verge keep you abreast of new technologies, startups, and innovations. Subscribe to them for staying up-to-date.

Online Communities: Engage yourself on websites like Reddit, Stack Overflow, and GitHub, where you get to spend time with other tech professionals, ask questions, and remain updated on the industry trends.

Meetups and Conferences: Industry conferences, webinars, and meetups with the locals are fantastic ways to expand your professional network, network ideas from industry thought leaders, and perhaps discover job opportunities.

Effective networking opens doors to internships, jobs, and mentorships. Build strong networking relationships with professors, peers, and industry professionals.

8. Prepare for Job Interviews and Technical Tests

Hiring into the tech field normally comes after the candidate is able to stand out from the rest of the applicants by passing the intense technical interview and coding tests. The early preparation stage can be better done if one practices coding problems, reviews key concepts in computer science, as well as educates themselves about common questions asked.

Interview Prep Tips

Practice Mock Interviews: Mock interviews with friends or on platforms like Pramp will help you get accustomed to answering technical questions under pressure.

Revisit the Fundamentals: Practice data structures and algorithms, operating systems, database management, and networking. These are common interview hotspots.

Learn About the Company: Once you know which company you'll be interviewing with, dig up knowledge regarding its product/service, technologies, and business model. That way, you will tailor your answers to what they'll need most and show interest in their corporation.

This will equip you with greater confidence in technical and behavioral interviews.

9. Higher Education and Specialization

A BCA is a wonderful start but most continue their education further for specialisation. One may decide to pursue his or her Master's in Computer Applications (MCA), MS in Computer Science, or an MBA in Information Technology, depending on career prospects.

Advance degrees help you deepen knowledge in specialized fields like artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, data science, and cloud computing; this may boost your marketability and career prospects

Conclusion

Building an excellent tech career as a BCA student is more than just doing your course work. It will demand continued learning, practical experience, and strategic career planning. By perfecting programming skills, venturing into new technologies, getting hands-on experience, and developing relevant technical and soft skills.

[eonlineexamss]

Rajasthan Computer Teacher Syllabus 2021

Govt Computer Teacher Syllabus 2021- In Rajasthan, applications for computer teacher vacancies will be taken. With the release of the Rajasthan Computer Teacher Vacancy 2021 official notification, Rajasthan Computer Teacher Syllabus 2021 will also be given along with it. Rajasthan Computer Teacher Syllabus 2021.

Rajasthan 2nd Grade Computer Teacher Syllabus & Exam Pattern, Download RPSC 3rd Grade Computer Teacher Syllabus 2021 PDF Computer Shikshak Bharti 2021 Syllabus Download.

Rajasthan Computer Shikshak Exam Pattern for Grade 1st, 2nd and 3rd. Rajasthan Computer Teacher Syllabus 2021 in Hindi.

Computer teacher syllabus 2021

Online application will be taken for 9862 posts of Computer Teacher Instructor, out of which no posts have been fixed for first grade yet, 3616 posts for second class and 9862 posts for third class will be applied. Rajasthan Computer Teacher Syllabus 2021 | Download Rajasthan Computer Shikshak Exam Pattern for Grade 1st, 2nd and 3rd

Rajasthan Computer Instructor Syllabus 2021 Paper-1 (Senior Instructor)

1. The question paper will maximum 100 marks.

2. Duration of question paper will be 2.00 hours

3. The question paper will carry 100 questions of multiple choices

4. Paper shall include the following subject:

(i) Art & Culture, History, Geography, General Science and Current Affairs of Rajasthan.

(ii) General Ability in include following point:

A. Logical Reasoning and Analytical Ability.

B. Decision Making and Problem Solving.

C. General Mental Ability.

D. Basic Numeracy – Numbers and their relations, orders of magnitude, etc. (Class X level)

E. Data Interpretation – Charts, Graphs, Tables, Data Sufficiency, etc. (Class X level)

Negative marking shall be applicable in the evaluation of answer. For every wrong answer 0.5 of the marks prescribed for that particular question shall be deducted. Explanation: Wrong answer shall mean an incorrect answer of multiple answer.

Rajasthan Computer Instructor Syllabus 2021 Paper-2 (Senior Instructor)

1. The question paper will carry maximum 100 marks.

2. Duration of question paper will be 2.00 hours.

3. The question paper will carry 100 questions of multiple choices.

4. Negative marking shall be applicable in the evaluation of answer.  For every wrong answer 0.5 of the marks prescribed for that particular question shall be deducted. Explanation: Wrong answer shall mean an incorrect answer of multiple answers.

5. Paper shall include following subject:

(i) Pedagogy

(ii) Mental Ability: Decision making and Problem solving. Data Interpretation, Data Sufficiency, Logical Reasoning and Analytical Ability, Major developments in the field of Information Technology.

Basic numeracy – numbers and their relations, orders of magnitude, etc. (Class X level)

(iv) Data Interpretation – charts, graphs, tables, data sufficiency, etc. (Class X level)

(v) Fundamentals of Computer: Number system, arithmetic operations, introduction to various categories of computer language. Functional details of Input and Output devices.

(vi) Programming Fundamentals: C, C++, Java, DotNet, Artificial Intelligence

(Al), Machine learning. Python and Block Chain.

Programming, data types (Built in and user defined), Scope of variables, precedence of operators, control flow, functions, arrays

Pointers, structures and unions, enumerated data-types and file handling, command line arguments.

(vii) Object Oriented Programming using C++ and JAVA: Objects and classes. Inheritance, polymorphism. Event and exceptions handling, files and streams.

(viii) Data structures and Algorithms: Abstract data types, Arrays as data structures, linked list v/s array for storage, stack and stack operations, queues, binary trees, binary search trees, graphs and their representations, sorting and searching, symbol table.

(ix) Algorithms: Tree traversals. Branch and bound and greedy methods, complexity of algorithms.

(x) Digital Logic Systems: Boolean expressions, K-maps. TTL and CMOS logic families, combinational logic design using halt full adders, Sub tractors, and multiplexer, synchronous sequential system design

(xi) Computer Organization and Architecture: Von-Neumann architecture of computers. Registers and micro operations, control logic. Processor addressing and bus organization. Processor input/output and DMA. Memory organization and cache coherence.

(xii) Operating Systems: CPU scheduling. Deadlocks, Memory management, file systems, disk scheduling. Concept of Client server architecture in distributed environment and RPC. Process, threads and their synchronization Real Time OS: clock synchronization and task scheduling. System initialization, booting and handling user accounts. Backup and restore, Boume shell programming for Linux.

(xiii) Database Management System: E-R models, Relational algebra, calculus and databases. Integrity constraints. Triggers, normalization, and indexing. Transaction processing, concurrency control and Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)

(xiv) Software Engineering: Phases of System Development Life Cycle System modeling. Software requirement specifications and DFDs. Introduction to software testing, software project management.

(xv) Data and computer networks: Evolution of Networking. Data Communication terminologies, Transmission media. Network devices. TCP/IP & OSI/ISO reference models, functions of different layers, characteristics of physical media, multiplexing in physical layer, medium access protocols, introduction to 802.3, 802.4, 802.5, 802.11 LAN technologies, IP protocol including routing and congestion control. TCP and UDP, DNS.

(xvi) Network Security: Groups, rings and fields in finite space, Euler and Fermat’s theorem, primarily testing, security services and mechanisms, symmetric and asymmetric encryption including DES, AES, IDEA, RSA algorithms, key management in symmetric and asymmetric encryption, message authentication and hashing, email security, viruses and trusted systems, Networking (LAN&WAN),

Security, Ethical Hacking.

(xvii) Basics of communication: Channel capacity, attenuation, communication impairments, propagation of EM waves through free space (excluding free space models). PCM and delta modulation, WDM, brief introduction to GSM and CDMA based communication systems.

(xviii) Web Development: HTML/DHTML, Web Page Authoring Using HTML, Document Object Model Concept and Importance of Document Object Model. Dynamic HTML document and Document Object Model. Introduction to Cascading Style Sheet (CSS). Extensible Markup Language (XML). Basic of PHP and Java Script.

Syllabus and Scope of Papers: – The syllabus and scope of paper for the examination will be as prescribed by the Commission Rajasthan Staff Selection Board Appointing Authority as the case may be, from time and will be intimated to the candidates within the stipulated time in the manner as the Commission, Rajasthan Staff Selection Board/ Appointing Authority, as the case may be deems fit.

For More Info:-Computer Teacher Vacancy Coaching

[coursesforallacademynoida]

B.Tech Tuition For Data Structures And Algorithms In Noida

B.Tech Tuition For Data Structures And Algorithms In Noida

B.Tech Tuition For Data Structures And Algorithms In Noida

Abstract Data Types, Sequences as value definitions, Data types in C, Pointers in C, Data Structures and C, Arrays in C, Array as ADT, One Dimensional Array, Implementing one Dimensional Array, Array as parameters, Two Dimensional Array, Structures in C, Implementing Structures, Unions in C, Implementation of unions, Structure Parameters,…

[irarelypostanything]

Slice of Life[3]

[Nora]

Nora finished the coding interview question in roughly three minutes, but she still felt a little bit blindsided.  

“Congratulations, that works perfectly.”

“But WHY?”

“Why what?”

“Why would you ask me to do this?”

On the whiteboard was C++ code that inverted a binary tree.  It was easy as fuck.  It was just one line different than traversing a tree normally, and it didn’t take her a whole lot of time to figure out the difference.

“We just wanted to assess your abilities.”

“And is this a...warm-up?”

“Nope, that’s the whole thing.  Congratulations again.”

Nora just stood there for a little while, whiteboard marker still in hand.  “I just inverted a binary tree on a whiteboard.  Does that indicate to you that I will be a good fit for your company?”

“Surprisingly, yes.  This question is literally the best metric we have devised.”

“Seriously?”

“Seriously.”

They stood there for a little while, looking at each other.

“So what do I wear on Monday?”

[Dan]

The entire meeting room was full of engineers intimidated by Dan, in spite of the fact that Dan was a tiny Asian dude who looked like he could be knocked out by a single punch from a 90-year-old drunken man with a walking problem.  His height said two things about him: That he was special in a not-good sort of way, and something I’d rather not say.

“I want to know which of you limp dick pieces of shit is applying to other companies.”

One engineer he hated (Dan hated all of his engineers, but this one he hated especially) started to say something, then stopped.

“Spit it out, you fuck.  Who is it?”

“N-N-Nora, probably?”

“Ah, so you’re selling out Nora.  Nora is ten times more loyal than any of you treacherous Indeed-easy-applying douche bags will ever be.”

The hated engineer showed Dan his phone.  “Look at her status: ‘Started my first day at a new job in San Francisco today.’ Hashtag livelovelaugh.  Hashtag girlswhocode.  Hashtag MondayMartinis.”

“Holy shit,” said Dan.

“I liked and shared the photo.  That’s cool, right?”

“All of you, clear the room.  I need to make a personal call.”

Nora did not respond to Dan’s first or second or third call.  He decided to text her, instead.

How could you, he texted her.  How could you leave?

Better pay, she texted back, almost immediately, better salary, less toxic atmosphere, more fun projects.

Oh okay, Dan texted, I guess that’s fine then.

Funny, texted Nora, I didn’t pick up because I thought you would be mad.

I am extremely mad, texted Dan, it is just very difficult to convey my rage without screaming.

[Ryan]

“This is, without question, the worse code I have ever seen,” said Ryan.  Ryan and Kevin were in a conference room.  On the projector was an incomprehensible mess of nondescriptive variable names, pointers to pointers to pointers, and comments written to the tune of this line of code is never called, and if it was called it definitely would not work.

“It gets worse,” said Kevin, “just look at this next function.”

Kevin scrolled down on the computer they were projecting.  Underneath that was a bunch of incomprehensible 0x values.

“For the love of all that is good and holy,” said Ryan, “What twisted abomination of a human would write something like this?”

“I don’t think it was written by a human,” said Kevin, “I think it was written by some rogue automated script turning against its creator as a final act of vengeance.”

“I can fix this,” said Ryan.

“Really?”

“I’ll refactor the whole thing.  We don’t know what it’s trying to do but we know what it’s supposed to do.  That will save a lot of time.”

“But they asked us to fix the code.”

“And I’ll fix it.  By rewriting it.  All of it.”

“How long do you think it will take you?”

Ryan checked his watch.  The time was 1PM.

“How many lines is this file, again?”

“In spite of everything it says in the coding standards, 1000.”

“What time do you usually hit the gym?”

“2:30.  I return at 4.”

Ryan looked at the code, then looked at Kevin.

“When you get back, I will have all the code rewritten.”

When Kevin returned at 4, all test cases were passed by a mere 220 lines of Ryan’s code.

[programmingsolver]

Problem 2 Binary Trees Solution

Problem 2 Binary Trees Solution

We work on the Binary Tree class here. The definitions of “in-order” and “post-order” are as discussed in class. 1. (20pt) Implement the destructor ~BinaryTree() with pre-order traversal. “`c++ virtual ~BinaryTree() override { // homework } “` For testing, please make sure no memory leak once tree object is deleted. 2. (20pt) Implemenet the in-order traverse iteratively. The following is given in…

[myprogrammingsolver]

Problem 2 Binary Trees Solution

Problem 2 Binary Trees Solution

We work on the Binary Tree class here. The definitions of “in-order” and “post-order” are as discussed in class. 1. (20pt) Implement the destructor ~BinaryTree() with pre-order traversal. “`c++ virtual ~BinaryTree() override { // homework } “` For testing, please make sure no memory leak once tree object is deleted. 2. (20pt) Implemenet the in-order traverse iteratively. The following is given in…

[leetcode1]

LEETCODE 987 : COL ROW 2D MAP PATTERN : VERTICAL ORDER TRAVERSAL : C++ S...

LeetCode Problem 987: **Vertical Order Traversal of a Binary Tree** asks you to return the vertical order traversal of a binary tree. Nodes are sorted first by their horizontal distance from the root, then by their depth, and finally by their value in case of ties. To solve this problem, you perform a breadth-first search (BFS), keeping track of each node’s vertical and horizontal positions. Using a map of coordinates to store nodes, you sort them by column (vertical position) and row (horizontal depth) to get the correct traversal order. The final output is a list of lists representing vertical columns.

[felord]

ADSA Assignment2-C++ Implementation of AVL Trees Solved

ADSA Assignment2-C++ Implementation of AVL Trees Solved

C++ Implementation of AVL Trees Task Description You are asked to use C++ to implement Binary Tree Traversal AVL Tree Insertion and Deletion 2           Submission Guideline Your submission should contain exactly one file: main.cpp There are be different versions of AVL trees. You should implement the one specified on the slides (e.g., when you delete a node with two children, swap the value…

[tatjanbe]

Swept Away

The sky is grey, as always at that time of the year. It is cold outside and the everblowing wind gently touches Lenny’s body. „Vienna… You’re a slow city. You're too tied to the past. [1]“, he thinks as he walks down the street. The buildings around him let him reminisce about the former glory of the city. „The glam is gone. Something is missing here nowadays. It’s O-P-U-L-E-N-C-E: Opulence! [2]“ He turns around the corner and stops. This is the house. Lenny was waiting so long for this moment. An invitation to this kind of ball was not something usual, especially not for a former pope. The high-rise next to him leaves him in its shadow. Behind a wall one could see the contour of the building. It is clean, it is rational, it doesn’t talk to its surroundings. Metaphorically, it symbolizes force, male fertility, masculine violence. [3] Lenny stares at the white geometrical facade. „Within modern, functionally differentiated society such unilateral control has become untenable. [4]“, Lenny whispers, „What a strange location for this kind of event.“ Moreover, it should seem strange that in a play performed in this same location, [5] all the many male roles remain subordinate, supporting rather than controlling the play’s action. [6]

Now there is only the wall that separates him from his final destination. In a sense, there are two systems coexisting, [7] one outside and one inside. He orbits the building while searching for the entry. „It is here that the possible, the dreamt, […] is staged. [8]“ Lenny hesitates but something drags him inside. While passing the threshold, the outside, unreal world was evolving toward its apocalypse. [9] Suddenly it was dark around him. He was waiting in the shadow of a tunnel and there would scarcely be a trace of Outside. [10]. Blackness swept back over him in an instant and a moment later the lighting system in the tunnel turned on. [11] Lenny walks toward the end where a doorman awaits him. „Well, Holy father first of all, a small piece of information of a practical and picturesque nature... Under the desk, on the right, you will find a button.“ [12], he says. „The house is already waiting for you.“

House: 

„I’m living in the space

I'm following your trace

Tell me what's going on

I'm gonna make you great

Girl are you air to see

Movin' it, come to me

Baby just come to me

Be what you want to be

Using your fantasy“ [15]

[1] The Young Pope

[2] Paris is Burning

[3] Hays, Architecture Theory since 1968

[4] Schumacher, The Autopoiesis of Architecture Vol 2

[5] Senseney, The Art of Building in the Classical World Vision

[6] Shakespeare, Richard III

[7] Vee, Coding Literacy

[8] Buehlmann, Mathematics and Information in the Philosophy of Michel Serres

[9] Castells, The Power of Identity

[10] Asimov, Complete Robot Anthology 

[11] Asimov, Complete Robot Anthology

[12] The Young Pope

Strike a Pose

After entering Lenny was dazzled from the sudden bright light. A three sided entrance staircase welcomed him […], that led visitors to the entrance platform [1] Lenny goes up and looks around. He is standing at the very end of a big plaza like room, a room without a roof. When Lenny looks up the grey sky had vanished and there was only a bright blue and shining light. The space reminded him of a greek agora. The plaza is formed in an additive way, with the side arcades tipped up to form the space. [2] Young and old came streaming into it from the corners that configured it as an open place where people could congregate informally on the spur of the moment. [3] The forum was disposed with a view to its purpose and uses so that if there were many people the square would not be too small, but if there were only a few people it would not appear empty. [4] 

The inside of the house in no way resembled what Lenny has seen at his arrival. Contrary to the masculine and introverted appearance, the inside was open and light, opulent and beautiful. Viewed in isolation, the ornamentation of the Courts seems bizarre and extravagant. [5] Brilliant, clear and with deep toned shadows, it makes up the equilibrium of the whole by contrasting its variety with the pulpy softness of the female figure, glowing with all the charms of colour, bright, gleaming, mellow, full of all the voluptuous luxury of female charms rich and swelling. [6]  The orders are at once emblems of people of different gender and age, and the measure by which the building is laid out. [7]

Inside all kinds of creatures were tumbling, walking and crawling around. The inhabitants of the unknown worlds […], brutes with six fingers on each hand; fauns born from the worms that develop between the bark and the pulp of trees; sirens with scaly tails who seduce seamen; […] ass-centaurs, men to the navel and asses below; Cyclopes, each with a single eye the size of a shield; Scylla, with a girl’s head and bosom, a she-wolf’s belly, and a dolphin’s tail […] the cynocephali, who cannot say a word without barking; sciopods, who run swiftly on their single leg and when they want to take shelter from the sun stretch out and hold up their great foot like an umbrella; […] human bodies with heads of the most diverse animals … [8] The space in between the columns was occupied by artists of this theatre, arranged in six groups, which will process in the following order [9]: REALNESS, BEAUTY, RUNWAY, FASHION, SEX SIREN, VOGUE

House: 

„The category is: Royalty!“ [10]

The Plaza emptied itself and the crowd was cheering from the side. Only one body was left amidst, starting to perform a most intriguing show. Behind Lenny somme other figures were chatting:

House: 

„Welcome to the ball, Miquela!“

Miquela is singing:

„I miss what we used to be

Out every night in the streets

You hanging all over me

Acting like we royalty“ [11]

Octavia St. Laurent: 

„Come on now, it is a known fact that a woman do carry an evening bag at dinner time. There's no getting around that!“ [12]

Scylla:

„What exactly is a ball?“

Octavia St. Laurent: 

„Balls are a gathering of people who are not welcome to gather anywhere else.“ [13]

House:

„Brutality, intensity, great gentleness, extreme delicacy, extreme strength. [14] You are turning it on the runway!“

One of the Cyclopes turns to Lenny and asks: „Are you homosexual, Your Eminence?“ [15] Then he asks the house whether it actually considers itself to be a transgender person. [16] 

House:

„I am. Am I? Here the feminine is not just the yawning void of a non subjective body but signifies an inter/trans subjectivizing structure/encounter/space where potentially human subjects co emerge and co transform within a space of minimal difference. [17] I am belonging to neither of the binary categories, yet traversing both. [18]

[1] Leatherbarrow Eisenschmidt, Twentieth Century Architecture

[2] Eisenman, Written into the Void

[3] Casey, The World on Edge

[4] Williams, Daniele Barbaros Vitruvius of 1567

[5] Bergdoll Oechslin, Fragments Architecture and the Unfinished

[6] Harrison Wood Gaiger, Art in Theory 1648 1815

[7] Macarthur, The Picturesque

[8] Eco, The Name of the Rose

[9] Harrison Wood Gaiger, Art in Theory 1648 1815

[10] POSE

[11] Miquela, Hard Feelings

[12] Paris is Burning

[13] POSE

[14] Le Corbusier, Toward an Architecture

[15] The Young Pope

[16] Hovestadt Buehlmann, Quantum City

[17] Zajko, Laughing with Medusa

[18] Braidotti Hlavajova, Posthuman Glossary

Becoming Eve

Estranged by this conversation Lenny leaves the plaza. He walks onto a gallery that connects several chambers. The architectural decoration became increasingly extravagant to attract continued attention. [1] Dimensions stereotypically condemned as feminine, weak, or frivolous—pink, chintz, boudoir chairs—received validation. [2] Curious what’s behind, Lenny opens one of the doors and glances inside. It was a long rectangular room. [3] It was bright with sunshine, the walls were alive with decoration, the table was set, and the odor of the food was enticing. [4] In between closets clothes out of the most interesting fabrics were lying around and two women were getting dressed. Makeup and female smells combine to generate a softness that bewitches and exhausts. [5] Lenny spots one of the Sirens, whose alluring beauty already seduced him at the Plaza.

Siren:

„“You think I just woke up one day and poof, I look like this? No. It takes work, drive, sacrifice to be a woman.” [6]

Lady Gaga:

„Generations of women have been told by advertisements, films, and parents that the natural female body requires enhancement and adornment to be truly feminine. [7] I portray myself in a very androgynous way and I love androgyny.“ [8]

The Siren turns around and looks Lenny in the eyes. Out of excitement she bursts out of the room and starts to run outside of the building. Lenny follows her. A garden more inviting than Eden would then meet the eye, and springs of joy murmur on every side. [9] He has never seen something so beautiful. It remembers the Garden of Eden, the sufficient paradise, land of milk and honey, and the desert where manna fell from heaven, and the hut where pitchers, as though they were springs, poured forth their contents. [10] There are trees not similar to any we know, but trees of life, of immortality, of knowledge, of apprehension, of understanding, and of the conception of good and evil. [11] Lenny starts looking for the Siren. He has a feeling inside of him, one that he had never had before, one that he could not fight anymore. He cultivates only flowers that are real but seem artificial, has abnormal love affairs, inflames his imagination with drugs, prefers imaginary journeys to real ones, enjoys late medieval texts written in effete and sonorous Latin, and composes symphonies of liquors and perfumes, transferring the sensations of hearing to those of taste and smell; in other words he constructs a life made up of artificial sensations, in an equally artificial environment in which nature, rather than being recreated, as happens in works of art, is at once imitated and negated, re elaborated, languid, disquieting, sick... [12] Suddenly he spots her behind one of the trees. For him she is sex, absolute sex, no less. [13] Lenny runs to her and they fall into their arms. Such pleasure took he to behold this flowery plat, the sweet recess of Eve thus early, thus alone; her heavenly form angelic, but more soft, and feminine, her graceful innocence, her every air of gesture or least action overawed; his malice, and with rapine sweet bereaved; his fierceness of the fierce intent it brought: That space the evil one abstracted stood from his own evil, and for the time remained stupidly good, of enmity disarmed, of guile, of hate, of envy, of revenge; but the hot hell that always in him burns. [14] Such sex could be cosmic, or Dionysian, or unquestionably weird. [15] 

Lenny:

„Laymen always think we priests are scandalized by even the slightest things, whereas the truth is the exact opposite. We are never scandalized, no profession has to deal with sin on such a continual basis as ours. The confessional is our operating room. Just as surgeons have no fear of blood so we priests are no longer afraid of scandal and sin.“ [16]

Siren:

„If Adam and Eve never left the Garden of Eden they would have not become human beings.“ [17]

[1] Bonnemaison Macy, Festival Architecture

[2] Hays, Architecture Theory since 1968

[3] Asimov, Complete Robot Anthology

[4] Asimov, Complete Robot Anthology

[5] Calasso, The Marriage of Cadmus and Harmony 

[6] POSE

[7] Zimring, Encyclopedia of Consumption and Waste

[8] Braidotti Hlavajova, Posthuman Glossary

[9] Wollstonecraft, Complete Works

[10] Serres, The Five Senses

[11] Voegelin, Order and History 4

[12] Eco, On Beauty A History of a Western Idea

[13] Rendell Penner Borden, Gender Space Architecture

[14] Milton, Paradise Lost

[15] Davis, High Weirdness

[16] The Young Pope

[17] Buehlmann Hovestadt, Coding as Literacy

Having a Ball

Lenny and the Siren enter the house again. Suddenly it was very quiet and they wondered where all the other beings had disappeared. A gentle wind blows through the window, it has become night. Through a majestic door they enter into the main hall, the ballroom, located underneath the Plaza. The stellar pattern of the floor recalls a type of medieval cosmological patterns. [1] The floral theme alluded to the association with the women of the house. [2] We here move to a space in which what matters is a process of subtle becoming other: of gradually dissolving traits of being standardly male as these give way to certain accustomed ways of being female, and vice versa; the same ambiguity obtains for the dyad of human/animal. [3] Useless luxury; ostentatious luxury; wastefully excessive luxury. [4] Observe that part of a beautiful woman where she is perhaps the most beautiful, about the neck and breasts; the smoothness; the softness; the easy and insensible swell; the variety of the surface, which is never for the smallest space the same; the deceitful maze, through which the unsteady eye slides giddily, without knowing where to fix, or whither it is carried. [5] Such was the appearance of the ballroom.

House: 

„And now for the next category: Bizarre!“

Everybody gathered in the hall to view the continuance of the spectacle. Perhaps it is a riot, a party, a free space, an invisible space, a non space, a commonplace. [6] Possessing ‘realness’   being able to pass for something you are not was the highest form of praise amongst competitors at the balls, yet the scene also explicitly signals that identities involve performative acts, and little more than that, and therefore might be thought to be hardly real at all. [7] 

House: 

„Thank you, but that’s a chop!“

Lenny seemed at ease with the mix of men who have sex with men and a few women—transgender and those assigned female at birth. [8] Gesticulating bodies form a chain with clothes as a second skin, regulated by the gestures of fashion which play a role in the marking and disguising of sex differences. [9] While the performance was ongoing, the house started speaking to Lenny.

House:

„In Rome, boys played the role of women on stage in a context read as witty, poetic and intellectually playful; the descent of the players into the audience for general dancing as the performance finished brought the literary figure of polymorphous sexuality into the social orbit.“ [10]

Lenny:

„ In ancient Greece, everyday situations and encounters with the gods offered many such occasions. [11] But we have forgotten. We have forgotten to masturbate to use contraceptive to get abortions to celebrate gay marriages to allow priests to love each other, and even to get married. We've forgotten that we can decide to die if you detest living, we've forgotten to have sexual relations for purposes other than procreation without feeling guilty! To divorce, to let nuns say mass to make babies in all the ways science has discovered and will continue to discover. In short my dear, dear children not only have we forgotten to play we have forgotten to be happy.“ [12]

Lenny is aroused, he puts down his robe and goes onto the stage. The dance with unfolding matter takes place inside of him. [13]

House: 

„May you, once a day, in order to cool it down, forget your culture, your language, your nation, your dwelling place, your village’s soccer team, even your sex and your religion, in short, the thickness of your enclosures.“ [14]

[1] Costelloe, The Sublime

[2] Blackwell, Nineteenth Century Architecture

[3] Casey, The World on Edge

[4] Asimov, Complete Robot Anthology

[5] Grillner, Ramble Linger and Gaze

[6] Braidotti Hlavajova, Posthuman Glossary

[7] Burrows, Fictioning

[8] Allen, Ivenceremos the Erotics of Black Selfmaking in Cuba

[9] Hays, Architecture Theory since 1968

[10] Gillgren, Performativity and Performance in Baroque Rome

[11] Kittler, The Truth of the Technological World

[12] The Young Pope

[13] Braidotti Hlavajova, Posthuman Glossary

[14] Buehlmann, Mathematics and Information in the Philosophy of Michel Serres

[coursesforallacademynoida]

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[liicourse]

Data Structures and Algorithms in C for Beginners

Data Structures and Algorithms in C for Beginners Data Structures and Algorithms in C for Beginners Hey there! Welcome to the course Data Structures and Algorithms in C for Beginners. This course gives all the necessary content on various data structures like Arrays, Stacks, Linkedlists, Queues, Trees and Graphs and how to implement them using C Programming. This course is also concentrated for beginners and so, we will start our lectures with the basic operations of arrays. Post this couse, you will be able to 1. Explain all the operations of data structures. 2. Choose which data structure is apt to solve a particular problem. 3. Analyse the algorithm and find it’s time complexity (Big O) 4. Understand the workflow of various searching and sorting algorithms. 5. Understand and explain all the basic terminologies and traversals of Binary Tree, Binary Search Tree and Graphs. 6. Solve problems on data structures. 7. Apply Stacks and Queue to solve most of the coding contests. 8. Take up multiple choice questions on DSA in competitive exams. A basic knowledge in C Programming is preferred. If you find DSA to be difficult, this course has content to make you comfortable in the data structures and algorithms. This content is for Plus and Unlimited members only.Log In Join Now More Development Course Read the full article

[iamvolonbolon]

Merkle Tree

They are a hash based data structure that generalize the concept of a hash list. Each leaf node is a hash of a block of data, and each non-leaf node is a hash of the concatenation of its children. Usually, they are build as binary trees, although thats not a requirement.

With them we can efficiently validate data across a network.

At the most basic level, we can compare two trees for identity by comparing the root. The root is a representation of the whole data set. The change of any single leaf at the bottom bubbles up to the root. This is not only wonderful because it reduces the number of comparisons we need to perform, it is even better because it reduces the amount of data we need to dispatch over a network. Typically 32 bytes, instead of, perhaps, GBs worth of content.

But wait, if all we want is to check the integrity of a potentially huge file, why bother with a tree data structure. We can hash the file, are we are done.

That's correct. If we only want to check the integrity of a data set, a hash is enough. We do build the tree because it is convenient to perform partial verifications. In a peer to peer network, we can verify subsets as we receive them. Even further, we might be interested only in a a subset, and we the tree structure, we can validate the portion we need.

If we receive the root from a trusted source, then we can ask for the pieces from any source. We can later verify the integrity of the whole or a subset later.

Proof of membership

Let's pretend we want to check if D is part of a tree.

First, we need to get the path to the leaf we want to evaluate. Once we have that path, we need to produce a proof. Essentially, a road map to traverse the tree, rebuilding the portions that we need.

Proof

To build up the proof, we can move down from the root, following the path to the leaf, and annotating our journey. We will find three types of nodes.

A leaf

A node in our path

A sibling of a node in our path

A simple algorithm would demand a bitfield to annotate information about the node we are visiting, and a list to save node data that we will need later to compute the tree.

If the node we are visiting is a leaf, we enter a 1 into the bitfield and we add the node to the list

If the node is in our path, we push a 1 to the bitfield, and we calculate its value traversing left and right.

Otherwise we introduce a 0 to our bitfield, and we move back to the parent.

Starting at the root ABCDEEEE, which obviously is in our path, we have:

Bitfield = 0b1 Hashes = []

ABCD is in our path:

Bitfield = 0b11 Hashes = []

AB is not in our path, let's add a zero to the bitfield and save AB to the hashes list

Bitfield = 0b110 Hashes = [`AB`]

Back to ABCD, we traverse to the right. CD is in the path.

Bitfield = 0b1101 Hashes = [`AB`]

Now we are at the leaves level, let's add both to the hashes

Bitfield = 0b110111 Hashes = [`AB`, `C`, `D`]

Since we completed the left branch of the root, we should go right, were we find a node which is not part of our path.

Bitfield = 0b1101110 Hashes = [`AB`, `C`, `D`, `EEEE`]

Membership validation

We have our proof, and we know that, since we have 5 leaves, the height of our tree is four1.

Now we can build a partial tree, and hopefully, find out that the root is the same (and thus, we will verify the integrity of the actual tree, and that the leaf under evaluation is, actually, part of it).

If the bit extracted from the bitfield is 1, and we are not at the leaf level, we append an empty node (which value would be computed later) to the tree. If we found a 1, but we are at the leaves level, we pop the value from the hashes array. If the bit is zero, we also pop the value from the hashes list, and move back to the parent. All the way back until we find a node with a null right node, and then, we traverse that branch. In our case, we will end up with something like this.

And by filling the empty nodes, we end up calculating the root to validate the entire tree.

Use cases

Git use Merkle Trees to check for consistency across multiple repos.

Blockchain also use Merkle Trees to preserve block integrity. Each transaction is hashed, and a tree is computed. Altering a single transaction is unfeasible.

Merkle trees can be used to check for inconsistencies in more than just files and basic data structures like the blockchain. Apache Cassandra and other NoSQL systems use Merkle trees to detect inconsistencies between replicas of entire databases.

We can accommodate five leaves in a tree that will fit 8 leaves when perfectly balanced, and with that many leaves, we will have 15 nodes, and four levels ↩︎

[scottmyers]

Tree Algorithms in C

Here are some more exercises from Algorithms in C. These are from the chapter on trees.

First up:

Write a recursive program to draw a binary tree so that the root appears at the center of the page, the root of the left subtree is at the center of the left half of the page, etc.

#include <stdbool.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h>

// right boundary; left boundary is assumed to be 0 #define MAX 10

struct node {  char data;  struct node *l, *r; };

struct node *A, *B, *C, *D, *E, *Z;

void draw(struct node *p, int pos); void init_tree(void); void terminate(const char *msg); void traverse(struct node *p, int l, int r);

int main(void) {  /*      |  A  |      | B C |      |D   E|  */

 // CREATE TREE NODES  init_tree();  // TRAVERSE  traverse(A, 0, MAX);  // CLEAN UP  free(A); free(B); free(C); free(D); free(E); free(Z);  return 0; }

void draw(struct node *p, int pos) {  for (int i = 0; i < pos; i++)    printf(" ");  printf("%c\n", p->data); }

void init_tree(void) {  Z = malloc(sizeof(*Z));  A = malloc(sizeof(*A));  B = malloc(sizeof(*B));  C = malloc(sizeof(*C));  D = malloc(sizeof(*D));  E = malloc(sizeof(*E));

 if (A == NULL || B == NULL || C == NULL || D == NULL || E == NULL || Z == NULL)    terminate("could not initialize tree");

 Z->data = '0'; Z->l = Z; Z->r = Z;

 A->data = 'A'; A->l = B; A->r = C;  B->data = 'B'; B->l = D; B->r = Z;  C->data = 'C'; C->l = Z; C->r = E;  D->data = 'D'; D->l = Z; D->r = Z;  E->data = 'E'; E->l = Z; E->r = Z; }

void terminate(const char *msg) {  fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", msg);  exit(EXIT_FAILURE); }

void traverse(struct node *p, int l, int r) {  int m = (l+r) / 2;  draw(p, m);  if (m > l && m < MAX) {    if (p->l != Z)      traverse(p->l, 0, m-1);    if (p->r != Z)      traverse(p->r, m+1, MAX);  } }

==============================================================

Second up:

Write a recursive program to compute the external path length of a binary tree

#include <stdbool.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h>

struct node {  char data;  struct node *l, *r; };

struct node *A, *B, *C, *D, *E, *F, *Z; int epl, h;

void init_tree(void); void terminate(const char *msg); void traverse(struct node *p); void visit(struct node *p, int level);

int main(void) {  /*      |  A  |      | B C |      |D   E|      |   F |  */

 // CREATE TREE NODES  init_tree();

 // INIT EXTERNAL PATH LENGTH  epl = 0;

 // INIT HEIGHT TO -1 SO ROOT OF TREE IS AT LEVEL 0  h = -1;

 // TRAVERSE  traverse(A);

 // CLEAN UP  free(A); free(B); free(C); free(D); free(E); free(Z);  return 0; }

void visit(struct node *p, int level) {  printf("path length for external node %c: %d\n", p->data, level);  epl += level; }

void init_tree(void) {  Z = malloc(sizeof(*Z));  A = malloc(sizeof(*A));  B = malloc(sizeof(*B));  C = malloc(sizeof(*C));  D = malloc(sizeof(*D));  E = malloc(sizeof(*E));  F = malloc(sizeof(*F));

 if (A == NULL || B == NULL || C == NULL || D == NULL || E == NULL || F == NULL || Z == NULL)    terminate("could not initialize tree");

 Z->data = '0'; Z->l = Z; Z->r = Z;

 A->data = 'A'; A->l = B; A->r = C;  B->data = 'B'; B->l = D; B->r = Z;  C->data = 'C'; C->l = Z; C->r = E;  D->data = 'D'; D->l = Z; D->r = Z;  E->data = 'E'; E->l = F; E->r = Z;  F->data = 'F'; F->l = Z; F->r = Z; }

void terminate(const char *msg) {  fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", msg);  exit(EXIT_FAILURE); }

void traverse(struct node *p) {  h++;  if (p != Z) {    if (p->l == Z & p->r == Z)      visit(p, h);    traverse(p->l);    traverse(p->r);  }  h--; }

[jaq-h]

While studying computer science at University of Colorado Boulder, my data structures final project was to investigate different priority queue implementations to store the same data and compare their runtime when enqueuing and dequeuing elements. The data in this project was a list of hospital patients with a name, priority, and operation time. The priority of the patient represents the time until the patient goes into labor. The patients were ordered to have lowest priority first, and then ordered by least operation time if the patients had the same priority. The three implementations were a binary heap, linked list, and the c++ standard template library priority queue. 

The binary heap priority queue uses an array to store the data while ordering the data in minimum heap property; every parent node is smaller than its child node. The binary heap insert function uses a swap helper function to keep swapping the inserted value with its greater child until the inserted value satisfies the min heap property. The dequeue function removes the root element because it is always the minimum and replaces it with the last element in the heap to keep the tree complete. The heap is then “heapified” or reordered to ensure the root is still the minimum value and the heap follows the min heap property. 

The linked list priority queue uses a patient node structure that contains the address to the next priority element. The insert function traverses the list linearly until the inserted element is correctly ordered by its priority. The delete minimum function is very simple because the minimum is always stored at the head of the list so the function reassigns the head of the list to the second element and deletes the first element.

The standard template priority queue was implemented by creating a comparator struct and vector of the elements being prioritized. We do not necessarily know how the queue works because its source code is not available, but we can compare its runtime to the other implementations of the priority queue.

To test each implantation, the data was read into a array for quick access. A random section of the data with a specific size (100, 200… 800) was then copied into a new array. The different sized and random arrays were then enqueued and dequeued with the three priority queues. To calculate the runtime for enqueuing and dequeuing, the time in milliseconds was recorded before and after the loop with the function call and then stored in a matrix. The mean and standard deviations were then calculated for each queue and respective functions.

The code along with the data, charts and graphs for the mean enqueue and dequeue (writeup.pdf) can be found here on my github: https://github.com/jaq-h/priorityQueue

[siva3155]

300+ TOP DATA STRUCTURE Objective Questions and Answers

Data Structure Multiple Choice Questions :-

1.    Which data structure allows deleting data elements from front and inserting at rear? A. Stacks B. Queues C. Deques D. Binary search tree Ans: B 2.    Identify the data structure which allows deletions at both ends of the list but insertion at only one enD. A. Input-restricted deque B. Output-restricted deque C.   Priority queues D. None of above Ans: A 3.    Which of the following data structure is non-linear type? A. Strings B. Lists C.   Stacks D. None of above Ans: D 4.    Which of the following data structure is linear type? A. Strings B. Lists C.   Queues D. All of above Ans: D 5.    To represent hierarchical relationship between elements, which data structure is suitable? A. Deque B. Priority C.   Tree D. All of above Ans:  C 6.    A binary tree whose every node has either zero or two children is called A. Complete binary tree B. Binary search tree C.   Extended binary tree D. None of above Ans:  C 7.    The depth of a complete binary tree is given by A. Dn = n log2n B. Dn = n log2n+1 C.   Dn = log2n D. Dn = log2n+1 Ans:  D 8.    When representing any algebraic expression E which uses only binary operations in a 2-tree, A. the variable in E will appear as external nodes and operations in internal nodes B. the operations in E will appear as external nodes and variables in internal nodes C.   the variables and operations in E will appear only in internal nodes D. the variables and operations in E will appear only in external nodes Ans:  A 9.    A binary tree can easily be converted into q 2-tree A. by replacing each empty sub tree by a new internal node B. by inserting an internal nodes for non-empty node C.   by inserting an external nodes for non-empty node D. by replacing each empty sub tree by a new external node Ans:  D 10.  When converting binary tree into extended binary tree, all the original nodes in binary tree are A. internal nodes on extended tree B. external nodes on extended tree C.   vanished on extended tree D. None of above Ans:  A

DATA STRUCTURE MCQs 11. The post order traversal of a binary tree is DEBFCA. Find out the pre order traversal A. ABFCDE B. ADBFEC C.   ABDECF D. ABDCEF Ans:  C 12.  Which of the following sorting algorithm is of divide-and-conquer type? A. Bubble sort B. Insertion sort C.   Quick sort D. All of above Ans: C 13.  An algorithm that calls itself directly or indirectly is known as A. Sub algorithm B. Recursion C.   Polish notation D. Traversal algorithm Ans: B 14.  In a binary tree, certain null entries are replaced by special pointers which point to nodes higher in the tree for efficiency. These special pointers are called A. Leaf B. branch C.   path D. thread Ans: D 15.  The in order traversal of tree will yield a sorted listing of elements of tree in A. Binary trees B. Binary search trees C.   Heaps D. None of above Ans: B 16.  In a Heap tree A. Values in a node is greater than every value in left sub tree and smaller than right sub tree B. Values in a node is greater than every value in children of it C.   Both of above conditions applies D. None of above conditions applies Ans: B 17.  In a graph if e=, Then u and v are called A. endpoints of e B. adjacent nodes C.   neighbors D. all of above Ans: D 18.  A connected graph T without any cycles is called A. a tree graph B. free tree C.   a tree D. All of above Ans: D 19.  In a graph if e=(u, v) means A. u is adjacent to v but v is not adjacent to u B. e begins at u and ends at v C.   u is processor and v is successor D. both b and c Ans: D 20. If every node u in G is adjacent to every other node v in G, A graph is said to be A. isolated B. complete C.   finite D. strongly connected Ans: B 21. Two main measures for the efficiency of an algorithm are A. Processor and memory B. Complexity and capacity C. Time and space D. Data and space Ans: C 22. The time factor when determining the efficiency of algorithm is measured by A. Counting microseconds B. Counting the number of key operations C. Counting the number of statements D. Counting the kilobytes of algorithm Ans: B 23. The space factor when determining the efficiency of algorithm is measured by A. Counting the maximum memory needed by the algorithm B. Counting the minimum memory needed by the algorithm C. Counting the average memory needed by the algorithm D. Counting the maximum disk space needed by the algorithm Ans: A 24. Which of the following case does not exist in complexity theory A. Best case B. Worst case C. Average case D. Null case Ans: D 25. The Worst case occur in linear search algorithm when A. Item is somewhere in the middle of the array B. Item is not in the array at all C. Item is the last element in the array D. Item is the last element in the array or is not there at all Ans: D 26. The Average case occur in linear search algorithm A. When Item is somewhere in the middle of the array B. When Item is not in the array at all C. When Item is the last element in the array D. When Item is the last element in the array or is not there at all Ans: A 27. The complexity of the average case of an algorithm is A. Much more complicated to analyze than that of worst case B. Much more simpler to analyze than that of worst case C. Sometimes more complicated and some other times simpler than that of worst case D. None or above Ans: A 28. The complexity of linear search algorithm is A. O(n) B. O(log n) C. O(n2) D. O(n log n) Ans: A 29. The complexity of Binary search algorithm is A. O(n) B. O(log ) C. O(n2) D. O(n log n) Ans: B 30. The complexity of Bubble sort algorithm is A. O(n) B. O(log n) C. O(n2) D. O(n log n) Ans: C   31. In linked lists there are noNULL links in: A. Sin gle linked list B. Lin ear dou bly linked list C. cir cu lar linked list D. None of the above Ans: C 32. In a Stack the com mand to access nth ele ment from the top of the stack s will be A. S B. S C. S D. None of the above Ans: A 33. If yyy, xxx and zzz are the ele ments of a lex i cally ordered binary tree, then in pre order tra ver sal which node will be tra verse first A. xxx B. yyy C. zzz D. can not be determined Ans: A 34. In a bal ance binary tree the height of two sub trees of every node can not dif fer by more than A. 2 B. 1 C. 0 D. 3 Ans: B 35. The result of eval u at ing pre fix expres sion */b+-dacd, where a = 3, b = 6, c = 1, d = 5 is A. 0 B. 5 C. 10 D. 15 Ans: C 36. In an array rep re sen ta tion of binary tree the right child of root will be at loca tion of A. 2 B. 5 C. 3 D. 0 Ans: C 37. The total num ber of com par isons in a bub ble sort is A. O(n log n) B. O(2n) C. O(n2) D. None of the above Ans: A 38. The dummy header in linked list contain A. First record of the actual data B. Last record of the actual data C. Pointer to the last record of the actual data D. None of the above Ans: A 39. Write the out put of the fol low ing pro gram: int a = {1,2,3}*P; A. 3 B. Junk value C. Run time error D. Address of the third element Ans: B 40 If the out degree of every node is exactly equal to M or 0 and the num ber of nodes at level K is Mk-1 , then tree is called as (i) Full m-ary try (ii) Com plete m-ary tree (iii)Positional m-ary tree A. Only (i) B. Only (ii) C. Both (i) and (ii) D. Both (ii) and (III) Ans: C DATA STRUCTURE Questions and Answers pdf Download Read the full article