#Cephalexin News

[chemanalystdata]

Cephalexin Prices 2025, Size, Trend, Graph, News and Forecast

North America

In Q4 2024, the Cephalexin market in North America displayed steady strength, with prices climbing consistently throughout the quarter. This upward trend was fueled by sustained demand from pharmaceutical manufacturers and strategic supply management by key buyers. Rising production costs and stringent regulatory compliance further bolstered the bullish sentiment, prompting U.S. buyers to accept systematic price increases, with December values reaching $58,800 per MT CFR Houston.

Buying activity intensified as pharmaceutical firms moved to secure supply amid tightening conditions. Manufacturers successfully implemented price hikes, citing higher raw material and production costs. Demand from the API segment and generic drug producers remained firm, reinforcing the positive market trajectory.

December saw continued price gains, supported by strong market fundamentals and year-end procurement. Domestic suppliers held firm on offers, backed by solid order books and carefully managed inventories. Consistent consumption trends and strategic supply controls sustained the upward pricing momentum through the quarter's close.

Get Real time Prices for Cephalexin : https://www.chemanalyst.com/Pricing-data/cephalexin-1633

Asia-Pacific (APAC)

Cephalexin prices in the APAC region remained robust throughout Q4 2024, underpinned by strategic production controls and rising manufacturing costs. The market sustained its positive momentum, driven by strong domestic demand and active export inquiries.

Asian producers maintained firm price stances, supported by escalating costs and steady order flows. Both domestic and international buyers competed for available volumes, driving heightened trading activity. Suppliers leveraged these conditions to push through systematic price increases.

In December, prices gained further traction as manufacturers focused on managing year-end inventories while maintaining high operational rates. Strong export demand, particularly from U.S. and European markets, combined with tight supply and efficient inventory strategies, ensured a firm market through quarter-end.

Europe

In Q4 2024, Cephalexin prices in Europe, particularly Germany, reflected sustained global firmness and regional supply constraints. Early in the quarter, buyers faced limited availability and higher offers from Asian exporters, while European suppliers upheld strong pricing backed by solid order books and cautious procurement.

The bullish trend strengthened through November, driven by resilient pharmaceutical demand and ongoing concerns about supply. Buyers accepted incremental price increases amid restocking efforts, while distributors maintained healthy margins in a rising market.

By December, prices continued to climb as competition for limited volumes intensified. Strong demand, restricted spot availability, and strategic inventory management by suppliers upheld price strength. With steady pharmaceutical consumption and tightening supply, the European market closed the quarter on a firm and challenging note for buyers.

Get Real time Prices for Cephalexin : https://www.chemanalyst.com/Pricing-data/cephalexin-1633

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[ghduck]

ANNOUNCEMENT!

NEW RELEASE FROM CEPHALEXIN (me ofc)

This compilation release contains songs from the FAR past that never made it to any full release, mostly songs that I wasn't very proud of, so I decided to make a series, in which this is the first collection/volume of tracks.

These tracks were made in my middle school years, and were all produced in FL Studio at random points during 2023/2024.

Lovely art done by me.

Bonus comes along with free download.

[agingdisgracefully]

Day 22 - Post Total Nail Avulsion

Well, this hasn't gone entirely as planned.

After the first dressing change, things went......alright. Day 8-9 was the worst, pain flared up and the nail got dramatically darker. Day 10 was an abrupt about-face with subtle improvement, and it's really (mostly) be all uphill since then.

I went to see my podiatrist for a 2 week follow-up on Tuesday. She things it looks like it was healing fine, which was a big relief, and that after 2-3 more days, I wouldn't need to soak and wrap it anymore. I mentioned that the granuloma was still there, so she trimmed it off which, of course, made it bleed like crazy. It still oozes a bit and overnight will look like there's some drainage/blood that wants to collect in the corner of my nail bed, but I'm not terribly worried about that.

HOWEVER, that's where the good news ends.

The podiatrist still wasn't in love with the fact that my toe was still red (keep in mind: it was only red - no pain or pus or heat, as far as I can tell and the redness is confined from the middle knuckle of said toe to the tip), is still certain that it's cellulitis - despite the fact that it hasn't spread outside of the original redness in over a year - and ordered some Azithromycin - two 500mg pills to be taken at the same time for a total of a 1 gram dose. This shit layed me flat out for about 2 - 2.5 hours afterwards with intense nausea - but I was fine when it passed...or so I thought. I saw no improvement in the redness, and then when I woke up this morning (Saturday the 13th), it was even MORE red. There's still no pain, very mild warmth (that I honestly might just be imagining), no oozing or discharge - just the redness. It honestly looks like it did when it actually WAS infected prior to the Total Nail Avulsion. The locations where I see my podiatrist are closed on the weekends, and she's booked out between 3 and 5 weeks anyway; This definitely doesn't feel like it could (or should) wait that long, so I've booked an afternoon appointment at the urgent care. I'm hoping that they'll just want to do another round of the Cephalexin since I had practically no side effects to that one (despite being allergic to penicillin and there being a chance of cross-reactivity).

Whatever they choose, I just need it to hold me over until I can at least get word to the podiatrist on Monday. I don't know if she'll want to do one of the previous antibiotics (fingers crossed it isn't the Z-pack), maybe a new antibiotic (like Clindamycin), or if maybe we will try a topical steroid cream (like the Triamcinolone Acetonide that I already use for my eczema).

I know I need to have my left big toe nail done too, but until we can get the right toe sorted, I don't feel safe proceeding just yet.

[thehairmdindia]

Antibiotics and Hair Loss: Everything You Need to Know

Hair health relies on a variety of nutrients, including vitamins and minerals. Hair loss is a common concern from genetics, stress, medications, and more. In this guide, we explore the impact of antibiotics on hair loss and how to manage this issue effectively.

Do Antibiotics Cause Hair Loss? 

Antibiotics, crucial for combating infections, can lead to hair loss as a side effect. Some antibiotics, such as penicillin, erythromycin, and cephalexin, may reduce vitamin B and hemoglobin levels, affecting hair growth. These deficiencies are linked to hair loss, highlighting the connection between antibiotics and this issue.

Determining the Right Dosage 

Adjusting antibiotic dosage without medical guidance is not advisable. If you're experiencing hair loss while taking antibiotics for a chronic condition, consult your doctor. They can assess your situation and make necessary dosage adjustments while ensuring your treatment's effectiveness.

Managing Hair Loss Caused by Antibiotics

The good news is that antibiotic-induced hair loss is typically not permanent. New hair growth usually begins within about six months, though it may initially appear thinner. Consider taking nutritional supplements like Biotin, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Vitamin B12 to address this. Enhance your diet with iron-rich foods, leafy greens, broccoli, eggs, meats, and fish to promote hair health. Additionally, consult your doctor for potential hair treatment procedures.

Expert Advice and HairMD 

If you're facing excessive hair loss due to antibiotics or any other cause, consult a dermatologist at HairMD for personalized treatment options. Their expertise can help you determine whether to modify or discontinue antibiotics. Changing your dosage independently is not recommended, as your doctor's guidance is crucial in managing antibiotic-related hair loss.

Conclusion

While antibiotics can trigger hair loss in some individuals, it's reassuring to know that it is usually temporary. Seeking professional guidance, incorporating nutritional supplements, and a balanced diet can aid hair regrowth. Trusting your doctor's advice and seeking specialized treatments can help you address antibiotic-induced hair loss effectively.

[diary-of-a-medstudent]

Diary of a medical scribe - day 1

Hi Tumblr!

My baby is at daycare and wow, I can actually type a post here.

So I started my job as a medical scribe. I want my experience to be a learning experience, not only a scribing experience.

So here, I will note the patient encounters of the day. I mean to go over the patient issues, and dive deep into them. I will note the medications, the differential diagnoses, and so much more. A thought just came into my mind, that I can make a spreadsheet of it. Yes, I can, but what are the chances that I will actually see the spreadsheet later. Spreadsheets are boring. They are good for noting things down for organization, but not for learning purposes. My favorite way of learning is story-telling. And ugh, I need to work on my typing accuracy more than anything.

Gastric malignancy with liver mets: This was a sad sad encounter. The provider had to break the news of possible cancer to this 80+ old lady. And she was so patient and brave while gulping the news.

Nasal congestion in a 6-year-old. From a cancer case one moment, to a well child visit the next, Family Medicine has such patient variation. The child's tonsils were enlarged, and he was prescribed Zyrtec and Flonase.

An older women with carpal tunnel syndrome and lower back pain.

A diabetic woman. Her medication was changed from Victoza to Ozempic.

An older woman with cellulitis in her lower leg. She was prescribed cephalexin 500 mg.

I observed how the provider is so good with physical examination, and detailed history-taking. I love how the patient encounters are so long, around 30 minutes each.

[macgyvermedical]

Hi there, I was wondering: Imagine characters in a remote setting, one of them injured and the wound (of course) gets infected. They have or find some antibiotics, but those are labeled for some other use: against infections of bowels/teeth/whatever. Would taking them do good or harm, or nothing at all? Thank you and congrats on your graduation!

Hi anon,

Good question!

Antibiotics are chemicals (either sourced from the environment or synthetically produced) that can kill bacteria inside an animal or human without killing the animal or human taking them.

There are many different types of antibiotics, and each antibiotic has a specific list of bacteria that it can kill. In theory, you're only going to be able to know the best antibiotic by taking a sample of the infected wound and sending it to a lab to be grown and identified, then evaluated for resistance to available antibiotics.

Unless a patient is in a hospital for an infection, however, it's unlikely a doctor would go through the trouble of collecting and sending a sample. Most of the time, a doc will pick an antibiotic based on the most likely culprit, or at least give an antibiotic with a long list of bacteria that it can kill (called a "broad spectrum" antibiotic), which would have a high chance of working against many types of bacteria.

For example, bacteria that most commonly infect acute (new, short-term) wounds are bacteria that are found normally on human skin- generally a few different kinds of streps and staphs. They may also have some bacteria from the environment (though this is rarer, considering that most bacteria that evolved to live in dirt don't do well in wounds). Frequently given antibiotics for infections in acute wounds include amoxicillin-clavulanate, clindamycin, and cephalexin, which can kill most of the common bacteria that would commonly get in a fresh wound and be able to live and multiply there.

If you give the wrong antibiotic, generally it's just not going to work.

However, like all medications, antibiotics have side effects. Most of the time these are gastrointestinal in nature- nausea/vomiting or diarrhea. However, some people are very allergic to certain antibiotics, especially those that contain sulfa and penicillins. So if your whumpee has side effects or it turns out they are (mildly) allergic, they would want to weigh the potential benefit of treating the infection vs the risk of making the situation overall worse.

Hope that helps!

And thanks for the congrats!

[bluewindfall]

3 good things

First day of new rotation went pretty okay

Picked up a shift at work to help tonight

Found out that the cephalexin suspension is strawberry flavored *O *

[exeggcute]

doc used the word "abscess" which is never good news but they just threw a cephalexin scrip at me and let me go so...

[mydearselff]

If I was told I’d get a million dollars if I didn’t cry during my dermatology appointment then I’d lose that bet instantly lol. My new derm is so much better than my last derm. She had me undressed and change into a gown and did some swabs on my skin. I appreciated this because she took the effort to care about my skin, not just look at me for one second and go oh here’s more steroids. And everything I brought up to her she also agreed on, so we’re on the same page with everything. Looks like I’ll be on methotrexate for a while. I just got my blood work done so they’ll let me know tomorrow if my liver and blood are good to go, then I’ll start it Saturday. Today I’m starting prednisone and cephalexin. I’m a bit worried to start the prednisone again because of all the anti prednisone users on the Facebook group bashes on it, but my eczema is so bad right now that this is my best option. Hopefully the plan is that by the end of my doses of the prednisone, the methotrexate will have kicked in and help with everything else. I’ll keep you updated.

[chemanalystdata]

U.S. Cephalexin Prices 2025, Trend, Graph, Chart and Forecast

 Cephalexin, a widely used antibiotic belonging to the cephalosporin class, has experienced fluctuating market prices due to various economic, regulatory, and supply chain factors. As a commonly prescribed drug for bacterial infections, its demand remains stable, but pricing dynamics are influenced by raw material costs, manufacturing expenses, geopolitical tensions, and global supply chain disruptions. Over the past few years, the cephalexin market has witnessed notable price variations driven by production challenges, regulatory compliance costs, and shifts in global trade policies.

The cost of cephalexin is significantly impacted by the availability and pricing of key raw materials, particularly 7-ADCA (7-Aminodesacetoxycephalosporanic Acid), which serves as a crucial intermediate in its production. Any supply chain disruptions or price increases in these essential components directly affect the final cost of cephalexin. Additionally, stringent environmental regulations in major manufacturing hubs, particularly in China and India, have resulted in the shutdown of certain production units, causing supply constraints that further drive up prices. Compliance with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and regulatory approvals in different countries also contributes to higher operational costs, adding to the overall pricing pressure on manufacturers.

Get Real time Prices for Cephalexin: https://www.chemanalyst.com/Pricing-data/cephalexin-1633

Market demand for cephalexin remains robust due to its efficacy in treating bacterial infections affecting the respiratory tract, skin, urinary system, and other parts of the body. The widespread use of generic cephalexin formulations ensures a steady consumption rate, but price variations arise from changing healthcare policies, reimbursement structures, and competitive dynamics among pharmaceutical players. Leading manufacturers in the global cephalexin market include major pharmaceutical companies in China, India, and Europe, all of which play a crucial role in determining the pricing trends based on their production capacities and market strategies.

International trade policies, tariffs, and import-export regulations significantly influence cephalexin prices in different regions. Any restrictions on active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) exports from major producing countries create supply shortages, leading to price hikes. For instance, in times of geopolitical tensions or global crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, disruptions in supply chains have led to unexpected spikes in antibiotic prices, including cephalexin. The pandemic also highlighted the vulnerabilities in pharmaceutical supply chains, prompting several countries to reassess their dependency on specific regions for critical drug supplies.

Price fluctuations in cephalexin are also affected by competition from alternative antibiotics. While cephalexin remains a preferred choice for many bacterial infections, healthcare providers may opt for substitutes when pricing becomes unfavorable. The entry of new generic players in the market tends to exert downward pressure on prices, as increased competition drives manufacturers to offer competitive pricing to secure market share. However, shortages or production issues with competing antibiotics can lead to increased demand for cephalexin, causing temporary price surges.

Another crucial factor in cephalexin pricing is the role of government regulations and healthcare policies. Price control measures implemented by governments in various countries can cap the selling price of essential medicines, impacting profit margins for manufacturers. In some regions, subsidies and insurance reimbursement policies make cephalexin more affordable to patients, whereas in others, market-driven pricing models lead to cost variations based on supply and demand. Additionally, regulatory approvals and patent expirations play a significant role in shaping market prices, as branded versions may command higher prices before generic alternatives enter the market.

The logistics and distribution networks for cephalexin also contribute to price fluctuations. Transportation costs, warehousing expenses, and distribution inefficiencies can affect the final market price. Any disruptions in shipping routes or increased fuel costs may lead to higher transportation expenses, which are ultimately passed on to consumers. Furthermore, regional disparities in healthcare infrastructure and accessibility influence pricing, as rural areas may face higher costs due to logistical challenges compared to urban centers with better pharmaceutical distribution networks.

The global cephalexin market is also affected by macroeconomic trends such as inflation, currency exchange rates, and economic slowdowns. A rise in inflation can lead to increased manufacturing costs, which may be reflected in higher drug prices. Currency fluctuations impact the cost of importing and exporting cephalexin, especially for countries heavily reliant on imports. In times of economic downturns, governments and healthcare providers may negotiate for lower drug prices, leading to cost reductions for patients but potential revenue challenges for manufacturers.

Looking ahead, the cephalexin market is expected to remain dynamic, with periodic fluctuations in pricing influenced by production capacity expansions, regulatory changes, and shifting market demand. Manufacturers are increasingly focusing on improving production efficiency and adopting cost-effective manufacturing techniques to mitigate price volatility. Additionally, advancements in pharmaceutical technology, including the development of alternative production methods and biosynthetic approaches, may contribute to more stable pricing in the long term.

Sustainability initiatives and environmental concerns are also shaping the cephalexin market. With growing awareness of eco-friendly pharmaceutical manufacturing, companies are investing in cleaner production processes that comply with stringent environmental norms. While these efforts may initially lead to higher costs, they contribute to long-term sustainability and regulatory compliance, which can stabilize prices over time.

As global healthcare systems evolve, the demand for effective and affordable antibiotics like cephalexin will persist. The interplay between supply chain efficiency, regulatory frameworks, market competition, and global economic conditions will continue to define cephalexin pricing trends. Stakeholders, including pharmaceutical companies, healthcare providers, and policymakers, must work together to ensure stable and affordable access to this essential antibiotic while balancing the economic challenges associated with its production and distribution.

Get Real time Prices for Cephalexin: https://www.chemanalyst.com/Pricing-data/cephalexin-1633

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[ghduck]

ANNOUNCEMENT! NEW STUFF!

New album. 8 tracks. Listen if you wanna.

[lupine-publishers-mams]

Groups 4 and 15 and Organotin Condensation Polymers for The Treatment of Cancers and Viruses| Lupine Publishers

Lupine Publishers| Material Science Journal

Abstract

This short review describes the use of group 4 metallocenes, group 15 organometallics and organotin polymers in the treatment of human cancer tumors and viruses. These metal-containing polymers show good inhibition of all the main group solid tumors including pancreatic, lung, brain, breast, prostate and colon human cell lines. They also show inhibition of a variety of viruses including zika, herpes and vaccinia viruses. Synthesis of the polymers is rapid employing interfacial polymerization and commercially available reactants. They offer physicians a new class of drugs for the treatment of a variety of cancers and viruses.

Keywords: Cancer; Viruses; Interfacial polymerization; Brain cancer; Pancreatic cancer; Zika virus; Vaccinia virus; Breast cancer; Herpes virus

Introduction

Use of metal-containing agents to treat various medical problems is well known [1-22]. Here the focus is on activities to supply metalcontaining polymers for the treatment of various cancers and viruses. While we have had extensive experience with platinum and palladium polymers for the treatment of a variety of cancers, the current emphasis is on polymers formed by incorporation of groups 4 and 15 metals and organotin condensation polymers for the treatment of cancers and viruses [23-41]. These two polymer types are different with their own separate biological characterizations [26]. For instance, the platinum and palladium polymers are addition products and not stable for long times in solution. By comparison, the groups 4 metallocene and organotin and group 15 polymers are condensation polymers and exhibit good stability to over 30 weeks in solution so can be treated differently with respect to biological and physical characterizations [26-41].

Synthesis

Synthesis occurs employing interfacial polymerization [42- 46]. It is a rapid polymerization system because high-energy reactants are employed. These high-energy reactants are acid halides. A typical condensation reaction has an activation energy of about 30-40Kcal/mol whereas the activation energy for the acid halide reactions is on the order of 20Kcal/mol. The interfacial polymerization is employed industrially to synthesize aromatic polyamides (nylons) and polycarbonates so industry is familiar with the system [47,48]. These interfacial polycondensation reactions form polymer within less than one minute in decent yield. For the syntheses described here, commercially available reactants are employed allowing ready reproduction and scale-up to ton levels in a somewhat straightforward manner. Rapid stirring is employed, generally about 18,000 rpm. This allows both the rapid polymerizations to occur with an increase in interfacial contact area of over ten thousand compared to non-stirred systems, and good reproducibility. For the systems described here, the reaction vessel is a simple glass reaction vessel, one-quart Kimax emulsifying jar, fitted onto a Waring Blender. To illustrate the overall reactions, products formed for the organotin polymers have a repeat unit described as follows.

R2SnX2+X-R-Y-> -(-SnR2-R-)-

where X and Y are normally Lewis bases such as alcohols, amines, acid salts, thiols, etc. These reaction sites are often varied for a single Lewis base such as an amino acid, shown below, that has both acid and amine reactant sites. Examples of overall reaction products for each of the three condensation polymer groups are given following. Reaction between the amino acid diglycine and dimethyltin dichloride is described (Figure 1). The polymer is described as a poly (amine ester) with the organotin unit considered an organic moiety such as a methylene unit in such naming. For the Group 4 metallocenes, the reaction employing titanocene dichloride as the Lewis acid, the repeat unit for a product formed from titanocene dichloride and chelidonic acid is given (Figure 2). Finally, for reactions involving group 15 metals, the repeat unit formed from reaction between triphenylantimony dichloride and 3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid forming a polyester is given (Figure 3). The metal is generally located in the Lewis acid portion while the non-metal reactant is the Lewis base. In certain cases, the Lewis base portion may also contain a metal, usually iron and cobalt. The iron is present as a ferrocene while the cobalt is present as a cobaltocene [32].

Figure 1: Synthesis of organotin poly (amine esters) from reaction of diglycine and dimethyltin dichloride where R represents simple chain extension.

Figure 2: Synthesis of polyesters from reaction with titanocene dichloride and chelidonic acid where R represents simple chain extension.

Cancer

It was initially mistakenly assumed that these metal-containing compounds inhibited cancer by the same mechanism as the platinum-containing drugs as cisplatin and other similar platinum containing drugs [26,50]. (The platinum-containing drugs currently are employed in over 60% of the chemo drug treatments generally as one of the components.) It is now known that this is not true so that they can be coupled with the drugs described here as co-drugs that will affect inhibition of cancer through two distinct avenues. The platinum-containing drugs are quite toxic resulting in the presence of many negative side effects [26]. Our effort is to create drugs that have similar or superior ability to inhibit cancer but without the unwanted side effects. All of the metal-containing drugs operate primarily on the DNA site for inhibition of the cancer cell lines [26,50].

The polymers synthesized by us have shown good ability to inhibit a variety of cancer cell lines Table 1. These cell lines represent all of the major human solid tumor cell lines. These cell lines include resistant cells meaning cell lines that have shown ability to resist treatment with the traditional anticancer drugs [39] (Table 1). Inhibition depends on the metal atom present as well as the nature of the Lewis base. With respect to the metal, in general, inhibition is of the order Hf=Zr>Ti>Sn>Sb, Bi, As. Inhibition is also dependent on the specific Lewis base. A primary measure of the ability for a drug to inhibit cancer growth is the effective concentration, EC. The 50% effective concentration, EC50, is the concentration of a toxicant, drug, or antibody that induces an inhibitory response halfway between the baseline and maximum after a specified exposure time. The desired outcome is to have low EC50 values as this indicates that only a small concentration of the anti-cancer agent is needed to elicit inhibition. For the compounds described here, once inhibition begins, the slope of the dose/concentration curve is high with inhibition being total. Depending on the specific Lewis acid/base the EC50 value is typically between milligrams/mL to nanograms/mL. The metal-containing compounds are often coupled with a Lewis base that exhibits some biological activity hoping for a syngeneic effect. Drugs that have been employed as the Lewis bases include ciprofloxacin, diethylstilbestrol, cephalexin, acyclovir, thiamine, dicumarol, camphoric acid, histamine, 2-ketoglutaric acid, salicylic acid, dipicolinic acid, isomanide, glycyrrhetinic acid, phentolamine, thiodiglycolic acid. Lewis bases that themselves exhibit no ability to inhibit cancer can also exhibit good inhibition when coupled with a metal-containing moiety. These include a wide variety of diols such as ethylene glycol, Figure 4 [29,50]. Recently, water-soluble drugs possessing the metal-containing unit were synthesized [29] employing as the Lewis base poly (ethylene glycol), PEG. The resulting water-soluble polymers exhibit good inhibition of the cell lines. Figure 5 contains the reaction between titanocene dichloride and PEG forming water soluble polyethers (Figures 4 & 5).

Figure 3: Synthesis of triphenylantimony polyesters from reaction with 3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid where R is simple chain extension.

Figure 4: Reaction between ethylene glycol and dibutyltin dichloride forming polyethers.

Figure 5: Formation of water-soluble polyethers from reaction of titanocene dichloride and various poly (ethylene oxides) where R represents simple chain extension.

Viruses

These metal-containing polymers also inhibit a variety of viruses including ones where no current drugs are available for treatment [40,41,49]. Table 2 contains viruses that have been inhibited by our metal-containing drugs including most recently the zika virus. These viruses include both DNA and RNA viruses. They include several that have been identified as possible weapons of mass destruction, namely the vaccinia virus. Three DNA viruses are effectively inhibited by the metal-containing polymers (Table 2). They are the vaccinia virus used to vaccinate humans against smallpox; herpes simplex virus 1, the virus responsible for over 45 million infections yearly in the US, comprising one of five adolescents and adults; and the varicella zoster virus, also a herpes virus and responsible for chickenpox and shingles. Thus, the metalcontaining polymers represent a possible potent approach towards inhibiting unwanted viruses (Table 2).

Table 1: Caner cell lines inhibited by metal-containing polymers described here.

From a cancer patient with ovarian cancer that had previously been treated with cytoxan, adriamycin, 5-fluorouracil, and Fur IV. From a cancer patient with ovarian cancer that had been treated with adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, and cisplatin.

Table 2: Viruses inhibited by metal-containing polymers discussed in this report.

Why Polymeric Drugs?

A critical question is “Why Polymeric Drugs?” What advantageousness do polymeric drugs offer [50-60]. Following briefly describes some advantages. Each of these advantages is related to the size of polymers and what such size offers. First, because of their size, polymers travel through the body, in particular the kidney and bladder, more slowly lessening organ damage allowing the organs to limit the negative effect [50,61]. Second, cancer cells are less cohesive, offering greater porosity, and are not as coherent as normal cells with relatively “rough” exteriors. This allows polymers to have a greater opportunity to be “snagged” by the cancer cells allowing them extended ability to be associated with the cancer cells resulting in a greater ability to inhibit cell growth. This scenario is described as the enhanced permeability and retention effect [50,62-64]. Third, increased size allows for a greater designing of the drug increasing its effectiveness [65-69]. This fine tuning includes attachment of “biological homing agents”. Thus, polymeric drugs offer advantageous over small molecule drugs that can be used to more effectively combat unwanted diseases compared to small molecule drugs.

Summary

Metal-containing polymers show ability to inhibit all the major solid tumor cancers as well as important viruses. They are easily synthesized and offer physicians new drugs to attack these harmful illnesses.

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[allourpaws]

Urinary Tract Infections in Cats

Bacterial urinary tract infections can result from normal GI tract and skin flora that ascends the urinary tract and overcomes its natural defenses that typically prevent colonization. While bacterial UTIs are among the most common diseases that affect dogs, they are less common in young cats. However, they affect many older cats as they become more susceptible to infection due to aging or concomitant disease (diabetes, hyperthyroidism, or renal failure). In this article, we’ll look at the signs and symptoms of UTIs in cats, whether they can be prevented, how they can be treated, and other useful information for cat parents.

Causes

Many retrospective studies have found that one of the most common bacterial uropathogens in both dogs and cats is Escherichia coli. Escherichia coli is an epiphyte, which means that it naturally grows in different organs, and it can even be found on the skin of our pets. It is found in both feces and urine, and whenever the cat’s immune system isn’t on par, the urinary tract might be affected by an Escherichia coli infection. Some of the other common pathogens that are likely to cause UTIs are Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Proteus, Pseudomonas, and Klebsiella species. Ideally, an infection can be treated correctly only if the pet owner collects some urine and brings it to the vet (as soon as possible) for it to be analyzed in the lab. This means that the pathogen will be detected or that at least an antibiogram will be performed. With the right antimicrobial therapy, the cat can both recover faster, and recurrences can be prevented effectively.

Clinical signs

Most cats are going to try to groom their genital area excessively, and this can be the first sign that a pet parent might notice. Some of the others include the following: Frequent attempts to urinate Urinating in unusual places (even next to the litter box) Vomiting Lethargy Discolored urine Pain (many cats will cry out when they use the litter box) Abnormal-smelling urine Cats that aren’t changed their cat litter frequently are more predisposed to getting a UTI simply because they come in direct contact with their urine and feces.

Detection

The most significant challenge that vets face when a cat experiencing urinary problems is brought in is trying to make the difference between a UTI, a Feline Urethral Obstruction, and a case of general FLUTD. Most cases will call for a urine sample, a urine culture, as well as a physical examination. In most situations where the cat suffers from a urinary tract infection, there is a painful and rather small bladder present. By contrast, in cases of obstruction, the bladder is distended and large. A urine sample can reveal several important details. One of them is the urine concentration, but other things such as the presence of red blood cells, white blood cells, as well as crystals, can be seen under the microscope, as well. Sometimes, the vet can even see actual bacteria under the microscope. A urine culture is by far the most helpful test when it comes to setting a correct diagnosis.

Treatment

If a urine culture was performed, it could be quite easy for the vet to do antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Some of the most common antibiotics used in the treatment of UTIs are amoxicillin, ampicillin, cephalexin, chloramphenicol, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, tetracyclines, as well as trimethoprim-sulfonamides. The selected antimicrobial should also be easy for pet parents to administer and have as few side effects as possible. Depending on how complicated the infection is, the duration of the treatment can last anything from 7 to 14 days. Chronic and complicated cases of UTI and prostatitis could require antimicrobial treatment for as many as 4 to 6 weeks. It is paramount for the pet parent to understand that they shouldn’t stop the administration of the treatment for fear of the germ developing antibiotic resistance. It’s also recommended that after the first week of treatment, a urine sample is collected again to see whether the UTI has resolved or not. Generally, most cats that have had a urinary tract infection are likely to have another in the future. If possible, monitor your cat’s urinary tract health as best as possible.

Prevention

Taking several steps to prevent UTIs in your cat is crucial. You can start by constantly keeping the litter box clean so that bacteria have almost no chance of spreading in the environment. The cat’s diet can be a contributing factor, as well. If your cat is slightly overweight or a diabetic, he or she might be at a greater risk of getting urinary tract disease. The urinary tract health of some cats can be affected by stress, as well. If you know that you’re going to be adding a new feline member to your family anytime soon, it would be a good idea to try to make the transition as smooth as possible. Make sure you provide plenty of clean water to your feline buddy every day. It’s widely known that cats don’t drink a lot of water, and if it’s not clean or fresh, they are probably not going to drink any. Evaluate your cat’s diet and get some recommendations from the vet, especially if you have a diabetic or an overweight pet. If you have more than one feline companion, it is highly recommended that you use several litter boxes, not just one. In the end, prevention is the best cure, so pay attention to any changes in your cat’s daily routine and urinary habits. Sometimes, catching a urinary tract problem in its early stage can prevent it from becoming complicated and it can also alleviate some of the pain. Cristina Vulpe is a former veterinarian turned content marketer. She manages a website about cats, My Feline Buddy, where she gives advice about cat health, managing cat behavior, and many other cat-related things. She has a PhD in veterinary oncology and is passionate about animal welfare, nutrition, parasitology, as well as infectious diseases. Read the full article

[hoodoo12]

Despair and Doubt,

They’re Not Horsemen

I was kindly asked for a Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse drabble, based on @dorklyevil‘s renditions (here). Of course she’s already created some amazing comics with them, some of which I have referenced. I hope I do them justice with a few head canons of my own.

Thank you too @porkchop-ao3 for always making sure my English is up to the Queen’s. :D

SFW, FHOTA, War being War, angst and comfort

⁂

“UGH! Get it away, War!”

“Look at it! Touch it! Pet it!”

“No! No! Get it away from me--you get away from me--”

Death gave a dusty exhale of a sigh. The youngest of the Horsemen had actively begun chasing the second youngest with the most recent dead beast he’d procured. The two ran past him; Pestilence screeching and War cackling wildly. On their second lap near him, Death nimbly stepped between them.

Pestilence ran on, while War had to put on the brakes to avoid the eldest Horseman.

“Death!” he whined, petulantly.

“Don’t be disrespectful, Red,” the Pale Horseman admonished, gently taking the carcass from War’s dirty hands.

“Fine, whatever!” War pouted, and stomped away to sulk.

By the time Death had interred the corpse and lifted his head, Pestilence was nowhere to be seen either. He could be heard, however, crying and muttering to himself some place nearby. It was Famine, however, who next shuffled up to Death and asked in his slow way what was going on.

Death gave another habitual sigh. ���The same as always.”

“Red chasing Pesti with something dead?”

“Yes.”

“I will attend him.”

Death nodded, because he knew Famine would. He always comforted Pestilence when War’s teasing went too far.

The tallest Horseman’s staff tapped on the ground as he walked away, but he was so light his footsteps made very little sound. Only Death could walk more soundlessly than Famine.

Famine found Pestilence in a corner. It wouldn’t have been a surprise to find him near a sink, frantically washing his hands. As it was, he’d made himself as small as possible, facing the wall, rocking a bit in place. He muttered endlessly to himself, and he’d opened up red tracks on his forearms by digging his nails in and clawing at himself.

As Famine came closer, he rested his staff against the wall and lowered himself to sit beside his Brother, the words his fellow Horseman whispered became more clear.

“Amoxicillin. Clindamycin. Doxycyline. Cephalexin. Ciprofloxacin. Amoxicillin. Clindamycin. Doxycyline. Cephalexin. Ciprofloxacin. Amoxicillin. Clindamycin. Doxycyline--”

It was a common litany of antibiotics that repeated themselves in Pestilence’s brain, given voice.

“Pestilence,” Famine interrupted, placing his hand on his shoulder.

Pestilence whipped his head around and looked but did not see Famine.

“--it was penicillin!” he interrupted his list. This was common too; a fixation on the first antibiotic that truly scared him and made him question his own effectiveness and worth. “Fucking Alexander Fleming!”

“Yes, fucking Alexander Fleming,” Famine agreed smoothly.

He gathered the smallest Horseman to him. Pestilence resisted a little, at first, but he was too worn out from being chased and crying to fight against the embrace much, and eventually relaxed, trembling. He continued to recite the antibiotic list in a whisper.

Famine soothed him with gentle pats to his head. He didn’t touch his blood-spotted arms with his fingers; he knew from past experience the idea of germs from his fingertips getting into the bloodstream would send Pestilence over the edge again.

He consoled his fellow Horseman by telling him he understood. That he worried too, that mankind would develop new and better ways to grow crops and livestock for food, and that eventually no one in the world would be hungry. That he worried there would come a time when all would have a full belly, and there would be no use for him. He would fade away, or linger aimlessly, and have to ask their eldest Brother to take his hand and end his existence entirely . . .

Pestilence snuffled, wiped his nose, and looked up with watery eyes.

“But you’re Famine!” he disagreed. “People have been starving since, since, since almost the beginning!”

Famine smiled slowly. “And you’re Pestilence. You’ve been here almost as long as I have.”

With a shrug that belied what he truly felt, Pestilence had to agree. Still, he blurted,

“But they keep coming up with new drugs! Stronger drugs!”

“And you keep countering them with resistant bacteria.”

“But, but . . .”

Pestilence had calmed enough that Famine was able to gently start wrapping his arms with the loose bandaging always available on his younger Brother.

“But nothing,” he replied gently. “Yes, humans will continue to advance medicine. It is highly unlikely, however, that they will ever eradicate every disease from the face of the Earth. There will always be pockets of people who will refuse medicine, or live too far away from a source of it, just as there will always be starvation somewhere. We may be pushed to the periphery, but we will never be truly gone, no matter what our hearts may fear.

“And if nothing else,” the elder Horseman finished lightly, “you can still give women yeast infections.”

Pestilence gave a small weepy chuckle and nodded.

Famine silently agreed that his Brother’s fear wasn’t invalid, it just loomed too large in his mind. War was younger and too excitable, too feral to ever consider the possibility mankind would eliminate him, and Death was beyond human’s ever expanding reach. So he was happy to help calm and sympathize with Pestilence.

The two sat in the corner for a while longer together, quietly.

fin.

[williamdecade]

illness timeline

so i wanted this post to be a loose timeline of my illness and health situation from the beginning to my present situation today, its going to take me a while with a detail or 2 in some sections and less detail in others for the purpose of post length etc...I will post what I can recall at any given time some days better and clearer than others, that's just the reality of my neurological;/cognitive situation etc.. it would be impossible to include everything but I will try to include enough detail as necessary etc..it will be necessary to add to/edit etc many times

 ****early 1970s right before or after passmoore elementary began....scarlet fever hospitalized/ large section skin hands/feet/torso/peeling,  apendix attack/surgery, "hyperpyrexia"?, double hernia surgery, single hernia surgery, rheumatic fever episode sister dottie's trailer , concussion not treated, chronic strep/infections/etc/dr. ratner/several others/etc..high fever episode?/rushed in green stationwagon speeding larry drove to emergency hosp and carried me

****middle school Anson Jones.....dr.carlos  rocha/dr wong and several others dr.s / et c..emotional episodes, depression, fear of large crowds, episodes of extreme fatigue, joint pain/ extreme leg pain/anxiety/lack of energy/focus/etc

***high school john jay....several days high fever delirium/shaking/sweating/shivering/etc..on sofa reg dr. carlos rocha unavailable for days , then taken to clinic robert b greene  by patsy/mom put in ambulance rushed to children's hospital diagnosis congestive heart failure/ juvenile rheumatoid arthritis "JRA" /Lyme disease/rheumatic fever(autoimmune disease)/rheumatic heart disease/ bulls eye rash duplicate hundreds on arms and torso, then cloud bruising some pictures taken/etc.., in late seventies/early eighties there was very little help or information on diagnosis/treatment for Lyme disease., its becoming more common everyday do yor research and protect yourself!, cases may be up to half million per year now. I had vision test/heart tests/problems/agoraphobia/ heart/vision damage/etc...(teachers cruel, "you cant have arthritis thats for old people" students "you've lost alot of weight in a week, ? do you have aids?" Santa Rosa childrens hosp, childrens cancer/juvenile rheumatoid arthritis etc santa rosa childrens rheumatology clinic 3 times a week. therapy (dr.henry rendone) (dr.michael miller) (dr.patrick mcbroom)/ pshycological counseling (dr. suzanne camardo) (beth navarro) several other dr.s ( meds, xanax/tolectin/enalapril/antibiotics/azithromicin/amoxicillian/keflex/cephalexin/ naprox/ valium/percocet/counseling/etc..extreme leg/hand pain/joint pain/anxiety/lack of energy/focus/etc/ episodes of drawing blank mentally, artistic creativity disappearing, bells palsy/saint vitus dance/etc muscle twitching face/hands/arms/chronic strep/infections/etc..rheumatic fever episode sister patsys new braunfels home, ........college extreme anxiety/anxiety attacks/anxiety medical study $500

***20s/ duplicate from previous etc..agoraphobia/ heart/vision damage/etc..congestive heart failure/ juvenile rheumatoid arthritis "JRA" /Lyme disease/cognitive problems/reasoning/ taste problems/ shaking hands/fingers/rheumatic fever(autoimmune disease)/rheumatic heart disease...extreme leg/hand pain/joint pain/anxiety/lack of energy/focus/etc/ episodes of drawing blank mentally, /etc muscle twitching face/hands/arms/chronic strep/skin infections/etc..anxiety   more to be added etc

****2000s and later...episodes of confusion/dementia/extreme exhaustion/lack of physical energy    emergency room edema, fluid backup heart failure causing choking fluid in lungs/extreme exhaustion/ near 100lbs gain in less than 9 months/etc/ anxiety/depression/confusion/ etc/..dr. suzanne miller   vision problems, /rheumatic heart disease/ rheumatic autoimmune disease/muscle spasms bodywide, (CHF) congestive heart failure/(JRA)/rheumatoid arthritis/sensitivity to heat/cold, extreme fatigue/exhaustion/etc...DIABETES 2 (MIN 11 YRS UNTREATED)/ brain "fog" frequent lack of focus/thoughts/words/spelling/"Bradyphrenia"/etc...extensive neuropathy and nerve damage hands/feet/etc, DIABETIC ketoacidosis (DKA) ,frequent lake of normal feeling in legs/hands/feet/etc..extreme thirst/urination/confusion/etc.difficulty walking/standing steady etc../dementia/confusion/memory loss/ cognitive problems/lack of oxygen/difficulty breathing/shortness of breath/etc..chronic infections skin/ears/etc/strep from speaking/reading/writing 4 languages to barely speaking English, from an intense interest in fine art being able to sketch, do pastels, do oil and acrylic painting, etc... to barely drawing a stick figure..illness will do that ...meds   enalapril/soma/fluoxitine/hydroxyzine/flexeril/carisoprodol/Hydrochlorothiazide/etc..more to be added etc

***today present 2022 june  vision problems, /rheumatic heart disease/ rheumatic autoimmune disease/muscle spasms bodywide, (CHF) congestive heart failure/(JRA)/rheumatoid arthritis/sensitivity to heat/cold, extreme fatigue/exhaustion/etc... dr. anderson DIABETES 2 /chronic strep/chronic skin infection/chronic ear infection/chronic mouth infection/teeth breaking off/jaw bone deterioration/etc/kidney pain/ptsd/ anxiety, difficulty , chest pain, standing/sitting/walking for extended periods of time. extreme leg/joint/foot/back pain, brain "fog" frequent lack of focus/thoughts/words/spelling/"Bradyphrenia"/etc...extensive neuropathy and nerve damage hands/feet/etc, DIABETIC ketoacidosis (DKA) ,frequent lake of normal feeling in legs/hands/feet/etc..extreme thirst/urination/confusion/etc.difficulty walking/standing steady etc..meds, soma/fluoxitine/hydrocodone/enalapril/vasotec/nexium/carisoprodol/ lantus/tresiba/amoxicillan/cephalexin/more to be added etcwill be edited several times/

***most meds were not constant due to lack of money etc..cant possibly remember all doctors, symptoms, episodes, or meds too many to recall