#Custom Procurement Software Development

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Is custom procurement software right for your business? Streamline operations and scale with custom web development solutions offered by Site It Now

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Construction ERP and procurement software are essential for modern construction businesses, offering centralized data management, real-time project monitoring, and efficient procurement processes. These tools enhance collaboration, improve cost control, and ensure compliance with regulations, all while enabling scalability for future growth. By streamlining operations, they help construction firms deliver projects on time, within budget, and with optimal efficiency.

[precisiotech]

Automated Testing vs. Manual Testing: Which One is Right for Your Project?

Achieving high-quality, reliable software stands as a fundamental requirement in software development. Successful testing functions as an essential tool to discover faults and build performance capabilities that create better user experience outcomes. Two main testing methods dominate the field: automated testing and manual testing. The process of quality software assurance uses different testing approaches that demonstrate their own advantages as well as weaknesses according to specific project requirements and scenarios. We will explore the specifics to determine which testing process works best for your system development efforts.

1. What Is Manual Testing?

Manual testing involves a human tester manually executing test cases without using automation tools. Key Characteristics:

The methodology focuses its efforts on user interface together with usability and experience testing.

Human-centered applications where selection requires discretion include ad hoc testing and enumerative testing as well as examinations that need human evaluation.

Human performers are required during this approach; thus, it demands substantial time.

2. What Is Automated Testing?

Software performing automated testing executes test cases through workflows and helpers. Key Characteristics:

Efficient for repetitive and regression testing.

Users must spend money on tools along with developing custom scripts for testing.

Reduces human error.

3. Advantages of Manual Testing

Human Intuition: Software testing professionals can detect kernels through their human cognitive ability that automated tools cannot match. The observation and evaluation of visual elements runs more efficiently through human operatives instead of advanced tools.

Flexibility: This method suits exploratory testing specifically because there are no pre-determined scripts available.

Low Initial Investment: Running this approach does not need tool purchases or applications to develop automation frameworks.

Adaptable for UI/UX Testing: Running this approach does not need tool purchases or applications to develop automation frameworks.

4. Advantages of Automated Testing

Speed: Executes repetitive tests much faster than humans.

Scalability: The system proves most effective for extensive projects that need constant system updates.

Accuracy: When performing recurring actions, automated systems minimize the chances of human mistakes.

Cost-Efficient in the Long Run: Once established and implemented, the system demands costly investments but ensures continuous development expenses decrease over time.

Better for CI/CD Pipelines: Such testing technology connects various development pipelines that support agile and DevOps methodologies.

5. Disadvantages of Manual Testing

Time-Consuming: The manual performance of repeated tests leads to delayed completion of projects.

Error-Prone: Large applications contain tiny bugs that human testers commonly fail to detect.

Not Ideal for Scalability: The process of increasing manual testing needs additional testers to avoid cost escalations.

6. Disadvantages of Automated Testing

Initial Costs: Organizations must provide high financial resources to procure testing tools together with developing programming constructs.

Limited to Pre-Defined Scenarios: These testing approaches work poorly for handling exploratory or ad hoc testing.

Requires Maintenance: Test scripts need frequent updates when application changes occur.

Not Suitable for UI/UX Testing: Struggles with subjective user experience evaluations.

7. When to Use Manual Testing

Small Projects: The testing method proves beneficial at a low cost for small applications and provides quick assessments.

Exploratory Testing: Testing this approach benefits projects whose scripts have not been defined yet or need evaluation for newly added features.

Visual and Usability Testing: Performing assessments on interface components together with design features.

8. When to Use Automated Testing

Large Projects: Handles scalability for projects with frequent updates.

Regression Testing:��Program testing becomes more efficient through automation since automated assessments perform multiple tests following each update process.

Performance Testing: The system performs efficient capabilities to conduct load testing and stress testing.

Continuous Development Environments: Agile progression and DevOps implementations need automation as a core requirement.

READ MORE- https://www.precisio.tech/automated-testing-vs-manual-testing-which-one-is-right-for-your-project/

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What is Enterprise Fleet Management?

As is revealed in today’s world business environment, any organization must manage its resources appropriately. Thus, for companies and firms having major operations related to transportation and logistics, it becomes even more essential to manage their fleets.

Now, let’s start with the basics: what does enterprise fleet management mean? Now let’s discuss this idea and figure out how it can be of great benefit to the business processes.

Understanding what is Enterprise Fleet Management

Fleet management within an enterprise could be described as a strategic approach to managing and supervising such a company's vehicle fleet. The areas include its acquisition and maintenance, driver and vehicle management, and laws governing the automobile industry. Fleet management is prospective to optimize the operating costs and enhance the safety and productivity of both fleets and their drivers.

In an enterprise environment, fleet management goes beyond tracking the vehicles; it is more about getting improved ways of running organizations. Fleet management is important irrespective of whether it involves delivery vans, trucks, or even corporate cars if the business owns a set of cars for business use.

The outcome highlights the fundamental issues of fleet management.

Vehicle Acquisition and Disposal: Picking the correct car for your fleet, beginning from procurement to the time of disposal.

Maintenance and Repair: Managing to schedule vehicles for maintenance and repairs regularly to make sure that they are in good working condition to reduce time loss.

Fuel Management: Fuel efficiency management by controlling consumption and considering these to minimize fuel expenses by using fuel-efficient driving techniques and other energy resources.

Driver Management: Incorporating training and supervision of drivers as well as planning meals nt to support safety, compliance, and efficiency among the drivers.

Compliance and Risk Management: The safety of all the used vehicles as well as the used drivers with brutal and international requirements and managing of risk exposures of operating fleets.

Here we will discuss the concept of Fleet Management Software. Inefficiently managing all these components, many businesses turn to the use of fleet management software. This is because it acts as a platform for accessing any information regarding the fleet, including real-time data and automated operations of the fleet.

Key Features of Fleet Management Software

GPS Tracking: Precise vehicle location in real-time to increase efficiency and controllers. 

Maintenance Scheduling: Schedule reminders in case of preventive maintenance and repairs to avoid ‘bottlenecks Management: Proper equipment that tracks fuel usage and gives an indication of wasteful activities. 

Compliance Management: Material properties garages need to comply with set safety measures as well as regulatory requirements.

Driver Performance Monitoring: Measures to monitor and measure drivers’s performance, detect their training requirements, and incentivize them over safe behavior on roads. 

Why Enterprise Fleet Management is So Important

To large companies, fleet management is not only limited to planning on how to ensure that vehicles are running. It’s about being able to harness data and technology in a way that will put you ahead of the competition. Effective management of fleets is known to have numerous benefits, such as cutting costs, satisfying customers, and reducing risks involving drivers and cars, among others. 

However, due to emerging issues such as global warming, companies are now focusing on the use of fleets to be environmentally friendly. This is done through the optimization of routes, timely maintenance of vehicles, and training of the drivers to ensure they are conscious of the impact they make on the environment. 

Being a web-based service, the most advantageous aspect related to an FMS or a Fleet Management Software Development Service is that it can be easily and effectively utilized across the corporate fleet range.

This has led to the increasing need for the development of fleet management software to be able to meet the expanding market need. Custom software, as the name suggests, is designed to improve organizational operations to suit a company’s needs, making it more flexible than packaged software.

A fleet management software development service typically includes

Consultation and Needs Assessment: Ah, awareness of the particular requirements and objectives of your fleet. You need to hire a professional fleet management software development company.

Custom Software Development: Constructing a custom fit that incorporates into the complex structures of the organization and fits the needs of the organization perfectly.

Integration with IoT Devices: The use of Internet of Things (IoT) devices such as GPS trackers or sensors to input real-time information and data.

Ongoing Support and Maintenance: Needed to make sure the software will continue to include all the features and incorporate the latest technologies and that it will cover all current needs of the business.

Conclusion

Okay, then, Fleet management is a system that encompasses all activities that involve control of a company’s fleet of vehicles with the use of the latest technologies in software and quality practices. Fleet management is not only a good idea but a necessity for any business that depends on transportation, where proper management of the company’s fleet is critical to achieving success.

Let it be a handful of vehicles or a multitude, the appropriate strategy in fleet management as enhanced by software changes the equation, provides steps towards optimizing your operations, lowers costs, and enhances the performance of an organization. The fast advancement of technology means that the means and ways used in the implementation of the strategies by the f managers are ever-changing and therefore a very promising industry to follow.

[shantitechnology]

ERP in Manufacturing: What You Need to Know for Business Growth

In today's dynamic business landscape, manufacturing companies face numerous challenges, from volatile market demands to complex supply chain management.  To thrive in this competitive environment, organizations are increasingly turning to Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems.  In this blog post, we will explore the significance of ERP systems for manufacturing companies, their role in software development companies, and the key factors that contribute to business growth.

Understanding ERP Systems for Manufacturing Companies

The Core of ERP:  Integration and Automation

ERP systems are comprehensive software solutions designed to integrate and streamline various business processes within an organization.  For manufacturing companies, ERP serves as a centralized platform that connects different departments such as production, inventory, procurement, finance, and human resources.  The integration of these processes results in improved communication, data accuracy, and operational efficiency.

Key Features of ERP in Manufacturing

1.            Production Planning and Scheduling:

ERP systems enable manufacturing companies to optimize production processes by providing real-time insights into resource availability, production capacity, and demand forecasting.  This ensures that production schedules are aligned with market demands, reducing the risk of overproduction or stockouts.

2.            Inventory Management:

Efficient inventory management is crucial for manufacturing companies.  ERP software helps organizations maintain optimal inventory levels, minimize carrying costs, and prevent stockouts.  It also facilitates better demand planning and order fulfillment.

3.            Quality Control:

ERP systems play a vital role in maintaining product quality by tracking and managing every stage of the manufacturing process.  This includes monitoring raw materials, production processes, and finished goods to ensure they meet industry standards and customer expectations.

4.            Supply Chain Visibility:

With ERP, manufacturing companies gain better visibility into their supply chain.  This visibility helps in identifying potential bottlenecks, reducing lead times, and enhancing collaboration with suppliers.  A transparent supply chain is essential for meeting customer demands and maintaining a competitive edge.

5.            Financial Management:

ERP systems provide robust financial modules that help manufacturing companies manage budgets, track costs, and generate accurate financial reports.  This financial transparency enables informed decision-making and ensures compliance with regulatory requirements.

ERP for Software Development Companies:  A Unique Perspective

While traditionally associated with manufacturing, ERP systems have found their way into software development companies as well.  The principles of integration, automation, and streamlined processes are just as applicable in the software industry.

Project Management and Collaboration

In software development, ERP systems assist in project management by centralizing tasks, timelines, and resource allocation.  This ensures that development teams work cohesively, deadlines are met, and resources are utilized efficiently.  Collaboration is enhanced through shared data and communication channels, leading to improved project outcomes.

Resource Allocation and Time Tracking

ERP software allows software development companies to optimize resource allocation and track time spent on different projects.  This data-driven approach enhances project planning, improves resource efficiency, and provides insights for future capacity planning.

Scalability and Flexibility

Software companies often face rapidly changing project scopes and client requirements.  ERP systems provide the scalability and flexibility needed to adapt to these changes seamlessly.  Whether it's adding new features, accommodating changes in project timelines, or expanding the scope, ERP systems empower software development companies to stay agile.

Key Considerations for Implementing ERP in Manufacturing

1.            Customization and Flexibility:

Manufacturing companies should look for ERP solutions that offer customization options to align with specific industry needs.  Flexibility is crucial, considering the diverse manufacturing processes and business models.

2.            User Training and Change Management:

Successful ERP implementation requires thorough training of users and effective change management strategies.  Employees need to understand the benefits of ERP and be comfortable with the new system to ensure smooth adoption.

3.            Data Security and Compliance:

Given the sensitive nature of manufacturing data, security is a top priority.  ERP systems must comply with industry regulations and provide robust security features to safeguard intellectual property, customer information, and business-critical data.

4.            Integration with Existing Systems:

Seamless integration with existing software and systems is essential for a smooth transition to ERP.  Compatibility with other tools and technologies ensures that there is no disruption in day-to-day operations during the implementation phase.

5.            Scalability for Future Growth:

An ERP system should be scalable to accommodate the growing needs of a manufacturing company.  It should support expansion into new markets, additional product lines, and increased production volumes without compromising performance.

Conclusion:  Driving Business Growth with ERP

In conclusion, ERP systems have become indispensable tools for manufacturing companies seeking sustainable growth in a competitive market.  By integrating and automating core business processes, ERP not only enhances operational efficiency but also provides valuable insights for strategic decision-making.

For software development companies, the adaptability of ERP systems offers a unique advantage in managing the dynamic and ever-evolving nature of the industry.  The principles that make ERP effective in manufacturing—integration, automation, and streamlined processes—are equally applicable and beneficial in the software development landscape.

As businesses continue to evolve, embracing ERP is not just a technological choice; it's a strategic one.  Those who invest in robust ERP solutions position themselves for improved competitiveness, increased profitability, and sustainable growth in the long run.

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The Public Right-of-Way Accessibility Guidelines (PROWAG) rulemaking has concluded. The PROWAG final rule has been published in the Federal Register. Please visit the Access Board’s PROWAG page for the guidelines.

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U.S. Access Board

Advancing Full Access and Inclusion for All

Information and Communication Technology

Revised 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines

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About the ICT Accessibility 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines

These standards address access to information and communication technology (ICT) under Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act and Section 255 of the Communications Act.

Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act charges the Access Board with developing and promulgating this rule. The statute also charges the Access Board with providing Technical Assistance on Section 508, which is provided through webinars, trainings, and in close collaboration with GSA and materials available from Section508.gov.

Section 508 requires access to ICT developed, procured, maintained, or used by federal agencies. Examples include computers, telecommunications equipment, multifunction office machines such as copiers that also operate as printers, software, websites, information kiosks and transaction machines, and electronic documents. The Section 508 Standards, which are part of the Federal Acquisition Regulation, ensure access for people with physical, sensory, or cognitive disabilities.

The Section 255 Guidelines cover telecommunications equipment and customer-premises equipment — such as telephones, cell phones, routers, set-top boxes, and computers with modems, interconnected Voice over Internet Protocol products, and software integral to the operation of telecommunications function of such equipment.

Background

February 3, 1998 – The Board publishes the original Telecommunications Act Accessibility Guidelines.

December 21, 2000 – The Board issues the original Section 508 Standards.

July 6, 2006 – The Board organizes TEITAC, the Telecommunications and Electronic and Information Technology Advisory Committee, to assist in updating the Section 508 Standards and Telecommunications Act Guidelines.

April 3, 2008 – The Advisory Committee presents its final report to the Board.

March 22, 2010 – The Board releases a draft proposed rule for public comment, docket ATBCB-2010-0001.

December 8, 2011 – The Board issues a revised draft proposed rule for public comment, docket ATBCB-2011-0007.

February 27, 2015 – The Board ICT proposed rule for public comment, docket ATBCB-2015-0002.

January 18, 2017 – The Board issues the final rule, docket ATBCB-2015-0002-014.

January 22, 2018 – The Board issues correction to the final rule to restore provisions for TTY access, docket document ATBCB-2015-0002-0146.

Additional Resources

Section508.gov — GSA’s Government-wide IT Accessibility Program

Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act (29 U.S.C. §794d)

Final Regulatory Impact Analysis (FRIA)

Comparison Table of WCAG 2.0 to Original 508 Standards

Mapping of WCAG 2.0 to Functional Performance Criteria

ICT Testing Baseline for Web Accessibility

Appendix A to Part 1194 – Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act: Application and Scoping Requirements

508 Chapter 1: Application and Administration

E101 General

E101.1 Purpose

These Revised 508 Standards, which consist of 508 Chapters 1 and 2 (Appendix A), along with Chapters 3 through 7 (Appendix C), contain scoping and technical requirements for information and communication technology (ICT) to ensure accessibility and usability by individuals with disabilities. Compliance with these standards is mandatory for Federal agencies subject to Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended (29 U.S.C. 794d).

E101.2 Equivalent Facilitation

The use of an alternative design or technology that results in substantially equivalent or greater accessibility and usability by individuals with disabilities than would be provided by conformance to one or more of the requirements in Chapters 4 and 5 of the Revised 508 Standards is permitted. The functional performance criteria in Chapter 3 shall be used to determine whether substantially equivalent or greater accessibility and usability is provided to individuals with disabilities.

E101.3 Conventional Industry Tolerances

Dimensions are subject to conventional industry tolerances except where dimensions are stated as a range with specific minimum or maximum end points.

E101.4 Units of Measurement

Measurements are stated in metric and U.S. customary units. The values stated in each system (metric and U.S. customary units) may not be exact equivalents, and each system shall be used independently of the other.

E102 Referenced Standards

E102.1 Application

The specific editions of the standards listed in Chapter 7 are incorporated by reference into 508 Chapter 2 (Scoping Requirements) and Chapters 3 through 6 to the prescribed extent of each such reference. Where conflicts occur between the Revised 508 Standards and the referenced standards, these Revised 508 Standards apply.

E103 Definitions

E103.1 Terms Defined in Referenced Standards

Terms defined in referenced standards and not defined in E103.4 shall have the meaning as defined in the referenced standards.

E103.2 Undefined Terms

Any term not defined in E103.4 or in referenced standards shall be given its ordinarily accepted meaning in the sense that the context implies.

E103.3 Interchangeability

Words, terms, and phrases used in the singular include the plural and those used in the plural include the singular.

E103.4 Defined Terms

For the purpose of the Revised 508 Standards, the terms defined in E103.4 have the indicated meaning.

Agency

Any agency or department of the United States as defined in 44 U.S.C. 3502, and the United States Postal Service.

Alteration

A change to existing ICT that affects interoperability, the user interface, or access to information or data.

Application.

Software designed to perform, or to help the user to perform, a specific task or tasks.

Assistive Technology (AT)

Any item, piece of equipment, or product system, whether acquired commercially, modified, or customized, that is used to increase, maintain, or improve functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities.

Audio Description.

Narration added to the soundtrack to describe important visual details that cannot be understood from the main soundtrack alone. Audio description is a means to inform individuals who are blind or who have low vision about visual content essential for comprehension. Audio description of video provides information about actions, characters, scene changes, on-screen text, and other visual content. Audio description supplements the regular audio track of a program. Audio description is usually added during existing pauses in dialogue. Audio description is also called “video description” and “descriptive narration”.

Authoring Tool

Any software, or collection of software components, that can be used by authors, alone or collaboratively, to create or modify content for use by others, including other authors.

Closed Functionality

Characteristics that limit functionality or prevent a user from attaching or installing assistive technology. Examples of ICT with closed functionality are self-service machines, information kiosks, set-top boxes, fax machines, calculators, and computers that are locked down so that users may not adjust settings due to a policy such as Desktop Core Configuration.

Content

Electronic information and data, as well as the encoding that defines its structure, presentation, and interactions.

Document

Logically distinct assembly of content (such as a file, set of files, or streamed media) that: functions as a single entity rather than a collection; is not part of software; and does not include its own software to retrieve and present content for users. Examples of documents include, but are not limited to, letters, email messages, spreadsheets, presentations, podcasts, images, and movies.

Existing ICT

ICT that has been procured, maintained or used on or before January 18, 2018.

Hardware

A tangible device, equipment, or physical component of ICT, such as telephones, computers, multifunction copy machines, and keyboards.

Information Technology

Shall have the same meaning as the term “information technology” set forth in 40 U.S.C. 11101(6).

Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

Information technology and other equipment, systems, technologies, or processes, for which the principal function is the creation, manipulation, storage, display, receipt, or transmission of electronic data and information, as well as any associated content. Examples of ICT include, but are not limited to: computers and peripheral equipment; information kiosks and transaction machines; telecommunications equipment; customer premises equipment; multifunction office machines; software; applications; Web sites; videos; and, electronic documents.

Keyboard

A set of systematically arranged alphanumeric keys or a control that generates alphanumeric input by which a machine or device is operated. A keyboard includes tactilely discernible keys used in conjunction with the alphanumeric keys if their function maps to keys on the keyboard interfaces.

Label

Text, or a component with a text alternative, that is presented to a user to identify content. A label is presented to all users, whereas a name may be hidden and only exposed by assistive technology. In many cases, the name and the label are the same.

Menu

A set of selectable options.

Name

Text by which software can identify a component to the user. A name may be hidden and only exposed by assistive technology, whereas a label is presented to all users. In many cases, the label and the name are the same. Name is unrelated to the name attribute in HTML.

Non-Web Document

A document that is not: a Web page, embedded in a Web page, or used in the rendering or functioning of Web pages.

Non-Web Software

Software that is not: a Web page, not embedded in a Web page, and not used in the rendering or functioning of Web pages.

Operable Part

Hardware-based user controls for activating, deactivating, or adjusting ICT.

Platform Accessibility Services

Services provided by a platform enabling interoperability with assistive technology. Examples are Application Programming Interfaces (API) and the Document Object Model (DOM).

Platform Software

Software that interacts with hardware or provides services for other software. Platform software may run or host other software, and may isolate them from underlying software or hardware layers. A single software component may have both platform and non-platform aspects. Examples of platforms are: desktop operating systems; embedded operating systems, including mobile systems; Web browsers; plug-ins to Web browsers that render a particular media or format; and sets of components that allow other applications to execute, such as applications which support macros or scripting.

Programmatically Determinable

Ability to be determined by software from author-supplied data that is provided in a way that different user agents, including assistive technologies, can extract and present the information to users in different modalities.

Public Facing

Content made available by an agency to members of the general public. Examples include, but are not limited to, an agency Web site, blog post, or social media pages.

Real-Time Text (RTT)

Communications using the transmission of text by which characters are transmitted by a terminal as they are typed. Real-time text is used for conversational purposes. Real-time text also may be used in voicemail, interactive voice response systems, and other similar application.

Revised 508 Standards

The standards for ICT developed, procured, maintained, or used by agencies subject to Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act as set forth in 508 Chapters 1 and 2 (36 CFR part 1194, Appendix A), and Chapters 3 through 7 (36 CFR part 1194, Appendix C).

Software

Programs, procedures, rules, and related data and documentation that direct the use and operation of ICT and instruct it to perform a given task or function. Software includes, but is not limited to, applications, non-Web software, and platform software.

Software Tools

Software for which the primary function is the development of other software. Software tools usually come in the form of an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) and are a suite of related products and utilities. Examples of IDEs include Microsoft® Visual Studio®, Apple® Xcode®, and Eclipse Foundation Eclipse®.

Telecommunications

The signal transmission, between or among points specified by the user, of information of the user’s choosing, without change in the form or content of the information as sent and received.

Terminal

Device or software with which the end user directly interacts and that provides the user interface. For some systems, the software that provides the user interface may reside on more than one device such as a telephone and a server.

Text

A sequence of characters that can be programmatically determined and that expresses something in human language.

TTY

Equipment that enables interactive text based communications through the transmission of frequency-shift-keying audio tones across the public switched telephone network. TTYs include devices for real-time text communications and voice and text intermixed communications. Examples of intermixed communications are voice carry over and hearing carry over. One example of a TTY is a computer with TTY emulating software and modem.

Variable Message Signs (VMS)

Non-interactive electronic signs with scrolling, streaming, or paging-down capability. An example of a VMS is an electronic message board at a transit station that displays the gate and time information associated with the next train arrival.

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)

A technology that provides real-time voice communications. VoIP requires a broadband connection from the user’s location and customer premises equipment compatible with Internet protocol.

Web page

A non-embedded resource obtained from a single Universal Resource Identifier (URI) using HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) plus any other resources that are provided for the rendering, retrieval, and presentation of content.

508 Chapter 2: Scoping Requirements

E201 Application

E201.1 Scope

ICT that is procured, developed, maintained, or used by agencies shall conform to the Revised 508 Standards.

E202 General Exceptions

E202.1 General

ICT shall be exempt from compliance with the Revised 508 Standards to the extent specified by E202.

E202.2 Legacy ICT

Any component or portion of existing ICT that complies with an earlier standard issued pursuant to Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended (as republished in Appendix D), and that has not been altered on or after January 18, 2018, shall not be required to be modified to conform to the Revised 508 Standards.

E202.3 National Security Systems

The Revised 508 Standards do not apply to ICT operated by agencies as part of a national security system, as defined by 40 U.S.C. 11103(a).

E202.4 Federal Contracts

ICT acquired by a contractor incidental to a contract shall not be required to conform to the Revised 508 Standards.

E202.5 ICT Functions Located in Maintenance or Monitoring Spaces

Where status indicators and operable parts for ICT functions are located in spaces that are frequented only by service personnel for maintenance, repair, or occasional monitoring of equipment, such status indicators and operable parts shall not be required to conform to the Revised 508 Standards.

E202.6 Undue Burden or Fundamental Alteration

Where an agency determines in accordance with E202.6 that conformance to requirements in the Revised 508 Standards would impose an undue burden or would result in a fundamental alteration in the nature of the ICT, conformance shall be required only to the extent that it does not impose an undue burden, or result in a fundamental alteration in the nature of the ICT.

E202.6.1 Basis for a Determination of Undue Burden

In determining whether conformance to requirements in the Revised 508 Standards would impose an undue burden on the agency, the agency shall consider the extent to which conformance would impose significant difficulty or expense considering the agency resources available to the program or component for which the ICT is to be procured, developed, maintained, or used.

E202.6.2 Required Documentation

The responsible agency official shall document in writing the basis for determining that conformance to requirements in the Revised 508 Standards constitute an undue burden on the agency, or would result in a fundamental alteration in the nature of the ICT. The documentation shall include an explanation of why and to what extent compliance with applicable requirements would create an undue burden or result in a fundamental alteration in the nature of the ICT.

E202.6.3 Alternative Means

Where conformance to one or more requirements in the Revised 508 Standards imposes an undue burden or a fundamental alteration in the nature of the ICT, the agency shall provide individuals with disabilities access to and use of information and data by an alternative means that meets identified needs.

E202.7 Best Meets

Where ICT conforming to one or more requirements in the Revised 508 Standards is not commercially available, the agency shall procure the ICT that best meets the Revised 508 Standards consistent with the agency’s business needs.

E202.7.1 Required Documentation

The responsible agency official shall document in writing: (a) the non-availability of conforming ICT, including a description of market research performed and which provisions cannot be met, and (b) the basis for determining that the ICT to be procured best meets the requirements in the Revised 508 Standards consistent with the agency’s business needs.

E202.7.2 Alternative Means

Where ICT that fully conforms to the Revised 508 Standards is not commercially available, the agency shall provide individuals with disabilities access to and use of information and data by an alternative means that meets identified needs.

E203 Access to Functionality

E203.1 General

Agencies shall ensure that all functionality of ICT is accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities, either directly or by supporting the use of assistive technology, and shall comply with E203. In providing access to all functionality of ICT, agencies shall ensure the following:

That Federal employees with disabilities have access to and use of information and data that is comparable to the access and use by Federal employees who are not individuals with disabilities; and

That members of the public with disabilities who are seeking information or data from a Federal agency have access to and use of information and data that is comparable to that provided to members of the public who are not individuals with disabilities.

E203.2 User Needs

When agencies procure, develop, maintain or use ICT they shall identify the needs of users with disabilities to determine:

How users with disabilities will perform the functions supported by the ICT; and

How the ICT will be developed, installed, configured, and maintained to support users with disabilities.

E204 Functional Performance Criteria

E204.1 General

Where the requirements in Chapters 4 and 5 do not address one or more functions of ICT, the functions not addressed shall conform to the Functional Performance Criteria specified in Chapter 3.

E205 Electronic Content

E205.1 General

Electronic content shall comply with E205.

E205.2 Public Facing

Electronic content that is public facing shall conform to the accessibility requirements specified in E205.4.

E205.3 Agency Official Communication

Electronic content that is not public facing shall conform to the accessibility requirements specified in E205.4 when such content constitutes official business and is communicated by an agency through one or more of the following:

An emergency notification;

An initial or final decision adjudicating an administrative claim or proceeding;

An internal or external program or policy announcement;

A notice of benefits, program eligibility, employment opportunity, or personnel action;

A formal acknowledgement of receipt;

A survey questionnaire;

A template or form;

Educational or training materials; or

Intranet content designed as a Web page.

EXCEPTION: Records maintained by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) pursuant to Federal recordkeeping statutes shall not be required to conform to the Revised 508 Standards unless public facing.

E205.4 Accessibility Standard

Electronic content shall conform to Level A and Level AA Success Criteria and Conformance Requirements in WCAG 2.0 (incorporated by reference, see 702.10.1).

EXCEPTION: Non-Web documents shall not be required to conform to the following four WCAG 2.0 Success Criteria: 2.4.1 Bypass Blocks, 2.4.5 Multiple Ways, 3.2.3 Consistent Navigation, and 3.2.4 Consistent Identification.

E205.4.1 Word Substitution when Applying WCAG to Non-Web Documents

For non-Web documents, wherever the term “Web page” or “page” appears in WCAG 2.0 Level A and AA Success Criteria and Conformance Requirements, the term “document” shall be substituted for the terms “Web page” and “page”. In addition, in Success Criterion in 1.4.2, the phrase “in a document” shall be substituted for the phrase “on a Web page”.

E206 Hardware

E206.1 General

Where components of ICT are hardware and transmit information or have a user interface, such components shall conform to the requirements in Chapter 4.

E207 Software

E207.1 General

Where components of ICT are software and transmit information or have a user interface, such components shall conform to E207 and the requirements in Chapter 5.

EXCEPTION: Software that is assistive technology and that supports the accessibility services of the platform shall not be required to conform to the requirements in Chapter 5.

E207.2 WCAG Conformance

User interface components, as well as the content of platforms and applications, shall conform to Level A and Level AA Success Criteria and Conformance Requirements in WCAG 2.0 (incorporated by reference, see 702.10.1).

EXCEPTIONS:

Software that is assistive technology and that supports the accessibility services of the platform shall not be required to conform to E207.2.

Non-Web software shall not be required to conform to the following four Success Criteria in WCAG 2.0: 2.4.1 Bypass Blocks; 2.4.5 Multiple Ways; 3.2.3 Consistent Navigation; and 3.2.4 Consistent Identification.

Non-Web software shall not be required to conform to Conformance Requirement 3 Complete Processes in WCAG 2.0.

E207.2.1 Word Substitution when Applying WCAG to Non-Web Software

For non-Web software, wherever the term “Web page” or “page” appears in WCAG 2.0 Level A and AA Success Criteria and Conformance Requirements, the term “software” shall be substituted for the terms “Web page” and “page”. In addition, in Success Criterion in 1.4.2, the phrase “in software” shall be substituted for the phrase “on a Web page.”

E207.3 Complete Processes for Non-Web Software

Where non-Web software requires multiple steps to accomplish an activity, all software related to the activity to be accomplished shall conform to WCAG 2.0 as specified in E207.2.

E208 Support Documentation and Services

E208.1 General

Where an agency provides support documentation or services for ICT, such documentation and services shall conform to the requirements in Chapter 6.

Appendix B to Part 1194 – Section 255 of the Communications Act: Application and Scoping Requirements

255 Chapter 1: Application and Administration

C101 General

C101.1 Purpose

These Revised 255 Guidelines, which consist of 255 Chapters 1 and 2 (Appendix B), along with Chapters 3 through 7 (Appendix C), contain scoping and technical requirements for the design, development, and fabrication of telecommunications equipment and customer premises equipment, content, and support documentation and services, to ensure accessibility and usability by individuals with disabilities. These Revised 255 Guidelines are to be applied to the extent required by regulations issued by the Federal Communications Commission under Section 255 of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended (47 U.S.C. 255).

C101.2 Equivalent Facilitation

The use of an alternative design or technology that results in substantially equivalent or greater accessibility and usability by individuals with disabilities than would be provided by conformance to one or more of the requirements in Chapters 4 and 5 of the Revised 255 Guidelines is permitted. The functional performance criteria in Chapter 3 shall be used to determine whether substantially equivalent or greater accessibility and usability is provided to individuals with disabilities.

C101.3 Conventional Industry Tolerances

Dimensions are subject to conventional industry tolerances except where dimensions are stated as a range with specific minimum or maximum end points.

C101.4 Units of Measurement

Measurements are stated in metric and U.S. customary units. The values stated in each system (metric and U.S. customary units) may not be exact equivalents, and each system shall be used independently of the other.

C102 Referenced Standards

C102.1 Application

The specific editions of the standards listed in Chapter 7 are incorporated by reference into 255 Chapter 2 (Scoping Requirements) and Chapters 3 through 6 to the prescribed extent of each such reference. Where conflicts occur between the Revised 255 Guidelines and the referenced standards, these Revised 255 Guidelines apply.

C103 Definitions

C103.1 Terms Defined in Referenced Standards

Terms defined in referenced standards and not defined in C103.4 shall have the meaning as defined in the referenced standards.

C103.2 Undefined Terms

Any term not defined in C103.4 or in referenced standards shall be given its ordinarily accepted meaning in the sense that the context implies.

C103.3 Interchangeability

Words, terms, and phrases used in the singular include the plural and those used in the plural include the singular.

C103.4 Defined Terms

For the purpose of the Revised 255 Guidelines, the terms defined in C103.4 have the indicated meaning.

Application

Software designed to perform, or to help the user perform, a specific task or tasks.

Assistive Technology (AT)

Any item, piece of equipment, or product system, whether acquired commercially, modified, or customized, that is used to increase, maintain, or improve functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities.

Audio Description

Narration added to the soundtrack to describe important visual details that cannot be understood from the main soundtrack alone. Audio description is a means to inform individuals who are blind or who have low vision about visual content essential for comprehension. Audio description of video provides information about actions, characters, scene changes, on-screen text, and other visual content. Audio description supplements the regular audio track of a program. Audio description is usually added during existing pauses in dialogue. Audio description is also called “video description” and “descriptive narration.”

Authoring Tool

Any software, or collection of software components, that can be used by authors, alone or collaboratively, to create or modify content for use by others, including other authors.

Closed Functionality

Characteristics that limit functionality or prevent a user from attaching or installing assistive technology.

Content

Electronic information and data, as well as the encoding that defines its structure, presentation, and interactions.

Customer Premises Equipment (CPE)

Equipment used on the premises of a person (other than a carrier) to originate, route, or terminate telecommunications service or interconnected VoIP service, including software integral to the operation of telecommunications function of such equipment. Examples of CPE are telephones, routers, switches, residential gateways, set-top boxes, fixed mobile convergence products, home networking adaptors and Internet access gateways which enable consumers to access communications service providers’ services and distribute them around their house via a Local Access Network (LAN).

Document

Logically distinct assembly of content (such as a file, set of files, or streamed media) that: functions as a single entity rather than a collection; is not part of software; and does not include its own software to retrieve and present content for users. Examples of documents include, but are not limited to, letters, email messages, spreadsheets, presentations, podcasts, images, and movies.

Hardware

A tangible device, equipment, or physical component of ICT, such as telephones, computers, multifunction copy machines, and keyboards.

Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

Information technology and other equipment, systems, technologies, or processes, for which the principal function is the creation, manipulation, storage, display, receipt, or transmission of electronic data and information, as well as any associated content.

Keyboard

A set of systematically arranged alphanumeric keys or a control that generates alphanumeric input by which a machine or device is operated. A keyboard includes tactilely discernible keys used in conjunction with the alphanumeric keys if their function maps to keys on the keyboard interfaces.

Label

Text, or a component with a text alternative, that is presented to a user to identify content. A label is presented to all users, whereas a name may be hidden and only exposed by assistive technology. In many cases, the name and the label are the same.

Manufacturer

A final assembler of telecommunications equipment or customer premises equipment that sells such equipment to the public or to vendors that sell to the public.

Menu

A set of selectable options.

Name

Text by which software can identify a component to the user. A name may be hidden and only exposed by assistive technology, whereas a label is presented to all users. In many cases, the label and the name are the same. Name is unrelated to the name attribute in HTML.

Non-Web Document

A document that is not: a Web page, embedded in a Web page, or used in the rendering or functioning of Web pages.

Non-Web Software

Software that is not: a Web page, not embedded in a Web page, and not used in the rendering or functioning of Web pages.

Operable Part

Hardware-based user controls for activating, deactivating, or adjusting ICT.

Platform Accessibility Services

Services provided by a platform enabling interoperability with assistive technology. Examples are Application Programming Interfaces (API) and the Document Object Model (DOM).

Platform Software

Software that interacts with hardware or provides services for other software. Platform software may run or host other software, and may isolate them from underlying software or hardware layers. A single software component may have both platform and non-platform aspects. Examples of platforms are: desktop operating systems; embedded operating systems, including mobile systems; Web browsers; plug-ins to Web browsers that render a particular media or format; and sets of components that allow other applications to execute, such as applications which support macros or scripting.

Programmatically Determinable

Ability to be determined by software from author-supplied data that is provided in a way that different user agents, including assistive technologies, can extract and present the information to users in different modalities.

Real-Time Text (RTT)

Communications using the transmission of text by which characters are transmitted by a terminal as they are typed. Real-time text is used for conversational purposes. Real-time text also may be used in voicemail, interactive voice response systems, and other similar application.

Revised 255 Guidelines

The guidelines for telecommunications equipment and customer premises equipment covered by Section 255 of the Communications Act as set forth in 255 Chapters 1 and 2 (36 CFR part 1194, Appendix B), and Chapters 3 through 7 (36 CFR part 1193, Appendix C).

Software

Programs, procedures, rules, and related data and documentation that direct the use and operation of ICT and instruct it to perform a given task or function. Software includes, but is not limited to, applications, non-Web software, and platform software.

Software Tools

Software for which the primary function is the development of other software. Software tools usually come in the form of an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) and are a suite of related products and utilities. Examples of IDEs include Microsoft® Visual Studio®, Apple® Xcode®, and Eclipse Foundation Eclipse®

Specialized Customer Premises Equipment

Assistive technology used by individuals with disabilities to originate, route, or terminate telecommunications or interconnected VoIP service. Examples are TTYs and amplified telephones.

Telecommunications

The signal transmission between or among points specified by the user of information and of the user’s choosing without change in the form or content of the information as sent and received.

Telecommunications Equipment

Equipment, other than customer premises equipment, used by a carrier to provide telecommunications service or interconnected VoIP service and includes software integral to the operation of telecommunications function of such equipment.

Terminal

Device or software with which the end user directly interacts and that provides the user interface. For some systems, the software that provides the user interface may reside on more than one device such as a telephone and a server.

Text

A sequence of characters that can be programmatically determined and that expresses something in human language.

TTY

Equipment that enables interactive text based communications through the transmission of frequency-shift-keying audio tones across the public switched telephone network. TTYs include devices for real-time text communications and voice and text intermixed communications. Examples of intermixed communications are voice carry over and hearing carry over. One example of a TTY is a computer with TTY emulating software and modem.

Variable Message Signs (VMS)

Non-interactive electronic signs with scrolling, streaming, or paging-down capability. An example of a VMS is an electronic message board at a transit station that displays the gate and time information associated with the next train arrival.

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)

A technology that provides real-time voice communications. VoIP requires a broadband connection from the user’s location and customer premises equipment compatible with Internet protocol.

Web page

A non-embedded resource obtained from a single Universal Resource Identifier (URI) using HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) plus any other resources that are provided for the rendering, retrieval, and presentation of content.

255 Chapter 2: Scoping Requirements

C201 Application

C201.1 Scope

Manufacturers shall comply with the requirements in the Revised 255 Guidelines applicable to telecommunications equipment and customer premises equipment (and related software integral to the operation of telecommunications functions) when newly released, upgraded, or substantially changed from an earlier version or model. Manufacturers shall also conform to the requirements in the Revised 255 Guidelines for support documentation and services, including electronic documents and Web-based product support.

C201.2. Readily Achievable

When a manufacturer determines that conformance to one or more requirements in Chapter 4 (Hardware) or Chapter 5 (Software) would not be readily achievable, it shall ensure that the equipment or software is compatible with existing peripheral devices or specialized customer premises equipment commonly used by individuals with disabilities to the extent readily achievable.

C201.3 Access to Functionality

Manufacturers shall ensure that telecommunications equipment and customer premises equipment is accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities by providing direct access to all telecommunications functionality. Where manufacturers can demonstrate that it is not readily achievable for such equipment to provide direct access to all functionality, the equipment shall support the use of assistive technology and specialized customer premises equipment where readily achievable.

C201.4 Prohibited Reduction of Accessibility, Usability, and Compatibility

No change shall be undertaken that decreases, or has the effect of decreasing, the net accessibility, usability, or compatibility of telecommunications equipment or customer premises equipment.

EXCEPTION: Discontinuation of a product shall not be prohibited.

C201.5 Design, Development, and Fabrication

Manufacturers shall evaluate the accessibility, usability, and interoperability of telecommunications equipment and customer premises equipment during its product design, development, and fabrication.

C202 Functional Performance Criteria

C202.1 General

Where the requirements in Chapters 4 and 5 do not address one or more functions of telecommunications or customer premises equipment, the functions not addressed shall conform to the Functional Performance Criteria specified in Chapter 3.

C203 Electronic Content

C203.1 General

Electronic content that is integral to the use of telecommunications or customer premises equipment shall conform to Level A and Level AA Success Criteria and Conformance Requirements in WCAG 2.0 (incorporated by reference, see 702.10.1).

EXCEPTION: Non-Web documents shall not be required to conform to the following four WCAG 2.0 Success Criteria: 2.4.1 Bypass Blocks, 2.4.5 Multiple Ways, 3.2.3 Consistent Navigation, and 3.2.4 Consistent Identification.

C203.1.1 Word Substitution when Applying WCAG to Non-Web Documents

For non-Web documents, wherever the term “Web page” or “page” appears in WCAG 2.0 Level A and AA Success Criteria and Conformance Requirements, the term “document’ shall be substituted for the terms “Web page” and “page.” In addition, in Success Criterion in 1.4.2, the phrase “in a document” shall be substituted for the phrase “on a Web page.”

C204 Hardware

C204.1 General

Where components of telecommunications equipment and customer premises equipment are hardware, and transmit information or have a user interface, those components shall conform to applicable requirements in Chapter 4.

EXCEPTION: Components of telecommunications equipment and customer premises equipment shall not be required to conform to 402, 407.7, 407.8, 408, 412.8.4, and 415.

C205 Software

C205.1 General

Where software is integral to the use of telecommunications functions of telecommunications equipment or customer premises equipment and has a user interface, such software shall conform to C205 and applicable requirements in Chapter 5.

EXCEPTION: Software that is assistive technology and that supports the accessibility services of the platform shall not be required to conform to the requirements in Chapter 5.

C205.2 WCAG Conformance

User interface components, as well as the content of platforms and applications shall conform to Level A and Level AA Success Criteria and Conformance Requirements in WCAG 2.0 (incorporated by reference, see 702.10.1).

EXCEPTIONS:

Software that is assistive technology and that supports the accessibility services of the platform shall not be required to conform to C205.2.

Non-Web software shall not be required to conform to the following four Success Criteria in WCAG 2.0: 2.4.1 Bypass Blocks; 2.4.5 Multiple Ways; 3.2.3 Consistent Navigation; and 3.2.4 Consistent Identification.

Non-Web software shall not be required to conform to Conformance Requirement 3 Complete Processes in WCAG 2.0.

C205.2.1 Word Substitution when Applying WCAG to Non-Web Software

For non-Web software, wherever the term “Web page” or “page” appears in WCAG 2.0 Level A and AA Success Criteria and Conformance Requirements, the term “software” shall be substituted for the terms “Web page” and “page.” In addition, in Success Criterion 1.4.2, the phrase “in software” shall be substituted for the phrase “on a Web page.”

C205.3 Complete Processes for Non-Web Software

Where non-Web software requires multiple steps to accomplish an activity, all software related to the activity to be accomplished shall conform to WCAG 2.0 as specified in C205.2.

C206 Support Documentation and Services

C206.1 General

Where support documentation and services are provided for telecommunications equipment and customer premises equipment, manufacturers shall ensure that such documentation and services conform to Chapter 6 and are made available upon request at no additional charge.

Appendix C to Part 1194 – Functional Performance Criteria and Technical Requirements

Chapter 3: Functional Performance Criteria

301 General

301.1 Scope

The requirements of Chapter 3 shall apply to ICT where required by 508 Chapter 2 (Scoping Requirements), 255 Chapter 2 (Scoping Requirements), and where otherwise referenced in any other chapter of the Revised 508 Standards or Revised 255 Guidelines.

302 Functional Performance Criteria

302.1 Without Vision

Where a visual mode of operation is provided, ICT shall provide at least one mode of operation that does not require user vision.

302.2 With Limited Vision

Where a visual mode of operation is provided, ICT shall provide at least one mode of operation that enables users to make use of limited vision.

302.3 Without Perception of Color

Where a visual mode of operation is provided, ICT shall provide at least one visual mode of operation that does not require user perception of color.

302.4 Without Hearing

Where an audible mode of operation is provided, ICT shall provide at least one mode of operation that does not require user hearing.

302.5 With Limited Hearing

Where an audible mode of operation is provided, ICT shall provide at least one mode of operation that enables users to make use of limited hearing.

302.6 Without Speech

Where speech is used for input, control, or operation, ICT shall provide at least one mode of operation that does not require user speech.

302.7 With Limited Manipulation

Where a manual mode of operation is provided, ICT shall provide at least one mode of operation that does not require fine motor control or simultaneous manual operations.

302.8 With Limited Reach and Strength

Where a manual mode of operation is provided, ICT shall provide at least one mode of operation that is operable with limited reach and limited strength.

302.9 With Limited Language, Cognitive, and Learning Abilities

ICT shall provide features making its use by individuals with limited cognitive, language, and learning abilities simpler and easier.

Chapter 4: Hardware

401 General

401.1 Scope

The requirements of Chapter 4 shall apply to ICT that is hardware where required by 508 Chapter 2 (Scoping Requirements), 255 Chapter 2 (Scoping Requirements), and where otherwise referenced in any other chapter of the Revised 508 Standards or Revised 255 Guidelines.

EXCEPTION: Hardware that is assistive technology shall not be required to conform to the requirements of this chapter.

402 Closed Functionality

402.1 General

ICT with closed functionality shall be operable without requiring the user to attach or install assistive technology other than personal headsets or other audio couplers, and shall conform to 402.

402.2 Speech-Output Enabled

ICT with a display screen shall be speech-output enabled for full and independent use by individuals with vision impairments.

EXCEPTIONS:

Variable message signs conforming to 402.5 shall not be required to be speech-output enabled.

Speech output shall not be required where ICT display screens only provide status indicators and those indicators conform to 409.

Where speech output cannot be supported due to constraints in available memory or processor capability, ICT shall be permitted to conform to 409 in lieu of 402.2.

Audible tones shall be permitted instead of speech output where the content of user input is not displayed as entered for security purposes, including, but not limited to, asterisks representing personal identification numbers.

Speech output shall not be required for: the machine location; date and time of transaction; customer account number; and the machine identifier or label.

Speech output shall not be required for advertisements and other similar information unless they convey information that can be used for the transaction being conducted.

402.2.1 Information Displayed On-Screen

Speech output shall be provided for all information displayed on-screen.

402.2.2 Transactional Outputs

Where transactional outputs are provided, the speech output shall audibly provide all information necessary to verify a transaction.

402.2.3 Speech Delivery Type and Coordination

Speech output shall be delivered through a mechanism that is readily available to all users, including, but not limited to, an industry standard connector or a telephone handset. Speech shall be recorded or digitized human, or synthesized. Speech output shall be coordinated with information displayed on the screen.

402.2.4 User Control

Speech output for any single function shall be automatically interrupted when a transaction is selected. Speech output shall be capable of being repeated and paused.

402.2.5 Braille Instructions

Where speech output is required by 402.2, braille instructions for initiating the speech mode of operation shall be provided. Braille shall be contracted and shall conform to 36 CFR part 1191, Appendix D, Section 703.3.1.

EXCEPTION: Devices for personal use shall not be required to conform to 402.2.5.

402.3 Volume

ICT that delivers sound, including speech output required by 402.2, shall provide volume control and output amplification conforming to 402.3.

EXCEPTION: ICT conforming to 412.2 shall not be required to conform to 402.3.

402.3.1 Private Listening

Where ICT provides private listening, it shall provide a mode of operation for controlling the volume. Where ICT delivers output by an audio transducer typically held up to the ear, a means for effective magnetic wireless coupling to hearing technologies shall be provided.

402.3.2 Non-private Listening

Where ICT provides non-private listening, incremental volume control shall be provided with output amplification up to a level of at least 65 dB. A function shall be provided to automatically reset the volume to the default level after every use.

402.4 Characters on Display Screens

At least one mode of characters displayed on the screen shall be in a sans serif font. Where ICT does not provide a screen enlargement feature, characters shall be 3/16 inch (4.8 mm) high minimum based on the uppercase letter “I”. Characters shall contrast with their background with either light characters on a dark background or dark characters on a light background.

402.5 Characters on Variable Message Signs

Characters on variable message signs shall conform to section 703.7 Variable Message Signs of ICC A117.1-2009 (incorporated by reference, see 702.6.1).

403 Biometrics

403.1 General

Where provided, biometrics shall not be the only means for user identification or control.

EXCEPTION: Where at least two biometric options that use different biological characteristics are provided, ICT shall be permitted to use biometrics as the only means for user identification or control.

404 Preservation of Information Provided for Accessibility

404.1 General

ICT that transmits or converts information or communication shall not remove non-proprietary information provided for accessibility or shall restore it upon delivery.

405 Privacy

405.1 General

The same degree of privacy of input and output shall be provided to all individuals. When speech output required by 402.2 is enabled, the screen shall not blank automatically.

406 Standard Connections

406.1 General

Where data connections used for input and output are provided, at least one of each type of connection shall conform to industry standard non-proprietary formats.

407 Operable Parts

407.1 General

Where provided, operable parts used in the normal operation of ICT shall conform to 407.

407.2 Contrast

Where provided, keys and controls shall contrast visually from background surfaces. Characters and symbols shall contrast visually from background surfaces with either light characters or symbols on a dark background or dark characters or symbols on a light background.

407.3 Input Controls

At least one input control conforming to 407.3 shall be provided for each function.

EXCEPTION: Devices for personal use with input controls that are audibly discernable without activation and operable by touch shall not be required to conform to 407.3.

407.3.1 Tactilely Discernible

Input controls shall be operable by touch and tactilely discernible without activation.

407.3.2 Alphabetic Keys

Where provided, individual alphabetic keys shall be arranged in a QWERTY-based keyboard layout and the “F” and “J” keys shall be tactilely distinct from the other keys.

407.3.3 Numeric Keys

Where provided, numeric keys shall be arranged in a 12-key ascending or descending keypad layout. The number five key shall be tactilely distinct from the other keys. Where the ICT provides an alphabetic overlay on numeric keys, the relationships between letters and digits shall conform to ITU-T Recommendation E.161 (incorporated by reference, see 702.7.1).

407.4 Key Repeat

Where a keyboard with key repeat is provided, the delay before the key repeat feature is activated shall be fixed at, or adjustable to, 2 seconds minimum.

407.5 Timed Response

Where a timed response is required, the user shall be alerted visually, as well as by touch or sound, and shall be given the opportunity to indicate that more time is needed.

407.6 Operation

At least one mode of operation shall be operable with one hand and shall not require tight grasping, pinching, or twisting of the wrist. The force required to activate operable parts shall be 5 pounds (22.2 N) maximum.

407.7 Tickets, Fare Cards, and Keycards

Where tickets, fare cards, or keycards are provided, they shall have an orientation that is tactilely discernible if orientation is important to further use of the ticket, fare card, or keycard.

407.8 Reach Height and Depth

At least one of each type of operable part of stationary ICT shall be at a height conforming to 407.8.2 or 407.8.3 according to its position established by the vertical reference plane specified in 407.8.1 for a side reach or a forward reach. Operable parts used with speech output required by 402.2 shall not be the only type of operable part complying with 407.8 unless that part is the only operable part of its type.

407.8.1 Vertical Reference Plane

Operable parts shall be positioned for a side reach or a forward reach determined with respect to a vertical reference plane. The vertical reference plane shall be located in conformance to 407.8.2 or 407.8.3.

407.8.1.1 Vertical Plane for Side Reach

Where a side reach is provided, the vertical reference plane shall be 48 inches (1220 mm) long minimum.

graphical representation of dimensions for vertical plane side reach

407.8.1.2 Vertical Plane for Forward Reach

Where a forward reach is provided, the vertical reference plane shall be 30 inches (760 mm) long minimum.

graphical representation of dimensions for vertical plane forward reach

407.8.2 Side Reach

Operable parts of ICT providing a side reach shall conform to 407.8.2.1 or 407.8.2.2. The vertical reference plane shall be centered on the operable part and placed at the leading edge of the maximum protrusion of the ICT within the length of the vertical reference plane. Where a side reach requires a reach over a portion of the ICT, the height of that portion of the ICT shall be 34 inches (865 mm) maximum.

407.8.2.1 Unobstructed Side Reach

Where the operable part is located 10 inches (255 mm) or less beyond the vertical reference plane, the operable part shall be 48 inches (1220 mm) high maximum and 15 inches (380 mm) high minimum above the floor.

graphical representation of dimensions for unobstructed side reach

407.8.2.2 Obstructed Side Reach

Where the operable part is located more than 10 inches (255 mm), but not more than 24 inches (610 mm), beyond the vertical reference plane, the height of the operable part shall be 46 inches (1170 mm) high maximum and 15 inches (380 mm) high minimum above the floor. The operable part shall not be located more than 24 inches (610 mm) beyond the vertical reference plane.

graphical representation of dimensions for obstructed side reach

407.8.3 Forward Reach

Operable parts of ICT providing a forward reach shall conform to 407.8.3.1 or 407.8.3.2. The vertical reference plane shall be centered, and intersect with, the operable part. Where a forward reach allows a reach over a portion of the ICT, the height of that portion of the ICT shall be 34 inches (865 mm) maximum.

407.8.3.1 Unobstructed Forward Reach

Where the operable part is located at the leading edge of the maximum protrusion within the length of the vertical reference plane of the ICT, the operable part shall be 48 inches (1220 mm) high maximum and 15 inches (380 mm) high minimum above the floor.

graphical representation of dimensions for unobstructed forward reach

407.8.3.2 Obstructed Forward Reach

Where the operable part is located beyond the leading edge of the maximum protrusion within the length of the vertical reference plane, the operable part shall conform to 407.8.3.2. The maximum allowable forward reach to an operable part shall be 25 inches (635 mm).

graphical representation of dimensions for obstructed forward reach

407.8.3.2.1 Operable Part Height for ICT with Obstructed Forward Reach

The height of the operable part shall conform to Table 407.8.3.2.1.

Table 407.8.3.2.1 Operable Part Height for ICT with Obstructed Forward Reach Reach Depth Operable Part Height

Less than 20 inches (510 mm) 48 inches (1220 mm) maximum

20 inches (510 mm) to 25 inches (635 mm) 44 inches (1120 mm) maximum

graphical representation of dimensions for operable part height for obstructed forward reach

407.8.3.2.2 Knee and Toe Space under ICT with Obstructed Forward Reach

Knee and toe space under ICT shall be 27 inches (685 mm) high minimum, 25 inches (635 mm) deep maximum, and 30 inches (760 mm) wide minimum and shall be clear of obstructions.

graphical representation of dimensions for knee and toe space for obstructed forward reach

EXCEPTIONS:

Toe space shall be permitted to provide a clear height of 9 inches (230 mm) minimum above the floor and a clear depth of 6 inches (150 mm) maximum from the vertical reference plane toward the leading edge of the ICT.

graphical representation of dimensions for knee and toe space for obstructed forward reach exception one

At a depth of 6 inches (150 mm) maximum from the vertical reference plane toward the leading edge of the ICT, space between 9 inches (230 mm) and 27 inches (685 mm) minimum above the floor shall be permitted to reduce at a rate of 1 inch (25 mm) in depth for every 6 inches (150 mm) in height.

graphical representation of dimensions for knee and toe space for obstructed forward reach exception two

Supplemental graphic combining both Exceptions 1 and 2:

graphical representation of dimensions for knee and toe space for obstructed forward reach exceptions one and two

408 Display Screens

408.1 General

Where provided, display screens shall conform to 408.

408.2 Visibility

Where stationary ICT provides one or more display screens, at least one of each type of display screen shall be visible from a point located 40 inches (1015 mm) above the floor space where the display screen is viewed.

408.3 Flashing

Where ICT emits lights in flashes, there shall be no more than three flashes in any one-second period.

EXCEPTION: Flashes that do not exceed the general flash and red flash thresholds defined in WCAG 2.0 (incorporated by reference, see 702.10.1) are not required to conform to 408.3.

409 Status Indicators

409.1 General

Where provided, status indicators shall be discernible visually and by touch or sound.

410 Color Coding

410.1 General

Where provided, color coding shall not be used as the only means of conveying information, indicating an action, prompting a response, or distinguishing a visual element.

411 Audible Signals

411.1 General

Where provided, audible signals or cues shall not be used as the only means of conveying information, indicating an action, or prompting a response

412 ICT with Two-Way Voice Communication

412.1 General

ICT that provides two-way voice communication shall conform to 412.

412.2 Volume Gain

ICT that provides two-way voice communication shall conform to 412.2.1 or 412.2.2.

412.2.1 Volume Gain for Wireline Telephones

Volume gain conforming to 47 CFR 68.317 shall be provided on analog and digital wireline telephones.

412.2.2 Volume Gain for Non-Wireline ICT

A method for increasing volume shall be provided for non-wireline ICT.

412.3 Interference Reduction and Magnetic Coupling

Where ICT delivers output by a handset or other type of audio transducer that is typically held up to the ear, ICT shall reduce interference with hearing technologies and provide a means for effective magnetic wireless coupling in conformance with 412.3.1 or 412.3.2.

412.3.1 Wireless Handsets

ICT in the form of wireless handsets shall conform to ANSI/IEEE C63.19-2011 (incorporated by reference, see 702.5.1).

412.3.2 Wireline Handsets

ICT in the form of wireline handsets, including cordless handsets, shall conform to TIA-1083-B (incorporated by reference, see702.9.1).

412.4 Digital Encoding of Speech

ICT in IP-based networks shall transmit and receive speech that is digitally encoded in the manner specified by ITU-T Recommendation G.722.2 (incorporated by reference, see 702.7.2) or IETF RFC 6716 (incorporated by reference, see 702.8.1).

412.5 Real-Time Text Functionality

[Reserved].

412.6 Caller ID

Where provided, caller identification and similar telecommunications functions shall be visible and audible.

412.7 Video Communication

Where ICT provides real-time video functionality, the quality of the video shall be sufficient to support communication using sign language.

412.8 Legacy TTY Support

ICT equipment or systems with two-way voice communication that do not themselves provide TTY functionality shall conform to 412.8.

412.8.1 TTY Connectability

ICT shall include a standard non-acoustic connection point for TTYs.

412.8.2 Voice and Hearing Carry Over

ICT shall provide a microphone capable of being turned on and off to allow the user to intermix speech with TTY use.

412.8.3 Signal Compatibility

ICT shall support all commonly used cross-manufacturer non-proprietary standard TTY signal protocols where the system interoperates with the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN).

412.8.4 Voice Mail and Other Messaging Systems

Where provided, voice mail, auto-attendant, interactive voice response, and caller identification systems shall be usable with a TTY.

413 Closed Caption Processing Technologies

413.1 General

Where ICT displays or processes video with synchronized audio, ICT shall provide closed caption processing technology that conforms to 413.1.1 or 413.1.2.

413.1.1 Decoding and Display of Closed Captions

Players and displays shall decode closed caption data and support display of captions.

413.1.2 Pass-Through of Closed Caption Data

Cabling and ancillary equipment shall pass through caption data.

414 Audio Description Processing Technologies

414.1 General

Where ICT displays or processes video with synchronized audio, ICT shall provide audio description processing technology conforming to 414.1.1 or 414.1.2.

414.1.1 Digital Television Tuners

Digital television tuners shall provide audio description processing that conforms to ATSC A/53 Digital Television Standard, Part 5 (2014) (incorporated by reference, see 702.2.1). Digital television tuners shall provide processing of audio description when encoded as a Visually Impaired (VI) associated audio service that is provided as a complete program mix containing audio description according to the ATSC A/53 standard.

414.1.2 Other ICT

ICT other than digital television tuners shall provide audio description processing.

415 User Controls for Captions and Audio Descriptions

415.1 General

Where ICT displays video with synchronized audio, ICT shall provide user controls for closed captions and audio descriptions conforming to 415.1.

EXCEPTION: Devices for personal use shall not be required to conform to 415.1 provided that captions and audio descriptions can be enabled through system-wide platform settings.

415.1.1 Caption Controls

Where ICT provides operable parts for volume control, ICT shall also provide operable parts for caption selection.

415.1.2 Audio Description Controls

Where ICT provides operable parts for program selection, ICT shall also provide operable parts for the selection of audio description.

Chapter 5: Software

501 General

501.1 Scope

The requirements of Chapter 5 shall apply to software where required by 508 Chapter 2 (Scoping Requirements), 255 Chapter 2 (Scoping Requirements), and where otherwise referenced in any other chapter of the Revised 508 Standards or Revised 255 Guidelines.

EXCEPTION: Where Web applications do not have access to platform accessibility services and do not include components that have access to platform accessibility services, they shall not be required to conform to 502 or 503 provided that they conform to Level A and Level AA Success Criteria and Conformance Requirements in WCAG 2.0 (incorporated by reference, see 702.10.1).

502 Interoperability with Assistive Technology

502.1 General

Software shall interoperate with assistive technology and shall conform to 502.

EXCEPTION: ICT conforming to 402 shall not be required to conform to 502.

502.2 Documented Accessibility Features

Software with platform features defined in platform documentation as accessibility features shall conform to 502.2.

502.2.1 User Control of Accessibility Features

Platform software shall provide user control over platform features that are defined in the platform documentation as accessibility features.

502.2.2 No Disruption of Accessibility Features

Software shall not disrupt platform features that are defined in the platform documentation as accessibility features.

502.3 Accessibility Services

Platform software and software tools that are provided by the platform developer shall provide a documented set of accessibility services that support applications running on the platform to interoperate with assistive technology and shall conform to 502.3. Applications that are also platforms shall expose the underlying platform accessibility services or implement other documented accessibility services.

502.3.1 Object Information

The object role, state(s), properties, boundary, name, and description shall be programmatically determinable.

502.3.2 Modification of Object Information

States and properties that can be set by the user shall be capable of being set programmatically, including through assistive technology.

502.3.3 Row, Column, and Headers

If an object is in a data table, the occupied rows and columns, and any headers associated with those rows or columns, shall be programmatically determinable.

502.3.4 Values

Any current value(s), and any set or range of allowable values associated with an object, shall be programmatically determinable.

502.3.5 Modification of Values

Values that can be set by the user shall be capable of being set programmatically, including through assistive technology.

502.3.6 Label Relationships

Any relationship that a component has as a label for another component, or of being labeled by another component, shall be programmatically determinable.

502.3.7 Hierarchical Relationships

Any hierarchical (parent-child) relationship that a component has as a container for, or being contained by, another component shall be programmatically determinable.

502.3.8 Text

The content of text objects, text attributes, and the boundary of text rendered to the screen, shall be programmatically determinable.

502.3.9 Modification of Text

Text that can be set by the user shall be capable of being set programmatically, including through assistive technology.

502.3.10 List of Actions

A list of all actions that can be executed on an object shall be programmatically determinable.

502.3.11 Actions on Objects

Applications shall allow assistive technology to programmatically execute available actions on objects.

502.3.12 Focus Cursor

Applications shall expose information and mechanisms necessary to track focus, text insertion point, and selection attributes of user interface components.

502.3.13 Modification of Focus Cursor

Focus, text insertion point, and selection attributes that can be set by the user shall be capable of being set programmatically, including through the use of assistive technology.

502.3.14 Event Notification

Notification of events relevant to user interactions, including but not limited to, changes in the component’s state(s), value, name, description, or boundary, shall be available to assistive technology.

502.4 Platform Accessibility Features

Platforms and platform software shall conform to the requirements in ANSI/HFES 200.2, Human Factors Engineering of Software User Interfaces — Part 2: Accessibility (2008) (incorporated by reference, see 702.4.1) listed below:

Section 9.3.3 Enable sequential entry of multiple (chorded) keystrokes;

Section 9.3.4 Provide adjustment of delay before key acceptance;

Section 9.3.5 Provide adjustment of same-key double-strike acceptance;

Section 10.6.7 Allow users to choose visual alternative for audio output;

Section 10.6.8 Synchronize audio equivalents for visual events;

Section 10.6.9 Provide speech output services; and

Section 10.7.1 Display any captions provided.

503 Applications

503.1 General

Applications shall conform to 503.

503.2 User Preferences

Applications shall permit user preferences from platform settings for color, contrast, font type, font size, and focus cursor.

EXCEPTION: Applications that are designed to be isolated from their underlying platform software, including Web applications, shall not be required to conform to 503.2.

503.3 Alternative User Interfaces

Where an application provides an alternative user interface that functions as assistive technology, the application shall use platform and other industry standard accessibility services.

503.4 User Controls for Captions and Audio Description

Where ICT displays video with synchronized audio, ICT shall provide user controls for closed captions and audio descriptions conforming to 503.4.

503.4.1 Caption Controls

Where user controls are provided for volume adjustment, ICT shall provide user controls for the selection of captions at the same menu level as the user controls for volume or program selection.

503.4.2 Audio Description Controls

Where user controls are provided for program selection, ICT shall provide user controls for the selection of audio descriptions at the same menu level as the user controls for volume or program selection.

504 Authoring Tools

504.1 General

Where an application is an authoring tool, the application shall conform to 504 to the extent that information required for accessibility is supported by the destination format.

504.2 Content Creation or Editing

Authoring tools shall provide a mode of operation to create or edit content that conforms to Level A and Level AA Success Criteria and Conformance Requirements in WCAG 2.0 (incorporated by reference, see 702.10.1) for all supported features and, as applicable, to file formats supported by the authoring tool. Authoring tools shall permit authors the option of overriding information required for accessibility.

EXCEPTION: Authoring tools shall not be required to conform to 504.2 when used to directly edit plain text source code.

504.2.1 Preservation of Information Provided for Accessibility in Format Conversion

Authoring tools shall, when converting content from one format to another or saving content in multiple formats, preserve the information required for accessibility to the extent that the information is supported by the destination format.

504.2.2 PDF Export

Authoring tools capable of exporting PDF files that conform to ISO 32000-1:2008 (PDF 1.7) shall also be capable of exporting PDF files that conform to ANSI/AIIM/ISO 14289-1:2016 (PDF/UA-1) (incorporated by reference, see 702.3.1).

504.3 Prompts

Authoring tools shall provide a mode of operation that prompts authors to create content that conforms to Level A and Level AA Success Criteria and Conformance Requirements in WCAG 2.0 (incorporated by reference, see 702.10.1) for supported features and, as applicable, to file formats supported by the authoring tool.

504.4 Templates

Where templates are provided, templates allowing content creation that conforms to Level A and Level AA Success Criteria and Conformance Requirements in WCAG 2.0 (incorporated by reference, see 702.10.1) shall be provided for a range of template uses for supported features and, as applicable, to file formats supported by the authoring tool.

Chapter 6: Support Documentation and Services

601 General

601.1 Scope

The technical requirements in Chapter 6 shall apply to ICT support documentation and services where required by 508 Chapter 2 (Scoping Requirements), 255 Chapter 2 (Scoping Requirements), and where otherwise referenced in any other chapter of the Revised 508 Standards or Revised 255 Guidelines.

602 Support Documentation

602.1 General

Documentation that supports the use of ICT shall conform to 602.

602.2 Accessibility and Compatibility Features

Documentation shall list and explain how to use the accessibility and compatibility features required by Chapters 4 and 5. Documentation shall include accessibility features that are built-in and accessibility features that provide compatibility with assistive technology.

602.3 Electronic Support Documentation

Documentation in electronic format, including Web-based self-service support, shall conform to Level A and Level AA Success Criteria and Conformance Requirements in WCAG 2.0 (incorporated by reference, see 702.10.1).

602.4 Alternate Formats for Non-Electronic Support Documentation

Where support documentation is only provided in non-electronic formats, alternate formats usable by individuals with disabilities shall be provided upon request.

603 Support Services

603.1 General

ICT support services including, but not limited to, help desks, call centers, training services, and automated self-service technical support, shall conform to 603.

603.2 Information on Accessibility and Compatibility Features

ICT support services shall include information on the accessibility and compatibility features required by 602.2.

603.3 Accommodation of Communication Needs

Support services shall be provided directly to the user or through a referral to a point of contact. Such ICT support services shall accommodate the communication needs of individuals with disabilities.

Chapter 7: Referenced Standards

701 General

701.1 Scope

The standards referenced in Chapter 7 shall apply to ICT where required by 508 Chapter 2 (Scoping Requirements), 255 Chapter 2 (Scoping Requirements), and where referenced in any other chapter of the Revised 508 Standards or Revised 255 Guidelines.

702 Incorporation by Reference

702.1 Approved IBR Standards

The Director of the Office of the Federal Register has approved these standards for incorporation by reference into this part in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Copies of the referenced standards may be inspected at the U.S. Access Board, 1331 F Street, NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20004, (202) 272-0080, and may also be obtained from the sources listed below. They are also available for inspection at the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). For information on the availability of this material at NARA, call 202–741–6030 or go to National Archives Code of Federal Regulations Incorporation by Reference.

702.2 Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC)

Copies of the referenced standard may be obtained from the Advanced Television Systems Committee, 1776 K Street NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20006–2304.

702.2.1 ATSC A/53 Part 5:2014

Digital Television Standard, Part 5—AC-3 Audio System Characteristics, August 28, 2014.

IBR approved for Appendix C, Section 414.1.1.

702.3 Association for Information and Image Management (AIIM)

Copies of the referenced standard may be obtained from AIIM, 1100 Wayne Ave., Ste. 1100, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910.

702.3.1 ANSI/AIIM/ISO 14289-1-2016

Document Management Applications — Electronic Document File Format Enhancement for Accessibility — Part 1: Use of ISO 32000-1 (PDF/UA-1), ANSI-approved February 8, 2016.

IBR approved for Appendix C, Section 504.2.2.

702.4 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (HFES)

Copies of the referenced standard may be obtained from the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, P.O. Box 1369, Santa Monica, CA 90406–1369.

702.4.1 ANSI/HFES 200.2

Human Factors Engineering of Software User Interfaces — Part 2: Accessibility, copyright 2008.

IBR approved for Appendix C, Section 502.4.

702.5 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

Copies of the referenced standard may be obtained from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 10662 Los Vaqueros Circle, P.O. Box 3014, Los Alamitos, CA 90720–1264.

702.5.1 ANSI/IEEE C63.19-2011

American National Standard for Methods of Measurement of Compatibility between Wireless Communications Devices and Hearing Aids, May 27, 2011.

IBR approved for Appendix C, Section 412.3.1.

702.6 International Code Council (ICC)

Copies of the referenced standard may be obtained from ICC Publications, 4051 W. Flossmoor Road, Country Club Hills, IL 60478–5795.

702.6.1 ICC A117.1-2009

Accessible and Usable Buildings and Facilities, approved October 20, 2010.

IBR approved for Appendix C, Section 402.5.

702.7 International Telecommunications Union Telecommunications Standardization Sector (ITU-T)

Copies of the referenced standards may be obtained from the International Telecommunication Union, Telecommunications Standardization Sector, Place des Nations CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.

702.7.1 ITU-T Recommendation E.161

Series E. Overall Network Operation, Telephone Service, Service Operation and Human Factors—International operation - Numbering plan of the international telephone service, Arrangement of digits, letters and symbols on telephones and other devices that can be used for gaining access to a telephone network, February 2001.

IBR approved for Appendix C, Section 407.3.3.

702.7.2 ITU-T Recommendation G.722.2

Series G. Transmission Systems and Media, Digital Systems and Networks – Digital terminal equipment – Coding of analogue signals by methods other than PCM, Wideband coding of speech at around 16 kbit/s using Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband (AMR-WB), July 2003.

IBR approved for Appendix C, Section 412.4.

702.8 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

Copies of the referenced standard may be obtained from the Internet Engineering Task Force.

702.8.1 IETF RFC 6716

Definition of the Opus Codec, September 2012, J.M. Valin, Mozilla Corporation, K. Vos, Skype Technologies S.A., T. Terriberry, Mozilla Corporation.

IBR approved for Appendix C, Section 412.4.

702.9 Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)

Copies of the referenced standard, published by the Telecommunications Industry Association, may be obtained from IHS Markit, 15 Inverness Way East, Englewood, CO 80112.

702.9.1 TIA-1083-B

Telecommunications—Communications Products—Handset Magnetic Measurement Procedures and Performance Requirements, October 2015.

IBR approved for Appendix C, Section 412.3.2.

702.10 Worldwide Web Consortium (W3C)

Copies of the referenced standard may be obtained from the W3C Web Accessibility Initiative, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 32 Vassar Street, Room 32-G515, Cambridge, MA 02139.

702.10.1 WCAG 2.0

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0, W3C Recommendation, December 11, 2008.

IBR approved for: Appendix A (Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act: Application and Scoping Requirements), Sections E205.4, E205.4 Exception, E205.4.1, E207.2, E207.2 Exception 2, E207.2 Exception 3, E207.2.1, E207.3; Appendix B (Section 255 of the Communications Act: Application and Scoping Requirements), C203.1, C203.1 Exception, C203.1.1, C205.2, C205.2 Exception 2, C205.2 Exception 3, C205.2.1, C205.3; and Appendix C (Functional Performance Criteria and Technical Requirements), 408.3 Exception, 501.1 Exception, 504.2, 504.3, 504.4, and 602.3.

Appendix D to Part 1194: Electronic and Information Technology Accessibility Standards as Originally Published on December 21, 2000

[65 FR 80523, Dec. 21, 2000. Redesignated and amended at 82 FR 5832, Jan. 18, 2017]

Subpart A — General

§ D1194.1 Purpose.

The purpose of this part is to implement section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended (29 U.S.C. 794d). Section 508 requires that when Federal agencies develop, procure, maintain, or use electronic and information technology, Federal employees with disabilities have access to and use of information and data that is comparable to the access and use by Federal employees who are not individuals with disabilities, unless an undue burden would be imposed on the agency. Section 508 also requires that individuals with disabilities, who are members of the public seeking information or services from a Federal agency, have access to and use of information and data that is comparable to that provided to the public who are not individuals with disabilities, unless an undue burden would be imposed on the agency.

§ D1194.2 Application.

(a) Products covered by this part shall comply with all applicable provisions of this part. When developing, procuring, maintaining, or using electronic and information technology, each agency shall ensure that the products comply with the applicable provisions of this part, unless an undue burden would be imposed on the agency.

(1) When compliance with the provisions of this part imposes an undue burden, agencies shall provide individuals with disabilities with the information and data involved by an alternative means of access that allows the individual to use the information and data.

(2) When procuring a product, if an agency determines that compliance with any provision of this part imposes an undue burden, the documentation by the agency supporting the procurement shall explain why, and to what extent, compliance with each such provision creates an undue burden.

(b) When procuring a product, each agency shall procure products which comply with the provisions in this part when such products are available in the commercial marketplace or when such products are developed in response to a Government solicitation. Agencies cannot claim a product as a whole is not commercially available because no product in the marketplace meets all the standards. If products are commercially available that meet some but not all of the standards, the agency must procure the product that best meets the standards.

(c) Except as provided by §1194.3(b), this part applies to electronic and information technology developed, procured, maintained, or used by agencies directly or used by a contractor under a contract with an agency which requires the use of such product, or requires the use, to a significant extent, of such product in the performance of a service or the furnishing of a product.

§ 1194.3 General exceptions.

(a) This part does not apply to any electronic and information technology operated by agencies, the function, operation, or use of which involves intelligence activities, cryptologic activities related to national security, command and control of military forces, equipment that is an integral part of a weapon or weapons system, or systems which are critical to the direct fulfillment of military or intelligence missions. Systems which are critical to the direct fulfillment of military or intelligence missions do not include a system that is to be used for routine administrative and business applications (including payroll, finance, logistics, and personnel management applications).

(b) This part does not apply to electronic and information technology that is acquired by a contractor incidental to a contract.

(c) Except as required to comply with the provisions in this part, this part does not require the installation of specific accessibility-related software or the attachment of an assistive technology device at a workstation of a Federal employee who is not an individual with a disability.

(d) When agencies provide access to the public to information or data through electronic and information technology, agencies are not required to make products owned by the agency available for access and use by individuals with disabilities at a location other than that where the electronic and information technology is provided to the public, or to purchase products for access and use by individuals with disabilities at a location other than that where the electronic and information technology is provided to the public.

(e) This part shall not be construed to require a fundamental alteration in the nature of a product or its components.

(f) Products located in spaces frequented only by service personnel for maintenance, repair, or occasional monitoring of equipment are not required to comply with this part.

§ D1194.4 Definitions.

The following definitions apply to this part:

Agency

Any Federal department or agency, including the United States Postal Service.

Alternate formats

Alternate formats usable by people with disabilities may include, but are not limited to, Braille, ASCII text, large print, recorded audio, and electronic formats that comply with this part.

Alternate methods

Different means of providing information, including product documentation, to people with disabilities. Alternate methods may include, but are not limited to, voice, fax, relay service, TTY, Internet posting, captioning, text-to-speech synthesis, and audio description.

Assistive technology

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An apparel brand with multiple outlets needed a way to unify their operations. Psquare delivered a centralized ERP system that synced stock, pricing, and customer data across all stores. Sales teams now have mobile access to real-time inventory and performance metrics, reducing overstock and lost sales.

Real Estate & Construction

A local real estate developer was struggling with tracking project costs and timelines. Psquare built a tailored ERP solution that brought together budgeting, vendor management, and reporting in one place. The result? Better project visibility and stronger cost control across the board.

These success stories illustrate how a Bespoke Business ERP Software Company can build solutions that don’t just work — they elevate operations and enable sustainable growth.

Why Businesses Choose Psquare Company

Choosing an ERP partner is more than selecting a vendor — it's about building a long-term relationship. Psquare Company is known for:

Tailored Solutions: No templates — every solution is built from scratch for your business.

Room to Grow: Systems are designed to expand with your business needs.

Top-Tier Security: Data is protected with secure access controls and encryption.

Ongoing Support: From implementation to upgrades, Psquare stays with you every step of the way.

Ease of Use: Their software is designed with simplicity and usability in mind — reducing the learning curve for teams.

Looking Ahead

As industries accelerate their digital transformation journeys, the demand for agile, scalable ERP systems will only continue to grow. Businesses that embrace bespoke solutions will be better equipped to adapt, innovate, and lead in their respective markets. Psquare Company stands at the intersection of innovation and practicality. As a leading Bespoke Business ERP Software Company in Mohali, they continue to help organizations unlock their potential with tools designed for real-world performance and long-term success.

Conclusion 

No two businesses are the same — so why settle for software that treats them that way? Psquare Company offers the expertise and custom development power needed to transform your operations. With a proven track record and a commitment to client success, they’re not just building ERP systems — they’re building smarter businesses. In a time where digital agility is critical, businesses can no longer afford rigid software solutions that fail to grow with them. Investing in a bespoke ERP system isn't just about upgrading technology — it's about redefining how your organization works, collaborates, and competes in a fast-paced market. Their personalized approach ensures that each ERP solution becomes a strategic asset — one that aligns perfectly with your goals, improves team productivity, and scales as your business evolves. For companies in Mohali and beyond, Psquare Company represents a dependable, future-forward partner — blending technical excellence with practical industry insight. 

[ribsodoo]

All-in-One Odoo ERP for Smarter Business Operations

At RIBS Technologies, we offer powerful Odoo ERP solutions that help businesses streamline every department—finance, HR, sales, website, and supply chain—all from one platform. Whether you're a small company or an enterprise, our custom Odoo development services are built to fit your unique needs.

Manage your accounts seamlessly with our Odoo Finance Management System, which includes Odoo accounting integration and invoice automation. Streamline your HR processes with Odoo HR management and Odoo payroll solutions.

Our Odoo Sales Software enhances your sales pipeline, while purchase and supplier management keep procurement efficient.

Need an online presence? Our expert Odoo website development services and ecommerce solutions are fully integrated with your ERP.

Finally, control your logistics with Odoo Supply Chain Management—perfect for growing businesses.

Let RIBS Technologies power your growth with one smart solution.

[sathishkumarsk]

Unlock Business Efficiency with the Best ERP Software in Dubai

Introduction:

In today’s fast-paced business environment, companies in Dubai are increasingly turning to ERP software to streamline operations, enhance productivity, and drive growth. Whether you're in retail, construction, manufacturing, or logistics, a powerful ERP system in Dubai can centralize your business processes, reduce manual errors, and provide real-time insights into your operations.

But with so many solutions available, how do you choose the best ERP software in Dubai that fits your business needs?

Why ERP Software Is Crucial for Businesses in Dubai

Dubai’s dynamic market is home to SMEs and large enterprises that require fast decision-making and efficient workflows. Here’s why investing in an ERP solution is a game-changer:

✅ Centralized Data Management Eliminate data silos by integrating sales, inventory, finance, HR, and customer service into a single platform.

✅ Real-Time Reporting & Analytics Make informed decisions with real-time dashboards and performance metrics.

✅ Regulatory Compliance Stay compliant with UAE VAT regulations and financial reporting standards.

✅ Cloud-Based Accessibility Access your ERP system securely from anywhere—ideal for remote work and global operations.

Top Industries Benefiting from ERP Solutions in Dubai

ERP systems are not one-size-fits-all. Here's how specific industries in Dubai are leveraging ERP software:

🔧 Manufacturing

Manage production planning, inventory, quality control, and more with a robust manufacturing ERP software.

🛍️ Retail & E-commerce

Optimize supply chain, warehouse operations, and customer relationship management using a retail ERP system.

🏗️ Construction

Track project timelines, budgeting, labor, and procurement with industry-specific construction ERP solutions.

🚚 Logistics & Distribution

Improve fleet tracking, order fulfillment, and warehouse automation with scalable logistics ERP software.

Why Choose Odoo ERP for Your Dubai Business?

When it comes to customizable, affordable, and scalable ERP software, Odoo ERP in Dubai stands out. Here's why:

Modular design to match your business growth

Seamless integration with third-party apps

User-friendly interface and mobile accessibility

Cost-effective pricing for SMEs and enterprises

Partnering with a trusted Odoo ERP implementation ensures you get the most from your ERP investment—tailored to your industry and operational needs.

Key Features to Look for in ERP Software Dubai

Before choosing an ERP provider, ensure your solution offers:

✅ Multi-currency and multi-language support

✅ Built-in UAE VAT compliance

✅ Cloud and on-premise deployment options

✅ Scalable modules for Sales, HR, Inventory, CRM, and Accounting

✅ Role-based access and data security

Why Banibro IT Solution Is the Go-To ERP Partner in Dubai

At Banibro IT Solution, we specialize in delivering tailored ERP software solutions for businesses in Dubai. As a certified Odoo ERP implementation partner, we help companies digitize and scale faster with:

Expert ERP consultation

End-to-end implementation and training

Custom module development

Ongoing support and maintenance

We understand the unique challenges faced by UAE businesses and provide localized ERP solutions that work.

Ready to Transform Your Business? Let’s Talk ERP.

Don’t let manual processes slow you down. Empower your business with the best ERP software in Dubai designed to boost efficiency, reduce costs, and fuel innovation.

Contact Banibro IT Solution today for a free ERP demo and consultation. Let’s build a smarter, more connected business together.

[erpsoftwaredubaiuae]

Top Real Estate Software Integrations Every Dubai Property Business Needs

In the fast-paced and competitive real estate market of Dubai, efficiency and digital transformation are no longer optional—they are essential. Real estate management software has become the backbone of successful property operations, from managing listings to tracking leases and automating workflows. However, the true power of such software lies in its ability to integrate with other essential tools and platforms.

Whether you're a real estate developer, property manager, or brokerage firm, integrating your software with the right solutions can streamline operations, improve client experiences, and boost overall productivity. Here are the top real estate software integrations every Dubai property business needs.

1. CRM Integration

A Customer Relationship Management (CRM) system integration ensures seamless tracking of leads, client interactions, and follow-ups. For Dubai's competitive market, where client service is critical, integrating platforms like Salesforce or Zoho CRM with your real estate software helps you:

Track leads from multiple sources (portals, social media, website)

Automate follow-ups and communication

Segment and target potential buyers/tenants effectively

2. Accounting and VAT Compliance Systems

With VAT being an integral part of the UAE’s taxation system, integrating accounting tools like Tally, QuickBooks, or Zoho Books ensures accurate financial tracking and compliance. Benefits include:

Automated invoicing and rent collection

Real-time financial reporting

Hassle-free VAT filings and audits

3. Property Listing Portals

Dubai’s property businesses rely heavily on portals like Bayut, Property Finder, and Dubizzle to attract tenants and buyers. Integration with these portals helps in:

Automatically publishing property listings

Synchronizing property details and images

Reducing manual data entry and errors

4. Payment Gateway Integration

With the rise in digital transactions, especially among international clients, integrating payment gateways like PayTabs, Telr, or Stripe enables:

Online rent collection

Secure booking payments

Automated receipts and transaction tracking

5. Facility Management Tools

For property managers handling multiple units or buildings, integration with facility management solutions like CAFM software (Computer-Aided Facility Management) helps in:

Managing maintenance requests

Scheduling service contracts

Tracking vendor performance and cost

6. Document Management Systems (DMS)

Contracts, tenancy agreements, title deeds—all require secure handling. Integrating DMS tools like DocuSign, Dropbox, or Google Drive allows you to:

Securely store and retrieve documents

Enable e-signatures

Improve collaboration between teams

7. ERP Systems

For large real estate firms and developers, ERP integration brings together finance, HR, procurement, and property management under one platform. This leads to:

Centralized data management

Improved internal communication

Better forecasting and business insights

8. Business Intelligence (BI) Tools

Dubai’s real estate market is data-driven. Integrating with BI tools like Power BI or Tableau allows stakeholders to:

Visualize performance metrics

Analyze trends in rental yields or sales

Make data-informed decisions

9. Marketing Automation Platforms

With the majority of clients researching online, integrating tools like Mailchimp, HubSpot, or Marketo enables:

Email marketing automation

Lead nurturing workflows

Targeted campaigns based on buyer behavior

10. Mobile App Integration

A mobile-first approach is crucial in Dubai’s real estate ecosystem. Ensuring your software supports mobile app integration (iOS/Android) gives clients and agents:

Real-time access to listings

On-the-go document uploads

Instant notifications and communication

Final Thoughts

In a dynamic market like Dubai, having standalone software is not enough. Real estate businesses must invest in integrated digital ecosystems that allow seamless data flow and automation across departments. These integrations not only enhance operational efficiency but also improve customer satisfaction and decision-making.

Choosing Best Real Estate Management Software Dubai with strong integration capabilities is the key to staying ahead of the competition and scaling your business smartly in Dubai’s ever-evolving property landscape.

[farvisionerp12]

Powerful Cloud based ERP software for Real Estate Industry by Farvision

The real estate market in India demands agility, transparency, and efficient coordination across all departments. Traditional methods of managing operations through spreadsheets or isolated tools no longer suffice. To thrive in this competitive space, real estate businesses are turning to digital transformation—and Farvision is leading the way as the most effective Cloud based ERP software for Real Estate Industry.

Developed with the intricacies of the Indian real estate sector in mind, Farvision offers a comprehensive suite of features tailored for builders, developers, and property managers. The platform consolidates critical business functions such as customer relationship management, finance, procurement, and project oversight into a single, integrated cloud-based solution.

The strength of a cloud based ERP software for Real Estate Industry lies in its ability to offer real-time updates. Farvision empowers your team to access vital data from anywhere, enabling faster decision-making and more accurate forecasting. This flexibility ensures that your operations are not restricted to a single location, allowing you to scale with ease.

One of Farvision's most praised features is its dynamic CRM. From tracking inquiries and following up on leads to closing deals and maintaining client relationships, this module ensures that no opportunity slips through the cracks. A unified view of the customer journey helps improve service delivery and boosts overall customer satisfaction.

Moreover, the platform’s project management tools are built for the real-world challenges of real estate. You can plan projects in phases, assign responsibilities, track execution in real-time, and control costs with precision. Farvision minimizes the chaos of construction and ensures timely completion of deliverables.

The finance and procurement modules bring an additional layer of efficiency. Transparent billing, streamlined vendor payments, and integrated accounting ensure that your business remains compliant and audit-ready. You can also manage contracts, material purchases, and inventory more effectively.

What sets Farvision apart from other ERP solutions is its industry-specific focus. It’s not a generic ERP that’s been customized—it’s been built from the ground up for the Indian real estate domain. This makes implementation faster and more intuitive for your team.If your goal is to grow while maintaining operational control, choosing the right Cloud based ERP software for Real Estate Industry is non-negotiable. Farvision delivers all the tools you need to succeed in one flexible, cloud-based platform. Don't just keep up with the industry—lead it, with Farvision.

[shantitechnology]

How Manufacturers Can Manage Growth with ERP

Introduction:

In the dynamic landscape of manufacturing, where growth is the ultimate goal, the ability to adapt and streamline operations is paramount.  Enter ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning), a powerful solution that has revolutionized the way manufacturers operate.  In this blog, we'll explore the significant role of ERP software for manufacturing industry and how it serves as a catalyst for sustainable growth.  Whether you're in traditional manufacturing or a software development company, ERP solutions are key to optimizing processes and managing growth effectively.

Understanding the Essence of ERP Software for Manufacturing:

1.         Efficiency Unleashed:

ERP system for manufacturing industry is designed to enhance operational efficiency by integrating various business processes.  From order management and procurement to production planning and inventory control, ERP systems bring together disparate functions into a unified platform, eliminating silos and enhancing overall efficiency.

2.         Real-time Insights:

One of the key advantages of ERP solutions is the ability to provide real-time insights into business operations.  Manufacturers can make informed decisions based on up-to-date information, helping them respond swiftly to market changes, manage resources effectively, and capitalize on growth opportunities.

3.         Scalability Matters:

As a manufacturer, scalability is a constant consideration.  Whether you're a growing traditional manufacturing unit or a software development company expanding its operations, ERP systems offer scalability to accommodate changing needs.  The modular nature of ERP solutions allows businesses to add or modify functionalities as they evolve.

4.         Improved Collaboration:

Collaboration is the bedrock of successful manufacturing.  ERP fosters better communication and collaboration by providing a centralized platform where employees across different departments can access and share information seamlessly.  This not only enhances teamwork but also accelerates decision-making processes.

ERP Software for Manufacturing Industry:  Tailoring Solutions for Success

1.         Production Planning and Scheduling:

In the manufacturing realm, effective production planning and scheduling are crucial for meeting customer demands and maintaining optimal inventory levels.  ERP systems facilitate streamlined production processes, enabling manufacturers to create realistic production schedules, allocate resources efficiently, and minimize downtime.

2.         Supply Chain Management:

A well-integrated supply chain is essential for manufacturers.  ERP solution for the manufacturing industry ensures smooth coordination between suppliers, manufacturers, and distributors.  This results in better inventory management, reduced lead times, and ultimately, improved customer satisfaction.

3.         Quality Control:

Maintaining consistent product quality is non-negotiable in manufacturing.  ERP solutions provide tools for comprehensive quality control by enabling real-time monitoring of production processes, tracking defects, and ensuring adherence to quality standards.  This not only boosts customer confidence but also reduces wastage and rework costs.

4.         Financial Management:

The financial aspect is the backbone of any business.  ERP systems for manufacturing offer robust financial management capabilities, including invoicing, expense tracking, and financial reporting.  This level of financial control is invaluable for manufacturers looking to manage growth effectively and make strategic financial decisions.

ERP for Software Development Company:  Tailoring Solutions to Tech

1.         Project Management:

For software development companies, managing projects efficiently is critical.  ERP solutions designed for the software development industry offer project management modules that help track project timelines, allocate resources effectively, and ensure that development projects stay on course.

2.         Resource Planning:

In the software development realm, talent is a primary resource.  ERP systems tailored for software companies facilitate resource planning by providing insights into employee availability, skills, and project commitments.  This ensures optimal resource allocation for project success.

3.         Version Control and Collaboration:

Version control and collaboration are key aspects of software development.  ERP solutions for software companies include features that enable version control, code collaboration, and documentation management.  This ensures that development teams work cohesively, leading to efficient project outcomes.

4.         Compliance and Security:

In the software development industry, compliance and security are paramount.  ERP systems for software companies often include modules that help manage compliance with industry standards and ensure data security.  This is especially crucial in an era where data protection is a top priority.

Conclusion:

As manufacturers navigate the complexities of growth, ERP software emerges as an indispensable tool for success.  Whether you're in traditional manufacturing or a software development company, the benefits of ERP systems are far-reaching.  From enhancing operational efficiency and providing real-time insights to tailoring solutions for specific industry needs, ERP is the key to managing growth effectively.  Embrace the power of ERP, and propel your manufacturing operations into a future of streamlined processes, informed decision-making, and sustained success.

[elitemindz85]

What’s the Right ERP for Small Manufacturers?

If you run a small factory and are thinking about getting an ERP system, start by looking at what your business really needs. Do you want to track inventory better, make production smoother, or make buying supplies easier? A good ERP software should show you data right away, work well with CRM (customer management), and help with PROCUREMENT SOFTWARE (buying what you need).

Think about where you want your ERP software to run. Cloud-based systems are easier to use from anywhere and can grow with your business. Systems on your own computers may give you more control. Also, pick software that is easy to use—this means your team will learn it faster and make fewer mistakes.

Make sure the ERP software can work with other programs you already use, like accounting or supply chain tools.

The company that makes the ERP software is important too. Choose the best software development company—one that understands your industry and gives good support when you need it. Ask for a free trial, compare prices, and watch out for hidden fees like maintenance or updates.

In the end, the best ERP system for manufacturing is one that fits the way your factory works, helps your business grow, and makes your daily tasks easier. Take your time to compare your options carefully so the ERP software works well for you.

[laptop-dubai]

Powering Productivity in the Emirates: A Deep Dive into Laptop Distribution in Dubai

In a city that thrives on innovation and rapid technological advancement, the demand for high-performance computing solutions is higher than ever. Dubai's tech-forward businesses, educational institutions, and professionals are always on the lookout for trusted sources of quality laptops and computing systems. That’s where specialized distributors and retailers play a vital role in ensuring the accessibility of top-tier brands in the region. From corporate-grade machines to student-friendly devices, Dubai’s diverse user base relies heavily on well-established distribution networks to fuel their digital needs.

Let’s explore how Dubai has become a hotspot for laptop distribution and what consumers and businesses can expect when seeking out brands like Dell and HP.

Dell Dubai Distributor: A Backbone for Corporate Computing

A Dell Dubai Distributor holds a crucial position in the city’s business ecosystem. As organizations increasingly adopt remote and hybrid work models, the reliability and performance of their hardware become essential. Dell, known for its enterprise-grade laptops and workstations, is a brand often chosen by corporations, startups, and government entities in Dubai.

These distributors ensure a streamlined supply chain that brings the latest Dell technologies directly into the hands of professionals. From bulk enterprise procurement to after-sales technical support, a certified distributor delivers value beyond just product sales. Their partnerships with businesses include configuration services, warranty management, and technical consultations tailored to each client’s infrastructure. Dubai's strategic position as a logistics and business hub also allows these distributors to serve clients across the MENA region, extending their influence and boosting the local economy.

Exploring the Variety of HP Laptop Dubai Options

Dubai’s consumer market is just as dynamic as its commercial sector. Whether it’s a student in need of a lightweight notebook or a creative professional looking for a power-packed workstation, HP laptops in Dubai offer a wide array of options tailored to every user type. HP Laptop Dubai offerings can be found in numerous configurations—ranging from entry-level devices for everyday tasks to high-performance machines equipped with the latest processors and graphics capabilities.

Dubai’s HP resellers and retail platforms often feature multilingual support, international warranty options, and frequent promotional bundles to attract a diverse clientele. Moreover, tech-savvy customers in the city often rely on expert advice from these outlets to make informed decisions about specifications, battery life, software compatibility, and upgrade possibilities. HP laptops are popular not only for their hardware but also for their sleek design and reliable customer service.

Dell Laptop Dubai: Versatility for Every Need

Whether for professional use, educational purposes, or personal entertainment, Dell laptops have carved out a substantial presence in the city. Dell Laptop Dubai availability is vast and includes models from the Inspiron, XPS, Latitude, and Precision series. Each line is carefully designed to cater to a specific segment of users.

In particular, Dell’s XPS series is highly favored by developers and digital creatives, thanks to its superior screen quality, robust performance, and elegant build. Meanwhile, Latitude laptops are known for their enterprise-level security features and long battery life, making them ideal for Dubai’s business leaders on the go. Retailers and distributors in Dubai often work directly with Dell to ensure they provide the latest releases, extended warranty options, and genuine accessories—ensuring a complete and trusted customer experience.

HP Dubai Distributor: Enhancing Access to Global Innovation

A trusted HP Dubai Distributor serves as a vital bridge between global tech innovation and local consumer demand. These authorized distributors provide more than just access to devices—they also deliver training, technical workshops, and integration solutions for large organizations.

Given HP’s extensive lineup, from the popular Pavilion and Envy series to the high-end Spectre and EliteBook lines, the distributor’s role is essential in helping customers navigate their choices. They play a significant part in supply chain logistics, custom configurations for enterprise clients, and even localized software optimization to ensure compatibility with regional regulatory requirements. For tech-driven institutions such as schools, hospitals, and government agencies, HP distributors in Dubai enable customized procurement strategies that align with budget and usage expectations.

After-Sales Service and Technical Support

Dubai’s reputation as a global tech hub isn't solely dependent on product availability—it also thrives due to the superior service infrastructure surrounding these products. Most certified distributors offer after-sales support such as device setup, warranty servicing, data recovery, and even software troubleshooting. These services are often crucial in business continuity, especially when a system failure can translate into lost hours or even missed deadlines.

Furthermore, some top-tier resellers in Dubai even offer on-site technical support, instant replacement policies, and remote diagnostics, enhancing user satisfaction and minimizing downtime. With increasingly tech-savvy consumers and organizations, such offerings are no longer optional—they're a necessity.

Buying Smart: Tips for Choosing the Right Laptop in Dubai

If you’re in the market for a new laptop in Dubai, there are a few key considerations to keep in mind:

Define Your Usage: Are you buying for casual use, business operations, or creative work? Each purpose has specific requirements in terms of RAM, CPU, storage, and screen resolution.

Set a Budget: With frequent discounts and seasonal promotions, it’s possible to find premium features even at mid-range prices.

Verify Warranty: Ensure your device is covered by international or local warranty for peace of mind.

Consider After-Sales Support: Choose distributors or retailers who offer responsive technical service.

Check Authenticity: Purchase only from authorized dealers to avoid counterfeit or refurbished products without proper disclosure.

Laptop-Dubai.com: Connecting You to Top-Tier Technology

Dubai’s growing reliance on digital technologies across all sectors means that reliable access to quality laptops is more important than ever. Websites like laptop-dubai.com serve as a central marketplace that brings together a wide range of devices from leading brands. Whether you are a corporate buyer looking to upgrade your company’s devices or a student preparing for a new academic year, having a trusted platform simplifies your shopping experience.

This online portal combines ease of navigation with detailed product descriptions, customer reviews, and dedicated customer support. By providing quick access to both HP and Dell products, laptop-dubai.com aligns with the city’s fast-paced lifestyle and ensures timely delivery and satisfaction.

Conclusion: Empowering a Smarter Future in Dubai

Dubai continues to position itself as a leader in technology and innovation, and access to reliable, high-performance computing solutions is a big part of that success. Whether through a Dell Dubai Distributor ensuring seamless enterprise integration, or an HP Dubai Distributor bringing cutting-edge design to individual users, the city remains well-equipped to handle the digital demands of the modern world.