#DMA I/O interface

[electronic-component]

Arduino Due vs. Mega: A Comprehensive Comparison

What is Arduino Due and Mega?

The Arduino platform has revolutionized the world of DIY electronics, providing hobbyists and professionals alike with versatile and powerful microcontroller boards. Among the myriad of options, the Arduino Due and Arduino Mega stand out for their advanced features and robust performance. The Arduino Due, introduced in 2012, is the first Arduino board based on a 32-bit ARM core microcontroller, the Atmel SAM3X8E. In contrast, the Arduino Mega, built around the 8-bit ATmega2560 microcontroller, is known for its abundant I/O pins and memory. Understanding the differences between these two boards can help in selecting the right one for specific projects, enhancing both functionality and efficiency.

Processing Power and Performance

The processing capabilities of the Arduino Due and Mega are distinctly different, primarily due to their core microcontrollers. The Arduino Due, with its 32-bit ARM Cortex-M3 processor running at 84 MHz, offers significantly higher processing power compared to the Arduino Mega's 8-bit ATmega2560, which operates at 16 MHz. This difference in architecture and clock speed means that the Due can handle more complex calculations and tasks faster and more efficiently than the Mega. For projects requiring high computational power, such as real-time data processing or handling multiple sensors simultaneously, the Due is the superior choice. However, for simpler tasks, the Mega's processing power may suffice.

Memory and Storage Capabilities

Memory is another critical aspect where the Arduino Due and Mega diverge. The Arduino Due is equipped with 512 KB of flash memory for code storage and 96 KB of SRAM for data. On the other hand, the Arduino Mega has 256 KB of flash memory and 8 KB of SRAM. Additionally, the Due features a Direct Memory Access (DMA) controller, which allows for efficient memory operations, freeing up the CPU to handle other tasks. These memory enhancements make the Due more suitable for applications requiring large codebases and significant data handling, such as advanced robotics or sophisticated control systems. The Mega, with its more modest memory, is ideal for less demanding applications.

Input/Output Capabilities and Expansion

Both the Arduino Due and Mega are renowned for their extensive input/output (I/O) capabilities, yet they cater to different needs. The Mega boasts a whopping 54 digital I/O pins, 16 analog inputs, and 4 UARTs, making it ideal for projects that require multiple sensors, actuators, or communication interfaces. The Due, while offering fewer digital I/O pins at 54, includes 12 analog inputs and 4 UARTs, along with additional features like two DAC outputs for analog signal generation and enhanced PWM capabilities. These features provide the Due with superior analog output capabilities, making it suitable for applications like audio processing or advanced signal generation.

Power Consumption and Compatibility

Power consumption and compatibility are practical considerations when choosing between the Arduino Due and Mega. The Due operates at 3.3V logic levels, which makes it more power-efficient than the Mega, which uses 5V logic levels. This lower voltage operation is beneficial for battery-powered projects where energy efficiency is crucial. However, the 3.3V logic also means that the Due is not directly compatible with 5V components without level shifters. The Mega, with its 5V logic, offers broader compatibility with existing Arduino shields and components, making it a versatile choice for a wide range of projects. Understanding these power and compatibility nuances can help in making an informed decision based on the project's specific requirements.

[ainow]

Arduino Due AT91SAM3X8E ARM Cortex-M3 Board

The Due is a microcontroller board based on the Atmel SAM3X8E ARM Cortex-M3 CPU. The Arduino Due AT91SAM3X8E ARM Cortex-M3 Board is the first Arduino board based on a 32-bit ARM core microcontroller. Arduino Due AT91SAM3X8E ARM Cortex-M3 Board has 54 digital input / output pins (of which 12 can be used as PWM outputs), 12 analog inputs, 4 UARTs (hardware serial ports), a 84 MHz clock, an USB OTG capable connection, 2 DAC (digital to analog), 2 TWI, a power jack, an SPI header, a JTAG header, a reset button and an erase button. The Arduino Due AT91SAM3X8E ARM Cortex-M3 Board contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a micro-USB cable or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Due is compatible with all Arduino shields that work at 3.3V and are compliant with the 1.0 Arduino pinout. The SAM3X has 512KB (2 blocks of 256KB) of flash memory for storing code. The bootloader is pre-burned in a factory from Atmel and is stored in a dedicated ROM memory. The available SRAM is 96KB in two contiguous banks of 64KB and 32KB. All the available memory (Flash, RAM, and ROM) can be accessed directly as a flat addressing space. It is possible to erase the Flash memory of the SAM3X with the onboard erase button. This will remove the currently loaded sketch from the MCU. To erase, press and hold the Erase button for a few seconds while the board is powered.

Arduino Due AT91SAM3X8E ARM Cortex-M3 Board pins:

Due follows the 1.0 pinout:

TWI: SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin.

The IOREF pin which allows an attached shield with the proper configuration to adapt to the voltage provided by the board. This enables shield compatibility with a 3.3V board like the Due and AVR-based boards which operate at 5V.

An unconnected pin, reserved for future use Connections / Interfaces

Digital I / O pins :54

With PWM :12

USB :Yes

SPI :No

I²C :No

ICSP :Yes

TWI :2x

UART :4x

CAN :Yes

SAC :2x

LAN :No

Bluetooth :No

Note: Unlike other Arduino boards, the Due board runs at 3.3V. The maximum voltage that the I/O pins can tolerate is 3.3V. Providing higher voltages, like 5V to an I/O pin could damage the board.

Features:

A 32-bit core, that allows operations on 4 bytes wide data within a single CPU clock.

CPU clock at 84Mhz

96KBytes of SRAM

512KBytes of flash memory for code

A DMA controller, that can relieve the CPU from doing memory intensive tasks.

[ovaga-technologies]

STM32F103C6T6 Datasheet, Pinout, and Specifications

The STM32F103C6T6 is a powerful microcontroller known for its versatility and performance. It belongs to the STM32F1 series produced by STMicroelectronics, offering a wide range of features and capabilities. This microcontroller is highly regarded in the world of embedded systems and microcontroller applications due to its robustness, cost-effectiveness, and ease of use. Its popularity stems from its ability to cater to a wide range of applications, from simple DIY projects to complex industrial automation systems. In this article, we'll provide an overview of theSTM32F103C6T6, exploring its specifications, schematic, pinout, programming, datasheet, and more details.

Description of STM32F103C6T6

The STM32F103C6T6 performance line family integrates the high-performance ARM Cortex-M3 32-bit RISC core, operating at a frequency of 72 MHz. It features high-speed embedded memories (Flash memory up to 32 Kbytes and SRAM up to 6 Kbytes) and a wide range of enhanced I/Os and peripherals connected to two APB buses. All devices offer two 12-bit ADCs, three general-purpose 16-bit timers plus one PWM timer, as well as standard and advanced communication interfaces: up to two I2Cs and SPIs, three USARTs, a USB, and a CAN.

The STM32F103C6T6 low-density performance line family operates from a 2.0 to 3.6 V power supply. It is available in both the –40 to +85 °C temperature range and the –40 to +105 °C extended temperature range. A comprehensive set of power-saving modes allows for the design of low-power applications.

The STM32F103C6T6 low-density performance line family includes devices in four different package types, ranging from 36 pins to 64 pins. Depending on the chosen device, different sets of peripherals are included. The following description provides an overview of the complete range of peripherals proposed in this family.

These features make the STM32F103C6T6 low-density performance line microcontroller family suitable for a wide range of applications such as motor drives, application control, medical and handheld equipment, PC and gaming peripherals, GPS platforms, industrial applications, PLCs, inverters, printers, scanners, alarm systems, video intercoms, and HVACs.

Features of STM32F103C6T6

ARM 32-bit Cortex™-M3 CPU Core: The microcontroller is powered by an ARM Cortex™-M3 CPU core, capable of operating at a maximum frequency of 72 MHz. It delivers a performance of 1.25 DMIPS/MHz (Dhrystone 2.1) with 0 wait state memory access and supports single-cycle multiplication and hardware division.

Versatile Memories: The STM32F103C6T6 features 16 or 32 Kbytes of Flash memory for program storage and 6 or 10 Kbytes of SRAM for data storage.

Clock, Reset, and Supply Management: It supports 2.0 to 3.6 V application supply and I/Os. The microcontroller includes a Power-On Reset (POR), a Power-Down Reset (PDR), and a programmable voltage detector (PVD). It also features a 4-to-16 MHz crystal oscillator, an internal 8 MHz factory-trimmed RC oscillator, and an internal 40 kHz RC oscillator. Additionally, it provides a PLL for the CPU clock and a 32 kHz oscillator for the Real-Time Clock (RTC) with calibration.

Low Power: The STM32F103C6T6 offers Sleep, Stop, and Standby modes for power optimization. It includes VBAT supply for RTC and backup registers.

2 x 12-bit, 1 µs A/D Converters: The microcontroller is equipped with two 12-bit analog-to-digital converters (ADC) with up to 16 channels. It has a conversion range of 0 to 3.6 V and supports dual-sample and hold capability. Additionally, it features a temperature sensor.

Direct Memory Access (DMA): It includes a 7-channel DMA controller that supports peripherals such as timers, ADC, SPIs, I2Cs, and USARTs.

Up to 51 Fast I/O Ports: The STM32F103C6T6 offers 26/37/51 I/Os, all mappable on 16 external interrupt vectors. Almost all ports are 5 V-tolerant, providing flexibility in interfacing with various external devices.

STM32F103C6T6 Specifications

TypeParameterCoreARM Cortex M3

Core Size

 32-Bit Single-CoreProgram Memory Size32 kBData Bus Width32 bitADC Resolution12 bitMaximum Clock Frequency72 MHzRAM Size10K x 8Supply Voltage - Min1.8 V, 2 VSupply Voltage - Max3.6 VVoltage - Supply (Vcc/Vdd)2V ~ 3.6VConnectivityCANbus, I2C, IrDA, LINbus, SPI, UART/USART, USBPeripheralsDMA, Motor Control PWM, PDR, POR, PVD, PWM, Temp Sensor, WDTNumber of I/Os48 I/O

Operating Temperature

 -40°C ~ 85°C (TA)

Package / Case

48-LQFP

Absolute Maximum Ratings

SymbolRatingsValueVDD − VSSExternal main supply voltage (including VDDA and VDD)–0.3V ~ 4.0VVINInput voltage on five volt tolerant pinVSS − 0.3V ~ VDD + 4.0VInput voltage on any other pinVSS − 0.3V ~ 4.0V|VDDx|Variations between different VDD power pins50mV|VSSX −VSS|Variations between all the different ground pins50mVVESD(HBM)Electrostatic discharge voltage (human body model)2000VIVDDTotal current into VDD/VDDA power lines (source)150mAIVSSTotal current out of VSS ground lines (sink)150mAIIOOutput current sunk by any I/O and control pin 25mAOutput current source by any I/Os and control pin-25mAIINJ(PIN)Injected current on five volt tolerant pins-5/+0mAInjected current on any other pin± 5mAΣIINJ(PIN)Total injected current (sum of all I/O and control pins)± 25mATSTGStorage temperature range–65°C to +150°CTJMaximum junction temperature150°C

STM32F103C6T6 Pinout

STM32F103C6T6 Application

Motor Drives

The STM32F103C6T6 is used in motor drive systems to control the speed and direction of motors in various applications, such as industrial machinery, robotics, and automotive systems.

Application Control

It is utilized for controlling the operation of various applications, including home automation systems, smart appliances, and industrial automation equipment.

Medical and Handheld Equipment

Due to its low power consumption and high processing capabilities, the microcontroller is employed in medical devices such as portable monitoring systems, infusion pumps, and handheld diagnostic tools.

PC and Gaming Peripherals

STM32F103C6T6 is used in peripherals for PCs and gaming consoles, such as keyboards, mice, and game controllers, to provide efficient and reliable control interfaces.

GPS Platforms

It is used in GPS tracking devices and navigation systems to process location data and provide accurate positioning information.

Industrial Applications

Due to its robustness and reliability, the microcontroller is widely used in various industrial applications, including factory automation, process control, and monitoring systems.

PLCs (Programmable Logic Controllers)

It is utilized in PLCs for controlling and monitoring industrial processes and machinery.

Inverters

STM32F103C6T6 is used in power inverters, which convert DC power to AC power in applications such as solar power systems and uninterruptible power supplies (UPS).

Printers and Scanners

It is used in printers and scanners for controlling printing and scanning functions, providing fast and efficient operations.

Alarm Systems

The microcontroller is used in alarm systems for detecting and signaling unauthorized entry or other security breaches.

Video Intercoms

It is used in video intercom systems for communication and remote access control in residential and commercial buildings.

HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning)

STM32F103C6T6 is used in HVAC systems for controlling temperature, humidity, and air quality, ensuring comfortable and energy-efficient indoor environments.

STM32F103C6T6 Programming

To program the STM32F103C6T6, developers can use a variety of development tools and integrated development environments (IDEs) such as Keil, STM32CubeIDE, and Arduino IDE. These tools provide a user-friendly interface for writing, compiling, and debugging code for the microcontroller.

IDEs for STM32F103C6T6

Several integrated Development Environments (IDEs) support STM32F103C6T6, including the STM32CubeIDE, Keil uVision, and CoIDE. Each offers a unique set of features, catering to different programming needs and preferences.

STM32CubeIDE

STM32CubeIDE is an official IDE from STMicroelectronics for STM32 development. It integrates the STM32Cube library, providing a comprehensive software infrastructure to streamline the programming process.

Keil uVision

Keil uVision is another popular choice. It offers robust debugging capabilities, making it easier for developers to identify and resolve errors in their code.

STM32CubeMX is a graphical tool that helps developers configure the microcontroller and generate initialization code quickly. It allows users to configure peripherals, pin assignments, and clock settings, among other parameters. Then, it generates the corresponding initialization code in C language, which can be easily integrated into the development environment.

Another essential aspect of programming the STM32F103C6T6 is understanding the HAL (Hardware Abstraction Layer) libraries provided by STMicroelectronics. HAL libraries abstract the low-level hardware details, providing a standardized interface for interacting with the microcontroller's peripherals. This abstraction simplifies the development process and makes the code more portable across different STM32 microcontrollers. Understanding how to use HAL libraries is essential for efficiently programming the STM32F103C6T6 and leveraging its full potential in embedded applications.

STM32F103C6T6 Equivalent/Alternative

STM32F103C8T6.

STM32F103C6T6 Package

STM32F103C6T6 Manufacturer

STMicroelectronics, a global leader in semiconductor manufacturing, is the proud manufacturer of the STM32F103C6T6 microcontroller. With a strong focus on innovation and quality, STMicroelectronics has established itself as a trusted name in the electronics industry. The company's commitment to excellence is evident in the STM32F103C6T6, which boasts high performance, reliability, and versatility. STMicroelectronics' dedication to customer satisfaction and technological advancement makes it a preferred choice for engineers and designers worldwide.

STM32F103C6T6 Datasheet

Download STM32F103C6T6 Datasheet PDF.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the STM32F103C6T6 microcontroller stands out as a versatile and powerful solution for embedded systems design. Its advanced features, including a 32-bit ARM Cortex-M3 core, a wide range of peripherals, and low power consumption, make it ideal for a variety of applications. It provides developers with a powerful tool to create innovative and efficient solutions for a wide range of applications.

[agnisystechnology]

Improving Design Productivity and Quality with Specification Automation

Designing semiconductor devices has always been a distinct specialty of engineering, but today’s designers face immeasurably greater challenges. A typical system-on-chip (SoC) design has billions of transistors, thousands of intellectual property (IP) blocks, hundreds of I/O channels, and dozens of embedded processors. Chip designers need all the help they can get.

Three Keys for Faster, Better Design

Assistance comes in three forms: abstraction, automation, and reuse. Virtually all chip design today occurs at the register transfer level (RTL), enabling much greater productivity than manually crafting gates or transistors. This level of abstraction is therefore much more efficient, making it possible for a single designer to create entire IP blocks or even subsystems.

RTL design is also amenable to automation; generating gate-level netlists automatically via logic synthesis is part of what makes the design process so efficient and productive. Just about every aspect of the test insertion, power management, layout, and signoff flow that follows RTL design is automated as well. Without this approach, modern SoCs simply would not be possible.

The third form of assistance is design reuse. Especially for standard IP blocks and interfaces, there is no value-add in reinventing the wheel by designing from scratch. EDA vendors and dedicated IP providers offer a huge range of reusable designs, most in RTL form. Designers often need this IP to be configurable and customizable, so it may come from a generator rather than as a fixed design.

Register Automation Is the Foundation

All three forms of designer assistance come together in specification automation, starting with the registers in the design. SoCs typically have a huge number of addressable (memory-mapped) registers defined by the chip specifications. These registers form the hardware-software interface (HSI) by which the embedded software and system drivers control the operation of the hardware.

Manually writing RTL code for all these registers is tedious and error-prone. Fortunately, the Agnisys IDesignSpec™ Suite makes it easy to automatically generate the register RTL design. Using the IDesignSpec GDI interactive tool or the IDS-Batch™ CLI Batch Tool, designers create their RTL files at the push of a button every time the register specification changes. 

These tools accept many register and memory specification formats, including spreadsheets, SystemRDL, IP-XCAT, and the Portable Stimulus Standard (PSS). Designers can specify many widely used special register types, including indirect, indexed, read-only/write-only, alias, lock, shadow, FIFO, buffer, interrupt, counter, paged, virtual, external, and read/write pairs. 

Registers are just one part of a chip that can be specified abstractly and generated automatically, fostering reuse and improving quality of results (QoR) with proven design IP. Another example is interfaces to standard buses such as APB, AHB, AHB-Lite, AXI4, AXI4-Lite, TileLink, Avalon, and Wishbone. The RTL design generated by IDesignSpec Suite includes any interfaces requested.

Any necessary clock-domain-crossing (CDC) logic across asynchronous clock boundaries is also included in the generated design. For safety-critical chip applications, designers can request that safety mechanisms such as parity, error-correcting code (ECC), cyclic redundancy check (CRC), and triple module redundancy (TMR) logic be included as well.

Most chips contain standard design elements such as AES, DMA, GPIO, I2C, I2S, PIC, PWM, SPI, Timer, and UART. Designers specify these blocks with many degrees of configuration and customization, and the Agnisys IDS-IPGen™ design tool generates the RTL design code. IDS-IPGen also generates finite state machines (FSMs) and other design elements for custom IP blocks.

Automating SoC Assembly

As noted earlier, SoCs contain thousands of standard and custom IP blocks. All of these must be connected together into the top-level chip design. Like register design, manually writing the RTL code for this stage is a tedious and error-prone process. Block inputs and outputs change many times over the course of a project, and updating the top-level RTL code by hand is extremely inefficient.

The Agnisys IDS-Integrate™ design tool, another part of the IDesignSpec Suite, automates the chip assembly process. Designers specify the desired hookup using a simple but powerful format that includes wildcards to handle buses and collections of signals with similar names. IDS-Integrate automatically generates the complete top-level RTL design.

For IP blocks with standard buses, IDS-Integrate automatically generates any required aggregators, bridges, and multiplexors, including them in the top-level RTL design. For example:

AHB interfaces on two IP blocks can be aggregated into a single bus

An AHB-to-APB bridge can connect IP using AHB and IP using APB

With the burden on SoC designers growing all the time, they need to specify at the highest possible level of abstraction, take advantage of automation, and reuse whenever possible. The specification automation capabilities of the Agnisys IDesignSpec Suite provide all three forms of designer assistance, providing the industry’s most complete solution.

Designers no longer have to hand-write RTL code for registers, memories, standard bus interfaces, aggregators, and bridges, CDC logic, safety mechanisms, custom IP elements, standard IP blocks, and top-level design. Abstract specification and automation improves productivity; reuse of proven IP improves quality of results. 

Customization and configuration options ensure that designers do not have to sacrifice any flexibility to achieve these benefits. Many other project teams—verification, validation, embedded software, bringup, and documentation—also benefit from specification automation. The reasons to select Agnisys as a design partner are truly compelling.

[coursesforallacademynoida]

B.Tech Back Paper Tuition In Noida For Microprocessor B.Tech Back Paper Tuition In Noida For Microprocessor Introduction to Microprocessor Tuition In Noida Introduction to Microprocessor and its applications, Microprocessor Evolution Tree, Microprocessor…

[foxparties920]

Sony Manufacturing 1394 Driver Download

The current official release of the driver is 6.4.6, released on September 26, 2011 by Christopher R. Bakercbaker+iwan1394@cs.cmu.edu.

To download drivers, firmware updates, BIOS, and software, please select your model in the list below, or type the model name in the search box. Select your product type SVD Series. Sony I Link 1394 Adapter free download - 802.11g/b WLAN USB(2.0) Adapter, Sony Ericsson PC Suite, Broadcom 802.11g Network Adapter, and many more programs.

After more than a year of wrestling with the nuances of Microsoft's 64-bit operating systems, and with no small quantity of assistance from a few brave testers (you know who you are!), I am proud to officially release this next version of the CMU 1394 Digital Camera Driver, which includes:

Support for all present 64-bit versions of Microsoft Windows XP, Vista and 7, allowing both native (64-bit) and emulated (32-bit) applications to access camera data via a single driver interface.

A completely new demo application, written from the ground up to support both 32-bit and 64-bit Windows.

A litany of bugfixes, many of which were contributed by individual users (for which I am grateful!), including:

Squashment of the nefarious BSOD on resume-from-suspend bug

A closer-to-correct implementation of the Serial I/O functionality described in the IIDC 1.31 standard (closer = still a little quirky, but the quirks may be in the camera I am testing with)

Verified Strobe and Parallel I/O functionality (Strobe controls are also now integrated into the same dialog as Gain, Zoom, Focus, etc.)

.. and many others

New since the public beta:

Fully automated driver installation on 64-bit systems

Several minor bugfixes and documentation updates, but nothing that alters the API/ABI

Update: digital signatures for all kernel-mode software

All 64-bit versions of windows require a digital signature via an AuthentiCode certificate in order to run kernel-mode software. I would like to thank MathWorks for providing the funding for this certificate and allowing this driver set to continue to be published freely to the general public. MathWorks provides an adapter to the CMU 1394 Digital Camera driver as part of their Image Acquisition Toolkit to allow developers quick and easy access to images from firewire cameras within the MATLAB environment.

Known issues and limitations

Large-block asynchronous transfers. I have received several requests and offerance of patches that restore the ability to issue large asychronous I/O (i.e., larger than a single quadlet/register) requests to cameras. I am evaluating these and trying to fold them into the driver in a manner that supports 64-bit platforms.

Mysterious BSOD when using multiple 1394b cameras on the same bus under Windows 7. In experimenting with various configurations of cameras, 1394b host controllers, and driver settings, I have occasionally triggered inexplicable kernel panics while performing comparatively simple operations. Whether this is a quirk of the new Microsoft 1394 bus driver, of some particular host controller, of the 1394 camera driver's innards, or, most likely, of some combination thereof, remains to be seen. Using a single 1394b camera on a single bus is quite stable, however, and the circumstances where multiple cameras trigger this problem seem rare.

The usual assortment of bugs and quirks. Much of the frame-handling logic had to be altered to accommodate the curious limitations of DMA transfers on 64-bit systems. Although I have been unit-testing this code to the greatest extent possible, my experience is that no new code is completely bug-free. My thanks go out to the many beta testers who have helped me to this point, and further comments/questions/bug reports/etc. are especially welcome on this front.

If the 1394 drivers in Windows XP have become corrupted, then they can be restored using the steps provided below. Note:

Sony Manufacturing 1394 Driver Download Windows 7

The main files that the card should use are:

Sony Manufacturing 1394 Driver Download

1394.INF 1394BUS.SYS OHCI1394.SYS

Open up the Device Manager and uninstall the 'OHCI Compliant IEEE 1394 Host Controller' listing – may also be listed as a Texas Instruments or Standard OHCI Compliant IEEE1394 Host Controller

Minimize the Device Manager and then insert your Windows XP CD-ROM

Go from the Start menu up to run and type 'CMD' and then press enter. This should bring up a DOS shell

Change to the drive letter of the CD drive (press 'd:' if your CD drive is drive letter D)

Next change to the 'i386' directory -- 'cd i386 '

From this directory type: expand 1394.in_ c:windowsinf This should restore the 'INF' (information) file for the FireConnect board that should be used

Now open the Device Manager back up and highlight the 'Computer' listing at the top of the category list. Select the 'Action' pull-down menu and choose 'Scan for hardware changes'. This should reinstall the FireConnect adapter

Restart the system and test by connecting your Firewire device

[nahaseast]

Mac os x 10.0 dosbox

Mac os x 10.0 dosbox for mac os#

Mac os x 10.0 dosbox mac os x#

Mac os x 10.0 dosbox pdf#

Mac os x 10.0 dosbox full#

You can use one of the choices of cables we offer – 3 feet or 15 feet.Ĥ. The USB2ISA-X3 product and the computer system connect with a cable. Please check the dimensions on the enclosures and cards before ordering - ISA-X3-B1 or ISA-X3-B2, to ensure that the box will fit your ISA cards.ģ. ARS Technologies provides plastic enclosures/boxes for mounting of USB2ISA-X3 and up to 3 ISA cards. To find whether you need a Power Supply, please read ISA card - finding the voltages used.Ģ. We have a number of power supplies which can provide +5V, -5V, +12V, and -12V for the ISA cards mounted on the USB2ISA-X3 product.

Mac os x 10.0 dosbox mac os x#

Mac OS X 10.7, and later (for developers)ġ.

Linux - 3.x.xx and later kernels, x86 (32/64bit) and ARM processors (raspberry pi).

The USB2ISA-X3 functions on these Operating Systems: The USB2ISA-X3 product includes installation software.

Mac os x 10.0 dosbox full#

Our USB2ISA-X3 provides full access to memory and I/O space of the ISA cards, and handling of IRQ and DMA events. ROHS compliant - Yes, recommended for customers in the European Union, and all other customers.ĪRS Technologies’ USB2ISA-X3 allows plugging and handling of up to 3 standard or custom ISA cards.

It offers Objective-C 2.If you need to use your ISA cards, but your desktop or notebook computer lacks ISA slots, use our USB2ISA-X3 card.ĭimensions: 6.5 x 4.0 x 1.0 in., 16.3 x 10.0 x 2.5 cm.

An updated version of photo booth is introduced which allow us, user, to record video with real-time filter and blue/ green screen technology.

A quick look is available which allows us to view the document without opening them in external software.

It comes with Alexa voice to voice over and the Apple company assured that it is the most natural and understandable voice yet.

It doesn’t the support classic application.

It also does not back up to Airport Disc hard drives but this issue is been resolved on Maupdate. Time machine does not make bootable copies of backed up the volume, it does not backup encrypted FileVault home dictionary until the user logout. It allows the user to back up the deleted or replaced by another version of the file.

This version of Mac comes with an interesting feature called time machine.

Safari 3 is introduced which includes web clip.

The front row has been updated which closely resembles the interface of original Apple TV.

New dictionary in Japanese is introduced.

It has a new group feature called stack which displays a file in a ‘fan’ style, ‘grid’ style and a ‘list’ style.

It has the feature to access a file on their computer while far from home through the internet.

Mac os x 10.0 dosbox pdf#

It can create more useful work with action for RSS feed, PDF manipulation and much more. A new feature ‘watch me do’ is introduced that record user action and reply as an action in a work. It can create and edit work with the new interface. This new Mac OS Leopard 10.5 ISO comes with many new features like: X Mac OS X All Versions Download Download MacOS Sierra.DMG Installer.ISO. Download Mac OS X 10.12 MacOS Sierra.ISO. Single click download of MAC OS X Lion 10.7. Single click google drive highly compressed ISO bootable. Download Mac OS X Snow Leopard 10.6 ISO, DMG Directly. Mac OS X 10.0 Cheetah Supported Hardware: Power Mac G3 (Desktop, Mini Tower, All-in-One, Blue & White) Power Mac G4 (Yikes, Sawtooth, Gigabit, Digital Audio, QuickSilver requires 10.0.4 build 4S10) Power Mac G4 Cube iMac G3 iMac DV PowerBook G3 (excluding Kanga) PowerBook G4 Titanium. Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard is a very reliable operating system, providing a lightweight environment with a sleek and user-friendly interface to handle all. Apple is continuously increasing the stability and the security of the Mac OS X. Download Mac OS X Leopard 10.5 latest version standalone offline setup DVD ISO image.

Mac os x 10.0 dosbox for mac os#

Mac os x iso freeload - R for Mac OS X, Apple Mac OS X Mavericks, Mac OS X Update, and many more programs.

[hunteryo916]

Rayon Port Devices Driver

Windows (before Windows 10) requires a driver information file to be loaded for the Eleven, EtherTen, EtherMega, LeoStick, Cube4, USBSerial and USBDroid so that it knows to treat them as Serial Port devices.

Typically, the port drivers provide the majority of the functionality for each class of audio subdevice. For example, the WaveRT port driver does most of the work that is required to stream audio data to a DMA-based audio device, whereas the miniport driver provides device-specific details such as the DMA address and device name.

Below, we are sharing the links to USB drivers for most of the popular Android device manufacturers like Samsung, LG, Sony, Google, HTC, Motorola, Dell, etc. These USB drivers are safe to use as they are from their respective manufacturers. All the links are valid and official. We recommend you to download the latest USB drivers.

Installing the driver file is a once only requirement, Windows will retain it for any future Freetronics products you connect.

Linux, Mac OS X, and Windows 10 do not require any driver installation: they will set up the device automatically. (See below for some notes about Windows 10.)

Garmin Support Center is where you will find answers to frequently asked questions and resources to help with all of your Garmin products. Jan 20, 2019 - Equipment to enable urination if you can't sit on the toilet. See more ideas about urinal, portable urinal, urinals.

Installation steps:

Download the 'FreetronicsUSBDrivers_v2_2.zip' archive to your computer. Unzip the contents to a separate folder (you can do this by right-clicking the Zip File in Explorer and choosing 'Extract All'.) Make note of the directory where you've extracted the contents. (Windows XP users, if you have problems with version 2.x then version 1.3 is here.)

Connect your Freetronics device to a USB port on your computer. On some Windows versions you will see a message pop up that installation failed, as Windows doesn't yet know about the new driver. If an installation wizard window opens, you can Cancel it.

Next, we're going to open Device Manager.

In Windows 7 or Vista, click on the Start Menu and type 'Device Manager', then press Enter.

In Windows 8 or 8.1, press Win+X to show the 'Power User Menu', then click Device Manager.

In older versions of Windows., select Run..., type in devmgmt.msc and press Enter. (The devmgmt.msc above is the quick way, there are other ways to get to Device Manager via the Control Panel -> System, or right-click My Computer and select Properties -> Hardware -> Device Manager.)

Look at the 'Other Devices' entry. Your Freetronics device will be listed there with a mark against it until we show Windows the driver file we downloaded.

Right-click the entry, and choose 'Update Driver...'

Next, choose 'Browse my computer for Driver Software'.

Lastly, in the Browse window, navigate to the folder where you extracted the contents of the Zip file

Follow the remaining prompts and Windows will install the driver.

After installation is complete, you can delete the files you downloaded. Windows will reuse the installed driver information for any future Freetronics devices.

Updating:

If you already have a previous version of the driver, you can update by following the same steps shown above. You don't need to update if all your devices are already working properly.

Windows 10

On Windows 10, a driver should automatically be loaded the first time the USB device is connected. The process may take a minute or so. After installing, the device will appear under the 'Ports (COM & LPT)' section in Windows device manager. The label on the entry will be a generic 'USB Serial Device'.

If you'd like the device to have a more specific label in Device Manager, download the drivers as specified above and then right click the generic Serial Port and choose 'Update Driver...' to browse to the new driver directory. This doesn't change any functionality (the COM port works either way), only the label in Device Manager!

Eleven, EtherTen, USBDroid

These models are compatible with the Arduino Uno and are selected in the Arduino IDE as 'Arduino Uno' under 'Tools -> Board'. The serial port is chosen under 'Tools > Serial Port' in the Arduino IDE. You can find the Serial Port name by looking under the 'Ports' section in Device Manager.

EtherMega

Rayon Port Devices Driver Device

This model is selected in the Arduino IDE as 'Arduino Mega 2560' under 'Tools -> Board'. The serial port is chosen under 'Tools > Serial Port' in the Arduino IDE. You can find the Serial Port name by looking under the 'Ports' section in Device Manager.

LeoStick and Cube4 Only

The LeoStick has some additional steps because it appears as two USB devices, one for the bootloader and a second device when a sketch is running. The Cube4 is the same, its underlying hardware is actually identical to a LeoStick V2.0 (both are Arduino Leonardo compatible.)

For either product you'll need to install the LeoStick board profile in the Arduino 1.0.x IDE, please see the LeoStick getting started guide for steps.

Once this is done you can select the board in the Arduino IDE as Tools > Board > Freetronics LeoStick (v1 or v2), and select the Tools > Serial Port that it appears at (you can find this in Device Manager.)

On Windows XP or Server 2003, when you start your first upload the computer may prompt you a second time for a new device driver. If it does this, you can just click through the prompts for a normal installation, no need to point to the zip file directory again. This is because the 'bootloader' (used to load sketches on the LeoStick/Cube4) has a different USB ID to the running sketch itself, so Windows sees it as a brand new device. This only happens once.

All Done

We hope you thoroughly enjoy your boards and many projects!

Driver Version History

V2.2 - February 2015 - Update driver signing certificate (no need to update existing installed drivers).

V2.1 - June 2014 - Fix bug with keyboard support on LeoStick/Cube (see below).

V2.0 - March 2014 - First version with signed drivers.

Keyboard Support Not Working on LeoStick/Cube

There was a bug in versions of the Freetronics USB drivers before 2.1 where the LeoStick/Cube wasn't automatically configured as a 'Composite Device', so keyboard and mouse support didn't work. This requires a quick manual step to enable keyboard/mouse (this is required even if you've updated the driver):

Open Device Manager (using the method mentioned above.)

Under 'Ports', right click the entry corresponding to the LeoStick COM port and choose 'Update Driver...'

Choose 'Browse my Computer for Driver Software'

Click 'Let me pick from a list of device drivers on my computer...'

In the pop up window that appears, there should be a list including the entry 'USB Composite Device'. Select that exact row, and click 'Next'

Your LeoStick or Cube should now work properly as a keyboard or mouse as well as a COM port.

In order to assign real-time capability to a standard Ethernet port of an IPC controller, the Beckhoff real-time driver has to be installed on this port under Windows.

This can be done in several ways. One option is described here.

In the System Manager call up the TwinCAT overview of the local network interfaces via Options → Show Real Time Ethernet Compatible Devices.

This have to be called up by the Menü “TwinCAT” within the TwinCAT 3 environment:

The following dialog appears:

Interfaces listed under “Compatible devices” can be assigned a driver via the “Install” button. A driver should only be installed on compatible devices.

Rayon Port Devices Driver

A Windows warning regarding the unsigned driver can be ignored.

Alternatively an EtherCAT-device can be inserted first of all as described in chapter Offline configuration creation, section “Creating the EtherCAT device” in order to view the compatible ethernet ports via its EtherCAT properties (tab “Adapter”, button “Compatible Devices…”):

EtherCAT device properties(TwinCAT 2): click on “Compatible Devices…” of tab “Adapte””

TwinCAT 3: the properties of the EtherCAT device can be opened by double click on “Device .. (EtherCAT)” within the Solution Explorer under “I/O”:

After the installation the driver appears activated in the Windows overview for the network interface (Windows Start → System Properties → Network)

Rayon Port Devices Drivers

A correct setting of the driver could be:

Exemplary correct driver setting for the Ethernet port

Rayon Port Devices Driver Ed

Incorrect driver settings for the Ethernet port

Rayon Port Devices Driver Updater

In most cases an Ethernet port that is configured as an EtherCAT device will not transport general IP packets. For this reason and in cases where an EL6601 or similar devices are used it is useful to specify a fixed IP address for this port via the “Internet Protocol TCP/IP” driver setting and to disable DHCP. In this way the delay associated with the DHCP client for the Ethernet port assigning itself a default IP address in the absence of a DHCP server is avoided. A suitable address space is 192.168.x.x, for example.

[market-research-updates]

Ethernet Controller Market is Estimated To Expand At a Healthy CAGR in The Upcoming Forecast 2025

The ethernet controller market is expected to register a CAGR of 6.1% during the forecast period 2020-2025. As Ethernet controller controls Ethernet communications, the trend towards industrial Ethernet physical layer (PHY) products to help manufacturers addressing key Industry 4.0 and smart factory communication challenges surrounding data integration, synchronization, edge connectivity, and system interoperability is highly being adopted. The ADIN1300, for example, is a low-power, single-port Ethernet transceiver designed for time-critical industrial Ethernet applications up to Gigabit speeds and designed to operate reliably in harsh industrial conditions over extended ambient temperature ranges. It is the latest technology developed for the company’s ADI Chronous portfolio of industrial Ethernet solutions. - Adoption of EtherCat for the real-time network for machine control drives the market. EtherCAT uses the implementation of on-board Ethernet controller integrated via Direct Memory Access (DMA), so no CPU capacity is required for the data transfer between the master device and the network providing higher orders of magnitude faster than Profibus, DeviceNet, and ModbusTCP. Automation equipment manufacturers can use EtherCAT on their own device implementations to improve performance and flexibility, while end-users and automation system designers can implement their own EtherCAT-compliant devices. Further, EtherCAT is part of several IEC Standards (61158, 61784, 61800), ISO 15745, and is also a SEMI standard (E54.20).

Click Here to Download Sample Report >> https://www.sdki.jp/sample-request-86056 - In April 2020, Renesas Electronics Corporation announced the RX72N Group and RX66N Group of 32-bit microcontrollers (MCUs), new additions to the RX Family that combines equipment control and networking function on a single chip with EtherCAT support.

- The adoption of USB Ethernet controllers drives the market. There are various protocols for Ethernet-style networking over USB. The main function of these protocols is to allow the application-independent exchange of data with USB devices, instead of specialized protocols such as video or MTP. Even though USB is not a physical Ethernet, the networking stacks of all major operating systems are set up to transport IEEE 802.3 frames.

- For instance, implementing the KL5KUSB121 10/100 Base-T USB-Ethernet controller provides highly integrated 16-bit RISC CPU, mask ROM, and RAM buffer coupled with serial, external memory, and SPORT interfaces. It easily converts USB to Ethernet. The chip's internal processor enables a remote network device interface specification that provides compatibility with next-generation operating systems and faster data transfers and is well suited for LAN, Home Area Network, cable modem, set-top boxes, or mobile networking applications.

- The impact of COVID-19 has provided the restraints to market growth. There is nearly an 80% chance for significant contraction in worldwide semiconductor revenues in 2020, which also affects the market of ethernet controllers due to the massive slowdown of the supply chain. A player such as Arista, Cisco, Juniper, and many others in the 400GbE ecosystem planned to demonstrate interoperability and the growing volume of 400GbE wares at OFC (Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exhibition) 2020 and the major networking vendors working on 400GbE were reported some degree of 400G implementation, but the players have decided to manufacture in the first half of 2021, and currently, the production has been stopped. - Further, as the epidemic has caused the manufacturing industry to slow down, the requirement of EtherCAT in the industry is most vital as it provides real-time, deterministic, high performance, and open industrial Ethernet network protocol and can ensure the data transmission certainty and real-time. In April 2020, ASIX Electronics Corporation announced to supply EtherCAT Slave Controller SoC in China and other parts of the world, which caters to the significant assistance in the market growth. But overall, the growth is restrained due to negligible demand from all the sectors. Key Market Trends Gigabit Ethernet to Witness Growth in Data Centers - Data-intensive applications such as big data and cloud computing continue to grow at an accelerating rate. Multiple terabits of data travel to and from the data center each second. Moving such massive data around the data center requires a robust infrastructure that is capable of handling high bandwidth data delivery having high IP traffic to and from storage endpoints, servers, top-of-rack (TOR) switches, and core switches. This penetrates the demand of an ethernet controller, which connects devices using media access control (MAC) addresses. - Players such as Marvell Ethernet Network Adapters and Controllers are purpose-built to accelerate and simplify data center, PC and workstation networking. Marvell Ethernet controllers deliver Ethernet connectivity speeds ranging from NBASE-T for Workstations to data center-class 10/25/50/100GbE for high-volume software-defined datacenters. - Further, rising power consumption and costs related to continuous growth in data are bringing data centers to face the challenges of delivering greater storage bandwidth and capacity. To address such issues, in April 2020, Marvell’s MRVL QLogic Fibre Channel and FastLinQ Ethernet adapter solutions will now enable NVMe over Fabrics (NVMe-oF) technology in VMwarevSphere 7.0, displaying its continued efforts to strengthen its end-to-end Ethernet storage and bandwidth capabilities. - Further, with an increasing demand for networking speed and throughput performance within the data center and high-performance computing clusters, in April 2020, the newly rebranded Ethernet Technology Consortium has announced a new 800 Gigabit Ethernet technology for data center replacing the 400 Gigabit Ethernet. The 800 B base-R specification (or 800 GbE) will need new definitions for media access control (MAC) and physical coding sublayer (PCS). This further benefits hyperscale datacenter networks that span a large number of nodes and require multiple hops. - Furthermore, in April 2020, Tyan has officially announced its support for the new chips on selecting models of their Transport HX barebones servers, which are designed for high-performance computing and server data-driven workflows. It includes Transport HX TN83-B8251, TS75A-B8252, and the TS75-B8252, where on the motherboard, there is an Intel X550-AT2 dual 10 G Ethernet controller, with a dedicated Realtek IPMI Ethernet port, and an Aspeed AST2500 BMC. Each model has offered its own benefits for the server, data center, and high-frequency trading systems.

- Moreover, as the demand for public cloud services continues to grow, hyper-scale data centers and cloud providers increasingly rely on multicore SmartNIC solutions to offload infrastructure services and workloads to maximize server utilization. In March 2020, Broadcom Inc. announced that its Stingray adapter, the industry’s first 100G SmartNIC (integrated NetXtreme Ethernet Controller), is powering Baidu Cloud with unprecedented levels of performance. The Stingray adapter’s exceptional levels of integration, includes eight ARM A72 CPU cores running at 3GHz, 300G of memory bandwidth.

Click Here to Download Sample Report >> https://www.sdki.jp/sample-request-86056 North America Accounts for Significant Share - North America accounts for a significant share. With the increase in the development of technology along with the adoption of a high rate of consumer electronics such as gaming consoles, etc., the demand for the ethernet controller is growing in this region.

- For instance, in April 2020, Killer announced the Killer E3100 Ethernet controller is improving the internet performance by prioritizing gaming and rescuing up CPU power and PC memory. It reaches speeds up to 2.5Gbps and can combine with Killer Wi-Fi products to reach up to 4.9 Gbps of theoretical throughput. The Killer 3100 is available in systems from Acer and MSI, including the newly announced MSI Creator 17 and MSI GE66 Raider.

- Further, as the automotive industry increasingly adopts Ethernet in-vehicle networks for mainstream models, the number of related ports is expected to grow at a 62% annualized growth trajectory, from 53 million in 2018 to 367 million by 2022, according to Marvell Technology Group. Moreover, in September 2019, Marvell Technology Group completed the acquisition of Aquantia Corporation to expand the market in automotive solutions. - The acquisition of Aquantia complements Marvell’s portfolio of copper and optical, physical layer product offerings, and extends its position in the Multi-Gig 2.5G/5G/10G Ethernet segments. In particular, Aquantia’s innovative Multi-gig automotive PHYs, coupled with Marvell’s gigabit PHY and secure switch products, creates a broad range of high-speed in-car networking solutions. - Further, in November 2019, Astronics Ballard announced to embed an open architecture with a 64-bit processing foundation and Ethernet backbone across its next generation of NG avionics input/output (I/O) computers. Inside the next generation, boxes are simple converters capable of supporting Ethernet, MIL-STD-1553 and ARINC 429 among other data bus protocols, and the processing is capable of enabling advanced distributed control and mission computing on fighter jets, drones, and helicopters. - To support the instance, in January 2019, U.S. Air Force, Army, and Navy officials signed a memorandum agreeing that future acquisitions of new aircraft technologies will focus on using the Modular Open Systems Approach (MOSA). In addition to MOSA, the NG computers also meet the design requirements for DoD’s Open Mission Systems (OMS) standard. This enhances the demand for the market in this sector.

Competitive Landscape The ethernet controller market is fragmented in nature due to high competition. Despite the fragmentation, the market is largely tied by the regulatory requirements for establishment and operation. Further, with increasing innovation, acquisitions, and partnerships, the rivalry in the market tends to be increasing in the future. Key players are Intel Corporation and Broadcom Inc. Recent developments in the market are - - March 2020 - Ethernity Networks introduced its ENET-D, an add-on Ethernet Controller technology to its ACE-NIC100 SmartNIC that efficiently processes millions of data flows and offers performance acceleration for networking and security appliances. ENET-D is an Ethernet adapter and DMA (direct memory access) engine that eliminates the need for proprietary hardware on a network interface card. By fitting into various FPGAs and enabling customers to further avoid ASIC-based components, ENET-D advances complete disaggregation at the edge of the network. The dynamic nature of business environment in the current global economy is raising the need amongst business professionals to update themselves with current situations in the market. To cater such needs, Shibuya Data Count provides market research reports to various business professionals across different industry verticals, such as healthcare & pharmaceutical, IT & telecom, chemicals and advanced materials, consumer goods & food, energy & power, manufacturing & construction, industrial automation & equipment and agriculture & allied activities amongst others.

For more information, please contact:

Hina Miyazu

Shibuya Data Count Email: sales@sdki.jp Tel: + 81 3 45720790

[icchipword]

LPC1765FBD100 Product Information

In this post, I will introduce you a series of products produced by NXP USA Inc.: LPC1765FBD100, there are two options:

LPC1765FBD100,551

LPC1765FBD100K

LPC1765FBD100 Overview

The LPC1765 is a Cortex-M3 microcontroller for embedded applications featuring a high level of integration and low power consumption at frequencies of 100 MHz.

Features include 256 kB of flash memory, 64 kB of data memory, USB Device/Host/OTG, 8-channel DMA controller, 4 UARTs, 2 CAN channels, 3 SSP/SPI, 3 I2C, I2S, 8-channel 12-bit ADC, 10-bit DAC, motor control PWM, Quadrature Encoder interface, 4 general purpose timers, 6-output general purpose PWM, ultra-low power Real-Time Clock with separate battery supply, and up to 70 general purpose I/O pins. The LPC1765 is pin-compatible to the 100-pin LPC2368 Arm7™ MCU.

LPC1765FBD100 Features

256kB flash, 64kB SRAM, USB, LQFP100 package.

Arm® Cortex®-M3 processor, running at frequencies of up to 100 MHz

Arm Cortex-M3 built-in Nested Vectored Interrupt Controller (NVIC)

Up to 256 kB on-chip flash programming memory

Up to 64 kB On-chip SRAM

In-System Programming (ISP) and In-Application Programming (IAP)

Eight channel General Purpose DMA controller (GPDMA)

USB 2.0 full-speed device/Host/OTG controller

Four UARTs with fractional baud rate generation, internal FIFO, and DMA support

CAN 2.0B controller with two channels

SPI controller with synchronous, serial, full duplex communication

Two SSP controllers with FIFO and multi-protocol capabilities

Three enhanced I2C bus interfaces

I2S (Inter-IC Sound) interface

70 General Purpose I/O (GPIO) pins with configurable pull-up/down resistors

12-bit/8-ch Analog/Digital Converter (ADC) with conversion rates up to 200 kHz

10-bit Digital/Analog Converter (DAC) with dedicated conversion timer and DMA

Four general purpose timers/counters

One motor control PWM with support for three-phase motor control

Quadrature encoder interface that can monitor one external quadrature encoder

One standard PWM/timer block with external count input

Low power RTC with a separate power domain and dedicated oscillator

WatchDog Timer (WDT)

Arm Cortex-M3 system tick timer, including an external clock input option

Repetitive interrupt timer provides programmable and repeating timed interrupts

Each peripheral has its own clock divider for further power savings

Standard JTAG test/debug interface for compatibility with existing tools

Integrated PMU (Power Management Unit)

Four reduced power modes: Sleep, Deep-sleep, Power-down, and Deep power-down

Single 3.3 V power supply (2.4 V to 3.6 V)

Four external interrupt inputs configurable as edge/level sensitive

Non-maskable Interrupt (NMI) input

Wake-up Interrupt Controller (WIC)

Processor wake-up from Power-down mode via any interrupt

Brownout detect with separate threshold for interrupt and forced reset

Power-On Reset (POR)

Crystal oscillator with an operating range of 1 MHz to 25 MHz

4 MHz internal RC oscillator trimmed to 1 % accuracy

Code Read Protection (CRP) with different security levels

Unique device serial number for identification purposes

LPC1765FBD100 Package

LQFP100

LQFP100, plastic low profile quad flat package;

100 leads;

0.5 mm pitch,

14 mm x 14 mm x 1.4 mm body.

LPC1765FBD100 Operating Features

Parameter                                                                                Value

Core Type                                                                                  Arm Cortex-M3

Operating Frequency [Max] (MHz)                                          100

Flash (kB)                                                                                  256

SRAM (kB)                                                                               64

Serial Communication                                                              2 x SPI,3 x I²C,4 x UART

CAN                                                                                          2

USB Controllers                                                                        1

Timers [Number, bits]                                                               10 x 32

ADC [Number, bits]                                                                  1 x 12

GPIO                                                                                         70

Supply Voltage [Min to Max] (V)                                            2.4 to 3.6

Ambient Operating Temperature (Min to Max) (℃)               -40 to 85

  LPC2368 Block Diagram

[sololinuxes]

Obtener información del hardware con hwinfo

Obtener información del hardware con hwinfo, en cualquier distribución Linux. La herramienta hwinfo nos aporta una completa información del sistema, desde la línea de comandos. De código abierto bajo licencia GPL v2 +, se basa en la biblioteca libhd. Desarrollada en un principio por OpenSuse, actualmente la puedes encontrar en los repositorios oficiales de la mayoría de distribuciones linux. Con ella podemos obtener información detallada de la tarjeta gráfica, monitor, módem, escáner, CPU, memoria RAM, disco duro, BIOS, cámara, unidades de CD / DVD, teclado, mouse, impresora, bluetooth, interfaz de red, USB y mucho más.  

Obtener información del hardware con hwinfo

Vemos como instalar hwinfo en las distribuciones linux más populares. Debian, Ubuntu, Linux Mint y derivados: sudo apt install hwinfo Open Suse, Suse y derivados: sudo yast -i hwinfo Fedora y derivados: sudo dnf yast -i hwinfo CentOS y derivados: sudo yum install epel-release sudo yum update sudo yum install hwinfo Arch Linux, Manjaro y derivados: sudo pacman -S hwinfo # o sudo pacman -Rs hwinfo Su uso es bastante simple, por ejemplo... si quieres ver un listado completo y detallado de todo el hardware conectado, puedes ejecutar cualquiera de los siguientes comandos. hwinfo sudo hwinfo hwinfo --all El comando anterior puede imprimir un resultado excesivamente extenso, la verdad es que no es práctico. Para solucionar este problema podemos usar la opción --short, que acorta las salidas. hwinfo --short ejemplo de salida... # hwinfo --short cpu: Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E3-1230 v3 @ 3.30GHz, 800 MHz Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E3-1230 v3 @ 3.30GHz, 875 MHz Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E3-1230 v3 @ 3.30GHz, 843 MHz Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E3-1230 v3 @ 3.30GHz, 830 MHz Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E3-1230 v3 @ 3.30GHz, 836 MHz Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E3-1230 v3 @ 3.30GHz, 830 MHz Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E3-1230 v3 @ 3.30GHz, 1653 MHz Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E3-1230 v3 @ 3.30GHz, 833 MHz graphics card: Hewlett-Packard Company iLO4 storage: Floppy disk controller Intel 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family SATA Controller 1 Hewlett-Packard Company P222 network: eth0 Broadcom NetXtreme BCM5720 Gigabit Ethernet PCIe eth1 Broadcom NetXtreme BCM5720 Gigabit Ethernet PCIe network interface: lo Loopback network interface eth0 Ethernet network interface eth1 Ethernet network interface disk: /dev/sda HP LOGICAL VOLUME partition: /dev/sda1 Partition /dev/sda2 Partition /dev/sda3 Partition usb controller: Intel 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family USB xHCI Intel 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family USB EHCI #2 Intel 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family USB EHCI #1 Hewlett-Packard Company iLO4 bios: BIOS bridge: Intel Xeon E3-1200 v3 Processor DRAM Controller Intel Xeon E3-1200 v3/4th Gen Core Processor PCI Express x16 Controller Intel Xeon E3-1200 v3/4th Gen Core Processor PCI Express x8 Controller Intel Xeon E3-1200 v3/4th Gen Core Processor PCI Express x4 Controller Intel 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port #1 Intel 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port #6 Intel 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port #8 Intel C222 Series Chipset Family Server Essential SKU LPC Controller hub: Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub Standard Microsystems Hub Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub Intel Hub Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub Intel Hub memory: Main Memory unknown: FPU DMA controller PIC Timer Keyboard controller Hewlett-Packard Company iLO4 Hewlett-Packard Company iLO4 Hewlett Packard Enterprise Memory controller /dev/ttyS0 16550A /dev/ttyS1 16550A /dev/sg0 HP P222   También podemos especificar el hardware, sobre el que queremos obtener información. Las opciones disponibles son las siguientes: arch, bios, block, bluetooth, braille, bridge, camera, cdrom, chipcard, cpu, disk, dsl, dvb, fingerprint, floppy, framebuffer, gfxcard, hub, ide, isapnp, isdn, joystick, keyboard, memory, modem, monitor, mouse, netcard, network, partition, pci, pcmcia, pcmcia-ctrl, pppoe, printer, redasd, reallyall, scanner, scsi, smp, sound, storage-ctrl, sys, tape, tv, uml, usb, usb-ctrl, vbe, wlan, xen, zip Como ejemplo obtenemos información sobre la cpu. hwinfo --cpu Como el resultado es excesivamente extenso lo acortamos. hwinfo --cpu --short Ejemplo de salida... # hwinfo --cpu --short cpu: Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E3-1230 v3 @ 3.30GHz, 800 MHz Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E3-1230 v3 @ 3.30GHz, 804 MHz Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E3-1230 v3 @ 3.30GHz, 857 MHz Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E3-1230 v3 @ 3.30GHz, 880 MHz Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E3-1230 v3 @ 3.30GHz, 1000 MHz Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E3-1230 v3 @ 3.30GHz, 825 MHz Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E3-1230 v3 @ 3.30GHz, 833 MHz Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E3-1230 v3 @ 3.30GHz, 913 MHz   Como puedes observar, estamos ante una herramienta muy potente y fácil de usar. Para conocer el resto de opciones puedes revisar su propia ayuda. hwinfo --help   Canales de Telegram: Canal SoloLinux – Canal SoloWordpress Espero que este articulo te sea de utilidad, puedes ayudarnos a mantener el servidor con una donación (paypal), o también colaborar con el simple gesto de compartir nuestros artículos en tu sitio web, blog, foro o redes sociales. Obtener información del hardware con hwinfo.   Read the full article

[smashingrobotics]

Polish company Husarion launched CORE2 — its second generation robot hardware controller for rapid prototyping and development. CORE2 is compatible with ROS, relies on an RTOS-based open-source software framework, and can be programmed with free tools either via cloud or offline. The controller is also compatible with other building platforms such as LEGO Mindstorms or Makeblock via optional modules.

CORE2 and CORE2-ROS boards side by side | Image credit: Husarion

CORE2 was showcased earlier this year at the Hannover Messe trade fair, and just like previous generation it is part of Husarion’s robotic development platform which is focused on making robot building more accessible for everyone.

What can Husarion CORE2 do?

CORE2 comes in two flavors. There’s the standalone low-power real-time connected computer with on-board ESP32 WiFi module for energy efficient or cloud-based projects.

Robot Operating System

CORE2-ROS harvests the processing power of an attached single-board computer such as the Raspberry Pi 3 or ASUS Tinker Board, while retaining real-time capabilities. This combo can run an Ubuntu based ROS image and lets you develop more advanced projects such as the ROSbot autonomous robot.

Everything is on-board, this makes things easy primarily because no additional hardware shields or interfaces are required for connecting motors or sensors. There are 4 DC motor ports with integrated H-bridges, 6 servo interfaces, a DC/DC converter for selecting voltage independently for each servo, 42 I/O pins, WiFi and other communication interfaces.

Husarion CORE2 robot controller | Image credit: Husarion

CORE2 is compatible with Arduino libraries — for every sensor or peripheral you want to connect there’s already a library written for it you can use without modifications.

Real-time processing. CORE2 controllers do not use up CPU cycles for high frequency data polling, relying instead on dedicated timers, DMA channels and interrupts, all driven by a RTOS (real-time operating system) and optimized libraries.

CORE2brick is an optional add-on interface and accessory kit for easily connecting LEGO Mindstorms hardware, accepting 4 LEGO motors and 6 LEGO sensors.

CORE2 servo controller module can control up to 12 servos delivering a selectable output voltage of 5-8.6 V, and 4 A maximum current. Each CORE2 or CORE2-ROS accepts up to 4 such servo controllers.

CORE2block is an adapter kit with required electrical connections for the Makeblock platform.

Here you can find several interesting projects made with CORE2 and CORE2-ROS controllers.

And there’s also the programming.

Programming the CORE2 controller

The easiest method to start programming is of course through the online web-based IDE. Simply log into your Husarion Cloud account, and create a script using templates in a few easy steps. Build the generated code and download it to the CORE2 controller.

Husarion cloud IDE workflow

You can also create a web-based control interface with video streaming and WebRTC support in no time. Simply select your project, define access rights and everything will be in place at the generated URL. A secure SSL connection is established between your robot and the cloud.

Program your CORE2 robot offline either by installing the Husarion extension to Visual Studio Code, or simply use the Husarion SDK in any mainstream IDE.

The powerful hFramework open-source real-time library lets you write some pretty advanced code in a very efficient manner.

CORE2 controller board specs

CORE2 controller board features | Image credit: Husarion

Real-time MCU: STM32F4, ARM CORTEX-M4, 168 MHz, 192 kB RAM, 1 MB Flash;

hRPi – expansion port for add-ons depending on version:

CORE2-ROS: optional SBC – either Raspberry Pi 3 (ARMv8, 1.2GHz, 1GB RAM, 16GB Flash) or ASUS Tinker Board (ARMv7-A, 1.8GHz, 2GB RAM, 16GB Flash);

CORE2: included ESP32 based Wi-Fi module;

hMot: 4 DC motor outputs + 4 quadrature encoder inputs 1 A cont./ 2 A max. current per output (2 A/4 A current in parallel);

hServo: 6 servo ports with selectable supply voltage (5-8.6 V) 3 A cont./4.5 A max. current total;

hSens: 6 sensor ports (4xGPIO, ADC/ext. interrupt, I2C/UART, 5 V out);

hExt: Extension port (12xGPIO, 7xADC, SPI, I2C, UART, 2x ext. interrupt);

USB serial port through FTDI chip

USB host with 1 A charging capability

micro SD card slot;

CAN interface with onboard transceiver;

DBG SWD (Serial Wire Debug): STM32F4 debug port;

Supply voltage: 6-16 VDC (built-in overcurrent, overvoltage, and reverse polarity protection).

Let’s take a look at the CORE2 boards and some of their features.

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Nickel-cadmium battery inner structure

Lead-Acid battery inner structure

Sealed (valve regulated) lead-acid battery

Roof of a house plated with solar panels

sss

Solar power system diagram using a focusing collector

Lead-acid battery inner structure

Common Ni-Cd battery

Domestic hot water solar panel

Ni-Fe cell schematics

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Pipe heated by focusing mirrors

Photovoltaic cell principle of operation

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k

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zz

s

Navigation scale

Navigation principles

Carnegie Mellon’s Tartan driving around

Triple Axis Accelerometer Breakout – ADXL335

DFRobot ±1.5, 2, 4, and 6g Triple Axis Accelerometer

Phidgets USB 9 DoF

Parallax MMA7455 3-Axis

ADXL321

WiTilt V3.0 Wireless Accelerometer (Photo source )

LilyPad ADXL335 (Photo source robotshop)

Machine Science Sensor / GPS Board (Photo source robotshop)

BMA180 Triple Axis Accelerometer Breakout (Photo source geeetech)

Senix TSPC-21S-232

Grove – Ultrasonic Ranger (Photo source seeedstudio.com)

Parallax PING (Photo source parallax.com)

Maxbotix LV-MaxSonar-EZ1 (Photo source pololu.com)

Devantech SRF01(Photo source robot-electronics.co.uk)

LV-MaxSonar-EZ4 (Photo source maxbotix.com)

Maxbotix XL-MaxSonar-WR1 (Photo source maxbotix.com)

DFRobot URM05 (Photo source dfrobot.com)

Smashing Robotics in Winter

smashing robotics

Smashing Robotics

Image credits: Husarion

Where to buy

There are only a few days to go of the CORE2 campaign. For US $89 you can get the standard CORE2 controller with WiFi.

For US $99 you can buy the CORE2-ROS board and accessory kit for attaching to a SBC. You will need to fork out about $140-160 for a complete CORE2-ROS kit including an SBC of your choice.

Complete robot building kits are also available — the CORE2 telepresence robot kit costs $249, while the complete ROSbot autonomous robot kit will set you back $1,290.

CORE2brick, CORE2block and servo controller optional modules cost $39 and 24 respectively.

Husarion CORE2: advanced robot development made simple Polish company Husarion launched CORE2 -- its second generation robot hardware controller for rapid prototyping and development.

[toppersexam]

GATE Computer Science Syllabus, Paper, Books, Notes, Online Mock Test, MCQ at Toppersexam.com

GATE Computer Science Syllabus, Paper, Books, Notes, Online Mock Test, MCQ The Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering is an examination that primarily tests the comprehensive understanding of various undergraduate subjects in engineering and science for admission into the Masters Program of institutes as well as jobs at Public Sector Companies. GATE Computer Science Online Mock Test Crack GATE Computer Science Recruitment exam with the help of online mock test Series or Free Mock Test. Every Sample Paper in GATE Computer Science Exam has a designated weightage so do not miss out any Paper. Prepare and Practice Mock for GATE Computer Science exam and check your test scores. You can get an experience by doing the Free Online Test or Sample Paper of GATE Computer Science Exam. Free Mock Test will help you to analysis your performance in the Examination. GATE Computer Science Online Mock Test : Available Now GATE Computer Science MCQs and Paper Buy the question bank or online quiz of GATE Computer Science Exam Going through the GATE Computer Science Exam Question Bank is a must for aspirants to both understand the exam structure as well as be well prepared to attempt the exam. The first step towards both preparation as well as revision is to practice from GATE Computer Science Exam with the help of Question Bank or Online quiz. We will provide you the questions with detailed answer. GATE Computer Science MCQs and Paper : Available Now GATE Computer Science Books : Click Here GATE Computer Science Syllabus GENERAL APTITUDE Verbal Ability : English Grammar, Sentence Completion, Verbal Analogies, World Groups Instructions, Critical Reasoning, and Verbal Deduction, etc. Numerical Ability : Numerical Computation, Numerical Estimation, Numerical Reasoning and Data Interpretation, etc. Computer Science and Information Syllabus Discrete Mathematics : Propositional and first-order logic. Sets, relations, functions, partial orders and lattices. Groups. Graphs : connectivity, matching, coloring. Combinatorics: counting, recurrence relations, generating functions. Linear Algebra : Matrices, determinants, system of linear equations, eigenvalues and eigenvectors, LU decomposition. Calculus : Limits, continuity, and differentiability. Maxima and minima. Mean value theorem. Integration. Probability : Random variables. Uniform, normal, exponential, Poisson and Binomial distributions. Mean, median, mode and standard deviation. Conditional probability and Bayes theorem. DIGITAL LOGIC : Boolean algebra, Combinational and sequential circuits. Minimization. Number representations and computer arithmetic (fixed and floating point). COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE : Machine instructions and addressing modes. ALU, data‐path and control unit. Instruction pipelining. Memory hierarchy: cache, main memory, and secondary storage; I/O interface (interrupt and DMA mode). PROGRAMMING AND DATA STRUCTURES : Programming in C, Recursion. Arrays, stacks, queues, linked lists, trees, binary search trees, binary heaps, graphs. ALGORITHMS : Searching, sorting, hashing. Asymptotic worst-case time and space complexity. Algorithm design techniques: greedy, dynamic programming and divide‐and‐conquer Graph search, minimum spanning trees, shortest paths. THEORY OF COMPUTATION : Regular expressions and finite automata. Context-free grammars and push-down automata. Regular and context-free languages, pumping lemma. Turing machines and undecidability. COMPILER DESIGN : Lexical analysis, parsing, syntax-directed translation. Runtime environments. Intermediate code generation. OPERATING SYSTEM : Processes, threads, inter‐process communication, concurrency, and synchronization. Deadlock. CPU scheduling. Memory management and virtual memory. File systems. DATABASESER : model. Relational model: relational algebra, tuple calculus, SQL. Integrity constraints, normal forms. File organization, indexing (e.g., B and B+ trees). Transactions and concurrency control. COMPUTER NETWORKS : Concept of layering. LAN technologies (Ethernet). Flow and error control techniques, switching. IPv4/IPv6, routers and routing algorithms (distance vector, link state). TCP/UDP and sockets, congestion control. Application layer protocols (DNS, SMTP, POP, FTP, HTTP). Basics of Wi-Fi. Network security: authentication, basics of public key and private key cryptography, digital signatures and certificates, firewalls. GATE 2021 Computer Science Exam Pattern Duration : 180 Mint Negative Mark : 0.66 SectionNo. of QuestionsMarksMarks/QuestionsTotal Marks General Aptitude5 55 51 25 10 Technical, Engineering, Mathematics25 3025 301 225 60 Total65  100 #GATEComputerScience #GATEComputerScience2020 #GATEComputerScienceExam #FreeTestSeries #QuestionsBank #GATEComputerScienceSyllabus #OnlineTestSeries #OnlineMockTest #ImportantQuestionPaper #ImportantQuestion #ImportantQuestion

[componentplanet]

One Standard to (Maybe) Rule Them All: Intel Debuts Thunderbolt 4

In March 2019, Intel Corporation announced that it has contributed the Thunderbolt protocol specification to the USB Promoter Group. The USB Promoter Group also announced the pending release of the USB4 specification, based on the Thunderbolt protocol. The convergence of the underlying Thunderbolt and USB protocols will increase compatibility among USB Type-C connector-based products, simplifying how people connect their devices. (Credit: Tim Herman/Intel Corporation)

About five years ago, the computer industry brought forth a new USB cable standard, conceived with the best of intentions and dedicated to the proposition that all ports should be equal. Then, all hell broke loose.

In perhaps the most perfect example of getting exactly what one asked for (which wasn’t at all what anybody wanted), the USB-IF working group created USB-C, a truly universal cable standard, with a dizzying number of internal implementation options and a very real problem: Plugging the wrong cable into your USB-C device can literally fry it.

Five years later, Intel is cleaning up the implementation mess of USB-C, at least in part. The latest edition of Thunderbolt, Thunderbolt 4, will exist as a superset of Thunderbolt 3 and USB4. Importantly, here’s what this means for cable compatibility: If a cable is Thunderbolt 4 compatible, it can interface with every other cable standard.

While this doesn’t get us back to the happy era of knowing a micro-USB cable was a micro-USB cable, it at least offers a version of it. Of course, this does depend on USB4 / TB4 devices becoming available, which is going to take a little while.

Intel is launching TB4 with Tiger Lake, its upcoming refresh to the 10nm Ice Lake platform. Tiger Lake has been generating some positive buzz about its expected performance, both on CPU and GPU, but we don’t have firm details on the platform yet.

The new JHL8340 and JHL8540 are codenamed Maple Ridge, while the device controller is Goshen Ridge. Power and size requirements are apparently largely identical to TB3, and the first Tiger Lake devices to carry the standard are expected to also be part of the Project Athena program.

Unfortunately, at least for now, TB4 looks like it might be an Intel-only technology. While you can buy AMD motherboards with Thunderbolt support — it’s rare, but it exists — TB4 is going to require DMA protection and Intel achieves this using its own Intel VT-d (Intel Virtualization Technology for Directed I/O). VT-d is not an open standard and Intel’s own slide states that the technology is required to enable TB4.

TB4 offers a respite from the cable conundrums of USB-C and the so-bad-it-feels-deliberate branding of the USB-IF. “USB 3.2 Gen 2×2” is the kind of branding only a motherboard OEM could love. What we’re less-than-excited about, however, is the apparent lack of support for AMD implementations.

Thunderbolt is an Intel technology and Intel has the right to build standards that are only available for its own chips. Thunderbolt availability on AMD hardware has always been the exception, not the rule. At the same time, however, the USB-C ecosystem is something of a trainwreck and connectivity standards always do better when supported by multiple companies and hardware platforms. Nvidia has shipped ray tracing-capable GPUs since 2018, but it’s no accident that the feature is being talked up far more in 2020, now that AMD will be bringing its own compatible hardware to the console and PC GPU markets.

If Intel wants TB4 to become a universal standard, at some point, it’s going to have to share enough of the tech to allow other companies to create compatible implementations.

Now Read:

USB Type-C Is About to Get Safer and Potentially More Annoying

Google engineer challenges USB-C cables for sale at Amazon

Caveat Emptor: USB-C Cable Compatibility and Safety are Turning Into a Nightmare

from ExtremeTechExtremeTech https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/312514-one-standard-to-maybe-rule-them-all-intel-debuts-thunderbolt-4 from Blogger http://componentplanet.blogspot.com/2020/07/one-standard-to-maybe-rule-them-all.html

[siva3155]

300+ TOP MPMC LAB VIVA Questions and Answers

MPMC LAB VIVA Questions :-

1.What is a Microprocessor? It is a CPU fabricated on a single chip, program-controlled device, which fetches the instructions from memory, decodes and executes the instructions. 2. Define bit, byte and word. Bit is either 0 or 1. Byte is group of 8 bits. Word is group of 16 bits. 3.What are the different functional units in 8086? 2 units-Bus Interface Unit (BIU) and Execution unit (EU) 4. What is the function of BIU ? It is used to generate the 20-bit physical address and is responsible for performing all external bus operations. 5. What is the function of EU? Execution Unit receives program codes and data from BIU, executes these instructions and store the result. 6. What is the maximum size of segment in 8086 microprocessor? 64KB. 7. What is general purpose registers in 8086? There are 4 general purpose registers are there. AX-ACCUMULATOR BX- BASE CX- COUNT DX-DATA (Extended accumulator) 8. What are the functions of General purpose Registers? AX register as 16-bit accumulator, stores all arithmetic and logical operation's results. BX register is used as an offset address Storage. CX register is used as counter. Especially used in loop, shift, rotate instructions. DX register is used in port operations (IN and OUT) 9. What is special purpose registers in 8086? CS- CODE SEGMENT DS-DATA SEGMENT ES-EXTRA SEGMENT SS-STACK SEGMENT BP-BASE POINTER IP-INSTRUCTION POINTER SP- STACK POINTER SI-SOURCE INDEX DI-DESTINATION INDEX FLAG REGISTER 10. What are the functions of base Registers? CS stores program code, DS stores data ES sores extra data SS stores stack data. 11. Name the pin in 8086 microprocessor that is used for selecting mode of operation? 29th pin-MN/MX' If MN/MX'=0 then maximum mode is selected. MN/MX'=1 then minimum mode is selected. 12. What is Segment address in 8086? The part of the segment starting address stored in a segment register is called the segment address. 13. What are the flags in 8086? In 8086, 9 flags are there. Out of 9, 6 are conditional (status) flags and 3 control flags. Conditional (status) flags: Carry flag (CF), Parity flag (PF), Auxiliary carry flag (CF), Zero flag (ZF), Overflow flag (OF), and Sign flag(SF) Control flags: Trap flag (TF), Direction flag (DF), Interrupt flag (IF), 14. What is Tri-state logic? Three Logic Levels are used and they are High (logic 1), Low(logic 0), High impedance(Z) state. The high and low are normal logic levels & high impedance state is electrical open circuit conditions. 15. What is system bus? Group of address, data and control buses. Address bus: carry the Address to the memory to fetch either Instruction or Data. Data bus: carry the Data from the memory. Control bus: carry the Control signals like RD/WR, reset, ready etc. 16. What is the difference between Maskable interrupts and Non-Maskable interrupts? An interrupt that can be turned off by the programmer is known as Maskable interrupt. An interrupt which can be never be turned off (i.e. disabled) is known as Non-Maskable interrupt. 17. What are the different types of Addressing Modes? There are 12 different types of Addressing Modes. They are:- Immediate:- The Immediate data is a part of instruction. Direct:- A 16-bit memory address (offset) is directly specified in the instruction as a part of it. Register:- Data is stored in a register. Register Indirect:- The address of the memory location which contains data or operand is determined in an indirect way. Indexed:- offset of the operand is stored in one of the index registers. Register Relative:- The data is available at an effective address formed by adding an 8-bit or 16-bit displacement with the content of any one of the registers BX,BP,SI and DI in the default (either DS or ES) segment. Based Indexed:- The effective address of the data is formed, in this addressing mode,by adding content of a base register to the content of an index register. Relative Based Indexed:-  The effective address is formed by adding an 8 or 16-bit displacement with the sum of contents of any one of the base registers and any one of the index registers, in the default segment. Intrasegment Direct Mode:- In this mode, the address to which the control is to bve transferred lies in the segment in which the control transfer instruction lies and appears directly in the instruction as an immediate displacement value. Intrasegment Indirect Mode:- In this mode, the displacement to which the control is to be transferred, is in the same segment in which the control transfer instruction lies, but it is passed to the instruction indirectly. Intersegment Direct:- In this mode, the address to which the control is to be transferred is in a different segment. Intersegment Indirect:- In this mode, the address to which the control is to be transferred lies in a different segment and it is passed to the instruction indirectly sequentially. 18. What is baud rate? The baud rate is the rate at which the serial data are transmitted. Units- symbols per second. 19. What is a port? The port is a buffered I/O, which is used to hold the data transmitted from the processor to I/O device or vice-versa. 20. What is 8255? It is PPI- Programmable Peripheral Interface. it is used to connect I/O devices to microprocessor and supports parallel communication. 21.What are Flag registers? 22.Write the flags of 8086? 23. What are the interrupts of 8086? 24. How clock signal is generated in 8086? What is the maximum internal clock frequency of 8086? 25. Write the special functions carried by the general purpose registers of 8086? 26.What is the need for Port? 27.What is a port? 28.What is processor cycle (Machine cycle)? 29.What is Instruction cycle? 30.What is fetch and execute cycle? 31. In how many ways computer soft wares are categorized? 32. Explain the two types of software? 33. What is an editor? 34. What is an OS and what are its functions? 35. What are the different types of assemblers used? 36. What is a linker? 37. What is a locator? 38. What is coprocessor? 39. What is a coprocessor trap? 40. What is a debugger? 41. In how many groups can the signals of 8085 be classified? 42. What is meant by the statement that 8085 is a 8 bit microprocessor? 43. What is the operating frequency of 8085? 44. What is the purpose of CLK signals of 8085? 45. What are the widths of data bus (DB) and address bus (AB) of 8085? 46. What is the distinguishing feature of DB and AB? 47. The address capability of 8085 is 64 KB.Explain? 48. Does 8085 have serial I/O control? 49. Mention the addressing modes of 8085? 50. What jobs ALU of 8085 can perform? 51. How many hardware interrupts 8085 supports? 52. How many I/O ports can 8085 access? 53. Why the lower byte address bus(A0-A7) and data bus (D0-D7) are multiplexed? 54. List the various registers of 8085? 55. Describe the accumulator register of 8085? 56. What are the temporary registers of 8085? 57. Describe the general purpose registers of 8085? 58. Which are sixteen bit registers of 8085? 59. Discuss PC and SP? 60. Describe the instruction register of 8085? 61. Describe the (status) flag register of 8085? 62. What is the function of ALE and how does it works? 63. Explain the functions of the two DMA signals HOLD and HLDA? 64. Discuss 3 states signals IO/M,S0,S1? 65. What happens when RESET IN(LOW) signal goes low? 66. Function of RESET OUT signal. 67. Indicate different machine cycles of 8085? 68. Name the special purpose registers? 69. Does ALU have any storage facility? 70. Explain XTHL,DAA,RC instructions. 71. What is the difference between JMP and CALL? 72. What happens when CALL instruction is executed? 73. Mention interrupts pins of 8085? 74. Explain maskable and non maskable interrupts? 75. Which is non maskable interrupt for 8085? 76. Do the interrupts of 8085 have priority? 77. What is meant by priority of interrupt? 78. Mention the types of interrupts that 8085 supports? 79. What is the software interrupts of 8085? 80. Explain the software instruction EI and DI? 81. Explain SIM and RIM instructions? 82. What is polling? 83. What is stack? 84. Why stack is used in program? 85. How the stack is initialized? 86. What the SP register does in a program? 87. Comment the size of stack? 88. What type of memory is the stack? 89. What are the software instructions related to stack operations? 90. What are the typical errors associated with using stack in a program? 91. What is a subroutine? 92. Why subroutine used in programs? 93. How subroutine can be called from the main program and how the program returns from the subroutine? 94. Byte wise what are the lengths of CALL and RET instructions? 95. Explain SPHL instruction? 96. Which are the different data transfer schemes? 97. Mention the types of programmed data transfer? 98. Explain DMA? 99. What is meant by address space? what is meant by address space partitioning? 100.Explain memory mapped I/O and I/O mapped I/O schemes? Read the full article

[theresawelchy]

Establishing software root of trust unconditionally

Establishing software root of trust unconditionally Gligor & Woo, NDSS’19

The authors won a best paper award for this work at NDSS this year. The main result is quite something, but as you might expect the lines of argument are detailed and not always easy to follow (and certainly not critically!) for non-experts like me. I’ll use today’s write-up to convey the big ideas as I understand them. Close reading of the original paper (and it’s accompanying technical report) will be essential if you then want to dig deeper.

The problem: establishing a root of trust

Root of trust (RoT) establishment on an untrusted system ensures that a system state comprises all and only content chosen by the user, and the user’s code begins execution in that state. All implies that no content is missing, and only that no extra content exists. If a system state is initialized to content that satisfies security invariants and RoT establishment succeeds, a user’s code begins execution in a secure initial state.

That is to say, even in the presence of persistent malware e.g. in the firmware of peripheral controllers, network interface cards, disk and USB controllers, and so on, root of trust can assure us that the system has booted into a known and trusted state (or alternatively, uncover the presence of malware with high probability).

The word “unconditionally” from the paper title is also highly significant here. In this context it means there are no external dependencies on e.g. secrets, trusted hardware modules, or special instructions (e.g. TPMs, SGX, …), and no polynomial bounds on an adversaries computing power (so for example they still work even in a post-quantum world).

By definition, a solution to a security or cryptography problem is unconditional if it depends only on the existence of physical randomness and the ability to harvest it… We know of no other protocols that establish RoT provably and unconditionally. Nor do we know any other software security problem that has been solved unconditionally in any realistic computational model.

The main result: unconditional RoT establishment

The untrusted system (system to be verified) is connected to a trusted local verifier. The adversary can do pretty much anything: firmware attacks, remote control of malware and secret extraction over a network channel, reading from and writing to the verifier’s I/O channel, and unlimited computing power on tap. The adversary does not however have access to the verifier’s device and external source of true random number.

The big picture comes together like this:

The verifier asks the system to initialise its random access memory M and register set R to the chosen content (i.e., known good state of a trustworthy program).

Then the verifier selects a random nonce and sends it to the system with a challenge to perform a (very!) carefully chosen computation over M and R and the nonce.

The computation is such that it is space-time optimal (i.e., not possible to do it any faster than time t, and not possible to use any less space than m).

The computation is non-interruptible, and is timed with very high accuracy. The verifier expects a result after time t, such that there isn’t time to slip in even a single additional instruction.

Moreover, the computation is second pre-image free. This means that you can’t easily find a second input (e.g., a somehow corrupted version of the desired system state in this case) that produces the same output as the original input (the system state we expect the system to be in).

Intuitively, second pre-image freedom and m-t optimality can jointly prevent an adversary from using fewer than m words or less time than t, or both, and hence from leaving unaccounted for content (e.g. malware) or executing arbitrary code in the system.

So all we need now is a super-accurate timer, and a rather special computation family…

Building blocks

The lower bounds of a computation are established by a proof that holds for all possible algorithms for performing it. For example, if we’re going to add two numbers we at least need to look at those two numbers… A particular algorithm for that computation is space-time optimal if its bounds match the space and time lower bounds of its computation. Asymptotic lower bounds are no use here (because an adversary might always be able to find slightly better concrete bounds), and nor are purely theoretical lower bounds: we must have a concrete algorithm that exactly matches them. Moreover, the algorithm needs to be executable in a realistic computer model (e.g. , accounting for general ISAs, I/Os, interrupts, multi-processors, and so on).

Word Random Access Machine (WRAM) models are the closest to real computers. The cWRAM model has a constant word length and at most two operands per instruction.

The cWRAM includes all known register-to-register, register-to-memory, and branching instructions of real system ISAs, as well as all integer, logic, and shift/rotate computation instructions… All cWRAM instructions execute in unit time.

Polynomial evaluation based on Horner’s rule can be implemented in cWRAM using a sequence of four instructions per step. A d-degree polynomial can be evaluated in d steps in a Horner-rule program. I.e., it can form the basis of our special computation.

The honest one-time evaluation of by a Horner-rule program is uniquely space-time optimal whenever the cWRAM execution time and memory are simultaneously minimized; i.e., no other programs can use fewer than both storage words and time units.

(Proof in appendix B of the accompanying technical report).

What kind of polynomials can we evaluate that will have the desired second pre-image resistance? Good old hash functions! (As an aside, it’s quite amazing how many incredible uses hash functions have been put to!). We’ll compute the equivalent of k-independent and (almost) universal hash functions over the contents of the memory, the registers, and the nonce. The family H of randomized polynomials defined in section IV.A of the paper have the desired property.

Theorem 3 asserts that no program can use both fewer than storage words and time units in an honest one-time evaluation of Horner(H). And theorem 5 asserts that no adversary can do better with probability at most (p is the big prime we used to establish the family H).

Putting it all together

A system comprises c connected devices, where device i has random access memory and processor registers . We have to verify all of the devices concurrently, with a transactional verifier protocol such that verification only passes if all checks pass. The difference between the start and end times of any two verification programs must be small enough that neither device can detectably perform any computation for the other. The values of d and k in the Horner(H) problem for a device can be chosen such that the duration requirement is satisfied across devices of varying speed.

To enable accurate time measurement we need to:

Attach the verifier device via a DMA interface such that there is no peripheral device controller in the path, and the channel delay and variation is small enough that any untrusted communication can be detected. The verifier could also run as a co-processor connected to the main system bus.

Disabling caches, virtual memory, and the TLB (this can be done verifiably as shown in theorem 6 in section IV.E)

Eliminating the effects of random clock jitter using random sequential protocols as developed for embedded real-time systems.

Implementation

Performance measurements for Horner-rule evaluation of randomised polynomials show implementation practicality on a commodity hardware platform.

The timing for k=64 and d=10M is 54,578ms. For the baseline d = 128M [covering the entire SDRAM], the running time is close to 700 seconds…

Good things come to those who wait!

The last word

In this paper we showed that, with a proper theory foundation, RoT establishment can be both provable and unconditional. We know of no other software security problem that has had such a solution, to date. Finally, the security of time measurements on untrusted systems has been a long-standing unsolved engineering problem. Here, we also showed that this problem can be readily solved given the provable atomicity of the verifier’s protocol.

the morning paper published first on the morning paper