#Bus Interface Unit

[ui-alcoholic]

Panasonic FS-A1GT (1992)

The Panasonic FS-A1GT MSX turbo R is the last MSX computer ever produced and follows the latest standard for the MSX line.

Originally, in 1990, Yamaha and ASCII announced the V9978 Video Display Processor, the video chip for the MSX3. It was a very capable video IC, with two different sets of video modes. In bitmap modes, it was capable of up to 768 x 240 resolution (up to 768 x 480 in interlace mode), up to 32,768 colors, superposition, hardware scrolling, and even a hardware cursor for Windows-like operating systems. However, the most impressive feature of these modes was the use of a fast hardware bitblock data mover. The MSX2 video IC was also equipped with a hardware bit mover, but the new one would be 20 times faster!

In pattern mode, it was able to use SNES class features. Multiple layers, 16k patterns, different palettes, 128 sprites, maximum 16 sprites per scanline. So basically an SNES but without mode7. However, something went wrong and the project was cancelled. Probably because of the great interest in marketing MSX machines and the growing interest in game consoles and powerful PC-like computers (mainly for word processing purposes), companies were less enthusiastic about making a new MSX machine. MSX's biggest software supporters defected to Nintendo and other computers/gaming machines. Sony chose to make their own game console.

Instead came the MSX Turbo-R, a supercharged MSX2+. Some people say that ASCII failed to deliver the new VDP in time for the 1990 release, so they only opted for the new CPU (named R800). However, the specifications and pinout of the V9978 were in some data books of the era.

Panasonic was the only company to manufacture and market MSX turbo R computers, and they were only sold in Japan. Several machines were imported to Europe via gray market imports.

The FS-A1ST was the first and was succeeded by the FS-A1GT, which had more RAM and MIDI IN and OUT.

After these two machines, it ended when Panasonic moved to their 3DO game console.

Detailed Specifications

CPU R800 (DAR800-X0G), with 28.63630 MHz external clock and 16-bit ALU.

CPU Z80A 3.579545MHz compatible (included in the MSX-Engine)

256kB of main RAM (can be natively expanded to 512kB internally)

16kB SRAM for backup (used internally)

32kB BASIC/BIOS ROM and 32kB sub-ROM

TC8566AF disk controller

3.5" double sided double density (720kB) disk drive

S1990 MSX Bus-controller

T9769C MSX-ENGINE (also contains Z80A & AY-3-8910)

MSX-JE (a simple Kanji input interface)

Kanji-ROM with approx. 32000 characters

MSX-Music (Yamaha YM-2413 OPLL)

DAC to PCM 8-bit sample rate up to 16kHz

Internal microphone for the PCM unit

More info: https://www.msx.org/wiki/Panasonic_FS-A1ST

[rjzimmerman]

Excerpt from this story from Grist:

Straddling the border with Mexico along the Rio Grande, the city of Laredo, Texas, and its 260,000 residents don’t just have to deal with the region’s ferocious heat. Laredo’s roads, sidewalks, and buildings absorb the sun’s energy and slowly release it at night, a phenomenon known as the urban heat island effect. That can make a hot spell far more dangerous than for people living in the surrounding countryside, where temperatures might stay many degrees cooler. The effect partly explains why extreme heat kills twice as many people each year in the United States than hurricanes and tornadoes combined.

To better understand how this heat island effect plays out in Laredo, the nonprofit Rio Grande International Study Center partnered with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration last summer and enlisted more than 100 volunteers to drive around the city taking temperature readings. Edgar Villaseñor, the center’s advocacy campaign manager, worked with a company called CAPA Strategies.

But Villaseñor wanted a more interactive map to make it easier to navigate. He also wanted to hire someone to take thermal pictures on the ground in the hottest neighborhoods so that the center could create an interactive website for Laredo’s residents. He reckoned the city council could use such a site to figure out where to install more shading for people waiting at bus stops, for instance. So he applied for a $10,000 grant through NOAA’s Center for Heat Resilient Communities, which was funded through the Biden administration’s landmark climate law, the Inflation Reduction Act, or IRA. 

The research center was ready to announce on May 5 that the Rio Grande nonprofit, along with 14 city governments, had been selected to work closely with its researchers to tailor plans for addressing urban heat, according to V. Kelly Turner, who co-led the Center for Heat Resilient Communities. But the day before the announcement, Turner received a notice from NOAA that it was defunding the center. Turner says it sent another termination-of-funding notice to a separate data-gathering group, the Center for Collaborative Heat Monitoring, which was created with the same IRA funding. (When contacted for this story, a NOAA representative directed Grist to Turner for comment.) “The funding just stopped,” Villaseñor said. “I’m stuck with this valuable data that not a lot of people have.”

It’s the latest in a flurry of cuts across the federal government since President Donald Trump took office in January. The Environmental Protection Agency, for instance, has canceled hundreds of grants meant to help communities curb pollution and make themselves more resilient, such as by updating wastewater systems. NOAA announced last month that it would axe a database that tracks billion-dollar disasters, which experts said will hobble communities’ ability to assess the risk of catastrophes. Major job cuts at NOAA also have hurricane scientists worried that coastal cities — especially along the Gulf Coast — won’t get accurate forecasts of storms headed their way.

The defunding of the Center for Heat Resilient Communities came as a surprise to the group’s own leaders, who said they will continue collaborating with cities on their own. Though its budget was just $2.25 million, they say that money could have gone a long way in helping not just the grantees, but communities anywhere in the U.S. “There’s a lot of enthusiasm and momentum for doing this kind of work, and we’re not going to just let that go,” said Turner, who’s also associate director of heat research at the Luskin Center for Innovation at the University of California, Los Angeles. “We’re going to continue to interface with [communities], it’s just going to be incredibly scaled down.”

[adafruit]

The SC16IS74x is an I2C to UART converter

If you know us, you know we luuuuuv I2C as a near-universal interface for sensors, GPIO expanders, OLEDs, and other various devices under our Stemma QT family: https://www.adafruit.com/search?q=stemma+qt 🌱. But we still bump into some UART devices: https://www.adafruit.com/search?q=uart here and there—GNSS/GPS units, MP3 playback chips, fingerprint sensors, LIDARs, and more.

These can be annoying if you only have one UART port-or none at all! So we put together this SC16IS74x breakout. It can use either the SC16IS740: https://www.digikey.com/en/products/detail/nxp-usa-inc/SC16IS740IPW-128/1301043 or SC16IS741: https://www.digikey.com/en/products/detail/nxp-usa-inc/SC16IS741AIPWJ/4486521 chips-both essentially the same for our purpose: providing a bidirectional UART with flow control. Address jumpers on the back allow you to select up to four devices on one I2C bus—and there's even native Linux kernel drivers: https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/devicetree/bindings/serial/nxp%2Csc16is7xx.txt 🧠.

[piratesexmachine420]

ICF VIII

Here's an amusing little product: the TI Keyboard. I've mentioned it on this blog a few times before, but I don't think I've ever really highlighted it until now.

This works exactly how you think it does. The cradle is nothing more than a strangely-shaped calc to calc serial link cable with one end that will only physically accept devices in a TI-83 style chassis.

You can even just use the cradle as a link cable, no problems.

Setup is pretty easy, just slide the graphing calculator into the cradle and plug the other end of the cable into the I/O port of the keyboard.

All communication is done asynchronously over an unusual variant of TI's normal D-Bus protocol*. This limits compatibility to just the contemporary (2002) graphing calcs with upgradeable OSes (i.e. flash storage): the TI-83 Plus, -83 Plus Silver Edition, -89, -92 Plus and Voyage 200. (The TI-92 Plus and Voyage 200 require using a normal calc to calc link cable, as they won't fit in the cradle. Also, apparently in 2005 a revised cradle was released that let you use calculators in a TI-84 Plus-style chassis -- these seem much rarer. One's sitting on eBay right now for ~$50. I'm not pouncing on that.) TI would've included a CD with up-to-date versions of TIOS and AMS when they sold the TI Keyboard, but I bought an out-of-box unit and only have the keyboard and cradle myself.

As another side note: I don't own a TI-73 and thus can't check this myself, but I don't see a technical reason why it wouldn't also work there. Apparently TI just didn't think it was a good fit? (I'm inclined to agree.)

Oh, and you'll also need to make sure the keyboard has fresh batteries -- three AAAs -- the link cable interface doesn't provide any power.

Once you're up and running, you can just start typing away! On the 68k-based TI-89 and -92 Plus, AMS will give you full keyboard support everywhere, including shortcuts like copy+paste. Built-in apps, optional apps, and third-party apps all work. (This is a consequence of the event-driven way 68k apps work, and the way they construct their UIs from builtins, but I digress.) IIRC even ASM programs can use it in some capacity, so long as they use getkey routine instead of trying to read the keyboard directly. Don't quote me on that though.

You'll probably just want to stick to the text editor, though. Try to do anything...calculator-ey and you'll rue the lack of dedicated keys for stuff like 'integral' or 'theta' or 'degree'. They're all still available under keyboard shortcuts (■+7, ■+H and ■+F, respectively) but those are annoying to remember and often inobvious. At least the diamond key makes more sense: it just works exactly like the normal diamond button does.

On the z80s, support is essentially the same but a little messier. It's mostly about the keyboard shortcuts, they behave differently across TIOS and NoteFolio (a note-taking and text editing app that was also included with that CD I mentioned before), and AFAICT it's pretty spotty in all other apps. StudyCard will let me use ◆+1 for F1, but ProbSim won't. Also, TIOS proper doesn't have support for lower-case letters, so shift and caps lock have no effect on letters outside of NoteFolio.

(NoteFolio was also available for the 68-based machines, but I haven't tried it out myself. I'm doubtful it was a significantly better experience than the built-in text editor, unless Microsoft Word compatibility [yes, really] was something you were desperate for.)

What you're probably really wondering is what it's like to type on. Not great! It's a membrane, and not a very good one. Keys are soft and mushy, travel distance is weird, and it's also kinda slow and kinda laggy. I'm a terrible typist, but if you weren't I imagine dropped inputs would be a problem. Additionally, the arrow keys, page up and down, and delete keys are all in a highly annoying places -- especially the arrow keys. It's not a good experience, but it does still beat the TI-92's stupid tiny chiclet keyboard. (I love the 92, but you aren't getting more than like 30 WPM on that thing.) If I had to type up a document on a calculator, I'd want to use this.

In the end though, I'm not sure exactly who this product was for. Were there people who actually wanted to type documents on their calculators? Were TI envisioning a future where classrooms of students would be taking notes on these tiny 4cm x 6.5cm LCDs? It might save paper over a physical notebook, sure, but it's soooo limited and cumbersome. What if you want to draw diagrams? What if you want to pretty print a math expression? What if you, heavens forbid, you want to draw a graph? Now you're out of luck. Especially since you would've had to spend $44.95 on this thing. That's almost eighty USD now.

I myself only bought it because I thought A) it was odd and b) it would help me turn a calculator into a goofy sort of desktop computer if I also bought a TI-Presenter or ViewScreen (one day...), which also wouldn't be a super helpful addition to my life but would probably earn some nerd cred.

Anyways, I leave you with a slightly humorous cut from the TI Keyboard Manual:

Use two hands to type ◆+H, TI? Why would I want to do that?

Not pictured: my shoulder contorted so hard that my elbow is in the middle of my chest.

*It took me ages to find documentation about what exactly was different about it. I apparently eventually tracked down a zip file full of TI-made pdfs about it, including the technical documentation I was looking for, but I have no memory of how I got it. All I know is that it's sitting in my downloads folder now. I might've ended up crawling through the Internet Archive? It was a real slog.

[medical89]

DIY Patient Monitor

It's been a while since I posted! In the last post I presented my DIY wireless ECG. Today, I want to follow up on that post. In the last two years I added more and more consumer medical devices and features to the ECG that one might call it a DIY patient monitor 😀

I recorded myself using it in this video. I deprived myself of oxygen and watched the result on the monitor. See all the alarms going off 🙂

The design is inspired by Philips Intellivue. The alarm sounds I took from their website 😉

In the rest of this post I want to discuss how I came to this result.

Devices

The DIY ECG from last post was a good basis (https://www.tumblr.com/medical89/650543279114469376/diy-wireless-ecg?source=share).

I got a BP with bluetooth capabilities (https://www.medisana.com/en/Health-control/Blood-pressure-monitor/BU-540-connect-Upper-arm-blood-pressure-monitor.html)

And a pulseoximeter with bluetooth (https://de.aliexpress.com/item/1005005549153646.html)

I reverse engineered (aka hacked) both of their bluethooth communication to get the live data into my website instead of their apps. I.e., get the BP after it was measured or retrieve the oxygen concentration every second. Then I extended my ECG application and it's web interface to include this information.

Alarms

The application now also includes alarms, just like a real patient monitor. Cyan alarms are triggered if a device is not connected correctly, red alarms if a vital value is outside of its limits!

Buttons

I also wired up the power button on the BP to my ECG so I can start it from the website using the BP button. When entering a number in the text field next to the button, the BP is taken automatically every x seconds 🙂

The shock button is wired up to a TENS unit and can give shocks.

I also made a program that can sync shocks and BP inflates to a video, but that's a story for another day!

Hope this was interesting for you and feel free to contact me to ask for more details 🙂

[lithionpower]

5 Common Mistakes in Battery Management Systems

There are a few common issues related to the time of adoption and usage of BMS that may affect longevity, safety, and efficiency of a battery pack. Here are five typical errors to avoid:

1. Inadequate Thermal Management

Mistake: Failing to adequately check and regulate the battery cells' temperature.

Consequence: Overheating brought on by poor thermal management might result in thermal runaway, lower battery efficiency, or a noticeably shorter battery life.

Solution: Make sure the Battery Management Systems (BMS) has several sensors for complete temperature monitoring, and when needed, combine it with an active heating or cooling system.

2. Ignoring Cell Balancing

Mistake: Not implementing cell balance in the battery pack or configuring it incorrectly.

Consequence: Ineffective cell balancing can cause individual cells to overcharge or undercharge, which can diminish the battery's total capacity and cause uneven wear and possibly damage to individual cells.

Solution: To ensure consistent charge levels in every cell, use a BMS with either passive or active cell balancing.

3. Overlooking BMS Compatibility

Mistake: Using a BMS that isn't entirely compatible with the battery chemistry or the battery pack's particular setup.

Consequence: Incompatibility can result in improper voltage limits, inappropriate protection, and even unsafe operating conditions.

Solution: Make the BMS specifically designed for the type of battery chemistry used (Lead Acid, Lithium-ion, etc.) and the type of battery pack layout series/parallel arrangement.

4. Inadequate Fault Detection and Diagnostics

Mistake: Not providing enough fault detection and diagnostic tools for the BMS.

Consequence: Faults like short circuits, cell failures, or wiring faults could go unreported without adequate fault detection, resulting in battery damage or dangerous situations.

Solution: Select a BMS (Battery Management Systems) that has advanced diagnostic and fault detection, data logging, real-time warning capability, and communications of problems with other systems or operators

5. Underestimating the Importance of Communication Protocols

Mistake: Integrating a BMS (Battery Management Systems) with other system components without using the proper communication standards.

Consequence: Inaccurate battery status reporting and other inefficiencies can result from poor communication, as might a complete system failure if vital information is not accurately exchanged with controllers or displays.

Solution: The BMS should be able to converse with and connect to the rest of the system: other vehicle control units, chargers, and user interfaces using the necessary protocols: CAN bus, I2C, etc.

Staying away from these common mistakes while selecting and setting a BMS enables you to ensure that your battery pack can serve for as long a time as possible safely and efficiently.

Lithion Power is a manufacturer of high-end Battery Management Systems that can realize maximum performance from any given battery while ensuring safety. BMS developed for electric vehicle applications, energy storage, and portable electronics are highly critical-they offer monitoring and protection with precision to extend the life of the battery and enhance its reliability.

[simarazauberhandwriting]

Working on Sophias Story again :D

-> A little later, Sophia reached maintenance shaft [xy], where the main security system of the SD of the Abyss Chrusher was located. The light activated by a motion sensor flared up in cold white with a delay of a few seconds. Neon Xilkor tubes of the NX-6 series had this somewhat unpleasant habit, which the manufacturer Asterisk never rectified. Despite this, Hallinger-FTL continued to install them in all maintenance rooms of their ship series to this day. The Davar class in particular suffered from this fact, as it had a higher number of such areas due to its modular design. As a result, Sophia had only been able to recognise the large control cabinets and component racks by the myriad of flashing LEDs when she arrived. This sea of red, orange and green diodes, which greeted her auspiciously from the steel racks, secretly watched over the entire crew and ensured that the safety units of the individual SERAHs were working.

Now that the white light flooded the room, she saw it in its entirety, and with it the technology inside. In contrast to the blinking confusion of the Sevix control racks on the right side of the room, the Servagul control cabinets on her left, unusual for a Davar-class ship, emitted a soft green glow. The reason for this was that Servagul built light panels into the doors of their products, which no self-respecting shipbuilder needed. Such nice lighting did nothing but waste power unnecessarily. Sure, ships like the Abyss Chrusher might not lack power, but that was no reason to be so wasteful.

Shrugging her shoulders, the engineer lifted her tool and the testing device before taking them to the control cabinet labelled SUR-2, where she set them down. She unlocked the door with her CAM and the handle whirred out, allowing her to open the cabinet. Sophia sighed, pulled open the cupboard door and, coloured by the light from the front panel, saw another flood of flashing or glowing diodes emanating from the security register cards. It was a sight that filled the engineer with joy, because she had hardly been able to wait to get back into the bowels of the Abyss Chrusher, but the work that was to follow was rather dull. So she plugged her headphones into her CAM, put them in her ears and switched on an album by a band Liv had shown her a few days ago. A harsh guitar riff accompanied by the vocals of a woman singing in the language of the Marlan system rang out.

She then began checking the security tabs, which initially consisted of informing the SD-SERAH of her work via the control panel in the top frame of the device. In fact, Sophia was only slightly keen on an emergency lockout of the SD, even if she could override it with her system authorisations. Basically, you had to give Servagul and Sevix credit for the cleverness of their products. After all, the automatic security system, which according to Ela - unfortunately there were no plans on this subject - summarised one subsystem of the drive per cabinet in order to pass them on to SERAH in a bundle.

You could imagine the tabs and their subsystems as the nervous system of a body, which transmitted every pain of the machines to the consciousness or to an AI. SERAH then reported the information to the Abyss Chrusher's SAM, the ship's main AI, which ensured that appropriate action was taken. What the SERAH was to the SD, the SAM was to the entire ship.

Sophia pulled a small screwdriver from the side pocket on her left arm. She used it to loosen the two neck screws on the top and bottom of the front panel of each of the seven assemblies. She was then able to pull them out by the handle to insert them into the test device. This established a serial, wired connection with the fuse register in order to then interrogate the main function of the unit on the two circuit boards of the modules. For this purpose, the test device simulated a fault by sending a specific signal sequence via the bus interface. The module processed this within a few femtoseconds and signalled an alarm back to the test device. At least that's how it worked when everything was OK. The process only took a few blinks of the eye until the technical measurement results - such as resistance, time and induction values - appeared on the display of the test device. Confirmation of the success or failure of the analysis could then also be obtained.<-

The story of the empty sky - 1 Dreams of electronic tears Chapter 10, A fairy tale of normality

[rssecurityturnstile]

three arms gates barrier from RS Security Co., Ltd(www.szrssecurity.com) Appropriate for all kinds of public locations that require organized passage of pedestrians, such as scenic spots, exhibit halls, cinemas, docks, train stations, bus stations and other places that need ticket confirmation; locations that require authorized entry such as factory participation, canteen consumption, golf courses, monthly card leisure centers, and so on; anti-static control areas of electronic factories, systems that require stringent security steps such as face acknowledgment and fingerprint recognition. RS Security Co., Ltd primarily produces, establishes and sells access control items, such as tripod turnstiles gate, city flap gates gate, servo motor swing turnstiles door, translation turnstile barrier, drop arm gates barrier, full high turnstile gate, half high turnstiles door, speed gates door and other channel turnstile gate products, and parking barrier, acknowledgment camera, hydraulic bollards, road bocker tripod turnstile gate Integrated electronic tickets, gain access to control and presence, club consumption/catering, anti-static, finger print, palm print, face recognition, iris acknowledgment Integrated application of other series of items; complete stainless steel frame structure, servo motor, separately developed and produced motion; one-way/two-way turnstiles door/ swipe to release the lever button and the upper lever is optional, with Counting function can understand RS485 direct interaction with the computer; three rollers gates door triggers and instructions and alarm prompts; automatic fall of the pole when power is off and manual fall The pole is optional, and it gets the switch signal to open turnstiles gate; it can be equipped with a card reading control part, and numerous units can be connected to the network; it can be geared up with magnetic card and proximity card combination techniques; it can be purchased according to different functional requirements. Do. A completely rainproof box made of alloy aluminum or stainless steel, compared to the city flap turnstile gate servo motor swing gates gate and other pedestrian passage devices, three rollers turnstiles door are more economical. It has a tailored installation user interface (such as card reader, sign light installation, etc) to make sure that the system integrator's control gates gate equipment is simple and convenient to install. The motion of the three-stick turnstile door machine has an instantly changed hydraulic shock absorber. When using the three-stick gates door operation, the noise is extremely small and silent. Effect, turnstile gate bar instantly decreases back to center. The surface of the motion is plated with yellow dichromate. Can be set with gates door machine control, one or two instructions control (set by user). The base is repaired with expansion bolts.

[govindhtech]

Intel Arc A580 GPU Crushes the AMD RX 7600 in OpenCL!

Intel Arc A580 GPU OpenCL Benchmark The most up-to-date benchmarks for Intel’s Arc A580 graphics card have been found, and the launch of this card is currently scheduled for the fourth quarter of 2023. There is a possibility that this graphics processing unit (GPU) will be the sole exciting option accessible at that moment.

The most current benchmarks for the Intel Arc A580 GPU demonstrate that it outperforms the RX 7600 while providing pricing that are much cheaper.

We were given the chance to observe the very first benchmarks of the Intel Arc A580 graphics card that were saved in the Geekbench database during the month of August. These benchmarks were published by Geekbench. The graphics processing unit (GPU) has finally been released again after a delay of two months. This time, it has an even better performance score, which places it in top place among the AMD Radeon RX 7600 and GeForce RTX 3050 GPU series.

The Intel Arc A580 includes 24 cores, 384 EUs, and 3072 ALUs, all of which are clocked at an official graphics rate of 1700 MHz. Getting started with the specifications, the Intel Arc A580 also contains 3072 ALUs. On the other hand, the test reveals clock rates of up to 2.4 GHz, which places it on level with the other two Arc A770 and Arc A750 graphics cards. The graphics card will have a total power budget of 185 watts, 8 gigabytes of GDDR6 visual memory (VRAM), 256 bits of bus interface, and up to 512 gigabytes per second (GB/s) of bandwidth. In addition, the power budget will allow for 256 bits of bus interface.

Intel Arc A580 vs. AMD RX 7600 Comparison

The graphics card was able to get a score of 88,019 points while operating at the same clock speeds of 2.4 GHz inside the OpenCL test. This outcome is a reflection of how well the card performed. This is a 6% performance uplift over the previous score, and it is probable that several driver upgrades that the company has done during the course of the last two months are directly responsible for this gain in score.

This uplift in performance was achieved. The result also provides the Intel Arc A580 a 6% performance edge over the AMD Radeon RX 7600 and takes it almost up to par with the performance of the NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3060 graphics card. Both of these results can be found in the table below.

On the other hand, the cost of the Intel Arc A580 8 GB graphics card may be regarded the product’s most important advantage. At the Japanese retailer Bic Camera, the graphics card with the ASRock Challenger OC variant was only recently listed for a price of 38,880 Yen. This price point is equivalent to a savings of thirty percent in comparison to the Intel Arc A750 Challenger OC version that is made available by ASRock.

Aside from that, the price of the card is 15% less expensive than the price of the ASRock Radeon RX 7600 Challenger OC GPU and is almost equivalent to the price of the RTX 3060. Intel may have a highly competitive product in its hands that costs between $179 and $199 in the United States if the same pricing gaps are maintained throughout the rest of the global markets. This is the case if Intel has a highly competitive product in its hands.

The performance of Intel’s Arc A580 GPU is compared to that of AMD Radeon RX 6600 and NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3050 graphics cards, as stated by Intel itself in a PowerPoint presentation that Momomo_US obtained. In addition, by going to this location, you will have the opportunity to have an in-depth look at some upcoming bespoke models.

[tripodturnstile]

waist height turnstile gate from RS Security Co., Ltd(www.szrssecurity.com) Suitable for all types of public locations that require organized passage of pedestrians, such as picturesque areas, exhibition halls, cinemas, docks, train stations, bus stations and other locations that require ticket confirmation; locations that require authorized entry such as factory participation, canteen consumption, golf courses, regular monthly card leisure centers, and so on; anti-static control locations of electronic factories, units that need rigorous security procedures such as face acknowledgment and fingerprint acknowledgment. RS Security Co., Ltd mainly produces, develops and sells gain access to control products, such as waist height turnstile barirer, subway flap gates gate, servo motor swing turnstile gate, translation gates door, drop arm turnstile barirer, full body turnstile barirer, half height gates barirer, speed gates door and other channel turnstiles door products, and barrier gate, recognition video camera, hydraulic bollards, road blockers three arms gates door Integrated electronic tickets, gain access to control and presence, club consumption/catering, anti-static, fingerprint, palm print, face acknowledgment, iris recognition Integrated application of other series of products; complete stainless steel frame structure, Taibang motor, independently developed and produced motion; one-way/two-way turnstiles door/ swipe to launch the lever button and the upper lever is optional, with Counting function can realize RS485 direct communication with the computer; tripod turnstile barirer triggers and instructions and alarm triggers; automatic fall of the pole when power is off and manual fall The pole is optional, and it gets the switch signal to open turnstile barirer; it can be geared up with a card reading control part, and multiple systems can be connected to the network; it can be geared up with magnetic card and proximity card mix methods; it can be ordered according to various functional requirements. Do. A totally rainproof box made from alloy aluminum or stainless steel, compared to the train flap turnstile door dc brushless swing turnstile Door and other pedestrian passage devices, waist height turnstiles barirer are more affordable. It has a customized setup user interface (such as card reader, indication light installation, etc) to ensure that the system integrator's control turnstile barirer equipment is basic and practical to set up. The motion of the three-stick turnstile gate maker has actually an immediately adjusted hydraulic shock absorber. When utilizing the three-stick gates door operation, the sound is very small and quiet. Impact, turnstile door bar automatically decreases back to center. The surface area of the movement is plated with yellow dichromate. Can be set with gates barirer device control, a couple of instructions control (set by user). The base is repaired with growth bolts.

[leiditechelectonicpublishing]

The USB3.0 interface protects ESD applications

USB 3.0 features

Version 3.0 of the Universal Serial Bus (USB) specification offers a leap in performance over USB 2.0. Increased data rate by a factor of 10. It also extends the transmission line to 3 differential pairs (compared to 1 in the previous 2.0 generations). USB was released in version 1.0 in 1996. 1.5 Mbit/sec in low speed (LS) mode and 12 Mbit/s in full speed (FS) mode. In 2000 USB 2.0 entered the market. New high-speed (HS) modes are up to 480 Mbit/sec. It is still backward compatible with low-speed and full-speed modes.

Currently, USB 2.0 is one of the most extensive and versatile external data interfaces. It has become the default standard connector for all computer systems

Mouth.

USB 2.0 interface is also widely used in consumer electronics. Devices such as camcorders, digital cameras, digital music players, game consoles, DVD/Blu-ray players, and televisions all use USB. It is also widely used in portable devices such as smartphones and network devices such as DSL/router units.

ESD protection design considerations

For the entire USB 3.0 link, the following design considerations should be noted:

The following are mandatory.

• Non-differential coupling lines must be minimized. They have an important effect on the eye diagram.

• 90 ohm differential line width and line spacing: The coupled PCB channel should not be too narrow to avoid additional losses and be strong enough when manufacturing. The line width between the differential channels of 0.007" (0.178mm) and the line spacing of 0.007" (0.178mm) are the best choices at production time.

• The same delay (line length) between the positive and negative lines (including USB 3.0 cables) of differentially coupled connections (reducing the convective slope) is required. This is important for maintaining high signal integrity and avoiding common-mode reflections.

Figure 1 shows USB3 Layout legend of the 0 standard-A connector section combined with the ESD protection deviceIn the figure above, Leiditech’s ULC0544P10 protects SuperSpeed’s TX and RX data pairs.

The need for miniaturization of ESD

Eye diagram

As can be seen from the eye diagram above, the influence of line capacitance on the eyecup is very small. Hypervelocity data transmission systems present serious design hurdles. The design must ensure a certain degree of signal integrity of the receiver. High signal integrity is important for achieving low bit error rates (for example, for USB 3.0 Superspeed, the bit error rate of 1E-12 is typical). Signal integrity is characterized by the eye diagram above.

In a perfect system that is not limited by bandwidth, the eye diagram will be completely open. In a real system, the signal rise/fall time is limited by TX and RX impedances (90 ohm differential). This is combined with all parasitic capacitances on the TX side and RX side. These parasitic capacitors are inside the USB 3.0 transceiver and/or outside the PCB. External generation can be caused by mismatched PCB cables, USB 3.0 connectors, or other shunt capacitors. The value of the shunt capacitor should be as small as possible. The low-pass frequency response of the USB3.0 cable must also be taken into account. To compensate for the attenuation of the frequency, the signal is tuned by a dedicated equalization of TX and RX.

Datasheet

If you’d like to learn more or have any questions, don’t hesitate to reach out:

[sales16@leiditech.com]

Visit us at [en.leiditech.com]

#USB3 #ESDProtection #HighSpeedDesign #PCBDesign #SignalIntegrity #TechBlog #ElectronicsEngineering #Leiditech #TVSdiode #ULC0544P10 #SuperSpeedUSB #HardwareDesign

[servotechinc78]

Mobile Machine Control Systems: Revolutionizing Off-Highway Machinery

In the rapidly evolving field of automation and smart machinery, Mobile Machine Control Systems (MMCS) are playing a transformative role in improving efficiency, safety, and productivity. These systems, primarily used in construction, agriculture, mining, and other heavy-duty applications, integrate advanced electronics, sensors, actuators, and software to offer precise control and monitoring of mobile machines. As industries strive for increased automation and remote operability, MMCS stands at the forefront of modern machinery technology.

What is a Mobile Machine Control System?

A Mobile Machine Control System is an integrated system that enables real-time control, automation, and monitoring of mobile equipment such as excavators, harvesters, dozers, and forklifts. These systems combine hardware components like controllers, sensors, GPS/GNSS units, and communication modules with sophisticated software for data processing and visualization. The result is a machine that can operate with enhanced accuracy, lower operator input, and greater safety and productivity.

Key Components of MMCS

Electronic Control Units (ECUs): These are embedded systems that act as the brain of the mobile machinery. ECUs receive input from sensors, process the data, and send output signals to control actuators.

Sensors: A wide range of sensors including pressure, temperature, position, and accelerometers are used to monitor the operational status of machines. Sensor data is critical for real-time decision-making.

Actuators: These execute commands from the ECU to carry out physical tasks like lifting, steering, braking, and more.

User Interface (HMI): Operators use Human-Machine Interfaces to interact with the system. Touchscreens, control panels, and even remote controls can serve as the user interface.

Communication Modules: These modules enable the machine to communicate with other systems or control centers using CAN bus, Ethernet, wireless, or cellular networks.

Software Platform: The control software is where the magic happens. It integrates logic, machine learning algorithms, and diagnostic tools to automate and optimize machine operation.

Benefits of Mobile Machine Control Systems

1. Improved Accuracy

MMCS enables highly accurate operation, especially in tasks like digging, lifting, and planting. GPS-guided systems can position machinery within centimeters of the intended location, reducing rework and material waste.

2. Enhanced Productivity

By automating repetitive tasks and optimizing machine performance, MMCS allows operators to complete jobs faster and with less fatigue. Machines can work longer hours with consistent output, increasing overall productivity.

3. Greater Safety

Advanced safety features such as obstacle detection, auto shut-off, and real-time operator alerts help minimize accidents and machine wear. Remote operation capabilities further enhance safety in hazardous environments.

4. Lower Operating Costs

Efficient fuel usage, reduced manual labor, and lower maintenance needs contribute to significant cost savings over time. Diagnostic tools also help predict and prevent costly breakdowns.

5. Data-Driven Decisions

With onboard analytics and cloud integration, MMCS provides actionable insights into machine usage, operator behavior, and job site conditions. This data aids in maintenance planning and operational improvements.

Applications of Mobile Machine Control Systems

Construction

In the construction industry, MMCS is revolutionizing how earthmoving and grading are done. With 3D machine control, graders and dozers achieve perfect surface levels with minimal manual input. This technology reduces the dependency on surveyors and manual stakes.

Agriculture

Precision farming relies heavily on MMCS. Tractors, seeders, and sprayers equipped with control systems can plant seeds with uniform spacing, apply fertilizers accurately, and harvest crops efficiently—all with minimal human intervention.

Mining

Autonomous haul trucks and drilling equipment in mines are examples of MMCS in action. These systems ensure safety in harsh and dangerous environments while maximizing output.

Material Handling

Forklifts and automated guided vehicles (AGVs) in warehouses utilize MMCS to enhance navigation, load handling, and inventory management, boosting efficiency and reducing labor costs.

Challenges in Implementing MMCS

Despite the benefits, adopting MMCS is not without its challenges:

High Initial Investment: The cost of implementing advanced control systems can be significant, particularly for small and mid-sized enterprises.

Complexity: Integrating multiple hardware and software components requires skilled personnel and careful planning.

Interoperability: Ensuring compatibility among various sensors, actuators, and communication protocols can be challenging.

Cybersecurity: As machines become more connected, the risk of cyber threats also increases, necessitating robust security measures.

The Future of Mobile Machine Control Systems

The future of MMCS is intertwined with emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and the Internet of Things (IoT). Future systems will be even smarter, capable of learning from past operations to improve efficiency automatically.

Remote diagnostics and over-the-air updates will become commonplace, ensuring machines are always running the latest software. Additionally, cloud-based platforms will allow operators and managers to monitor and control equipment from anywhere in the world.

The push toward sustainability will also drive the integration of electric drives and hybrid systems with MMCS, reducing the environmental footprint of mobile machinery.

Conclusion

Mobile Machine Control Systems by Servotechinc are fundamentally changing how industries like construction, agriculture, and mining operate. By combining advanced hardware with intelligent software, MMCS delivers greater precision, safety, and efficiency. While challenges such as cost and complexity exist, the long-term benefits far outweigh them.

As technology continues to evolve, these systems will become more accessible and capable, leading to smarter machines and more productive job sites. For companies seeking to stay competitive in a digital world, investing in Mobile Machine Control Systems is not just an option—it’s a necessity.

[panashifzco]

How smart city kiosks improve access to city information and services

In the space of a decade, the average city street has evolved from a tangle of lamp-posts, bus shelters, and poster billboards into a digitally connected thoroughfare. At the heart of that metamorphosis sits a piece of street furniture that hardly existed 15 years ago: the smart city kiosk. Tall, touchscreen-driven, and Wi-Fi-enabled, these kiosks are quietly reshaping how we discover, navigate, and even govern the urban realm. They are the physical interface of the “smart city”—a way to deliver digital convenience without requiring every resident or visitor to have the latest smartphone (or any phone at all).

This article digs deep—well past the glossy renderings—to explore what smart city kiosks are, how they work, where they succeed, and where friction points still lurk. If you lead urban innovation, civic tech, or customer experience for a municipality—or if you sell technology into that ecosystem—consider this your 1 000-word field guide.

1. What Exactly Is a Smart City Kiosk?

At its simplest, a smart city kiosk is a free-standing digital terminal placed in a public space. Yet the term “kiosk” undersells its capabilities. Modern units combine:

Large-format capacitive touchscreens—often 32–55 inches with vandal-resistant glass.

High-bandwidth connectivity—5 G, fibre backhaul, or millimetre-wave radio feeding public Wi-Fi hotspots.

Edge computing—local processors that run mapping engines, payment modules, and AI inference without round-tripping data to the cloud.

Peripheral hardware—QR/UPC scanners, contactless card readers, environmental sensors, CCTV, and panic buttons.

A rugged, IP-rated enclosure—engineered to shrug off rain, dust, skateboard grinds, and the occasional act of vandalism.

1.1 The Purpose Behind the Glass

The raison d’être is twofold:

Information democratization: Put real-time transit, tourist, and civic data where anyone—tourist with dead phone battery, senior without data plan, resident with low digital literacy—can reach it.

Service decentralization: Shift simple transactions (paying a utility bill, buying a metro ticket, reporting a pothole) out of municipal offices and into 24/7 self-service mode.

In other words, kiosks bridge the gap between city databases and city pavements.

1.2 A Quick World Tour

LinkNYC (New York, USA): 2 000+ kiosks that offer free phone calls, USB charging, and gigabit Wi-Fi, funded by digital advertising.

Hello Hong Kong: Units in MTR stations serve up route planners in Cantonese, Mandarin, English, and increasingly Tagalog and Hindi.

Barcelona Smart Totems: Integrated with the city’s open data platform, they overlay tourist POIs with live pollution readings, nudging foot-traffic away from congestion hotspots.

Dubai Smart Palms: Solar-powered, date-palm-shaped kiosks dispense weather data and recharge mobiles on the beachfront—proof that hardware can double as urban art.

2. Delivering Instant, Inclusive Information

2.1 Real-Time Transit Dashboards

A commuter steps off the metro, glances at the kiosk, and sees: “Bus 34 to Al-Safaa arriving in 4 minutes.” No app download, no squinting at a timetable faded by sunlight. Behind the scenes, APIs funnel General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS-real-time) data into the kiosk every 30 seconds. The value is obvious on marathon days, during strikes, or when a subway line floods—the kiosk becomes the single source of truth at street level.

2.2 Hyper-Local Event Feeds

Planners increasingly sync kiosks with city CRM calendars. The result: dynamic posters that flip from farmer’s-market hours in the morning to outdoor-movie listings by dusk, refreshed as frequently as a Twitter feed. In crisis mode—flash floods, smog alerts—content managers override ads with emergency instructions in seconds.

2.3 Multilingual & Accessible by Design

Regulations such as the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and Europe’s EN 301 549 mandate accessibility. Leading vendors now build:

Screen-reader compatibility with text-to-speech.

Tactile keypad overlays for users who can’t rely on vision.

Adjustable UI heights for wheelchair users.

UI skins in 8–10 languages, switchable on tap—crucial in tourism-heavy cities like Paris or Kuala Lumpur.

3. Turning the Kiosk Into a Service Counter

3.1 Payments & Ticketing

Embedding EMV-certified readers lets residents pay property taxes or top up transit cards in under a minute. Budapest’s FUTÁR kiosks cut ticket-office queues by 40 % within a year of launch. Crucially, many kiosks accept both contactless cards and cash, acknowledging that financial inclusion lags smartphone penetration in many regions.

3.2 Citizen Reporting & Feedback

Geo-tagged issue reports (e.g., “streetlight out on Elm St.”) funnel into asset-management platforms like Cityworks or SAP, complete with photo evidence. Seoul logged a 23 % faster median repair time after adding kiosk reporting to its 120 Dasan Call Center options.

3.3 Emergency & Health Guidance

During COVID-19 surges, Toronto repurposed its InfoTO kiosks to show nearest test-centre wait times and mask mandates in real time. Many cities now script similar “alert templates” for heatwaves, air-quality spikes, or security incidents.

4. Balancing Benefits with Real-World Challenges

4.1 Inclusivity & Convenience

Not every citizen owns a smartphone; not every tourist has an affordable data plan. By anchoring digital services in physical space, kiosks narrow the digital divide. They also extend city hall’s “open” hours from eight per day to 24.

4.2 Data Privacy & Cybersecurity

Collecting Wi-Fi probe requests or anonymous video analytics can improve urban planning—but it can also trigger backlash. GDPR-compliant cities adopt strict data-minimization, purge logs within 24 hours, and publish transparency dashboards that show exactly what’s captured.

4.3 Maintenance, Vandalism & OPEX

A cracked panel or blue screen tanks citizen trust. Solutions include:

Remote diagnostics that auto-reboot frozen apps.

Field-replaceable modules so a technician swaps a compute unit in five minutes.

Anti-graffiti coatings and shatter-resistant Gorilla Glass Victus.

Even so, annual operating costs can hit USD 1 500–3 000 per kiosk. Cities offset that via programmatic digital advertising or by leasing side-panels to telcos for small-cell deployment.

5. Where Smart City Kiosks Go Next

5.1 IoT & Digital-Twin Integration

Think of each kiosk as an edge node on the city’s sensor grid, streaming foot-traffic, noise levels, and temperature to a central digital twin. Urban planners then simulate how rerouting buses or widening sidewalks might ease congestion—before spending a penny on asphalt.

5.2 AI-Driven Personalisation

Opt-in facial recognition or anonymous re-identification could greet a commuter with “Good evening, the last train to Gurgaon departs in 12 minutes—want a bike-share coupon for the final leg?” Vision-impaired users might get auto-launched audio navigation the moment the system recognizes their cane pattern. Ethics boards will need to keep pace.

5.3 Sustainable, Self-Powered Hardware

Next-gen enclosures integrate thin-film solar, passive cooling, and e-paper side-panels that sip milliwatts. Amsterdam’s ClimateStreet project even pilots kiosks that harvest kinetic energy from pedestrian footsteps to trickle-charge batteries overnight.

6. Takeaways for City Leaders & Tech Providers

Start with an inclusion lens: Map neighbourhoods with low smartphone adoption or limited public counters—deploy there first.

Design for modularity: Technology lifecycles run 3–5 years, street furniture 10–15. Separate the brains from the brawn.

Bake in transparency: Publish data-collection policies on-screen; give citizens easy opt-outs.

Plan the business model early: Advertising, sponsorships, and telecom co-location can subsidize OPEX, but only if contracts align with civic values.

Measure relentlessly: Track transactions per kiosk, mean-time-to-repair, and user-satisfaction scores. Iterate like a software product, not a concrete monument.

Conclusion

Smart city kiosks are more than digital billboards; they’re the civic interface of modern urbanism. By merging real-time information with walk-up service delivery, they extend the reach of municipal agencies and empower citizens who might otherwise be left out of the digital conversation. Yes, cities must wrestle with privacy safeguards, hardware upkeep, and equitable placement. Yet the trajectory is unmistakable: as edge computing, AI, and sustainable design mature, kiosks will morph from static touchscreens into adaptive, data-rich nodes—and, in the process, help cities become more inclusive, responsive, and resilient.

For mayors, CIOs, and urban planners, the strategic question is no longer “Should we deploy kiosks?” but “How do we craft a kiosk network that reflects our city’s unique social fabric and future ambitions?” The sidewalk is waiting.

[howzitsa]

Asus TUF Gaming RTX 4080 16GB OC Edition Game, stream, create. The GeForce RTX™ 4060 Ti lets you take on the latest games and apps with the ultra-efficient NVIDIA Ada Lovelace architecture. Experience immersive, AI-accelerated gaming with ray tracing and DLSS 3, and supercharge your creative process and productivity with NVIDIA Studio. The MSI GAMING SLIM series is a thinner variant of the GAMING series while maintaining high-performance capabilities and aggressive looks. Its lightened design is made for those building a gaming rig with space constraints. Elevate performance with TRI FROZR 3 cooling and its key features – TORX FAN 5.0, Core Pipe, and Airflow Control. Stay cool and quiet. MSI’s TRI FROZR 3 thermal design enhances heat dissipation all around the graphics card. TORX FAN 5.0 is a culmination of fan design improvements to increase the air pressure and flow into the heatsink. Ring arcs link three sets of fan blades that tilt 22 degrees together to maintain high-pressure airflow even at slower rotational speeds. The resulting increased airflow is +23% compared to an axial fan. The heat from the GPU and memory modules is immediately captured by a solid nickel-plated copper baseplate and then rapidly transferred to an array of heat pipes. This widening of the thermal transfer systems with highly efficient mechanisms improves overall efficiency. Core pipes are precision-crafted to make maximum use of the available space. A squared section of heat pipes fully touches the GPU baseplate and spreads the heat along the full length of the heatsink. Airflow Control improves airflow dynamics through the Wave Curved 2.0 and updated deflectors design for optimizing the balance between cooling and quieter acoustics. FEATURES: Boost Clock / 2670 MHz Memory Speed / 18Gbps 8GB GDDR6 DisplayPort x 3 / HDMI x 1 Tri FROZR 3 Thermal Design TORX Fan 5.0: Fan blades linked by ring arcs and a fan cowl work together to stabilize and maintain high-pressure airflow. Copper Baseplate: Heat from the GPU and memory modules is captured by a copper baseplate and then rapidly transferred to Core Pipes. Airflow Control: Don’t sweat it, Airflow Control guides the air to exactly where it needs to be for maximum cooling. Core Pipe: Precision-machined heat pipes ensure max contact with the GPU and spread heat along the full length of the heatsink. SPECIFICATIONS: Graphics Processing Unit: NVIDIA® GeForce RTX™ 4060 Ti Interface: PCI Express® Gen 4 x 8 Core Clocks: Extreme Performance: 2685 MHz (MSI Center), Boost: 2670 MHz (Gaming and Silent Mode) CUDA® Cores: 4352 Units Memory Speed: 18Gbps Memory: 8GB GDDR6 Memory Bus: 128-bit Output: DisplayPort x 3 (v1.4a) HDMI™ x 1 (Supports 4K@120Hz HDR and 8K@60Hz HDR and Variable Refresh Rate (VRR) as specified in HDMI™ 2.1a) HDCP Support: Yes Power Consumption: 160 W Power Connections: 8-pin x1 Recommended PSU: 550 W DirectX Version Support: 12 Ultimate OpenGL Version Support: 4.6 Maximum Displays: 4 G-Sync® Technology: Yes Digital Maximum Resolution: 7680 x 4320 Product Dimensions: 30.7 x 12.5 x 4.6 cm Product Weight: 895g WHAT’S IN THE BOX: MSI GeForce RTX™ 4060 Ti GAMING X SLIM 8G Graphics Card x1

[trendingreportz]

PCIe DC-DC Converter Market - Forecast(2025 - 2031)

PCIe DC-DC Converter Market Overview

PCIe DC-DC Converter Market is analyzed to grow at a CAGR of 16.6% during the forecast period 2021-2026 to reach $9.5 billion. PCIe or PCI Express generally refers to a high speed serial computer expansion bus standard that is designed with more advantages in comparison to older standards. PCIe standards are capable of providing benefits including better performance scaling, lower latency, synchronous rectification, pulse amplitude modulation, larger bandwidth support, higher data speeds and so on making it an ideal choice for various application areas like graphic cards, storage devices, network interface cards, and many other high performance peripherals. With rise in data traffic and need for high performance computing devices and integrated circuits, different generation models be it PCIe 5.0, PCIe 4.0 and so on are selected according to end-use requirements. Increasing rate of data center infrastructure growth as well as shift towards advanced technologies including artificial intelligence and machine learning are considered as some of the major drivers impacting the growth of PCIe DC-DC Converter Market. In addition, investments towards advancing telecom communication infrastructure with 5G technology along with rise of adoption in automotive applications like ADAS systems, infotainment systems and so on are further analyzed to fuel the growth of PCIe technology in the long run.

Report Coverage

The report: “PCIe Industry Outlook – Forecast (2021-2026)”, by IndustryARC covers an in-depth analysis of the following segments of the PCIe industry.

By Generation: PCIe 1.0 & 2.0, PCIe 3.0, PCIe 4.0, PCIe 5.0.

By Form Factor: Mini PCIe, PCIe.

By Product: SLC, MLC.

By Output Voltage: Upto 3.3V, 3.3-5V, 5-10V, 10-15V, 15-24V And Above 24V.

By Output Power: Upto 20W,20-50W,50-100W and Above 100W.

By Application: Graphic Processor Units, Network Interface Cards, Storage Device & Controllers, PCIe Switches (Gen 1, Gen 2, Gen 3, Gen 4 and Gen 5), Servers.

By End Users: Telecommunication, Industrial, Residential, Data Centers (Hyperscale, Colocation, Others), Automotive, Infrastructure, Others.

By Geography: North America, South America, Europe, APAC and RoW.

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Key Takeaways

Growing shift towards advanced technologies like artificial intelligence and machine learning along with increasing growth of data center infrastructures is analyzed to significantly drive the PCIe DC-DC Converter Market during the forecast period 2021-2026.

Storage Device & Controllers application segment had accounted for the largest market share in 2020, attributed to the factors including rise of cloud based data storage requirements, infrastructural developments for data centers and so on.

High investments towards research and development activities by some of the key market players such as Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, Renesas Electronics Corporation and Toshiba Corporation with others have helped in boosting the growth of PCIe across APAC markets.

PCIe DC-DC Converter Market Segment Analysis- By Generation

Based on generation, the PCIe DC-DC Converter Market is segmented under PCIe 1.0 & 2.0, PCIe 3.0, PCIe 4.0 and PCIe 5.0. PCIe 3.0 generation had dominated the PCIe DC-DC Converter Market with 46.5% share in 2020, and is analyzed to grow significantly at a rate of 16.4% during the forecast period 2021-2026. Generation PCIe 3.0 can be referred to as a Gen 3 expansion card comprising of a four-lane configuration, used across some of the major end-use industries be it telecom, data centers and so on. However, with growing advancements towards Gen 4 and Gen 5, adoption of PCIe 3.0 based solutions has been still maintaining a significant growth in the markets, due to its long time presence. Capable of reaching speeds upto 1000 Mbps, PCIe 3.0 architecture incorporate features like enhanced signaling and data integrity, channel enhancements, clock data recovery, pulse amplitude modulation and so on, retaining its market position. Factors including growth in video streaming, video conferencing, online gaming, social networking and many others have surged the internet traffic amidst the COVID-19 pandemic situation, attributing towards the need for PCIe 3.0 interfaces. In addition, usage of PCIe 3.0 has been still in demand owing to rising rate of investments from various key vendors towards developing products with Gen 3 support. In 2020, AMD announced about the launch of A520 chipset, as a part of supporting its third generation Ryzen desktop processors. Through this, the company wanted to help its customers offer a path for future upgrades, based on Zen 3 architecture. Such factors have eventually helped in creating a positive impact towards the deployment of PCIE 3.0 solutions for the end-use markets.

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PCIe DC-DC Converter Market Segment Analysis- By Application

Based on application, Storage Device & Controllers had accounted for the largest share of 32.1% in 2020, analyzed to grow significantly with a CAGR of 15.5% in the global PCIe DC-DC Converter Market during the forecast period. The need for PCIe had evolved in the storage applications overtime with the introduction of technologies namely SATA Express and Non-Volatile Memory Express. With the shift towards ultra thin laptops, tablet PCs and so on, there is significant need towards connectors used in peripheral devices capable of fitting into narrower spaces. In order to address such requirements, PCI-SIG specified the M.2 connectors, thereby gaining it wide popularity. In addition, growing number of investments towards construction of new data centers or upgradation of existing facilities can be considered as some of the major factors attributing towards its market growth owing to rise of cloud based data storage and improved integrated circuits. NVMe and PCIe have been becoming highly popular owing to technological advancements in the field of solid state storage applications. Deployment of PCIe based solid state drives are raising its demand in the markets serving cloud computing requirements, with comparitively higher data transmission as well as high speed connectivity. Owing to these advantages, PCIe had turned as a popular choice among data centers and telecom sectors due to shift towards high-performance computing while storage applications. In 2021, Interface Concept announced about the launch of a removable SSD mass storage XMC module, named IC-EM2-XMCa, capable of supporting PCIe x1/x2/x4 Gen2/Gen3 interface connection. Owing to its capability of increasing storage capacity upto 2TB, as a part of adding mass storage capacity to any third party Single Board Computer or host carrier board, used across VPX, cPCI or VME systems, thus making it suitable for computing as well as storage-intensive applications. Such factors are further set to propel the growth of PCIe within storage devices or controllers in the long run.

PCIe DC-DC Converter Market Segment Analysis- Geography

APAC had accounted for the largest share of 36.5% in 2020, followed by North America and Europe in the PCIe DC-DC Converter Market, analyzed to grow at a rate of 19.6% during the forecast period 2021-2026. Factors including growing demand for cloud computing services, shift of telecom sector towards advancing network or communication infrastructures and many others have acted as some of the major factors attributing to the market growth. Presence of key players such as Renesas Electronics Corporation, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, Toshiba Corporation with many others opting for R& D activities overtime have been also helping in creating significant growth of PCIe across the region. In 2020, Samsung announced about the launch of PCIe 4.0 NVMe SSD (solid state drive), named SSD 980 Pro. This development was meant to help professionals as well as consumers opting for high performance PCs, workstations and gaming consoles, also making it an ideal choice for consumers working with 4K or 8K contents or playing high graphic games. High investments towards building data center facilities as well as growing shift towards improving virtualization, high-performance computing, and many others for automotives is further analyzed to drive the market growth in the coming years. In 2020, China revealed about constructing one of the world's highest-altitude cloud-computing data center in Tibet in order to meet data storage requirements for China as well as various South Asian nations including Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan. As per Ningsuan Technology Group, an investment of about 11.8 billion yuan (around USD 1.8 billion) has been planned for this project, which will help in providing services such as video rendering, distance-learning data backup, autonomous driving and so on in the long run. Such construction projects related to data centers are set to drive the need for high-speed switches, storage devices, and so on, impacting the market growth of PCIe during the forecast period 2021-2026.

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PCIe DC-DC Converter Market Drivers

Increasing growth towards data center infrastructures:

Increasing growth towards data center infrastructures can be considered as one of the vital factors driving the market growth of PCIe. This growth is significantly impacting the need for high-speed devices capable of offering faster data transmission owing to rise of data traffic for optimizing data center facilities. Enterprise workloads have already started migrating towards cloud, which in turn requires the need for high performance computing, virtualization and related applications, making it beneficial for the use of PCIe based devices. In addition to this, with the surging COVID-19 pandemic situation, there is a rapid rise of remote work or work from home, driving the growth of data centers towards handling bulks of data with higher efficiency. Moreover, data centers have been continuously focusing on leveraging hyperscale computing networks to be able to meet growing cloud-based workloads, thereby accelerating the demand towards high-speed networking devices be it PCIe switches, servers, storage devices and many more. Large Enterprises including Microsoft Corporation, Google, Amazon Web Services and many others have been constantly focusing on expanding data center facilities across various regions alongside renovation or upgradation for the existing facilities to cope up with the growing data traffic is further set to propel the demand for PCIe based solutions. As a part of this, in 2021, Microsoft had revealed about its plans of investing about $200 million towards construction of two data centers of around 200,000 square feet outside Chicago, expected to become operational by 2022. Such factors are further set to propel the need for PCIe switches, servers, storage devices and so on owing to conducting various processes be it high-performance computing, optimum network connectivity and many others during the forecast period 2021-2026.

Growing shift towards advanced technologies like artificial intelligence and machine learning:

Growing shift towards advanced technologies including artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) can be considered as one of the major drivers impacting the growth of PCIe DC-DC Converter Market. With technological advancements, there is significant rise towards AI or ML based workloads, eventually raising the need for upgraded or new generation of computing architectures. Since AI based applications work on generating as well as processing of massive amounts of data within real-time data speeds, there is significant demand towards various high speed PCIe devices like graphic processor units, switches, controllers and many others, capable of handling large bandwidth requirements at high-speeds. In comparison to traditional CPUs, the need for computational models is rising, owing to growing demand towards high-bandwidth and low latency communication channels. Rise of demands have been eventually attributing towards various PCIe generation models, particularly PCIe 4.0 or PCIe 5.0 for serving such application requirements. Leveraging PCIe technology can help CPU models to keep up with the increasing data flow from edge devices across various enterprises, thereby creating a positive impact on market growth. In 2020, an AI chipmaker, Hailo had introduced high-performance AI acceleration modules, namely M.2 and mini PCIe designed for empowering edge devices. The development of the modules was meant to allow customers integrate high-performance AI capabilities within edge devices, while offering a more flexible and optimized solution. Deployment of such modules can help in accelerating a large number of deep learning based application areas with higher efficiency, thereby creating its significant growth in the PCIe DC-DC Converter Market in the long run.

PCIe DC-DC Converter Market Challenges

Complexities related to designing, implementation or verification:

Designing, implementation or verification related complexities act as one of the major challenges restraining the growth of PCIe DC-DC Converter Market. PCIe based devices are capable of offering improved reliability, availability and many other advantages, gaining it wider adoption across various end-use verticals. However, configurability and complexities for PCIe pose several designing challenges, as the designer needs to read as well as understand various specifications associated with the standard for selecting an option to be incorporated within the designing architecture. In addition, due to its adoption across a broad range of application areas, manufacturing of PCIe in large quantities based on various factors be it voltage, temperature and so on, eventually affects its signal efficiency or integrity, thereby contributing towards high amounts of variation while designing process. Design or verification complexity issues exponentially rises due to need for a huge sample space of configurable features, along with a minimal error while selecting configuration can make the design unsuited for targeted application, thereby causing prolonged time to market. Such factors have been contributing towards lesser adoption of PCIe, while hampering its market growth across various end-use sectors.

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PCIe DC-DC Converter Market Landscape

Product launches, collaboration, and R&D activities are key strategies adopted by players in the PCIe DC-DC Converter Market. The key players in the PCIe DC-DC Converter Market include Broadcom Inc., Microchip Technology Inc., Renesas Electronics Corporation, Intel Corporation, Nvidia Corporation, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, Toshiba Corporation, Xilinx Inc., PLDA and Texas Instruments among others.

Acquisitions/Technology Launches/Partnerships

In April 2021, Samsung Electronics launched PM9A1 SSD, featuring a PCIe 4.0x4 interface. This development was meant to be used in PCs, specifically for enterprises as well as government agencies dealing with sensitive information with sophisticated security requirements.

In February 2021, Microchip Technology Inc. had introduced PCI Express 5.0 switch solution, Switchtec PFX PCIe 5.0 which is capable of doubling interconnects performance for dense compute, high-speed networking as well as NVM Express storage. Development of the world’s first PCIe 5.0 switch was done to support high density and reliability capabilities, including 28 lanes to 100 lanes and upto 48 non-transparent bridges.