#Ex Situ Bioremediation

[delta-remediation]

Effective Bioremediation Techniques: A Sustainable Solution for Environmental Cleanup

Bioremediation is a sustainable and cost-effective solution to environmental pollution, using living organisms such as bacteria and fungi to degrade pollutants into harmless compounds. There are various bioremediation techniques, including in situ (at the site of pollution) and ex situ (removing contaminants to treat elsewhere). Other methods include bioventing, biosparging, and use of bioreactors to promote the natural degradation of pollutants.

These techniques can handle a wide array of pollution types including petroleum, heavy metal, pesticide contamination, industrial waste, and landfill leachate. Benefits of bioremediation include its sustainability, cost-effectiveness, versatility, and non-invasiveness.

One company leading the way in bioremediation is Delta Remediation, based in Alberta, Canada. They specialize in applying these techniques to sites polluted with hydrocarbons, pesticides, and industrial waste, and have expanded their operations to Nigeria and Kenya.

Bioremediation thus offers a promising method for environmental cleanup, being both eco-friendly and adaptable to diverse environments. Companies like Delta Remediation are pioneering in this sector, making significant contributions to environmental health.

[deltaremediation]

Environmental Cleanup: Bioremediation as an Eco-Friendly Solution

Bioremediation is an eco-friendly approach that uses microorganisms or their enzymes to clean up environmental pollutants. It is a sustainable and cost-effective method to treat contaminated soil, water, and air. Bioremediation can be applied to a variety of pollutants, including petroleum, pesticides, and solvents. The process involves various biochemical reactions, microbial interactions, and environmental factors.

The principles of bioremediation are based on the natural processes of microbial degradation and plant uptake. Microorganisms have evolved to use various organic compounds as sources of energy and nutrients. They have a diverse range of enzymes that can break down complex molecules into simpler forms that can be utilized by the cell. In bioremediation, microbial degradation is enhanced by adding nutrients, oxygen, and other growth-promoting factors to the contaminated site. This can be achieved by various techniques, such as bioaugmentation, biostimulation, and phytoremediation.

There are several types of bioremediation techniques that can be applied to different types of pollutants and environments. The most common ones are in situ bioremediation, ex situ bioremediation, bioventing, biosparging, and bioreactors.

Bioremediation has been applied to a wide range of environmental pollutants and industries. Petroleum, heavy metal, pesticide, industrial waste, and landfill leachate contamination are some of the common applications of bioremediation.

Compared to traditional remediation techniques, such as excavation and incineration, bioremediation offers several benefits. It is sustainable, cost-effective, versatile, and non-invasive. Therefore, bioremediation is a promising eco-friendly solution for environmental cleanup.

[tritonmarketresearchamey]

Bioremediation Technology and Services: Market Analysis 2024-2032

The global bioremediation technology and services market is set to advance at a CAGR of 7.97% during the forecasting phase 2024-2032. Request Free Sample Report

According to Triton Market Research, the Global Bioremediation Technology and Services Market report is sectioned by Type (In-situ Bioremediation, Ex-situ Bioremediation), Service (Wastewater Remediation, Soil Remediation, Oilfield Remediation, Other Services), Technology (Biostimulation, Phytoremediation, Bioreactors, Bioaugmentation, Fungal Remediation, Land-based Treatments), and Regional Outlook (North America, Europe, Middle East and Africa, Asia-Pacific, Latin America).

The report highlights the Market Summary, Industry Outlook, Impact Analysis, Porter’s Five Forces Analysis, Key Buying Impact Analysis, Industry Components, Market Maturity Analysis, Key Market Strategies, Market Drivers, Challenges, Opportunities, Analyst Perspective, Competitive Landscape, Research Methodology and scope, Global Market Size, Forecasts & Analysis (2024-2032).

Based on Triton’s analysis, the global bioremediation technology and services market is set to advance at a CAGR of 7.97% during the forecasting phase 2024-2032. 

Bioremediation technique encompassing phytoremediation, bioaugmentation, and biostimulation, offers an eco-friendly approach to tackle diverse environmental challenges, serving as a sustainable alternative to conventional remediation techniques.

Rising integration of nanotechnology and growing innovation in metagenomics and genomics are creating ample opportunities for the bioremediation technology and services market. Nanotechnology enables the development of advanced materials and techniques with properties tailored for environmental cleanup, such as increased surface area for adsorption, enhanced reactivity, and improved transport of contaminants. These nanomaterials can target specific pollutants, allowing for more precise and targeted remediation efforts. This significantly widens the scope of the studied market globally. 

However, uncertainty pertaining to the site and the long duration of the process restricts the development of the bioremediation technology and services market. 

Asia-Pacific is estimated to become the fastest-growing region globally. The surge in population alongside urbanization and industrial expansion, coupled with heightened oil and gas consumption, has fostered numerous contaminated sites. Consequently, heightened awareness regarding the adverse effects of pollution and governmental regulations aimed at environmental preservation has elevated the need for bioremediation services, which significantly fuels the market’s growth. 

The notable companies thriving in the bioremediation technology and services market include Carus Group Inc, Sevenson Environmental Services Inc, Aquatech International LLC, Drylet Inc, Xylem Inc, Soilutions Ltd, Verde Environmental Group, RT Environmental Services Inc, Regenesis Remediation Solutions, and Ivey International Inc. 

The market is currently dominated by established players who wield significant control. Any prospective newcomer would face substantial barriers to entry, including high capital requirements for technical products and labor, as well as a considerable time frame needed to secure a foothold in the market. Given the robust competition, establishing a new presence becomes a formidable challenge. As a result, the threat posed by new entrants remains low.

[house-construction-services]

Soil Remediation Techniques in House Construction: Ensuring Environmental Sustainability

As urbanization continues to expand, the demand for housing and infrastructure has led to the development of previously untouched lands. However, this construction often comes with the challenge of soil contamination, which poses risks to both environmental and human health. Soil remediation techniques are therefore crucial in ensuring the sustainability of house construction projects, mitigating the adverse effects of contaminants and restoring soil quality.

Understanding Soil Contamination:

Soil contamination can arise from various sources, including industrial activities, improper waste disposal, and historical land use. Common contaminants found in construction sites include heavy metals, petroleum hydrocarbons, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These pollutants can leach into groundwater, affect plant growth, and pose health risks if not properly addressed.

Soil Remediation Techniques:

Excavation and Removal: In cases where contamination is localized and shallow, excavation of contaminated soil followed by proper disposal is a common remediation approach. This method is effective for addressing surface-level pollutants but may be costly and disruptive to the site.

Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE): SVE involves the extraction of volatile contaminants from the soil by applying a vacuum to the subsurface. This technique is suitable for sites contaminated with VOCs and can be combined with other methods such as air sparging to enhance effectiveness.

Bioremediation: Bioremediation utilizes microorganisms to degrade organic contaminants into harmless byproducts. This natural and cost-effective method can be applied in situ or ex situ, depending on site conditions. Bioremediation is particularly effective for petroleum hydrocarbons and organic pollutants.

Phytoremediation: Phytoremediation involves the use of plants to absorb, metabolize, or accumulate contaminants from the soil. Certain plant species have been found to be effective in removing heavy metals, pesticides, and even radioactive elements from the soil. This technique is environmentally friendly and can be integrated into landscaping designs.

Chemical Remediation: Chemical methods such as oxidation-reduction reactions, soil washing, and chemical stabilization can be employed to treat contaminated soil. These techniques involve the use of chemical agents to neutralize or extract pollutants, making the soil suitable for construction activities.

Thermal Remediation: Thermal techniques such as thermal desorption and soil vapor extraction with thermal enhancement involve the application of heat to the contaminated soil to volatilize or destroy contaminants. While effective, thermal remediation methods can be energy-intensive and may pose challenges in controlling emissions.

Integration into Construction Practices:

Incorporating soil remediation into house construction projects requires careful planning and collaboration between developers, environmental consultants, and regulatory authorities. Site assessments should be conducted prior to construction to identify potential contamination risks, allowing for early implementation of remediation measures. Furthermore, adopting sustainable construction practices such as minimizing waste generation and using environmentally friendly materials can help reduce the likelihood of soil contamination and promote long-term environmental stewardship.

Soil remediation is a critical component of sustainable house construction, ensuring the protection of both environmental and human health. By employing a combination of remediation techniques tailored to site-specific conditions, developers can mitigate the impacts of soil contamination and promote the revitalization of degraded land. Incorporating soil remediation into construction practices not only fulfills regulatory requirements but also demonstrates a commitment to environmental sustainability in urban development projects.

[anyawinget]

North America Bioremediation Technology and Services Market Size, Share and Growth 2021 to 2028

“The bioremediation technology and services market in North America is expected to grow from US$ 5,040.96 million in 2021 to US$ 9,019.34 million by 2028; it is estimated to grow at a CAGR of 8.7% from 2021 to 2028.”

A report added on the Business Market Insights, titled “North America Bioremediation Technology and Services Market” by Company, Regions, Type, Application, and Forecast to covers several well-known organizations, key market players who are leading in the market. The report contains a thorough summary of North America Bioremediation Technology and Services Market that includes several well-known organizations, key market players who are leading in terms of sales, variable market change, revenue, end-user demands, conformity through trustworthy services, restricted elements, products and other processes.

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Leading Companies Reviewed in The Market‎ Report Are:

· Altogen Labs

· Aquatech International LLC.

· Drylet, Inc.

· InSitu Remediation Services Limited

· Ivey International Inc.

· Probiosphere

· REGENESIS

· Sarva Bio Remed, LLC

· Sumas Remediation Services, Inc.

· Xylem Inc.

North America Bioremediation Technology and Services Market Split by Product Type and Applications:

This report segments the North America Bioremediation Technology and Services Market on the basis of Types are:

· In Situ Bioremediation

· Ex Situ Bioremediation

On the basis of the Application, the North America Bioremediation Technology and Services Market is segmented into:

Phytoremediation

Bio stimulation

Bioreactors

Bioaugmentation

Fungal Remediation

Land-based Treatments

Competitive Landscape:

This report will drive companies present in this market. Outstanding players in the market are studied through a full analysis of the company profile, product portfolio, production and manufacturing capabilities, technology and product development, and revenue estimation. The North America Bioremediation Technology and Services market is highly integrated as there are many companies across this industry. The report then explains the current market conditions, past performance, demand and supply graphs, sales networks, and distribution channels for these companies.

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Questions answered in North America Bioremediation Technology and Services market research study:

· What is the market growth rate of North America Bioremediation Technology and Services Market?

· What will be the regional market size of the market?

· Who are the leading global manufacturing companies in the North America Bioremediation Technology and Services Market?

· What are the major current trends and predicted trends?

· What are the challenges faced in the North America Bioremediation Technology and Services Market?

· How share promote North America Bioremediation Technology and Services their worth from different manufacturing brands?

· Which will be the niches at which players profiling with thorough plans, financials, and also recent advancements should set a presence?

· Which will be the anticipated growth rates for your own North America Bioremediation Technology and Services economy altogether and also for every segment inside?

· Which will be the North America Bioremediation Technology and Services application and types and forecast accompanied closely by producers?

· What are the conclusions of the North America Bioremediation Technology and Services Market report?

NOTE: Our analysts who monitor the situation around the world explain that the market will create a conservative outlook for producers after the COVID-19 crisis. The report aims to provide a further explanation of the latest scenario, the economic downturn, and the impact of COVID-19 on the entire industry.

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[fullninjatyphoon]

Die Marktforschungsstudie zu Mikrobielle Bioremediation Markt – Globale Branchenanalyse, Marktgröße, Chancen und Prognose, 2022 - 2030, bietet einen detaillierten Einblick in den globalen Mikrobielle Bioremediation Markt, der Einblicke in seine verschiedenen Marktsegmente beinhaltet. Marktdynamik mit Treibern, Beschränkungen und Chancen mit ihren Auswirkungen werden im Bericht bereitgestellt. Der Bericht bietet Einblicke in den globalen Mikrobielle Bioremediation-Markt, seine Art, Anwendung und wichtigsten geografischen Regionen. Der Bericht behandelt grundlegende Entwicklungsrichtlinien und Layouts von Technologieentwicklungsprozessen.

[tritonmarketresearch]

Global Bioremediation Technology and Services Market is expected to Advance at a CAGR of 8.70% by 2028

 Triton Market Research presents the Global Bioremediation Technology and Services Market report sanctioned by Type (In Situ Bioremediation, Ex Situ Bioremediation), Technology (Phytoremediation, Biostimulation, Bioaugmentation, Bioreactors, Fungal Remediation, Land-based Treatments), Service (Soil Remediation, Wastewater Remediation, Oilfield Remediation, Other Services), and Regional Outlook (Europe, Middle East and Africa, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, North America). The report further discusses the Market Summary, Industry Outlook, Impact of COVID-19, Key Insights, Porter’s Five Forces Analysis, Key Impact Analysis, Market Attractiveness Index, Vendor Scorecard, Industry Components, Key Market Strategies, Drivers, Challenges, Opportunities, Competitive Landscape, Research Methodology & Scope, Global Market Size, Forecasts & Analysis (2022-2028).

Triton’s research report suggests that the global bioremediation technology and services market is anticipated to witness growth at a CAGR of 8.70% over the forecast period 2022-2028.

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Bioremediation uses microorganisms to reduce pollution by the biological degradation of contaminants into non-toxic substances. It is an emerging technology that can be used with other chemical and physical treatment methods to manage a group of environmental pollutants.

The different applications of bioremediation technology and services in the commercial sector and the government regulations focusing on environmental protection are expected to drive the studied market’s growth during the forecast period. The said technology finds its application in various fields, such as detoxifying old mine quarries and pits, reducing industrial pollutants, and cleaning petroleum products.

However, the long duration of the bioremediation treatments and their dependency on environmental factors hamper the market growth. The treatment times range from 6 to 16 weeks, depending on contaminant type, concentration and soil properties, and time of year. The slow recovery time of the process is a major challenge for the bioremediation technology and services market.

Globally, the Asia-Pacific is expected to become the fastest-growing region in the bioremediation technology and services market. The region’s robust growth is owing to factors such as a rapidly increasing population with the growing urbanization and industrialization and increased consumption of oil & gas. Such an increase has resulted in the growing demand for bioremediation technology and services. Additionally, the growing awareness about the harmful impacts of these polluted sites and government regulatory compliances to prevent the environmental degradation have boosted the market growth.

The prominent leaders in the bioremediation technology and services market include Xylem Inc, Sarva Bio Remed LLC, Probiosphere Inc, Drylet Inc, Verde Environmental Group, Altogen Labs, Carus Corporation LLC, Sevenson Environmental Services Inc, Ivey International Inc, Aquatech International, RT Environmental Services Inc, Regenesis Remediation Solutions, InSitu Remediation Services Ltd, Soilutions Ltd, and Sumas Environmental Services.

Buyers in the studied market include environmental contractors, industries, governments, and commercial and residential sectors. The buyer’s need is legitimate, and it cannot be compromised. Bioremediation is an environmentally beneficial approach to decontaminating a site that cannot be compared to other methods in terms of environmental impact. As a result, buyer power is moderate.

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[market-research-repoert]

This can help them identify opportunities and potential threats, so they can prepare for the present and future. MRI Research helps organizations to figure out whats happening in a given industry, including demand and supply statistics, degree of competition, state of competition with other emerging industries, future prospects considering technological changes, and external factors on the industry.

[irispublishersagriculture]

Iris Publishers - World Journal of Agriculture and Soil Science (WJASS)

Current Application of Microencapsulation Technology in Bioremediation of Polluted Groundwater

Authored by Stalis Norma Ethica

The long-term establishment of the global water supply and sustainability is closely related with the world population growth and global climate change. Steadfast growth of the world’s population forecasted to be almost multiplied by two from 3.4 to 6.3 billion between 2009 - 2050, is presented by a predicted required growth of 70% agriculture production by 2050 [1]. Hence, the need for fresh water is dramatically increasing, especially for food production. It is because 70% of the withdrawals of world’s freshwater are already adjudged for agricultural land irrigation. Today each year, 64 billion cubic meters of fresh water are consumed progressively by worlds’ population [2].

In developing countries, ground water contamination is a key issue, with high levels of pollutants being reported in various regions. Various contamination control and groundwater treatment technologies methods should be applied to overcome this problem [3]. Groundwater treatment technologies encompass physical, chemical, or biological treatment techniques. They could be divided as ex-situ or in-situ technologies.

Aside of world population growth and global climate change, in particular, agricultural activities have been known to give impact to groundwater pollution. For example, high nitrogen fertilizers application rates have been associated with the raise of groundwater pollution [4]. Groundwater has been found as vulnerable to pesticides used in agricultural land [5].

Public concern with polluted soil and groundwater encouraged the development of programs designed to control and remediate this contamination, as well as to prevent further contamination [1]. Bioremediation as an environmentally friendly, socially allowable and economically viable is among the best way to eliminate pollutants from the environment. In bioremediation, microorganisms with beneficial biological activity, including fungi, algae, bacteria, and yeast, could be utilized in their naturally occurring forms [6].

In situ bioremediation involving bio-stimulation and/ or bioaugmentation, being an economical and eco-friendly approach, has come out as the most beneficial soil and water clean-up technique for contaminated sites [7]. Systems involving degrading bacteria have been found helpful in supporting bioremediation option to treat the polluted groundwater [8]. Cells of degrading bacteria have been known as bioremediation agent [9]. Microencapsulation is among important strategy used in bio-augmentation and biostimulation improve the effectiveness of bioremediation processes [10].

Microencapsulation is among quality preservation techniques of vulnerable substances, such as enzymes, living bacterial cells, phytochemicals, and a method for generation of materials with novel precious characteristics. Microencapsulation is defined as a process of packing micron-sized particles in a polymeric shell. Various techniques are now available for the encapsulation of different entities. This mini review provides a literature review of different microencapsulation techniques applied in bioremediation of groundwater worldwide in the last ten years [1].

Discussion

Bioremediation for polluted groundwater

With latest advancements, bioremediation offers an environmentally friendly, socially acceptable and economically viable as well as choice option to deplete pollutants from the environment. There are three major ways of bioremediation including the use of microorganisms, plants and enzymes as remediation agent [11].

Bioremediation technology optimizes and exploits the natural role of microorganisms in the transformation and mineralization of these environmental pollutants. The range of contaminated environments may include surface and subsurface soils and surface and groundwater. Bioremediation for contaminated sites including groundwater containing heavy metals and/or organic pollutants usually involves bio-augmentation and/or bio-stimulation [10]. Bioaugmentation could be defined as addition of pre-grown microbial cultures to support the degradation of unwanted substances (contaminants), while bio-stimulation is the injection of nutrients and other supplementary substances to the indigenous microbial population to influence propagation at a stimulated rate [7].

As the concern towards environmental deterioration grows worldwide, new technological achievements become important for all countries. Among the technologies offering great potential of bioremediation is the microencapsulation of active material including living cells or microorganisms [12]. For bioremediation to be effective, microorganisms must enzymatically attack the pollutants and convert them to harmless products [11].

Role of microencapsulation in bioremediation

Microencapsulation is defined as a process of enclosing or encapsulating micron-sized particles of solids or small drops of liquids or gasses in an inert shell, which in turn protects and isolates them from the external environment [13]. Micro-particles are products obtained by microencapsulation. When the particles have diameter between 3–800mm, they are regarded as micro-particles, microspheres or microcapsules. Micro-capsules are distinguished from microspheres in terms of morphology and internal structure [14].

Microencapsulation is a technology developed to pack solids, liquids and gases in tiny, sealed capsules isolating and protecting them from harsh environmental factors, such as moisture, light, oxygen, and interaction with other substances. Such microcapsules could gradually release their contents under specific conditions at controlled rates. Those packs are spherical with a micrometer size; yet are highly affected by the structure of micro-carriers and the core components [15,16].

Degradation activities naturally mediated by microorganisms used as bioremediation agent could detoxify pollutants. It is also the goal bioremediation to develop reliable technology, which can accelerate this degradation process, to reduce health risks of the pollutants and to restore the affected site into its natural state. However, even though these organisms have high degradation performance, there are limitations in success including microbial inoculum distribution and handling, suppression by parasites and predators as well as nutrient limitation [17]. These factors highly affect microbial bioremediation agent to survive in the environment. To overcome the issues, possible strategies include improved delivery system of microbial inoculum on microencapsulation technology, which could provide protection through the making of micro-environments and allow controlled release of inoculum to the targeted site [18].

Bio-stimulation supported by microencapsulation

Bio-stimulation is a commonly used technique for bioremediation involving the addition of rate-limiting nutrients to speed up the biodegradation process. Bio-stimulation often includes the addition of oxygen and nutrients to aid indigenous microorganisms used as bioremediation agent. The nutrients are essential as the basic building blocks of life allowing the microorganisms to produce particular enzymes, which could degrade pollutants [11].

A number of studies have reported the use of controlled release of active materials as a way of bio-stimulation and providing the nutrients required or essential for the bioremediation process [12]. In this sense, bio-stimulation could be highly supported by microencapsulation. The use of microencapsulated microorganisms offers a great potential in degrading pollutants through bioremediation. Microencapsulation of living microbial cells in a semi-permeable gel or carrier materials bring more advantages over the free cell bio-augmentation. The microencapsulation could prevent microbial cells from bacteriophage infections and protozoa grazing. It supports both biological and physical stabilities, by decreasing risks such as brief and sudden variations of pH or temperature; covers from abiotic stresses coming from heavy metals or other toxic compounds [19]. In addition, microencapsulation using carboxymethyl-cellulose as microcarrier could form fine structures for nutrient release, producing bio-stimulation in biodegradation process [12]. Thus, in general, microencapsulation is beneficial in enhancing cell survival and high biomass concentration

Bio-augmentation supported by microencapsulation

Bioremediation of pollutants or contaminants by utilizing microorganisms is among the most important strategies to eliminate contaminants from groundwater. However, there are limitations of this approach since many contaminants are not efficiently removed [11]. To overcome these limitations, bio-augmentation also includes addition more specific and efficient pollutantbiodegrading microorganisms into a microbial community as a way to support the ability of this microbial community to biodegrade contaminants. In this aspect, microencapsulation of the pollutantbiodegrading microbial cells is relevant to allow steady supply of the bioremediation agent.

To date, the elimination of contaminants by bio-augmentation has been widely investigated in surface water, soil and groundwater [19]. However, although it has been practiced in agriculture and in wastewater treatment for years, bio-augmentation is still experimental. Many factors (e.g. predation, competition or sorption) conspire against it. However, a number of strategies have been explored to make bio-augmentation a beneficial technology in sites lacking significant populations of biodegrading microorganisms. The pollutant degradation rate under optimal local conditions, may increase upon addition of an inoculant to remediate a chemical spill; yet, the most successful examples of bio-augmentation occur in confined systems, such as bioreactors allowing controlled conditions to favor prolonged activity and survival of the exogenous microbial population [20].

Micro-carriers used in groundwater bioremediation applications

One of the vital steps in micro-coating is choosing the most suitable wall materials/ micro-carriers. Micro-carriers or coating materials usually are film-forming materials opted from various natural and synthetic polymers, or combination of both, depending on the inner component and the overall desired microcapsule characteristics [15,21]. Ideally, the wall or sphere material should be an emulsifier, so it could promote enough content release when reconstructed into the product, have a low viscosity due to high concentrations of solids, have good film-forming performance, and have high hygroscopicity.

Over the past 10 years, the number of publications on the use of encapsulated microorganisms for the elimination of pollutants in contaminated groundwater has been increasing steadily. The following are among the most commonly used wall/ sphere materials in microencapsulation: carbohydrates (sucrose, starch, maltodextrins, and cyclodextrins), cellulose (carboxymethyl cellulose and its derivatives), gum (Arabic and agar), lipids (wax and fatty acids), and proteins (gelatin, gluten, and casein) [16,21]. Most of these materials have been used in the bioremediation of groundwater in the last decade as listed in Table 1.

Based on Table 1, in the last decade, microencapsulation technology has been widely applied in bioremediation of groundwater polluted by various substances including hydrocarbons, heavy metal, dioxin, herbicides, and plastics. Various micro-carriers grouped as alginates, gums, polymers have also been used as encapsulating materials providing protection as well as nutrition source in suitable environment allowing the release and growth of microbial cells. Interestingly, the microbial cell immobilization could be done by creation of dried cells, which means it does not necessarily need any micro-carrier [8].

Based on this literature review, microencapsulation technologies with various applied micro-carriers as single or combinations keep producing novel micro-engineered materials offering great potential for more innovations in the future. Such innovations are in particular very beneficial for the treatment for contaminated groundwater [22-29].

Conclusion

There is a need for novel advanced groundwater bioremediation technologies, in particular to ensure a high quality of drinking water and to eliminate water pollutants using suitable treatment systems. Micro-engineered materials produced by microencapsulation technology offer the potential for novel water technologies that can be easily adapted to groundwater bioremediation applications. To date, microencapsulation with various micro-carriers keep producing novel micro-engineered materials offering great potential for more innovations in the coming decades, in particular for treating heavily degradable contaminants in groundwater

 To read more about this article: https://irispublishers.com/wjass/fulltext/current-application-of-microencapsulation.ID.000593.php

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Iris publishers google scholar citations: https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=irispublishers&btnG=

[delta-remediation]

Bioremediation: An Innovative Approach to Environmental Restoration

Bioremediation is a fascinating, innovative field of environmental science that seeks to harness the natural abilities of organisms to break down hazardous substances into less toxic or non-toxic substances. This process is instrumental in treating contaminated soil, water, and air, making it a crucial component in our fight against environmental pollution.

What is Bioremediation? Bioremediation utilizes living organisms, most notably bacteria, fungi, and plants, to degrade, transform, or detoxify contaminants present in the environment. These microorganisms use the contaminants as an energy source, breaking them down into simpler, non-toxic compounds. This process is advantageous as it can potentially restore polluted environments to their natural states without the need for harmful chemical or physical treatments.

Types of Bioremediation Bioremediation can be classified into two main types: in situ bioremediation and ex situ bioremediation.

In situ Bioremediation In situ bioremediation involves treating the contaminated material at the site. The process takes advantage of naturally occurring microbial communities that can metabolize the contaminants. Various methods can be employed to stimulate the microbial activity, such as introducing nutrients, oxygen, or other factors necessary for the microbes' metabolism.

Ex situ Bioremediation Ex situ bioremediation, on the other hand, involves removing the contaminated material from the site and treating it elsewhere. This process might involve physical methods like soil excavation or pumping out contaminated groundwater, followed by treatment in bioreactors where conditions are controlled to maximize biodegradation.

Microbial Bioremediation and Its Significance Microbial bioremediation is the use of microorganisms to degrade environmental contaminants into less toxic forms. This is a significant aspect of bioremediation because microorganisms can adapt to different environmental conditions and break down a wide range of organic compounds. They are especially effective in the bioremediation of soil and water contaminated with hazardous substances like hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and pesticides.

Bioremediation of Hydrocarbons, Soil, Water, and Wastewater Bioremediation can address various types of environmental pollution. For instance, bioremediation of hydrocarbons involves using microbes that can degrade these compounds, which are common pollutants in oil spills.

In the case of soil bioremediation, microbes or plants are used to degrade or immobilize contaminants, restoring the soil's health and fertility. This method is particularly effective in treating soils contaminated with heavy metals, oil spills, or industrial waste.

Bioremediation of water and wastewater involves using microorganisms or plants to degrade or absorb contaminants, reducing their concentrations to acceptable levels. This process can be particularly useful for treating industrial wastewater, which often contains a wide range of pollutants that can harm ecosystems and human health.

The Bioremediation Process and Its Principle The bioremediation process relies on the principle that living organisms, primarily bacteria and fungi, can use contaminants as a source of energy and nutrients. These organisms metabolize the contaminants, breaking them down into simpler, non-toxic compounds, such as water and carbon dioxide.

However, the effectiveness of bioremediation depends on several factors, including the type and concentration of the contaminant, the presence of suitable microbial populations, and environmental conditions such as temperature, pH, and nutrient availability.

Bioremediation Companies Several bioremediation companies have emerged in recent years, offering a variety of services, including site assessment, bioremediation plan design, and implementation. These companies utilize a range of techniques and approaches, including both in situ and ex situ methods, and often tailor their strategies to the specific needs and conditions of each site.

In conclusion, bioremediation is a highly promising technique for dealing with environmental contaminants, offering a more sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to traditional remediation methods. It leverages the metabolic abilities of microbes to break down pollutants into harmless substances, helping to restore contaminated environments to their natural states.

From in situ to ex situ methods, and from soil and water remediation to treatment of hydrocarbons and wastewater, bioremediation encompasses a wide range of applications. Its effectiveness, however, depends on several factors, including the nature of the contaminant, the presence of suitable microbial populations, and the specific environmental conditions.

Bioremediation companies play a pivotal role in this sphere, offering specialized services to assess, design, and implement bioremediation strategies. Their work is instrumental in harnessing the power of nature to mitigate the impact of human activities on the environment.

As our understanding of microbial ecology and environmental science continues to evolve, so too will our ability to harness the power of bioremediation. Its potential for restoring and preserving our environment makes it a crucial tool in our ongoing efforts to create a more sustainable and healthier world.

[deltaremediation]

Contrasting Bioremediation Techniques: Spotting the Differences

Remediation is the process of removing contamination from water and soil, and bioremediation is a subset of this process that involves the use of living organisms to eliminate harmful pollutants in contaminated areas. Bioremediation techniques can be confusing, as some methods stimulate naturally occurring organisms to break down toxic chemicals and pathogens, while others introduce microorganisms into the environment to achieve remedial goals. There are two types of bioremediation techniques: biostimulation and bioaugmentation. These should not be confused with the two main methods of soil remediation (in-situ/ex-situ), which refer to how a remediation treatment is carried out and not the actual biology involved.

Biostimulation techniques encourage natural organisms to consume pollutants. Normally, these naturally occurring microorganisms could take decades to degrade contaminants, but by modifying the environment through the addition of nutrients, this time can be reduced. Nutrients and electron acceptors such as phosphorus, nitrogen, oxygen, or carbon are added to the environment to stimulate biodegradation. Examples of biostimulation techniques include biosparging and bioventing. Bioventing is the injection of high-pressure air (oxygen) into the soil or unsaturated vadose zone to enhance aerobic biodegradation. Biosparging is the injection of air into the saturated zone of the soil matrix or groundwater table to stimulate degradation.

Bioaugmentation involves the addition of exogenous microbial strains to supplement the degradation capacity of indigenous microbial populations. Site assessments are conducted to determine the chemical structure and concentration of contaminants, the size and nature of existing microbial populations, and the nature of the physical environment before the right bioaugmentation technique can be conducted. Effective bioaugmentation technology must be able to maintain genetic stability and viability during storage, survive in foreign and hostile environments, effectively compete with indigenous microorganisms, and move through the pores of the sediment to the contaminants. Nutrient application alone will not produce the desired remediation results, but augmenting contaminated soils with aggressive bacteria will often produce desired results in as little as 30 days.

While both techniques have applications in the remediation industry, bioaugmentation reduces the risk and uncertainty often associated with biostimulation. Delta Remediation is a worldwide leader in the area of bioremediation, offering proprietary remediation technology (BioLogix) and innovative solutions (ScreenLogix Rapid TPH Test) to meet site needs. To learn more, contact Delta Remediation at info@deltaremediation.com or 780-962-7991.

[goonlinepapers]

Please find a case study regarding "ex situ bioremediation". The federal roundta

Please find a case study regarding “ex situ bioremediation”. The federal roundta

Please find a case study regarding “ex situ bioremediation”. The federal roundtable is a good source for information and case studies. other case studies can be found on line. a useful link below has multiple case studies to choose from. The paper is split into 4 main parts:- 1) introduction to case study: includes the location where the case study took place, date, responsible entities (name of…

[healthcare-market]

Bioremediation Technology & Services Market Key Trends and Opportunity Analysis up to 2025

Bioremediation Technology & Services Market: Introduction

According to the report, the global bioremediation technology & services market was valued at ~US$ 9 Bn in 2019. It is expected to expand at a CAGR of ~7% during the forecast period from 2020 to 2030. Bioremediation is the process, which uses organisms to neutralize or remove contamination from waste. This method works by providing microorganisms with different materials such as fertilizers and oxygen as well as other conditions to survive. It is a waste management & treatment technique, which involves the use of organisms to remove or neutralize pollutants from contaminated sites such as soil, wastewater, and oilfields. The importance of bioremediation is that it does not use chemicals and allows the waste to be recycled once the contamination is removed or neutralized. North America dominated the global bioremediation technology & services market in 2019. It is expected to continue its market dominance by the end of 2030 in terms of revenue.

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Emphasis on Government Regulations for Monitoring and Addressing Contamination Issues to Drive Market

Increase in hazardous wastes and remediation of these wastes is a major concern across the world. Hence, governments of developed and developing countries emphasize on monitoring and tackling the contamination issues to secure the future generations from resource scarcity. For instance, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has taken initiatives to treat the explosives-contaminated groundwater using the approach of bioremediation. The Federal agency is using microorganisms to break down the explosive contaminants in Washington. Rapid industrialization and population growth in developing countries are also some of the key factors to drive the global bioremediation & services market.

Moreover, rise in awareness about the scarcity of natural resources such as water and oil in the near future; and safety, cost-effectiveness, and efficiency of bioremediation compared to conventional technologies are some of the major factors responsible for the growth of global bioremediation technology & services market.

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Ex Situ Bioremediation to Offer Lucrative Opportunities

Based on type, the global bioremediation technology & services market has been bifurcated into in situ bioremediation and ex situ bioremediation. The ex situ bioremediation segment is expected to be a lucrative segment during the forecast period, owing to faster treatment, wider range of contaminants treated, and uniformity of the method.

Fungal Remediation to be Key Technology

In terms of technology, the global bioremediation technology & services market has been segmented into phytoremediation, biostimulation, bioaugmentation, bioreactors, fungal remediation, and land-based treatments. The fungal remediation segment accounted for major market share in 2019 due to rise in pollution of water & soil, increase in radioactive contaminated areas, and more cost-effective procedures. The land-based treatments segment held a significant share in the global market, owing to rise in awareness about land-based procedures for contamination and cost-effectiveness of this method.

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Wastewater Remediation to be Promising Service

Based on service, the global bioremediation technology & services market has been divided into soil remediation, wastewater remediation, oilfield remediation, and others. Wastewater remediation dominated the global market in 2019 and is expected to be a lucrative segment of the market during the forecast period. The decline in disposal costs and development of existing & new wastewater treatment technologies in order to optimize resource consumption are some of the major driving factors for the growth of wastewater remediation segment.

North America to Dominate Global Market

The global bioremediation technology & services market has been divided into five major regions: North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa. North America accounted for a major share of the global bioremediation technology & services market in 2019, owing to presence of major manufacturing industries, rise in number of companies offering bioremediation services, and increase in government funding for research & development activities in the bioremediation field. For instance, in August 2017, the Government of Canada announced its intention to invest CAD 149,984 to establish a laboratory and field analysis facility that would be used to conduct research on bioremediation and bio-mining wastes. Asia Pacific is expected to growing at a high CAGR during the forecast period, owing to growing river conservation through bioremediation and increase in industrialization & urbanization which has resulted in serious environmental pollution problems.

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Competition Landscape

The global bioremediation technology & services market is fragmented in terms of number of players with entry of several new players in services sector. Key players in the global market include REGENESIS, Xylem, Inc., Aquatech International LLC, Drylet LLC, Altogen Labs, InSitu Remediation Services Limited, PROBIOSPHERE, Ivey International, Inc., Sumas Remediation Services, Inc., and Sarva Bio Remed, LLC. Merger, acquisitions & strategic collaborations, and new product & technology launches in recent years are some of the major strategies adopted by major companies in the bioremediation technology & services market.

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[bilimdergi]

Biyoremediasyon ve Biyodegrasyon: Kısaca Bütün Temizlik İşlerini Bakterilere Yaptırmak

Biyoremediasyon; mikroorganizmaların kirleticileri bünyelerine alma kapasitesine sahip olmaları, bunları büyüme ve metabolik faaliyetleri için kullanmaları esasına dayanmaktadır. Biyoremediasyon tasarımının asıl amacı, mikrobiyal büyüme ve aktivite için en uygun şartların sağlanmasıdır. Her geçen gün çevremiz hızla kirlenmeye devam ediyor. Bunu elbette biz insanlar yapıyoruz. Yeni fabrikalar; yeni çalışma alanları, yeni teknolojik ürünlerin üretilmesi, hayatımızın kolaylaştırılması demektir. Fakat fabrika atıkları, suları, topraklarımızı ve dahi yaşam alanlarımızı kirletiyor. Şöyle bir durup etrafımıza baktığımızda yaşam alanlarımızın konforunu artırırken yaşam alanımızı kirleterek daraltmaya devam ettiğimizi fark ediyoruz. Daha sonra meydana getirdiğimiz pislikleri temizleme çabasına giriyoruz. Girdiğimiz bu çabalar bir miktar temizliği sağlasa da kullanılan kimyasallar toprağa, suya zarar veriyor. Bu zararı en aza indirmek için neler yapılabilir diye düşünülmüş. Araştırmacılar bu kirlilik sorununu bakterilerle halledebilir miyiz diye düşünmüşler ve temizlik olayında bakterileri kullanmaya başlamışlar. Bunun da biyoremediasyon ve biyodegrasyon isimlerini vermişler. Biyoremediasyonu bilimsel dille değil de kendi günlük kullandığımız dille açıklayacak olursak; bir nevi evrenimizin temizlik işçileri diyebiliriz. Bakteriler bizim için kirlilik sebebi olan maddeleri kendi bünyelerine alıp onları kendi meztabolizma aktiviteleri için kullanıyorlar. Yani kısacası onları yiyorlar diyebiliriz.

Nasıl oluyor peki bu olaylar?

Gelin bir göz atalım J Biyoremediasyon iki biçimde uygulanır. İn-situ (yerinde yapılan) ve Ex-situ (yerinde yapılmayan) şeklinde. İn-situ (yerinde yapılan): Atıkların döküldüğü bölgeye besin (nutrient) aktarımı yapılarak, toprağın bakteri kompozisyonuna göre, hali hazırda toprakta bulunan bakteriler etkin duruma geçirilir (Yerinde (in-situ) bertaraf teknolojileri). Bu yöntem kirletici konsantrasyonlarının düşük olması durumunda kullanılır. Ex-situ (yerinde yapılmayan): Toprak kazılarak yerinden alınır ve kirletici parçalama yeteneğine sahip yeni bakteriler ilave edilir. Çevresel koşullar kontrol edilir veya mikroorganizmaların metabolik aktivitelerini ve büyümelerini optimize etmek için koşullar değiştirilir. Biyoremediasyon için çevresel şartların optimizasyonunda; sıcaklık, inorganik nutrientler (öncelikle azot ve fosfor), elektron alıcılar (oksijen, nitrat ve sülfat) ve pH gibi faktörler uygun hale getirilir (Yerinde yapılmayan (ex-situ) bertaraf teknolojileri). Yerinde Yapılmayan (ex-situ) Biyoremediasyon Metotları Bu yöntem toprağın doğal ortamından kazılarak alınmasını gerektirir. Bunun amacı mikrobiyal parçalamayı kolaylaştırmaktır. Kirlenmiş sahadan uzakta gerçekleştirilen ex-situ biyoremediasyon metotları, yerinde yapılan (in-situ) metotlara göre daha hızlıdır. Geniş alana yayılmış kirleticiler için uygulanabilir fakat daha pahalı bir yöntemdir. Wolicka ve diğ., (2009) yaptıkları çalışmada laboratuar şartlarında aerobik kültürler tarafından petrol türevleri olan benzen için %84, toluen için %86, etil benzen için %80 ve ksilen için %82 oranında giderim tespit etmişlerdir. Guerin (2008) yaptığı çalışmada topraktaki klorobenzenlerin biyoremediasyonunda ex-situ yöntemlerle 2-3 haftalık periyotta %90 oranında giderim sağlandığını belirtmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra, hidrokarbonların topraktan uzaklaştırılmasında ex-situ teknikler başarılı olarak kullanılmaktadır. Islahın özel tanklarda ya da hazır zeminlerde gerçekleştirilip gerçekleştirilmediğine göre exsitu biyoremediasyon iki teknolojiyi kapsar.

Sulu Faz İşlemi (Biyoreaktörler) Biyoreaktörler ex-situ tekniğinin en önemli çeşididir (Şekil 3). Dayanıklı ve toksik kirleticilerle kirlenmiş toprakların biyoremediasyon ile ıslahında en iyi seçenek çevre şartlarının kontrol altında alınabildiği biyoreaktör tekniğidir (Şekil 4). Kirleticilerin giderim oranı sistemdeki aktif mikroorganizmaların parçalama kabiliyetlerine bağlıdır. Bu reaktörler kesikli, yarı-sürekli ve sürekli olmak üzere sınıflandırılırlar. Genel olarak kesikli reaktörler tercih edilmektedir. Bunun yanı sıra elektron alıcısına bağlı olarak da aerobik (moleküler oksijen), anoksik ( nitrat ve bazı metal katyonlar), anaerobik (sülfat, metanojenik, fermentasyon) ve karışık elektron alıcıların kullanıldığı sistemler bulunmaktadır.

Sulu fazlı biyoremediasyon arıtım uygulaması diğer arıtım yöntemleriyle karşılaştırıldığında çok daha hızlı bir yöntemdir. Topraktaki kirleticiler ile temas halinde olan ve toprakta zaten doğal olarak bulunan mikroorganizmaları tutmak için bu teknolojide kirlenmiş toprak yerinden kazılarak özel vasıtalarla alınır ve özel tanklarda su ile karıştırılır. Oksijen ve besinler daha sonra eklenir. Kirleticilerin parçalanmasında organizmaların biyoaktivitelerini devam ettirmek ve en iyi koşulları sağlamak için ısı, besin ve oksijen konsantrasyonları kontrol edilir. Bu yöntemin kütle transfer oranının ve mikroorganizma/kirletici/nutrient oranlarının arttırılabilmesi, farklı elektron alıcıların kullanılabilmesi, surfaktan ve solvent kullanımı ile kirleticinin parçalanmasının artırılması, çevresel şartların optimizasyon ve kontrolünün sağlanması gibi avantajları bulunmaktadır. Gonzales ve diğ., (2008) yaptıkları araştırmada biyoreaktörlerin hidrokarbonlar ve bazı organoklorlu maddeler gibi toksik ve parçalanmaya dirençli maddelerle kirlenmiş toprakların ıslahında etkili bir ex-situ yöntem olarak değerlendirilebileceğini belirtmişlerdir. Piren ile kirlenmiş toprakların anoksik-aerobik-anoksik-anoksik şartlarda kesikli biyoreaktörlerde ıslahının mümkün olduğu belirtilmiştir. Bu çalışmada bekleme süresi 120 saat, yükleme oranı 20 kg/m3, sıcaklık 28±2°C olarak seçilerek 6 farklı reaktör çeşitli substrat konsantrasyonlarında çalıştırılmıştır. Reaktörlerden bazılarına parçalanmayı biyolojik olarak güçlendirmek için evsel çamur aşılaması yapılmıştır. Sonuçlar, evsel çamur ilavesi ile biyolojik güçlendirme yapılan reaktörlerde parçalanmanın çamur ilavesi yapılmayanlara oranla daha yüksek olduğunu göstermektedir. Diğer önemli bir kirletici olan PAH’ların (poliaromatik hidrokarbon) aerobik ve anaerobik işletilen biyoreaktörlerde giderilebildiği yapılan çalışmalarla ortaya konmuştur. Metabolik fonksiyonlar (aerobik, anaerobik, anoksik), tek veya karışık mikroçevre şartları, doğal karışık mikroflora ve aşılama şartlarının biyoreaktörlerde sağlanması ve kontrolü ile PAH’ların parçalanması sağlanabilmektedir. PAH’ların toksik ve hidrofobik kirleticiler olması, toprak kompozisyonu, heterojen mikrobiyal çevre şartları biyoremediasyonu kompleks hale getirebilmektedir. Larsen ve diğ., (2009) yaptıkları çalışmada arıtma çamurundaki PAH’ların giderilmesinde ex-situ biyoremediasyon tekniği olan biyoreaktörlerin kullanılabileceğini göstermişlerdir. Biyolojik parçalanmanın hızlanması için Proteiniphilum acetatigenes kullanılarak biotik ve abiotik şartlarda %80’e varan parçalanma meydana geldiğini bulmuşlardır. Kısacası bakterilerle temizlik yapmak çok kolay. Kaynaklar Adeniyi, A. A., Afolabi, J.A. (2002) Determination of total petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals in soils within the vicinity of facilities handling refined petroleum products in lagos metropolis. Environmental International, 28, 79-82 Baker, K.H, Herson, D.S. (1994). Bioremediation. McGraw – Hill, New York Read the full article

[biomedgrid]

Biomed Grid| Cleaning Up of Contaminated Soils by Using Microbial Remediation: A Review and Challenges to the Weaknesses

Abstract

The use of microbial bioremediation in recovering polluted soils is not a new technology based on many review reports and studies on its efficiencies and on how to increase the effectiveness. In this short paper, we reviewed the advantages and weaknesses of microbial remediation in cleaning up the polluted ecosystems. Based on the identified weaknesses/disadvantages or incompleteness of the microbial remediation by Sharma and Reddy (2004), future studies should focus on how to increase the effectiveness of the bioremediation technology that should further reduce environmental stress on the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Overall, strategies in the future studies for improving the microbial remediation are discussed.

Keywords:Microorganisms; Remediation; Microbes

Introduction to Bioremediation

Cleaning up of chemical pollutants from contaminated soils is a worldwide problem nowadays. The presence of elevated levels of chemical pollutants in the soil environment has contributed to soil pollution [1]. This is a potential threat to the ecosystem health that has a strong connection to the health of wildlife and human life quality ultimately.

The contaminated soils have been a result of

I. Mining of raw elements/materials,

II. Industrial waste due to production,

III. Vehicular transportation,

IV. Disposal or accidental spills of chemicals.

The use of bioremediation by using microorganisms have been found many in the literature [2-7]. Microbial remediation can be simply defined by employing microorganisms to lower the bioavailability of pollutants (especially organic contaminants) so as to make less toxic to the ecosystem. These microorganisms are capable to break down (or metabolize) contaminants by using them as a food source. Introduction of specific competent strains of microorganisms has been widely used in the bioremediation of soil pollution [1]. According to [6], bioremediation is an environmental friendly technology for cleaning up or recovering the polluted soils.

Table 1: Advantages of bioremediation over conventional/ traditional soil remediation methodologies.

According to [1], it is important to use suitable bioremediation technologies because of the site-specificity of most remediation methods. The weaknesses of conventional remediation technologies are presented in (Table 1).

Based on Table 1, there are apparent advantages of using bioremediation when compared to conventional methods (Table 1). For example, the biodegradation by using bioremediation is non-invasive and cost-effective in the removal of Petroleum Hydrocarbon (PH) pollutants [1].

Advantages and Disadvantages/Weaknesses of Microbial Remediation

According to [10], the advantages and disadvantages/weaknesses of microbial remediation have been summarized in Table 2. According to a good review conducted by [11], the use of microbial remediation such as bacteria and fungi are useful for cleaning polluted soils. This is because the microbial remediation can effectively remove soil pollutants. From soil quality point of view, microbes can able to help limiting growth of plant pathogens, increasing nitrogen fixation, and causing lower bioavailabilities inorganic and organic pollutants in the soils. Microbe-assisted bioremediation (microbial remediation) offer many ecological and cost-associated benefits [5].

Challenges to the Weaknesses/Disadvantages of Microbial Remediation

Based on the weaknesses or disadvantages of microbial remediation in (Table 2), five challenges can be highlighted:

Table 2: Advantages and disadvantages/weaknesses of microbial remediation [10].

    To decrease the bioavailability of incomplete breakdown of pollutants

Since there is possibility of incomplete breakdown of organic pollutants by using microbial remediation, the challenge is to study a complete breakdown of those contaminants. If complete breakdown of these pollutants is not possible, the bioavailability of these pollutants should be decreased. Studies should continue to increase the effectiveness of the microbial remediation technology. This includes how to control the processes so that the organic contaminants can be fully metabolized. This is important to immobilize and to reduce the bioavailability of the organic contaminants in the soils. [12] found that linear correlations between the Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) and alkane degradation rates and the population and activity increases of TPH and alkane degraders (microbes). [9] critically reviewed the bioavailability of the pollutants during the degradation of PH process by microorganisms [13] reviewed the commercially available microbes in the bioremediation depending on factors affecting the biodegradation process of PH [13].

More studies on specific species of fungal and bacteria should be documented

that the process involving these microbes are tolerant and insensitive to the levels of toxicity of the environmental soils. From a review by [8], they mentioned successful bioaugmentation of aromatics- contaminated soils by single strains or mixed consortia. Regular application of herbicides may lead to their accumulation in the soil and at elevated concentration changes the physico-chemical properties of soils, microfloral composition and their activities and consequently the crop yields [2]. Microbial remediation is related to relationship of plant–bacteria that is applied to improve crop yield [14]. This plants obtain benefits from their associated-bacteria that possess the capability to biodegrade hydrocarbon. This enhances lower bioavailability of PH in terms of phytotoxicity and evapotranspiration of volatile hydrocarbons. Synergistic response between relationship of plants and microbes is recognized as an effective in situ method to clean up the polluted soils [7].

Regular monitoring of the effectiveness of microbial remediation is needed

Regular check and field biomonitoring of the rate of biodegradation of PH by the microbes should be conducted to reduce the unmobilized organic contaminants to be leached into the ground. If an ex-situ process is used, methodologies on how to control problematic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the soils should be provided based on field and laboratory studies. Since incomplete breakdown of pollutants into non-toxic compounds is sometimes possible, the persistent and toxic residual levels should be managed properly to reduce further environmental problems to the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. This could result in toxic by-products in the soil that could be more mobile and toxic when compared to the initial contamination.

If an ex-situ method is used in the microbial remediation, monitoring and controlling volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is not easy [10]. Therefore, field monitoring of VOCs on the efficiency of microbial remediation is necessary.

Shorter treatment period of microbial remediation

Although low-technology equipment is required, treatment time could be shorter. This could involve genetically engineered microorganisms for the microbial remediation. The efficiency of microbial remediation can be improved by genetically modified microbes [5]. Hence, further studies on the biodegradation process by the microbes are needed. Enhancement of bioremediation technologies by using transgenic plants and microbes has also been reviewed by [15]. This is important in the mitigation of associated ecological risk assessments of the polluted soils.

Microbial remediation should include a wider range of contaminant clean up

Future studies should focus on wider range of contaminants that can be effectively treated. These compounds that to be metabolized and degraded should include those of non-biodegradable in addition to biodegradable pollutants. Although the advantages of microbial remediation include minimal secondary pollution and preservation of topsoil quality [3], the usefulness in treating a broad range of environmental contaminants is questionable. [4] focused on phytoremedial plants that are able to deal with this type of complex pollution. This involves not only species that tolerate the joint effect of heavy metals in the soil, but also those that can take advantage of associated bacteria to efficiently break down organic compounds.

This has been the subject research area of [4] who focussed on phytoremedial plants that can tolerate the combination effects of heavy metals in the soil, in addition to the advantage of associated bacteria that can efficiently break down organic compounds in the soils.

Concluding Remarks

The use of microbial bioremediation in recovering polluted soils is not a new technology based on many review reports and studies on its efficiencies and on how to increase the effectiveness. Based on the above-mentioned six weaknesses/disadvantages of the microbial remediation by [10], future studies should focus on how to increase the effectiveness of the bioremediation technology that should further reduce environmental stress on the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. These challenges should be considered a trial and error research niche in the betterment of microbial remediation technology in future studies.

Read More About this Article: https://biomedgrid.com/fulltext/volume2/cleaning-up-of-contaminated-soils-by-using-microbial-remediation.000589.php

For more about: Journals on Biomedical Science :Biomed Grid

[captaindomy]

​LE TECNICHE DI BIOREMEDIATIONSAPETE QUALI SONO? VE LO SPIEGO IN QUESTO DOCUMENTO.

Per progettare un intervento di bonifica con Microrganismi in un sito contaminato, bisogna valutare la massa del contaminante, di accettore di elettroni e nutrienti da fornire ai Microrganismi per favorire l’attività degradativa e il tempo e le modalità con cui somministrarli al terreno da bonificare.

Le tecniche utilizzabili possono essere in situ, che prevedono il trattamento della matrice…