#Hippodamus

[edge-oftheworld]

'got me running from the daylight' -> 'romanticise a dark city, you can't find the light in the sun'

every time i try to study i end up distracted by lyric parallels that relate to my work

[mattdillon]

Im obsessed with your greek au. Making pony darry and sodas half brother with his biodad being greek…your mind is enlightened and inspired. maximum family drama potential

How did this idea come about? Like why greek/house of atreus specifically? is it just the name Hippodamos? (Also absolutely love the idea that “ponyboy” being a translation of his real name)

hi anon! i'm supposed to be off touching grass this weekend but i am hungry for this yet to be delivered doordash meal + i love greekverse asks.

greekverse started bc @kalonkakons and i both cast timothy olyphant as our faves: theirs being menelaus, mine being ponyboy curtis. we'd already been friends for awhile and the illiad and the house of atreus itself is more their bag than mine and at some point we were going "you know. our blorbos should get along. they would have fun."

then we realized what we'd done casting wise and after awhile one of us said, late at night sleepover style, "...what if they were brothers."

there's been a trend of "the curtises had an affair child" in fandom i was never super fond of cause usually it meant an OFC coming attached with it and most were of varying quality at the time. however apparently, my brain lights the fuck up if you suggest that ponyboy was the affair child. partly because it slots in so neatly in canon. ponyboy already has various issues around his identity in canon from his shifting eye color to him despairing because he doesn't seem to fit in with his brothers. both of whom are some shade of blonde whereas in the book ponyboy is described as being auburn haired. sort of a literal red headed affair child. it also slots in well with how we see ponyboy at the end of the novel and all teh hints he could be a horror protagonist. he has such a final boy quality about him that sticking him in the house atreus is correct!

once that took off, we basically built it together — i picked john cassavetes for atreus and @kalonkakons went "GENA ROWLANDS FOR JENNIFER!!". hippodamus is roughly close to ponyboy and works since atreus' mother is named the girl equivalent of hippodamia — something @kalonkakons figured out and made us go insane about. there are lots of bits and bobs and i love the family drama particularly since menelaus is basically the opposite of darry in terms of how he treats ponyboy while also doing a lot more than soda for ponyboy as well. atreus is a Clusterfuck of a Human while sincerely loving ponyboy even if it can be detrimental at times (i've likened atreus being the vader to ponyboy's luke skywalker) and i love pelops and hippodamia and pony's Best Friend, 🩷 helen 🩷

more i also enjoy pushing against some of the fluff fandom puts out. so much of it is really conforming to certain things i don't care for or i find overly saccharine and being able to challenge some of it in a fun away is fun for me — maybe ponyboy can't actually handle what happened and maybe there's a family out there waiting for him that he could fit into better. or the idea that there's another form of brotherhood for him out there that he could access.

[mi6011ikepearson]

OUR HOME IS IN DANGER - “CHANGE IS NECESSARY”

following the RSA protocol,     selecting Category 1, of Brief 9:      ( “ Moving Pictures ” ) ( “ Change is Necessary ” )

I decided to begin my initial research into the subject matter:

THE ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGICAL THINKING - “HUMANITY VS NATURE”

no matter what theory about our existence you believe in - it’s unarguable that the earth, as a planet, is a unique cosmic anomaly.

it’s incredible that such a specific set of parameters were met, that allowed for the creation of such a place, that allows so many different indigenous species to thrive, and experience consciousness where it would be next to impossible anywhere else.

but what good is such a world, if it’s dead?

“MAN”: THE ENEMY OF THE EARTH, OR THE SAVIOUR? - STEVE CUTTS

when it comes to the environment I like to think I’m doing my part, in my small ways:

sorting out my recycling,

donating unwanted goods to charity shops,

limiting electrical use by turning off lights when not in use, etc.

but as the primary dominant species (excluding bacteria) - it is fair to say that our impact is much more significant than any other..

VPRO DOCUMENTARY - “THE HUMAN IMPACT ON PLANET EARTH”

on average we (humans) produce about 515 tonnes of carbon in our lifetime, which is the equivalent of nearly 6,500 flights to Paris. that means you can fly 90 times a year, there and back nearly every week of your life and not had the same impact as a single first-world human’s birth.

and that figure doesn’t even take into account factors such as pesticides, detergents, the huge quantity of plastics, and all the nuclear fuels used to keep us warm.

yet the world is over-populated - and with politicians and governments failing to come to a solution to the issues raised; we turn to the work of people like Sarah Ichioka, to see the sort of solutions provided by her studies into how humans live..

UNDERSTANDING THE SPEAKER - “STALKING SARAH ICHIOKA”

“ Sarah Ichioka is a British-American urbanist and writer based in Singapore.

The founder of strategic consultancy Desire Lines, Ichioka is a proponent of regenerative design, biomimicry, and the incorporation of indigenous knowledge into urban planning. ”

as someone who often brushes aside their impact on the planet; feeling that they fulfil the majority of the checklist of “doing their part”, looking into the relevant studies and research material surrounding the area of Ichioka’s expertise has made me realise how large an impact engaging in daily life has, especially in a city.

the first place I looked was her own website,      ( I mean after all:           where better to get information than the source, itself! )

where I learned of her various achievements; from the re-wilding of green spaces in Singapore, to her advocation for the government to adopt more urgent language about addressing climate change.

I also began to read through some her published work - taking most of my notes from three of her most renown articles: “Winning Ideas”, “Virtual Cities” and “IT in practice/Virtual Cities” - as I thought the subject matter she covered was most relevant to what was addressed in the transcript.

and with our basic understanding, I decided to research beyond the author - and enrich myself by educating myself in the subject matter, through further research

FURTHER READING - “ACTUALLY USING LIBRARIES FOR THEIR INTENDED PURPOSE”

looking through the work of Le Corbusier, Jane Jacobs, and even as far back as the Greek philosopher Hippodamus; as well as reading a skew of other articles,

https://www.hdrinc.com/insights/6-things-know-about-regenerative-design

https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/how-japan-makes-houses/index.html

https://www.ft.com/content/fdad3be6-89ca-4ae5-a438-50f2c2b7a4a2

https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2022-01-08/the-restorative-architecture-pushing-sustainable-design

https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/14/greathomesanddestinations/14iht-repop14.html

https://archive.nytimes.com/tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/12/30/london-underground-designers-to-watch/

https://www.channelnewsasia.com/commentary/covid-19-circuit-breaker-grass-cut-frequency-biodiversity-nparks-1339181

https://www.channelnewsasia.com/commentary/singapore-climate-change-petrochemicals-oil-industry-pollution-1319061

https://www.worldcat.org/title/1258653543

i feel more familiarised with the subject matter - and want to look more into the design elements of what sort of film I’d like to make, from this brief..

[dilfaeneas]

Aristo and Kassandra my beloveds (some are old drawing with new colours so just pretend you can't see my style change) {expression source}

[honeyblockm]

dear ponk discord server: im sorry

[impulsive-ly]

Hippodamus sought to correct the confusion and plan cities by creating designs based on geometric layouts during the fifth century BC in Greece. His ideas have been credited as the start of the ‘gridiron’ street system and are still discussed today.

Roger W. Caves, Encyclopedia of the City, 2005

[nebris]

Map of Piraeus, showing the grid plan of the city

Hippodamus of Miletus (/hɪˈpɒdəməs/; Greek: Ἱππόδαμος ὁ Μιλήσιος, Hippodamos ho Milesios; 498 – 408 BC) was an ancient Greek architect, urban planner, physician, mathematician, meteorologist and philosopher, who is considered to be "the father of European urban planning",[1] and the namesake of the "Hippodamian plan" (grid plan) of city layout.

Hippodamus was born in Miletus and lived during the 5th century BC, on the spring of the Ancient Greece classical epoch. His father was Euryphon. According to Aristotle, Hippodamus was the first author who wrote upon the theory of government, without any knowledge of practical affairs.[2]

His plans of Greek cities were characterised by order and regularity in contrast to the intricacy and confusion common to cities of that period, even Athens. He is seen as the originator of the idea that a town plan might formally embody and clarify a rational social order.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippodamus_of_Miletus

[online-class-help]

Instant homework help

1. Hippodamus of Miletus is considered to be the first city planner. What was his major contribution to Greek city planning? 2. What are the similarities or dissimilarities between Hippodamus’ city and our modern city plans? Explain. 3. Why did the grid system become an important element of city design all over the world? Essay format, the above questions in 3 paragraphs (300 – 350 words).

[irregularwebcomic]

[Irregular Webcomic! #4331](https://ift.tt/32UTEsr)

When Alexander the Great decided to build a city at the mouth of the Nile[1] in 332 BC, he commissioned Dinocrates of Rhodes as the director of surveying the land and laying out the plans of the city. Dinocrates followed the principles laid down by Hippodamus of Miletus around a hundred years earlier. Hippodamus had laid down the plans for the port of Piraeus near Athens, for the Athenian leader Pericles, as well as designing the new city of Rhodes, built on the ruins of the previous city on the same site. Hippodamus favoured an overall plan for a city, laid out in a grid pattern of streets intersecting at right angles. He is known as the father of European urban planning, and the pioneer of the grid plan layout of planned of modern cities[2]. As with most intellectuals of the time, Hippodamus had other skills, and also applied himself to politics, law, and philosophy. He was indeed a man of many talents. Apparently he had a reputation for being a bit of a skinflint when it came to his clothing and grooming, so it's not clear if he was or was not also a many of many talents[3]. [1] Just one of the many cities he founded that would become known as Alexandria. [2] As opposed to cities that grow organically over a long period and end up with tangles of streets that preserve millennia-old goat tracks and [3] This particular joke is an homage to the English translation of Asterix and Cleopatra, by the way, which deserves credit for the original.

[portaldaindustriaimobiliariabras]

#repost • @unstudio_architecture Having remained vacant for decades, the Piraeus Tower in Greece had come to be known as ‘the sleeping giant’ (swipe right). Our proposal for its regeneration is centred on remodeling the facade, to give the tower a new image and thus attracting a new community. But we also wanted to retain the international style of the original tower design, and the reference to the grid made famous by Hippodamus, considered the father of European urban planning. Link in bio. Renders: Moare Photo: Andrzej Otrebski, 2013 #unstudio #benvanberkel #architecture #facades #piraeustower https://www.instagram.com/p/CDwfx5NFTU4/?igshid=1drhab75c0498

[sertackantarci]

☑️ Priene Antik Kenti, dünyada eski şehir planlamacılığının en güzel örneklerinden biri. ☑️ Miletli mimar Hippodamus tarafından geliştirilen ‘grid sistemi’, ızgara biçimli kent planı anlamına geliyor. Priene’de genellikle 3.5 metre genişliğe ulaşan şehir sokakları, eğimli arazi nedeniyle merdivenli olarak inşa edilmiş (yorumsuz) ☑️ İyon uygarlığının bir parçası olan Priene, aralarında Efes ve Milet’in de olduğu 12 İyon şehir devletinden biri. ☑️ Demeter Tapınağı, Athena Tapınağı (MÖ 4. yüzyıl), 5 bin kapasiteli antik tiyatro, agora, Zeus Tapınağı, bouleuterion (MÖ 150), Yukarı Gymnasion, Aşağı Gymnasion, Mısır Tapınağı, Büyük İskender’in evi, Bizans klisesi, nekropol ve konut alanlarını saymak mümkün. ☑️ Priene Antik Tiyatrosu 5 bin kişilik kapasitesi ile MÖ 350 yılında inşa edilmiş. Tanrıça Athena adına, şehre en hakim noktada inşa edilen Athena Tapınağı’nın önünde Athena’nın altın ve fildişinden yapılan heykeli de şehrin en önemli sembollerinden. Günümüzde Athena Tapınağı’nın sunak bölümünün bir kısmı görülebiliyor. ☑️ Kentin dokusunu hissetmek ve zamanda yolculuk hissini yaşamak için 1986 yılında Hoepfner ve Schwandner tarafından hazırlanan rekonstrüksiyona bakmak gerek. Kentteki tüm mimari yapıların konumları ve şehir planını ortaya çıkaran bu çizim, kentin atmosferini hissettiriyor. #priene #prieneantikkenti #antikkent #efesantikkent #aydın #söke . . #seyahatblog #geziblog #Yolaçık #yolaçıkyolaçık #interrailturkiye #gezirehberi #doğadakiinsan #gezelimgörelim #gençgezginler #gezibağları #gezgin #gezginler #gezenbilir #doğa #neredekal #gezilecekyerler #cokgezenlerkulubu https://www.instagram.com/p/CALmMBKg8P0/?igshid=1fld2f1yxola8

[celvedisgreece]

Māksla

Augstās klasikas māksla ir turpinājums tam, kas radās agrāk, taču ir viena joma, kurā šajā laikā dzimst pilnīgi jauns urbānisms. Lai arī pieredzes uzkrāšana un daži empīriski atrasti pilsētu attīstības principi bija jaunu pilsētu radīšanas rezultāts Lielās kolonizācijas periodā, tieši augstās klasiķu laikā notika šīs pieredzes teorētiskais vispārinājums, neatņemama jēdziena izveidošana un ieviešana praksē. Pilsētas plānošanas kā teorētiskas un praktiskas disciplīnas, kas apvieno mākslinieciskos un utilitāros mērķus, dzimšana ir saistīta ar Miletus Hippodamus vārdu. Tās shēmu raksturo divas galvenās iezīmes: pilsētas plāna regularitāte, kurā ielas krustojas taisnā leņķī, izveidojot taisnstūrveida kvartālu sistēmu, un zonējums, tas ir, skaidra atšķirība starp dažādām pilsētas funkcionālām zonām.

[anthonyquigley]

Vojvodina, Serbia http://ift.tt/2ueCExr . http://ift.tt/1WCSb2p . The area pictured in northern Serbia called Vojvodina is a very fertile soil – hence the plethora of agricultural fields visible as geometric shapes, reminiscent of cubist artwork. . Also visivle are the manmade waterways appearing as straight black lines – likely for draining the swamps, transportation and irrigation. . Nestled among the fields, there are a number of small towns with grid layouts. This type of city planning was invented by ancient Greece’s Hippodamus – known as the ‘father of European urban planning’. . Image courtesy of Copernicus Sentinel-2A satellite via http://www.esa.int/ . #earthimages #earthimage #upintheair #abovetheclouds #satelliteimage #satelliteimages #EarthOverhead #overview #overvieweffect #Vojvodina #Serbia #Hippodamus #Copernicus-Sentinel-2A #Copernicus #Sentinel-2A http://ift.tt/2uiYeSi

[earth-as-art]

VOJVODINA, SERBIA

Released 07/04/2017 10:00 am Copyright contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2016), processed by ESA, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO Description Id 375680

The Copernicus Sentinel-2A satellite takes us over northern Serbia to the region of Vojvodina.

Click on the box in the lower-right corner to view this image at its full 10 m resolution directly in your browser.

The area pictured lies in the southern part of a region covered by the Pannonian Sea some 2–23 million years ago. Today, the land boasts a fertile soil – hence the plethora of agricultural fields visible as geometric shapes, reminiscent of cubist artwork.

The Tisza river snakes down from the north. Curved, brushstroke-like light green areas primarily along the east side of the river reveal its former course. Some of these areas are now used for agriculture, while others may still be too wet.

We can also see manmade waterways appearing as straight black lines – likely for draining the swamps, transportation and irrigation.

Nestled among the fields, there are a number of small towns with grid layouts. This type of city planning was invented by ancient Greece’s Hippodamus – known as the ‘father of European urban planning’.

The image captured on 28 August 2016 is clearly in false colour, and different colours indicate varying vegetative states. For example, yellowish patches indicate soil or freshly ploughed land, while shades of blue (primarily in the lower left) indicate either the same crop or different crops at a similar stage of growth.

Sentinel-2’s main instrument has 13 spectral bands, and is designed to provide images that can be used to distinguish between different crop types as well as data on numerous plant features, such as active chlorophyll content and leaf water content, all of which are essential to accurately monitor plant growth.

This kind of information helps informed decisions to be made, whether they are about deciding how much water or fertiliser is needed for a maximum harvest or for forming strategies to address climate change.

While this has obvious economic benefits, this kind of information is also important for developing countries where food security is an issue.

This image is featured on the Earth from Space video programme.

[political-affairs]

US Gun Control Laws

 Gun politics has long been among the most controversial issues in American politics.[1] For the last several decades, the debate regarding both the restriction and availability of firearms within the United States has been characterized by a stalemate between a right to bear arms enshrined in the second amendment to the U.S. Constitution against the responsibility of government to prevent crime.[2][3]

 Gun culture

 In his article, "America as a Gun Culture," historian Richard Hofstadter popularized the phrase "gun culture" to describe the long-held affections for firearms within U.S., many citizens embracing and celebrating the association of guns and America's heritage.[4] The right to own a gun and defend oneself is considered by some, especially those in the West and South,[5] as a central tenet of the American identity. This stems in part from the nation's frontier history, where guns were integral to westward expansion, enabling settlers to guard themselves from Native Americans, animals and foreign armies, frontier citizens often assuming responsibility for self-protection. The importance of guns also derives from the role of hunting in American culture, which remains popular as a sport in the country today.[6]

 The viewpoint that firearms were an integral part of the settling of the United States has the lowest level of support in urban and industrialized regions,[6] where a cultural tradition of conflating violence and associating gun ownership with the "redneck" stereotype has played a part in promoting the support of gun regulation.[7]

 In 1995, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, whose employees routinely carry such weapons in the line of duty, estimated that the number of firearms available in the US was 223 million.[8] In 2005, almost 18% of U.S. households possessed handguns, compared to almost 3% of households in Canada that possessed handguns.[9] In 2011, the number was increased to 34% of adults in the United States who personally owned a gun; 46% of adult men, and 23% of adult women. In 2011, 47% of the adult U.S. population lived in households with guns.[10][11] Guns are prominent in contemporary U.S. popular culture as well, appearing frequently in movies, television, music, books, and magazines.[12]

  Origins

The origins of American controversy over ownership and carrying of arms can be traced back to the American Revolutionary War, hunting/sporting ethos and the militia/frontier ethos that draw from the country's early history,[3] and even further to the rights of freemen under the English Common Law and long-standing rights of the citizens of a Republic as described as far back as Plato and Aristotle.[13]

 Plato, speaking as Socrates in The Republic, "provided a comprehensive analysis of the social and political consequences of individual ownership of arms versus a state monopoly of arms. ... individual possession of weapons by sane individuals was eithically acceptable to Socrates."[13] Aristotle's concept of polity included a large middle class in which each citizen fulfillied all three functions of self-legislation, arms bearing, and working."[13] Aristotle criticized the monopolization of arms bearing by a single class in the "Best State" writings of Hippodamus, arguing it would lead to oppression of the "farmers" and the "workers" by the arms-bearing class.[13]

 Early English monarchs required that subjects be armed for the defense of the realm. Later kings, especially those best known "for arbitrary absolutism sought to deprive the lower economic classes, various religious groups, and colonized peoples of weapons so as to perpetuate and enhance the economic and political power of the dominant classes."[13] Common law construction came to establish the right of freeman to be armed, both before and after the Glorious Revolution of 1688, and were further enshrined in the 1689 Bill of Rights, as well as through long-standing judicial construction. Despite Parliamentary legislation that routinely attempted to disarm the Irish and Scots throughout the eighteenth century, many Americans believed they were guaranteed the common-law right to keep and carry arms.[13]

 Americans who participated in the American Revolution were strongly influenced by the philosophical classics from Greece to Rome to Renaissance writers, and were vigorous in asserting the importance of their common-law rights to both keep and bear arms for individual self-defense, as well as "to combine into independent militias for defense against the official colonial standing army and militias."[13]

Polls

Gallup reported in January 2013 strong support for gun control measures proposed by President Barack Obama:

"Given the chance to vote "for" or "against" each of nine key proposals included in President Barack Obama's plan to reduce gun violence, Americans back all nine."

"Americans are most likely to be in favor of requiring background checks for all gun sales (91%), increasing funding for mental health programs aimed at youth (82%), increasing funding for programs to train law enforcement and schools in responding to active armed attacks (79%), and increasing criminal penalties for people who buy guns for others -- so-called straw purchasers (75%)."

"The two least-broadly supported proposals, but ones majorities of Americans still favor, are reinstating and strengthening the 1994-2004 ban on assault weapons (60%), and limiting the sale of ammunition magazines to those with 10 rounds or less (54%)."

"The three other specific policies tested in the new poll that garner somewhat lower -- although still majority support -- are federal funding for 15,000 street police officers (70%), federal funding for helping schools develop emergency response plans (69%), and banning the possession of armor-piercing bullets by civilians (67%)."[59]

A survey conducted by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in January 2013 found that:

74% of NRA members support requiring a background check system for all gun sales.[60]

NRA members broadly oppose new restrictions on gun ownership.[61][62][63][64]

A poll conducted by the NRA of 1000 of its members between January 13 and January 14 2013 found:[65]

90.7% of members favor "Reforming our mental health laws to help keep firearms out of the hands of people with mental illness." A strong majority of 86.4% of members believe that strengthening laws concerning mental health records to prevent the mentally ill from obtaining firearms would be more effective at preventing mass murders than banning semi-automatic rifles.

92% of NRA members oppose gun confiscation via mandatory buy-back laws.

89% oppose banning semi-automatic firearms, often mistakenly called "assault rifles."

93% oppose a law requiring gun owners to register with the federal government.

92% oppose a federal law banning the sale of firearms between private citizens.

82.3% of members are in favor of a program that would place armed security professionals in every school.

 Centers for Disease Control Gun Research and Gun Control

In 1996, Congress added language to the relevant appropriations bill which required "none of the funds made available for injury prevention and control at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention may be used to advocate or promote gun control."[66] This language was added to prevent the funding of research by the CDC that gun rights supporters considered politically motivated and intended to bring about further gun control legislation. In particular, the NRA and other gun rights proponents objected to work supported by the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, then run by Mark Rosenberg, including research authored by Arthur Kellermann.[67][68][69]

The language has been carried forward and appears in the fiscal year 2012 appropriations bill,[70] and also in the draft for the fiscal year 2013 appropriations bill.[71][72] However, the Obama administration's legal analysis, "concludes such research is not prohibited by any appropriations language."[57][73]

  Regional and partisan divides

Regional differences tend to be greater than partisan ones for gun politics in the United States. Jurisdictions that favor gun control are concentrated in parts of the Northeastern United States such as New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, the District of Columbia, and Maryland, but also include States with major metropolitan areas, notably California and Illinois. The Northwest, such as Montana, Idaho and Washington; the Deep South, including Alabama, Georgia and Florida; and the Southwest, such as Arizona, Texas, New Mexico, and Utah tend to support gun rights.

 Other areas, including the Midwest and Plains States, are mixed with one example being Illinois with some of the most restrictive gun laws in the country alongside Indiana, which is a relatively gun-friendly state.[74]

 Alaska, Arizona, Vermont, and Wyoming do not require any license in order to carry concealed weapons in public places; Montana does not require a permit to carry concealed weapons in unincorporated rural areas. However, there are laws in these states prohibiting concealed weapons in certain places (e.g., in Alaska it is not permitted to carry a weapon, concealed or otherwise, into a bar or tavern).[75] The spread of concealed carry laws since 1986 in those states that tend to be in support of gun rights has led to the widespread, legally permitted, carrying of concealed handguns by civilians in many parts of the United States. Opinions on gun control can vary within a jurisdiction. In general, large urban jurisdictions tend to favor gun control to reduce crime, while rural populations and small towns oppose it for much the same reason.

 Political arguments

 Political arguments of gun politics in the United States center on disagreements that range from the practical – does gun ownership cause or prevent crime? – to the constitutional – how should the Second Amendment be interpreted? – to the ethical – what should the balance be between an individual's right of self-defense through gun ownership and the People's interest in maintaining public safety? Political arguments about gun rights fall under two basic questions:

Does the government have the authority to regulate guns?

If it does, is it effective public policy to regulate guns?[42]

The first category, collectively known as rights-based arguments, consist of Second Amendment arguments, state constitution arguments, right of self-defense arguments, and security against tyranny and invasion arguments. Public policy arguments, the second category of arguments, revolve around the importance of a militia, the reduction of gun violence and firearm deaths, and also can include arguments regarding security against foreign invasions.

 Courts and the law

  Supreme Court decisions

Since the late 19th century, with three key cases from the pre-incorporation era, the Supreme Court consistently ruled that the Second Amendment (and the Bill of Rights) restricts only the federal Congress, and not the States, in the regulation of guns.[96] Scholars predicted that the Court's incorporation of other rights suggests that they may incorporate the Second, should a suitable case come before them.[97]

"Americans also have a right to defend their homes, and we need not challenge that. Nor does anyone seriously question that the Constitution protects the right of hunters to own and keep sporting guns for hunting game any more than anyone would challenge the right to own and keep fishing rods and other equipment for fishing – or to own automobiles. To "keep and bear arms" for hunting today is essentially a recreational activity and not an imperative of survival, as it was 200 years ago. "Saturday night specials" and machine guns are not recreational weapons and surely are as much in need of regulation as motor vehicles." — Ex-Chief Justice Warren Burger, 1990.[98]

Until recently, there had been only one modern Supreme Court case that dealt directly with the Second Amendment, United States v. Miller.[99] In that case, the Supreme Court did not address the incorporation issue, but the case instead hinged on whether a sawed-off shotgun "has some reasonable relationship to the preservation or efficiency of a well regulated militia."[97] In quashing the indictment against Miller, the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Arkansas stated that the National Firearms Act of 1934, "offend[ed] the inhibition of the Second Amendment to the Constitution." The federal government then appealed directly to the US Supreme Court. On appeal the federal government did not object to Miller's release since he had died by then, seeking only to have the trial judge's ruling on the unconstitutionality of the federal law overturned. Under these circumstances, neither Miller nor his attorney appeared before the US Supreme Court to argue the case. The Court only heard argument from the federal prosecutor. In its ruling, the Supreme Court overturned the trial court and upheld the law.[100]