#International Federation of Library Associations

[archivlibrarianist]

"The concept comes from gaming, referring to entities that likely aren’t bad, but rather just cannot be taken on as a personality, and are often simply just victims or playthings for the main characters."

In a feminized profession like library work? You don't say.

[mostlysignssomeportents]

Amazon illegally interferes with an historic UK warehouse election

I'm in to TARTU, ESTONIA! Overcoming the Enshittocene (Monday, May 8, 6PM, Prima Vista Literary Festival keynote, University of Tartu Library, Struwe 1). AI, copyright and creative workers' labor rights (May 10, 8AM: Science Fiction Research Association talk, Institute of Foreign Languages and Cultures building, Lossi 3, lobby). A talk for hackers on seizing the means of computation (May 10, 3PM, University of Tartu Delta Centre, Narva 18, room 1037).

Amazon is very good at everything it does, including being very bad at the things it doesn't want to do. Take signing up for Prime: nothing could be simpler. The company has built a greased slide from Prime-curiosity to Prime-confirmed that is the envy of every UX designer.

But unsubscribing from Prime? That's a fucking nightmare. Somehow the company that can easily figure out how to sign up for a service is totally baffled when it comes to making it just as easy to leave. Now, there's two possibilities here: either Amazon's UX competence is a kind of erratic freak tide that sweeps in at unpredictable intervals and hits these unbelievable high-water marks, or the company just doesn't want to let you leave.

To investigate this question, let's consider a parallel: Black Flag's Roach Motel. This is an icon of American design, a little brown cardboard box that is saturated in irresistibly delicious (to cockroaches, at least) pheromones. These powerful scents make it admirably easy for all the roaches in your home to locate your Roach Motel and enter it.

But the interior of the Roach Motel is also coated in a sticky glue. Once roaches enter the motel, their legs and bodies brush up against this glue and become hopeless mired in it. A roach can't leave – not without tearing off its own legs.

It's possible that Black Flag made a mistake here. Maybe they wanted to make it just as easy for a roach to leave as it is to enter. If that seems improbable to you, well, you're right. We don't even have to speculate, we can just refer to Black Flag's slogan for Roach Motel: "Roaches check in, but they don't check out."

It's intentional, and we know that because they told us so.

Back to Amazon and Prime. Was it some oversight that cause the company make it so marvelously painless to sign up for Prime, but such a titanic pain in the ass to leave? Again, no speculation is required, because Amazon's executives exchanged a mountain of internal memos in which this is identified as a deliberate strategy, by which they deliberately chose to trick people into signing up for Prime and then hid the means of leaving Prime. Prime is a Roach Motel: users check in, but they don't check out:

https://pluralistic.net/2023/09/03/big-tech-cant-stop-telling-on-itself/

When it benefits Amazon, they are obsessive – "relentless" (Bezos's original for the company) – about user friendliness. They value ease of use so highly that they even patented "one click checkout" – the incredibly obvious idea that a company that stores your shipping address and credit card could let you buy something with a single click:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-Click#Patent

But when it benefits Amazon to place obstacles in our way, they are even more relentless in inventing new forms of fuckery, spiteful little landmines they strew in our path. Just look at how Amazon deals with unionization efforts in its warehouses.

Amazon's relentless union-busting spans a wide diversity of tactics. On the one hand, they cook up media narratives to smear organizers, invoking racist dog-whistles to discredit workers who want a better deal:

https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/apr/02/amazon-chris-smalls-smart-articulate-leaked-memo

On the other hand, they collude with federal agencies to make workers afraid that their secret ballots will be visible to their bosses, exposing them to retaliation:

https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/amazon-violated-labor-law-alabama-union-election-labor-official-finds-rcna1582

They hold Cultural Revolution-style forced indoctrination meetings where they illegally threaten workers with punishment for voting in favor of their union:

https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/31/business/economy/amazon-union-staten-island-nlrb.html

And they fire Amazon tech workers who express solidarity with warehouse workers:

https://www.cbsnews.com/news/amazon-fires-tech-employees-workers-criticism-warehouse-climate-policies/

But all this is high-touch, labor-intensive fuckery. Amazon, as we know, loves automation, and so it automates much of its union-busting: for example, it created an employee chat app that refused to deliver any message containing words like "fairness" or "grievance":

https://pluralistic.net/2022/04/05/doubleplusrelentless/#quackspeak

Amazon also invents implausible corporate fictions that allow it to terminate entire sections of its workforce for trying to unionize, by maintaining the tormented pretense that these workers, who wear Amazon uniforms, drive Amazon trucks, deliver Amazon packages, and are tracked by Amazon down to the movements of their eyeballs, are, in fact, not Amazon employees:

https://www.wired.com/story/his-drivers-unionized-then-amazon-tried-to-terminate-his-contract/

These workers have plenty of cause to want to unionize. Amazon warehouses are sources of grueling torment. Take "megacycling," a ten-hour shift that runs from 1:20AM to 11:50AM that workers are plunged into without warning or the right to refuse. This isn't just a night shift – it's a night shift that makes it impossible to care for your children or maintain any kind of normal life.

Then there's Jeff Bezos's war on his workers' kidneys. Amazon warehouse workers and drivers notoriously have to pee in bottles, because they are monitored by algorithms that dock their pay for taking bathroom breaks. The road to Amazon's warehouse in Coventry, England is littered with sealed bottles of driver piss, defenestrated by drivers before they reach the depot inspection site.

There's so much piss on the side of the Coventry road that the prankster Oobah Butler was able to collect it, decant it into bottles, and market it on Amazon as an energy beverage called "Bitter Lemon Release Energy," where it briefly became Amazon's bestselling energy drink:

https://pluralistic.net/2023/10/20/release-energy/#the-bitterest-lemon

(Butler promises that he didn't actually ship any bottled piss to people who weren't in on the gag – but let's just pause here and note how weird it is that a guy who hates our kidneys as much as Jeff Bezos built and flies a penis-shaped rocket.)

Butler also secretly joined the surge of 1,000 workers that Amazon hired for the Coventry warehouse in advance of a union vote, with the hope of diluting the yes side of that vote and forestall the union. Amazon displayed more of its famously selective competence here, spotting Butler and firing him in short order, while totally failing to notice that he was marketing bottles of driver piss as a bitter lemon drink on Amazon's retail platform.

After a long fight, Amazon's Coventry workers are finally getting their union vote, thanks to the GMB union's hard fought battle at the Central Arbitration Committee:

https://www.foxglove.org.uk/2024/04/26/amazon-warehouse-workers-in-coventry-will-vote-on-trade-union-recognition/

And right on schedule, Amazon has once again discovered its incredible facility for ease-of-use. The company has blanketed its shop floor with radioactively illegal "one click to quit the union" QR codes. When a worker aims their phones at the code and clicks the link, the system auto-generates a letter resigning the worker from their union.

As noted, this is totally illegal. English law bans employers from "making an offer to an employee for the sole or main purpose of inducing workers not to be members of an independent trade union, take part in its activities, or make use of its services."

Now, legal or not, this may strike you as a benign intervention on Amazon's part. Why shouldn't it be easy for workers to choose how they are represented in their workplaces? But the one-click system is only half of Amazon's illegal union-busting: the other half is delivered by its managers, who have cornered workers on the shop floor and ordered them to quit their union, threatening them with workplace retaliation if they don't.

This is in addition to more forced "captive audience" meetings where workers are bombarded with lies about what life in an union shop is like.

Again, the contrast couldn't be more stark. If you want to quit a union, Amazon makes this as easy as joining Prime. But if you want to join a union, Amazon makes that even harder than quitting Prime. Amazon has the same attitude to its workers and its customers: they see us all as a resource to be extracted, and have no qualms about tricking or even intimidating us into doing what's best for Amazon, at the expense of our own interests.

The campaigning law-firm Foxglove is representing five of Amazon's Coventry workers. They're doing the lord's work:

https://www.foxglove.org.uk/2024/05/02/legal-challenge-to-amazon-uks-new-one-click-to-quit-the-union-tool/

All this highlights the increasing divergence between the UK and the US when it comes to labor rights. Under the Biden Administration, @NLRB General Counsel Jennifer Abruzzo has promulgated a rule that grants a union automatic recognition if the boss does anything to interfere with a union election:

https://pluralistic.net/2023/09/06/goons-ginks-and-company-finks/#if-blood-be-the-price-of-your-cursed-wealth

In other words, if Amazon tries these tactics in the USA now, their union will be immediately recognized. Abruzzo has installed an ultra-sensitive tilt-sensor in America's union elections, and if Bezos or his class allies so much as sneeze in the direction of their workers' democratic rights, they automatically lose.

If you'd like an essay-formatted version of this post to read or share, here's a link to it on pluralistic.net, my surveillance-free, ad-free, tracker-free blog:

https://pluralistic.net/2024/05/06/one-click-to-quit-the-union/#foxglove

Image: Isabela.Zanella (modified) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ballot-box-2.jpg

CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en

[useless-catalanfacts]

Now it's been a week since the floods, but we must remember that the damage is not nearly over. It will take months and years for the affected families to recover. And that's not counting that 215 people have died and 78 are still missing. Many homes, streets, fields, schools, etc are destroyed. I'm glad for all the solidarity we've seen this first week, but they are going to be needing help for a long time to recover.

All the local organizations are thankful but for some days have been asking for people to stop sending them objects (tools, clothes, food, etc) because the collection points have so many that they can't manage them and they don't even need so many of some things being sent, for this reason there are storehouses full of materials that they don't need but people keep sending and some volunteers are having to stay there to coordinate the stuff that arrives instead of being where they're needed. So, please, don't send any more things unless you are coordinated directly with a local association there that asked for a specific thing. They say that the most useful donations now are money and not any more food nor second-hand objects. (Again, thank you very much because this overwhelming response speaks of the goodness and solidarity of everyone who immediately reacted by sending things! but let's do it in a coordinated way with the affected people to make sure it's useful).

Also, recently some well-meaning people have been sharing fundraisers to help the victims, but some of these posts seem to be made by outsiders compiling what they found on Twitter, which ended up spreading fundraisers that belong to far right-wing groups, the Catholic Church, and to associations that aren't well known in the area.

If you can make an economical donation to help these people who have lost everything in a day, these are some trustworthy associations:

Fundraiser by Fundació Horta Sud. This is a foundation created by many local associations of the Horta Sud area, one of the areas that has been the most impacted by the catastrophe. It's a well-known foundation that brings together many local associations. This and the next one are the fundraising that is most recommended by people on the ground working on immediate needs.

Casals i Ateneus dels Països Catalans (federation of social centres of the Catalan Countries) has many social centres in the affected areas and is coordinated with trade unions to provide immediate needs. The bank number for donations is ES74 3025 0002 4614 3344 7057.

Fundraiser to help small family-owned farmers (farmers are one of the poorest segments of population in our country, families own a small plot of land and they're very threatened by big corporations, they're at the forefront of fighting for climate and the rural communities' traditional way of living with nature). The fundraiser is created by the International Centre of Rural and Agriculture Studies (Centro de Estudios Rurales y de Agricultura Internacional). This is the fundraiser shared by trustworthy Valencian associations that work in favour of rural communities and traditional cuisine, such as Tasta'l d'ací.

Fundraiser for the grass-roots cultural associations and cultural heritage guardians, organized by the Federation of Local Studies Institutes of the Valencian Country, the Coordinator of Local Studies Centres of the Catalan-Speaking Countries, the Federation of "Ateneus" of Catalonia, and the Ramon Muntaner Institute. Many local archives, centres of local studies, "ateneus" (social and cultural centres with an important task as a library for the community and as historians of the area, among other cultural activities) and other cultural associations headquarters have been destroyed. They are very important for the memory, history and culture of small areas. To write articles about the history and legends for this blog, I very often use work published by these local study groups, because most of the time they are the only ones working in detail on the historical and cultural heritage of their hometown. Here is the information on how to donate, as shared by the organizers:

Translation: Let's help the Valencian cultural and heritage associations affected by the 2024 floods. You can send your donations to [the bank number] ES98 3159 0066 91 3048828523 Or the BIZUM code 10586 (starting on 7th November 2024). You can send the receipt of your donation to: solidaritatcultura@fedinespv.org.

You can find more associations that are collecting donations in this document by Suport Mutu DANA València.

Thank you very much for caring.

[certifiedlibraryposts]

saw the post about sharing our favorite libraries and i have one that could make a great highlight! i grew up in missoula, montana, (best known for A River Runs Through It and famous science educator/ author/youtuber/anything else you can think of, Hank Green) and although i moved away before the new public library has finished (and i still have a lot of nostalgia for the old library) i have since visited and their public library is truly impressive! i think it won an award as well? highlights for me include the dragon storytime rug and the gnome house, but there are a million cool things in there! also shout out to pam! idk if she still works there but she was a huge role model for me as a kid :] (i would include pictures but id prefer to be anonymous, i know there are lots if you look the library up though)

Woah!!

"Our very own Missoula Public Library was named Public Library of the Year by the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA)! This worldwide competition included 20 different libraries from 17 countries all gunning for first place, which offered a reward of $5,000, along with the epic title of World's Best Library. After a nail-biting month in June when four libraries were shortlisted for the award, the World Library and Information Congress (WLIC) finally announced Missoula takes gold!" (From Destination Missoula)

Gnome house!!

A demonstration kitchen!! :0

Oh man there's so much cool stuff! I got all these screenshots from this video which is a TREAT!

I wish I could spend a whole day here! Thanks for sharing :D And thank you, Pam, wherever you are!

[autumngracy]

President Trump signed an executive order on Friday seeking to dismantle seven additional federal agencies, including the one that oversees Voice of America and other government-funded media outlets around the world. Mr. Trump directed the heads of the agencies, largely obscure entities that address issues like labor mediation and homelessness prevention, to eliminate all functions that are not statutorily mandated. The leaders should also “reduce the performance of their statutory functions and associated personnel to the minimum presence and function required by law,” the order said. Like many of the president’s moves in his wide-ranging effort to shrink the government, the order appears to test the bounds of his authority. Voice of America’s parent, the U.S. Agency for Global Media, for example, is congressionally chartered as an independent agency, and Congress passed a law in 2020 intended to limit the power of the agency’s presidentially appointed chief executive. Some of the Trump administration’s moves to slash agencies have been halted by federal judges, including on Thursday, when a pair of court rulings called for agencies to reinstate likely thousands of federal employees who were fired last month because they had probationary status. In an opinion issued Friday evening, a federal judge in California made clear he did not believe the administration’s claims that federal agencies were acting of their own accord when they fired those probationary employees. Judge William H. Alsup of the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California listed more than a dozen examples of officials telling employees that the mass firings had been carried out at the behest of the Office of Personnel Management. In addition to Voice of America, the Agency for Global Media funds Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty and Radio Free Asia. The organization, with a budget of roughly $270 million and more than 2,000 employees, broadcasts in 49 languages. It has a weekly estimated audience of more than 361 million people. By Saturday morning, many journalists and other employees at Voice of America were informed they were being placed on administrative leave, according to an email reviewed by The New York Times. Journalists there said the cuts were so widespread that they would effectively shut down the international broadcaster. The media outlets are intended to provide unbiased news to audiences around the world, but Mr. Trump has criticized its editorial decisions since his first term. Mr. Trump had already stirred fears at the agency by tapping Kari Lake, a fierce loyalist who ran unsuccessfully for governor and Senate in Arizona, to serve as a special adviser there. The other agencies Mr. Trump targeted Friday are the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, which works to prevent and resolve work stoppages and labor disputes; the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, a nonpartisan think tank; the Institute of Museum and Library Services, which funds and supports museums, libraries and archives; the U.S. Interagency Council on Homelessness, which works to prevent and end homelessness; the Community Development Financial Institutions Fund, which provides financial assistance to struggling communities; and the Minority Business Development Agency, which aims to bolster minority-owned businesses. Within seven days, the heads of the entities are required to submit to Russell Vought, the director of the Office of Management and Budget, their plans for complying with the order and outline which of their functions are statutorily required.

Since Mr. Trump took office, the billionaire Elon Musk and his Department of Government Efficiency have sought to drastically reshape the federal government by cutting staff and programs. On Tuesday, the Education Department announced it was firing more than 1,300 workers, and after hundreds accepted separation packages, the agency is set to be left with roughly half the number of employees that it started the year with. Mr. Musk’s group has trumpeted saving taxpayers billions of dollars, though its claims have been undermined by posting error-filled data.

[lboogie1906]

Robert T. Browne (July 16, 1882 - October 15, 1978) was born near LaGrange, Texas. He was the son of a former enslaved who attended a Black Methodist church. He graduated from Samuel Huston College, he was hired as an assistant teacher. He married Mylie De Pre Adams (1903-11) and they had one son. He passed the federal civil service examination, he began working as a clerk at the Army Quartermaster Depot in San Antonio.

He moved to Harlem, working as a records clerk in the Quartermaster Corps, US War Department. He was active in the Methodist Church, YMCA, and the Negro Civic League of Greater New York. He co-founded the Negro Library Association which promoted literacy via exhibits of books, manuscripts, and photographs. He enrolled in experimental chemistry and literature classes at the City College of New York. He was an associate of the scholar Arthur Schomburg and historian Carter G. Woodson and assisted in advancing the mission of the American Negro Academy.

He released The Mystery of Space. The Mystery of Space was unlike anything published before that date by an African American author. He concealed his race when he submitted the manuscript. The respected critics of the book at the New York Times, London Mercury, New York’s Weekly Review, and the Springfield Republican, among others, heaped praise on his magnum opus.

He published the novel Cabriba: Garden of the Gods. He was a staunch supporter of Marcus Garvey, contributing to his organization’s newspaper, The Negro World. He relocated from Harlem to Brooklyn, began wearing a turban, pretended to be a foreigner, and renamed himself Mulla Hanaranda. He co-founded the occult organization Academy of Nations.

His job as a purchasing agent transferred to the Philippines. He and 3,000 American and British nationals were forced to endure life in the Santo Tomas internment camp. He married Cecilia Weiss (1947) and adopted her stepdaughter. In his book The Pantelicon, he attracted a devoted international following of spiritual knowledge seekers who regarded him as their ascended master. #africanhistory365 #africanexcellence

[uwmadarchives]

50 Years Ago: APA Removes "Homosexuality" From DSM Diagnoses

Written by Bailey Watson, LGBTQ+ Archive Student Processing Assistant

12/18/2023

December 15, 1973 - By a vote of 5,854 to 3,810, the American Psychiatric Association removes homosexuality from its list of mental disorders in the DSM-II Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

Content advisory: This post discusses the history of homosexuality in Western psychiatry and may contain offensive language or topics.

Last Thursday marked 50 years since the APA (American Psychiatric Association) removed “homosexuality” from its list of mental disorders. This change was made to the DSM-II Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (the current edition as of 2023 is the DSM-5-TR). The long history of homosexuality being included with physical and mental disorders dates back to the 19th century with Western European theorists working towards an understanding of same-sex attraction, leading to the coinage of the term “homosexuality” or “homosexual.” While these early theories positioned same-sex attraction or desires as unnatural, other theorists of the same decades aimed to prove that homosexuality was not abnormal but instead a natural variance of human sexuality.

Photo Dr. Franklin Kameny from David Carter papers, Collection no. uac 183,  Box 5, Folder 49. 

The conversation around homosexuality as a disorder took a turn during the post-WWII period in the United States, during a phenomenon referred to as the “lavender scare.” This period, parallel to the “red scare” was a reaction to the Cold War policies and politics, resulting in the massive purge of homosexuals or suspected homosexuals from the federal government, and even further down to local governments (see here for information on UW-Madison’s history with the gay purges). Similarly, communists and suspected communists were also barred or purged from public service and government-contracted sectors. 

In response to these purges, the early gay rights movement, then known as the homophile movement focused on organizing and protesting the conditions that made up the lavender scare. These conditions included the DSM’s classification of homosexuality as a diagnosable disorder. To the early homophile movement, as to some early theorists, homosexuality was perfectly natural, and therefore they could not pose a threat to national security. 

One aspect of activism from this period was addressing the DSM's use of homosexuality as a diagnosable disorder. The homophile movement argued that sexuality had no bearing on mental health, and by stigmatizing the gay community, the DSM and APA were adding to the problem. Furthermore, by diagnosing people as "homosexual" the APA created a way to dismiss those voices and placed a barrier on the conversation on who was fit to participate in society freely and who was not.

Finally, in 1973 after years of protest and activism, the influence of activism, including the voice of Dr. Franklin Kameny (pictured above) and internal changes led to a new definition of mental disorder within the APA and thus removed homosexuality from diagnoses. A win for the homophile movement and a change that brought lasting and positive impacts to many people's lives, even 50 years later.

References and for further consideration:

Drescher, Jack. 2015. "Out of DSM: Depathologizing Homosexuality" Behavioral Sciences 5, no. 4: 565-575. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs5040565 (open access)

For more on Kameny and the early homophile movement, explore the David Carter papers, uac 182, located in the Madison LGBTQ+ Archive (housed at the University Archives, Steenbock Library)

[vintagelasvegas]

Las Vegas Park Race Track, 1953

The track went bust after just 13 days of live racing in 1953, a failure of what was intended to merge the Las Vegas gambling and entertainment destination with the Thoroughbred racing boom. The site had sporadic, mixed use throughout the 60s and later became Las Vegas Country Club, Westgate, Regency Towers, and part of Las Vegas Convention Center.

Joe Smoot founded Las Vegas Park in ‘49, and acquired 750 acres from the estate of Leigh S. J. Hunt at $750/acre. The architects were Arthur Froehlich and Paul R. Williams. Construction began in summer of ‘50, and by the following year the business was bankrupt.

Smoot pleaded not guilty to a grand jury embezzlement indictment. In federal court, failing to produce receipts or canceled checks for $500,000 in missing money, he said: “You ever try to pay a politician with a check?”

Las Vegas Jockey Club, a new corporation headed by Lou Smith and Al Luke, emerged as the new owner and operator in early 1953. The park opened September 4, 1953. Their only season was married by faulty ticking and betting equipment. The stables were vacated in Oct. ‘53. Joe W. Brown bought the track following its second bankruptcy.

• Photos of Las Vegas Park Race Track

Las Vegas Turf Club was the second organization to use the track for horse racing. Their Dec. ‘54 season had poor attendance, as low as 400. Ten years later in ‘64 & 65, Las Vegas Park was used for the last time for Nevada Racing Association’s Thunderbird Downs. (The name Thunderbird Downs was also used for the half-mile track a short distance away at the Thunderbird Hotel.)

Throughout the 50s, the track – alternately known as Joe W. Brown Race Track – was also used for convention events and automobile racing: American Automobile Association Championship (‘54), NASCAR Grand National Championship (‘55), and the USAC Grand Prix (‘59). In the middle of the oval track two practice baseball fields were built for the Horseshoe Club midget baseball team and the Bank of Nevada team in the late 50s. In the early 60s, the track was used in the movie “Viva Las Vegas.”

Part of the property was sold to Clark County in ‘57 for the construction of the Convention Center. Joe W. Brown’s estate sold the remaining property to National Equities Inc. in ‘65 for the creation of what became Las Vegas Country Club. National Equities sold some 60 acres to Kirk Kerkorian for The International Hotel; 20 acres to Clark County for an expansion of the Convention Center; the southeast section was saved for what would be come Regency Towers.

• Video: construction and opening of Las Vegas Park in 1953

Photos: Las Vegas News Bureau; Keeneland Library Thoroughbred Times.

Sources. Work to Begin on Las Vegas Park Stand. Review-Journal, 5/26/50; B. Dow. “Sports Snorts.” Review-Journal, 7/21/50; Vegas Park Story of Accomplishment. RJ 9/4/53; Big Car Race. Review-Journal, 5/23/54; Vegas Race to Preview 500 Dash? Review-Journal, 11/7/54; Sad Ending: Turf Club Scratched. Review-Journal, 12/6/54; Vegas Track Mark of 95 MPH Might Fall Under Stocks. Review-Journal, 10/16/55; Home Show Opens Tonight at the Race Track. Review-Journal, 6/12/57; 250-Mile Grand Prix Set for Vegas Today. Review-Journal, 11/29/59; J. Price. “A Dream of Horse Racing that became a Nightmare.” The Nevadan, 2/6/66; R. Miech. A sad saga: horse racing in Las Vegas. Las Vegas Sun, 4/29/2008; J. Lowe. The lavish Las Vegas racetrack that went bust in 13 days. Thoroughbred Racing, 2/25/2019; J. Warren, 2021. The Path of the Shield.

Updated 11/25/2024.

[mariacallous]

What’s happening with LGBTQ+ rights in Russia?

On November 30, the Russian Supreme Court granted the Justice Ministry’s request to ban the “international LGBT movement” as an “extremist organization.” According to the Justice Ministry, which filed its lawsuit on November 17, the so-called “LGBT movement’s” activities showed “signs and manifestations of an extremist orientation, including the incitement of social and religious discord.”

Meduza first published this analysis on November 17. It was updated on November 30 after the Supreme Court’s decision.

Russian authorities have been discriminating against and persecuting LGBTQ+ people for many years. In 2013, Russia banned “gay propaganda” among minors, and in 2022, they passed a law prohibiting “propaganda of non-traditional sexual relations and pedophilia” among people of all ages. Bookstores and libraries removed books affected by the law from their shelves, and mentions of same-sex relationships were cut from TV shows and games. Those who didn’t comply faced fines.

In July 2023, Putin signed a law banning “gender change,” which prohibits both changing gender markers in passports and preforming gender-affirming surgeries. People who’ve already changed the gender marker in their passports aren’t allowed to adopt children.

2

How does the Supreme Court define the ‘LGBT movement’?

We don’t know. Obviously, there’s no such thing as an “international LGBT movement” that was somehow “operating” in Russia.

Valeria Vetoshkina, a lawyer for the human rights group Department One, told Meduza that there’s no such organization registered in Russia and no documentation that would identify a “single-entity” LGBTQ+ movement.

(A group of activists and human rights advocates did register an organization under the name “International LGBT Movement” on November 28, but they did this in an attempt to thwart the Justice Ministry’s strategy; when the ministry filed its lawsuit on November 17, there was no such entity.)

3

Can they really ban such an abstract structure?

Yes — there have already been similar instances in Russian judicial history.

In August 2020, the Supreme Court designated the AUE movement as an “extremist organization.” The General Prosecutor then announced that “participants in the AUE movement committed extremist offenses and mass riots.”

In February 2022, the Supreme Court designated the “Columbine international youth movement” as a terrorist organization. The hearing wasn’t open to the public, since “the case contained information related to state secrets.”

4

So, the Justice Ministry can just invent ‘extremist’ organizations?

Theoretically, no.

LGBTQ+ rights lawyer Max Olenichev, who collaborates with Department One, notes that the federal law on “countering extremist activity” only allows structures that actually exist to be recognized as extremist. A public association may be unregistered, but for a movement to exist, it has to meet three criteria:

holding a founding assembly

approving a charter

electing governing bodies

Since the “international LGBT movement” doesn’t exist, it’s obvious the Justice Ministry can’t present evidence that it meets the necessary criteria, says Olenichev.

5

What were the Justice Ministry’s arguments in court anyway?

Unfortunately, we don’t know. Just like in the case of “Columbine,” the hearing wasn’t open to the public. “The decision won’t be published and the lawsuit also won’t be available,” explains lawyer Valeria Vetoshkina.

Another lawyer who spoke to Meduza under the condition of anonymity brought attention to the case number — AKPI23-990c:

By all accounts, it’s classified. Classified cases end with a “c.” So we won’t even find out the reasons why the “LGBT movement” was declared extremist.

6

So now, will LGBTQ+ people who don’t hide their sexual identity be considered extremists and be prosecuted for it?

Yes, this is more than likely, according to lawyers who spoke with Meduza. One lawyer, who wished to remain anonymous, says that since the Supreme Court considers “participation in the activities of an extremist organization” to be any “deliberate actions aimed at achieving [its] goals,” meaning any public LGBTQ+ activism could qualify.

Lawyer Max Olenichev says that if a person positions themselves as an LGBTQ+ activist, the authorities may start to pay increased attention to them: investigate their social media and gather information about their activities. Then, if the authorities associate these activities with the non-existent “international LGBT movement,” they could bring charges against the person.

Once an organization is declared “extremist” and banned, “participating in” or “organizing” its activities, as well as financing its operations becomes illegal. Violations of these rules can lead to lengthy prison sentences and inclusion on a list of terrorists and extremists. Once on the list, a person’s bank accounts will be frozen.

7

Who can now be designated a ‘participant’ or ‘organizer’ of this non-existent association?

We don’t know for certain — it’ll only be clear after the first court decision. But by evaluating the judicial practice related to the AUE movement, we can conclude that people who speak about LGBTQ+ rights, either in public or in private conversations, would be at risk.

One lawyer, who asked to remain anonymous, told Meduza:

The average person doesn’t often run the risk of saying something that could lead to them being associated with the AUE movement, which is aimed at prison subculture and street youth subculture. But with LGBTQ+, it’s easier. Anyone, even someone who doesn’t identify as LGBTQ+ themselves, can say that LGBTQ+ rights are human rights.  

In addition to “participants” and “organizers,” the fictitious "international LGBT social movement" may also have "supporters," whose rights will be restricted by the authorities.

8

Who could be considered an ‘LGBT supporter’?

According to the authorities, “supporters” are those who are “involved in the actions of” “extremist” organizations. This could be anyone who helps such organizations by donating, giving advice, or providing other forms of assistance. Involvement can be considered participation in activities or even just making supportive statements.

Supporters can be banned from running for office, as was the case for Alexey Navalny and his Anti-Corruption Foundation, which was designated an “extremist” organization. This applies retroactively to anyone who was involved in the activities of an organization up to one year before they were labeled “extremist.” In other words, anyone who has in the last year spoken out about LGBTQ+ people on the Internet, demonstrated for their rights, or donated money to an LGBTQ+ human rights organization may be banned from running for office at any level.

9

Will members of the LGBTQ+ community who aren’t involved in activism be affected?

Most likely, yes. One lawyer said he was confident that problems may arise for everyone — even if a person isn’t an activist, but has merely expressed the opinion that LGBTQ+ people should have the same rights as other people. At the same time, he doesn’t think it likely that they “will start getting rounded up in the streets,” but says anyone seen in any “public activity” that could be construed as related to LGBTQ+ is at risk.

Experts from the human rights organization Public Verdict also write that “there are risks that some forms of statements about one's orientation may be seen as recruitment or involvement in [extremist organization] activities.” Even wearing LGBTQ+ symbols could qualify.

Lawyer Max Olenichev says that the lawsuit (and resulting ruling) will make it much harder for groups to provide legal and psychological support to LGBTQ+ people and that it will further stereotypes and prejudices in society, “creating an atmosphere of fear and violence.”

10

Will the media also not be able to write about LGBTQ+ topics?

It’s already challenging now: for “propaganda of non-traditional sexual relations,” which is very vaguely defined, media outlets can already be fined up to 400,000 rubles (about $4,500).

After the Supreme Court’s decision comes into effect, it will become even more difficult: mass media, bloggers, and ordinary people on social media will be required to mention that the Russian authorities have declared the “international LGBT movement” an “extremist organization” and banned it. Those who don’t will face fines. 

The law also prohibits the media from disseminating “extremist materials.” In Russia, there’s a federal list of these materials compiled by the Justice Ministry (using court decisions). If any materials from the so-called “international LGBT movement” end up on the list, their distribution will be punishable by a fine of up to one million rubles (about $11,100) or even suspension of media activities for up to three months.

11

Are there any other risks?

Unfortunately, there are. On September 28, Russia’s State Duma approved the first reading of a law that punishes “the justification or propaganda of extremism.” They plan to supplement and rename an existing law that prohibits publicly calling for extremism, an offence carrying a potential five-year prison sentence.

The authorities plan to punish “justification” and “propaganda” of extremism the same way they currently punish calls for extremist activity. Those who do so on the Internet (or in the media) can face up to five years imprisonment. Unfortunately, this can also affect those who speak out about LGBTQ+ issues.

12

When will the Supreme Court’s decision come into force?

Only after the statutory period for appeal has passed. According to Russia’s administrative code, this period lasts for one month (even if no one appeals the decision). Human rights group Department One says this would happen on January 10, 2024.

13

How should LGBTQ+ people in Russia prepare for this nightmare?

Experts from Public Verdict recommend checking through social networks for any information and symbols that the authorities might consider “subversive” and removing them before the Supreme Court’s decision comes into effect.

Here’s what else the experts that Meduza spoke to advise:

If possible, delete accounts from social networks controlled by the Russian authorities

Do not use or keep LGBTQ+ symbols at home (e.g., rainbow flags)

If you aren’t prepared to deal with the government, lawyer Valeria Vetoshkina advises removing all mentions of sexual identity from social networks

Use a VPN when asking for help or communicating about LGBTQ+ issues. “People and initiatives that managed to leave the country have already established their work and are ready to provide legal, psychological, emergency, and social support to LGBTQ+ people in Russia. Don’t hesitate to ask for such help,” says lawyer Max Olenichev.

Psychologists from the Sphere Foundation point out that taking care of yourself is an intentional task. Most likely, it won’t be possible to feel stable without doing something. It’s important to remember that you haven’t done anything wrong. You have the right to be yourself and to feel what you feel. Right now, it’s especially important to take care of yourself and do what makes you happy. “You can do this — and it means you’re in control of your life and continuing on despite everything,” explain the psychologists.

At the same time, lawyers interviewed by Meduza agree that the decision to leave the country should be an individual one — not everyone has the resources or desire to do so. However, every LGBTQ+ person in Russia will now have to regularly assess the risks — and build their life with them in mind.

14

Would calling yourself an ‘equal rights activist’ instead of using the abbreviation LGBT help at all?

It’s unlikely. In certain cases, it could help to avoid attracting attention to your activities. But if law enforcement gets involved, it won’t take much for this shield to come down, explains lawyer Max Olenichev:

Unfortunately, Russian courts often use police officers’ operational reports as admissible and reliable evidence. That’s why in the reports they can call someone an LGBT activist, attaching, for example, screenshots from social media.

That said, I’m not calling for panic. Everyone should assess their own individual risks. If necessary, consult with relatives, colleagues, and lawyers. And only after that decide how to continue with your work or with expressing yourself outwardly as an LGBTQ+ person.

The fact that the authorities plan to designate the “international LGBT movement” — rather than LGBTQ+ — as extremist won’t help either, explains lawyer Valeria Vetoshkina:

On the one hand, LGBTQ+ is definitely broader than LGBT. But on the other hand, no one will ever be able to prove to security forces that you’re actually part of the “Q+” and the authorities will have trouble understanding the difference between the abbreviations.

[mbbs-md]

Why Choose Central European University for MBBS?

Central European University (CEU), a distinguished member of the European University Group, has been delivering world-class medical education since 1990. Located in Tbilisi, the vibrant capital of Georgia, CEU offers a globally recognized MBBS program tailored to international standards and expectations.

✅ University-Owned Teaching Hospitals

CEU provides hands-on clinical training in its own teaching hospitals, equipped with state-of-the-art medical technology. This practical exposure from early years ensures strong clinical skills and real-world experience.

🎓 Experienced Faculty & Personalized Mentorship

Students benefit from a highly qualified and experienced faculty who offer dedicated academic support and personal mentorship, ensuring a student-centered learning environment.

📘 Globally Aligned Curriculum

The MBBS curriculum at CEU follows the educational models of the USA and UK, making it internationally relevant and highly structured. Graduates are well-prepared for global medical licensing exams.

🇮🇳 NMC Compliance for Indian Students

CEU strictly adheres to the guidelines laid out by the National Medical Commission (NMC) of India, ensuring the degree is valid and recognized for Indian students aiming to practice in India or appear for FMGE/NExT.

🏫 Modern Infrastructure

The university offers a technologically advanced campus, complete with modern laboratories, libraries, lecture halls, and research centers — all designed to support innovation and excellence in medical education.

🔬 Research & Global Collaboration

Students have ample opportunities to participate in research and collaborate with international academic and clinical institutions, fostering academic growth and global exposure.

📍 Ideal Location — Tbilisi, Georgia

Situated in one of the most student-friendly cities in Europe, CEU offers a multicultural environment, affordable living, and a safe, welcoming atmosphere for international students.

💰 Affordable Tuition & Program Structure

Tuition Fee: $2,500 USD per semester

Course Duration: 5 years + 1-year mandatory internship

🌍 International Recognition

Central European University is recognized by major global organizations, including:

WHO (World Health Organization)

FAIMER

WFME (World Federation for Medical Education)

ECFMG (USA)

EAIE (European Association for International Education)

EUROCHAMBRES

NMC (India)

Its medical degree is accepted in the European Union, UK, USA, Canada, Australia, and several Asian countries, opening vast global opportunities for graduates.

For More Information & Admission Assistance:

Looking to apply? mbbs-md.com helps you with all facilities, from university selection and admission support to visa assistance and travel arrangements.

Visit 👉 mbbs-md.com to start your journey today!

[flyfutureeducation-studyabroad]

How to Find Best Universities Lowest Fees for MBBS in Russia 2025 ?

For Indian students who want to pursue high-quality medical education without having to pay the astronomical fees associated with private medical colleges in India, studying MBBS overseas has grown in popularity. Due to its cost, excellent educational standards, and international recognition of medical degrees, Russia stands out among other international destinations as one of the best options. Russia is the best place with lowest fees for MBBS in Russia 2025.

Selecting the best university requires a calculated strategy. Here is a detailed guide:

Establish Your Priorities

Begin by responding to a few important questions:

Which campus—rural or urban—do you prefer?

Do you feel at ease with bilingual instruction that combines Russian and English ?

How much do you have set up for living expenses, accommodation, and tuition ?

Do you desire a university with a student community and Indian food ?

Fee Structure-Based Shortlist

Depending on the university, MBBS tuition costs in Russia range from INR 2.5 Lakhs to INR 6 Lakhs annually. To compare tuition prices, use reputable educational counselors or the official websites of the universities.

Verify Eligibility for NMC (India)

In order to practice medicine in India, a university needs to be:

The National Medical Commission (NMC) has acknowledged it.

providing a six-year MBBS program with a clinical internship of one year.

If you are uncomfortable speaking Russian, all classes will be conducted in English.

For up-to-date listings of accredited universities, visit the NMC website or speak with certified admission advisers.

Examine the passing rate for FMGE/NExT

After finishing their MBBS overseas, students heading to India must pass the FMGE (Foreign Medical Graduate Examination) or NEXT (starting in 2024).

The FMGE pass rates at a few Russian colleges are consistently higher, including:

State Medical University of Orenburg

State Medical University of Bashkir

Federal University of Kazan

University of People's Friendship (RUDN)

Select a university that offers organized assistance for preparing for FMGE/NExT.

Assess Living Expense and Accommodation

Although tuition is the main price, don't discount personal spending, meal costs, and hostel fees. The average monthly cost of living in most Russian cities is between ₹10,000 and ₹15,000.

Questions to ask:

Is staying at a hostel required ?

Do you have access to Indian food or kitchen facilities ?

Is the college residence located on campus ?

Does this include utilities like heating ?

Examine Clinical Exposure and University Infrastructure

Low cost does not equate to poor quality. Even reasonably priced Russian universities provide:

Modern labs and simulation facilities

Hospitals connected to the government for clinical practice

International faculty with experience

International medical journals in online libraries

To confirm infrastructure, look for alumni reviews, virtual campus tours, and photo galleries.

Consult Reliable Information Sources

Scamming websites and unreliable agents. Depend on:

Official websites of universities

Russian Embassy in India for information on education

Consultants for admissions who are registered

Testimonials from students and alumni associations

Attending MBBS education fairs and webinars is another way to talk to university representatives face-to-face.

[pspeducation369]

🌍 Why MBBS in Russia is a Popular Choice Among Indian Students

Introduction

Thinking of becoming a doctor but not sure where to study MBBS? You’re not alone! Every year, thousands of Indian students dream of wearing the white coat. But skyrocketing tuition fees and intense competition in India force many to look abroad. Among the many options, MBBS in Russia has steadily become a favorite—and for good reason!

Let’s dive into why Russia is one of the most sought-after destinations for Indian students pursuing an MBBS degree.

The Growing Popularity of MBBS in Russia

Russia has been a trusted destination for Indian students since the Soviet era. In fact, over 10,000 Indian students are currently studying MBBS in Russia, with numbers rising every year.

With over 50 medical universities offering English-medium courses, world-class infrastructure, and a welcoming atmosphere, Russia has created an ideal environment for aspiring doctors.

Top Reasons Indian Students Choose MBBS in Russia

Affordable Tuition Fees

Let’s be real—medical education in India, especially in private colleges, can cost a fortune. We’re talking about ₹60-₹80 lakhs or more!

In contrast, MBBS in Russia costs between ₹15-₹30 lakhs in total for the entire 6-year program. That’s a game-changer for middle-class families!

Globally Recognized Degrees

Worried about whether your Russian MBBS degree will be valid back home or abroad?

Russian medical universities are recognized by the WHO, NMC (National Medical Commission), ECFMG (USA), and many others. That means you can practice medicine not just in India, but in countries like the US, UK, Canada, and beyond—after qualifying the respective screening exams.

No Entrance Exams like NEET for Admission (except qualifying NEET-UG)

Let’s face it—India’s NEET competition is brutal. Over 20 lakh students appear for just around 1 lakh government medical seats.

In Russia, if you’ve qualified NEET, you’re eligible for MBBS admission—no need for any extra entrance tests, no capitation fees, no stress.

English Medium Curriculum

One of the biggest myths is that Russian MBBS is only taught in Russian. Not true!

Most top universities offer MBBS entirely in English, especially for international students. That means no language barrier in the classroom.

High-Quality Education

Russian medical universities boast of modern labs, simulation centers, smart classrooms, and experienced faculty—many of whom hold PhDs and are active researchers.

Multicultural Environment

Studying abroad isn’t just about education—it’s about exposure. Russian universities have students from India, Africa, Middle East, Europe, and Asia, making it a melting pot of cultures.

You’ll never feel alone here.

Top Medical Universities in Russia for Indian Students

Here are some of the most preferred and NMC-approved medical universities in Russia:

Altai State Medical University

Kazan Federal University

Crimea Federal University

Bashkir State Medical University

Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University

These universities not only provide top-notch education but also support Indian student communities extensively.

MBBS Curriculum and Duration in Russia

The MBBS program in Russia is 6 years long, including 1 year of internship.

The curriculum is divided into:

Basic sciences (Anatomy, Physiology)

Clinical subjects (Medicine, Surgery, Pediatrics, etc.)

Practical rotations in affiliated hospitals

It’s structured in line with global standards, ensuring well-rounded learning.

Student Life in Russia

Worried about adjusting to a new country?

Most Russian universities have hostels with Indian mess facilities, gyms, libraries, and free Wi-Fi. Plus, there are Indian student associations, cultural festivals, and sports clubs to keep you engaged.

Cost of Living in Russia

Living in Russia is surprisingly budget-friendly. On average:

Hostel fee: ₹30,000 – ₹60,000 per year Aprox

Food and daily expenses: ₹6,000 – ₹10,000/month Aprox

You can live comfortably in just ₹1.2 to ₹1.5 lakhs annually.

Safety and Support for Indian Students

Russia is safe, and most universities have 24/7 campus security, CCTV surveillance, and wardens.

The Indian Embassy in Moscow and Indian student unions are always there to assist during any emergency.

Career Opportunities after MBBS in Russia

Practicing in India

After completing MBBS in Russia, Indian students must clear the FMGE (Foreign Medical Graduate Examination) to practice in India. With proper guidance, many students pass the exam every year.

International Opportunities

Dreaming of working in the US or UK?

Russian MBBS graduates are eligible to appear for USMLE (USA), PLAB (UK), and other licensing exams, opening doors to global career paths.

Challenges Indian Students Might Face

Let’s be honest—it’s not always rosy.

Language outside the classroom: While classes are in English, daily life may require learning some Russian.

Weather: Russian winters can be harsh. But you’ll get used to it with warm clothes and proper preparation.

These challenges are real but manageable with a positive mindset.

Role of PSP Education in Guiding MBBS Aspirants

Choosing a university, handling documentation, visa process—it can be overwhelming. That’s where PSP Education steps in.

Why Choose PSP Education

✅ Expert Counseling from experienced MBBS abroad advisors

✅ 100% Admission Support with NMC-approved universities

✅ Visa & Travel Assistance from start to finish

✅ Pre-departure Briefings and cultural tips

✅ On-ground Support even after you reach Russia

Thousands of students have trusted PSP Education to make their MBBS abroad journey smooth and successful. Now it’s your turn.

📞 Call PSP Education today and take the first step toward your dream medical career in 

Russia!

FAQs

1. Is NEET compulsory for MBBS in Russia? Yes, Indian students must qualify NEET-UG to be eligible for admission in Russian medical universities.

2. Can I work in India after completing MBBS from Russia? Yes, after passing the FMGE/NExT exam, you can practice in India.

3. Are Russian medical degrees recognized worldwide? Yes, they are recognized by WHO, NMC, ECFMG, FAIMER, and other global bodies.

4. Is it safe for Indian students to live in Russia? Absolutely. Universities ensure student safety with hostel security, CCTV, and support services.

5. How can PSP Education help me? PSP Education offers end-to-end services—from selecting the university, applying for a visa, to post-arrival support—making your MBBS abroad journey smooth and worry-free.

Conclusion

Russia has opened the door for thousands of Indian students who dream of becoming doctors but face limitations in India. From affordable fees to globally recognized education, safe campuses to exciting opportunities—MBBS in Russia is truly a life-changing decision.

And with expert guidance from PSP Education, the entire process becomes hassle-free and secure.

So, what are you waiting for? Your dream white coat is just a step away!

Reference URL :- 🌍 Why MBBS in Russia is a Popular Choice Among Indian Students

[nando161mando]

[lgaretio]

Estado del compromiso bibliotecario en la comunicación y educación sobre el clima (IFLA)

Aaron Redman, State of Library Engagement in Climate Communication and Education (La Haya: International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions [IFLA], 2025), https://repository.ifla.org/handle/20.500.14598/394 Key Findings and Executive Summary Full Text Report El informe resalta el...

[mbbsblogsblog]

MBBS in Russia, the Most Premium Destination for Studying MBBS in Russia

Dear medical aspirant, we are here to offer you an excellent opportunity to study MBBS in Russia. As we know, Russia is a highly supportive country to India,, and it offers ample opportunities to Indians for acquiring world-class education. MBBS in Russia is the right decision for Indian medical aspirants. We at Ria Overseas offer expert guidance and support to study MBBS in Russia. We offer support not only for MBBS in in Russia but also for MBBS in any other foreign countries.  Russia offers excellent medical education at a reasonable cost. The universities offer on-campus hostel facilities. You never drop your plan for an MBBS programme simply because you don’t get an opportunity to study MBBSMBBS course. Plan for MBBS in Russia.

As the focus of the page is MBBS in Russia, let’s dive into the discussion for your opportunities in studying MBBS in Russia.

Globally Recognized Medical Degrees

Russian medical universities are recognized by international bodies like NMC, WHO, ECFMG-USA, GMC-UK.

Graduates are eligible to appear for FMGE/NExT (India), USMLE (USA), PLAB (UK), and other licensing exams worldwide.

No Entrance Exam for Admission

For pursuing MBBS in Russia, India students don’t need to qualify in any entry level exam like NEET-UG. But for clinical practices in India, qualifying in NEET is mandatory.

English-Medium Instruction

Many medical universities in Russia offer education in English language. Many top Russian universities offer entire MBBS programs in English, ensuring language is not a barrier.Students are taught the basics of Russian to aid them in their clinical rotations in nearby hospitals.

High-Quality Infrastructure and Teaching

Russian medical universities offer quality education at an affordable cost. The universities offer international standard medical education at a fair cost. The universities have modern infrastructure, well-equipped labs, well-furnished classrooms, well-stocked libraries, and proper study ambiance.

Strong Indian Student Community

More than 15000 Indian students are currently studying MBBS in Russia. Indian student association in Russia provide supports to students from India.

.

Safe and Student-Friendly Environment

Due to its student-friendly rules and safe university residence halls, Russia is regarded as a safe country for international students. The majority of institutions provide hostels with access to Indian cuisine.

Easy Admission Process

Admissions are usually determined by NEET eligibility and Class 12 PCB scores. The application procedure is simplified, and authorised agents offer assistance.

Top Russian Medical Universities for Indian Students

Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University

Kazan Federal University

Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University

Bashkir State Medical University

Volgograd State Medical University

It is recommended to prepare ahead of time and start the application procedure well in advance to guarantee a seamless and quick admission to the MBBS program in Russia. Verifying the precise intake data provided by the universities you are interested in is also crucial to get accurate and up-to-date information regarding MBBS admissions in Russia.

Ria Overseas offers all the possible supports to study MBBS overseas. Explore opportunities to studying MBBS in Russia, the most preferable destination for MBBS program. Our expert team members provide client-friendly consultant services. Call us now to reserve a seat  for MBBS in  Russia.