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sockethub · 3 months ago

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Best GI/MS Bend Supplier & Manufacturer in Delhi – Quality, Stock & Fast Delivery

GI (Galvanized Iron) and MS (Mild Steel) bends are essential pipe fittings used to change the direction of flow in plumbing, water supply, fire fighting, HVAC, and industrial pipeline systems. The choice of the right bend supplier ensures strength, long life, perfect dimensions, and timely delivery.

This 1500-word article explores everything you need to know about GI/MS bends — their types, applications, price range, and why Udhhyog is considered the best bend manufacturer and supplier in Delhi.

What is a GI/MS Bend?

A bend is a pipe fitting used to change the direction of a pipeline, typically available in 45° and 90° angles. When made of GI or MS, they offer excellent corrosion resistance (GI) and mechanical strength (MS).

🔩 Key Features:

Strong weldable construction

Rust-resistant zinc coating (for GI)

Available in short-radius and long-radius bends

Conforms to IS standards and thickness grades

Types of Bends Available at Udhhyog

Bend TypeMaterialAngleSize RangeApplicationsGI Bend (Hot Dip)GI90°½" to 6"Water pipelines, residentialGI Bend (3 Layer)GI90°2" to 4"Fire systems, borewell outletsMS Welded BendMS45°, 90°½" to 10"Industrial gas, water & air linesMS Long Radius BendMS90°3" to 12"Oil & chemical pipelinesHeavy GI/MS ElbowGI/MS90°CustomFabrication, high-pressure lines

GI/MS Bend Price List – Delhi Market (2024)

Size (Inch)TypeThicknessApprox. Price (INR/pc)1"GI Bend 90°1.6 mm₹35 – ₹552"GI Bend 90°2.0 mm₹65 – ₹952"MS Bend 90°3.2 mm₹80 – ₹1103"MS Welded Bend3.6 mm₹150 – ₹1904"GI Long Bend2.5 mm₹200 – ₹2506"MS Elbow5 mm₹450 – ₹550

📥 Download full bend catalogue PDF: GI/MS Bends – Udhhyog

Why Udhhyog is the Best Bend Supplier in Delhi

🏭 In-House Manufacturing

Udhhyog manufactures MS bends with high-precision welding machines and offers hot-dip galvanized bends with rust-proof finish.

🧰 Wide Size Range Available

From ½ inch to 12 inch

Custom elbows, 3D & 5D bends available

Heavy-duty MS pipe bends for fabrication

🚚 Fast & Reliable Delivery

1–3 day delivery across Delhi NCR, Haryana, UP, Punjab, J&K

Strong packaging to avoid transit damage

🧾 100% Quality Guarantee

All GI/MS bends checked for dimension, finish & coating thickness

Supplied with test certificates on request

💰 Wholesale Rates + Bulk Discount

Direct from manufacturer pricing

Discounts on bulk orders and long-term projects

Applications of GI/MS Bends

🚿 Plumbing and residential water supply

🧯 Fire fighting pipelines

🛢️ Oil & gas transport pipelines

🌾 Agriculture and irrigation lines

�� Chemical and process industries

🏭 HVAC and ducting systems

Udhhyog’s Quality Control Process

Raw material cutting (IS-grade MS or GI)

Manual/automatic welding & angle precision

Surface finishing (hot-dip or spray coating)

Measurement and visual inspection

Packaging and labelling

Ordering from Udhhyog

📞 Call Us: +91-XXXXXXXXXX 🌐 Website: https://udhhyog.com 📥 Get Quotes: Contact Form 📦 Dispatch: Within 24–72 hours depending on location & quantity

Testimonials

⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️ “Udhhyog’s GI bends are the most accurate we’ve received—perfect radius and no leaks.” – Plumbing Contractor, Delhi

⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️ “Our fabrication unit orders only MS elbows from Udhhyog. Quality + delivery = excellent.” – OEM Supplier, Rajasthan

FAQs

Q1: Can I order bends with custom angles? A: Yes, we offer 22.5°, 30°, 45°, and 90° bends on order.

Q2: Do bends come with test certificates? A: Yes, TC and thickness reports are provided for bulk orders.

Q3: What’s the difference between GI and MS bend? A: GI bends are coated with zinc for rust protection, MS bends are plain steel used in heavier-duty systems.

#GIBend #MSBend #PipeBend #DelhiSupplier #BendManufacturer #GIPipeFittings #IndustrialFittings #WeldedBend #PipeElbow #Udhhyog #BestBendDelhi

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msteeudhhyog · 3 months ago

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Best GI/MS Bend Supplier & Manufacturer in Delhi – Quality, Stock & Fast Delivery

What is a GI/MS Bend?

🔩 Key Features:

Strong weldable construction

Rust-resistant zinc coating (for GI)

Available in short-radius and long-radius bends

Conforms to IS standards and thickness grades

Types of Bends Available at Udhhyog

GI/MS Bend Price List – Delhi Market (2024)

📥 Download full bend catalogue PDF: GI/MS Bends – Udhhyog

Why Udhhyog is the Best Bend Supplier in Delhi

🏭 In-House Manufacturing

Udhhyog manufactures MS bends with high-precision welding machines and offers hot-dip galvanized bends with rust-proof finish.

🧰 Wide Size Range Available

From ½ inch to 12 inch

Custom elbows, 3D & 5D bends available

Heavy-duty MS pipe bends for fabrication

🚚 Fast & Reliable Delivery

1–3 day delivery across Delhi NCR, Haryana, UP, Punjab, J&K

Strong packaging to avoid transit damage

🧾 100% Quality Guarantee

All GI/MS bends checked for dimension, finish & coating thickness

Supplied with test certificates on request

💰 Wholesale Rates + Bulk Discount

Direct from manufacturer pricing

Discounts on bulk orders and long-term projects

Applications of GI/MS Bends

🚿 Plumbing and residential water supply

🧯 Fire fighting pipelines

🛢️ Oil & gas transport pipelines

🌾 Agriculture and irrigation lines

🧪 Chemical and process industries

🏭 HVAC and ducting systems

Udhhyog’s Quality Control Process

Raw material cutting (IS-grade MS or GI)

Manual/automatic welding & angle precision

Surface finishing (hot-dip or spray coating)

Measurement and visual inspection

Packaging and labelling

Ordering from Udhhyog

📞 Call Us: +91-XXXXXXXXXX 🌐 Website: https://udhhyog.com 📥 Get Quotes: Contact Form 📦 Dispatch: Within 24–72 hours depending on location & quantity

Testimonials

⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️ “Udhhyog’s GI bends are the most accurate we’ve received—perfect radius and no leaks.” – Plumbing Contractor, Delhi

⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️ “Our fabrication unit orders only MS elbows from Udhhyog. Quality + delivery = excellent.” – OEM Supplier, Rajasthan

FAQs

Q1: Can I order bends with custom angles? A: Yes, we offer 22.5°, 30°, 45°, and 90° bends on order.

Q2: Do bends come with test certificates? A: Yes, TC and thickness reports are provided for bulk orders.

Q3: What’s the difference between GI and MS bend? A: GI bends are coated with zinc for rust protection, MS bends are plain steel used in heavier-duty systems.

#GIBend #MSBend #PipeBend #DelhiSupplier #BendManufacturer #GIPipeFittings #IndustrialFittings #WeldedBend #PipeElbow #Udhhyog #BestBendDelhi

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ssseamlesspipe · 3 months ago

Text

Best GI/MS Bend Supplier & Manufacturer in Delhi – Quality, Stock & Fast Delivery

What is a GI/MS Bend?

🔩 Key Features:

Strong weldable construction

Rust-resistant zinc coating (for GI)

Available in short-radius and long-radius bends

Conforms to IS standards and thickness grades

Types of Bends Available at Udhhyog

GI/MS Bend Price List – Delhi Market (2024)

📥 Download full bend catalogue PDF: GI/MS Bends – Udhhyog

Why Udhhyog is the Best Bend Supplier in Delhi

🏭 In-House Manufacturing

Udhhyog manufactures MS bends with high-precision welding machines and offers hot-dip galvanized bends with rust-proof finish.

🧰 Wide Size Range Available

From ½ inch to 12 inch

Custom elbows, 3D & 5D bends available

Heavy-duty MS pipe bends for fabrication

🚚 Fast & Reliable Delivery

1–3 day delivery across Delhi NCR, Haryana, UP, Punjab, J&K

Strong packaging to avoid transit damage

🧾 100% Quality Guarantee

All GI/MS bends checked for dimension, finish & coating thickness

Supplied with test certificates on request

💰 Wholesale Rates + Bulk Discount

Direct from manufacturer pricing

Discounts on bulk orders and long-term projects

Applications of GI/MS Bends

🚿 Plumbing and residential water supply

🧯 Fire fighting pipelines

🛢️ Oil & gas transport pipelines

🌾 Agriculture and irrigation lines

🧪 Chemical and process industries

🏭 HVAC and ducting systems

Udhhyog’s Quality Control Process

Raw material cutting (IS-grade MS or GI)

Manual/automatic welding & angle precision

Surface finishing (hot-dip or spray coating)

Measurement and visual inspection

Packaging and labelling

Ordering from Udhhyog

📞 Call Us: +91-XXXXXXXXXX 🌐 Website: https://udhhyog.com 📥 Get Quotes: Contact Form 📦 Dispatch: Within 24–72 hours depending on location & quantity

Testimonials

⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️ “Udhhyog’s GI bends are the most accurate we’ve received—perfect radius and no leaks.” – Plumbing Contractor, Delhi

⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️ “Our fabrication unit orders only MS elbows from Udhhyog. Quality + delivery = excellent.” – OEM Supplier, Rajasthan

FAQs

Q1: Can I order bends with custom angles? A: Yes, we offer 22.5°, 30°, 45°, and 90° bends on order.

Q2: Do bends come with test certificates? A: Yes, TC and thickness reports are provided for bulk orders.

Q3: What’s the difference between GI and MS bend? A: GI bends are coated with zinc for rust protection, MS bends are plain steel used in heavier-duty systems.

#GIBend #MSBend #PipeBend #DelhiSupplier #BendManufacturer #GIPipeFittings #IndustrialFittings #WeldedBend #PipeElbow #Udhhyog #BestBendDelhi

0 notes

klandarchitect · 1 year ago

Text

Elevate Your Home with Stunning Front Garden Designs: Unveiling the Beauty of Tropical and Contemporary Landscapes

Welcome to the world of exquisite landscapes and transformative outdoor spaces! At K Studio, we understand that the entrance to your home is more than just a pathway; it's a statement, a reflection of your style and personality. We delve into the captivating realms of front garden design, exploring the allure of both tropical front gardens and the sleek elegance of the contemporary front garden.

Unveiling Tropical Front Garden Designs

Embracing Nature's Palette

In the realm of tropical front garden design, nature takes center stage. Picture a lush oasis greeting you as you approach your home. Vibrant hues of green, interspersed with bursts of vivid flowers, create a tapestry that not only captivates the eye but also soothes the soul. At K Studio, we seamlessly integrate the flora of tropical climates into your front garden, offering a symphony of colors that evolve with the changing seasons.

Creating a Tranquil Escape

One key element of a tropical front garden is the emphasis on creating a serene retreat. Our expert designers strategically position seating areas amidst the foliage, allowing you to bask in the beauty of your surroundings. Imagine sipping your morning coffee enveloped by the rustling leaves and the fragrance of exotic blooms—a perfect start to your day.

Sustainable Elegance

Beyond aesthetics, our tropical front garden designs prioritize sustainability. We carefully select plant species that thrive in local climates, minimizing water consumption and maintenance. Our commitment to eco-friendly landscaping ensures that your front garden remains a stunning haven while contributing to the well-being of the environment.

The Contemporary Front Garden: A Fusion of Form and Function Sleek Lines and Minimalist Appeal

Step into the realm of modern sophistication with our contemporary front garden designs. Characterized by clean lines and minimalist aesthetics, these landscapes redefine curb appeal. The use of geometric shapes and carefully curated elements creates a visual harmony that complements the architecture of your home.

Smart Integration of Technology

In a fast-paced world, your outdoor space should align with modern living. Our contemporary front gardens seamlessly integrate smart technology, from automated irrigation systems to ambient lighting controlled at your fingertips. Elevate your home with a garden that not only looks stunning but also adapts to your lifestyle.

Year-Round Elegance

Unlike trends that come and go, contemporary front gardens boast timeless elegance. The strategic use of evergreen plants and carefully chosen architectural features ensures that your front garden remains a masterpiece throughout the seasons. Whether it's the vibrant colors of spring or the subtle beauty of winter, your home makes a statement year-round.

Elevate Your Home, Boost Your Curb Appeal

In conclusion, the allure of a front garden goes beyond aesthetics; it's a testament to your taste and a warm welcome to all who visit. At K Studio, we specialize in crafting front garden designs that transcend the ordinary. Whether you're drawn to the vibrant charm of a tropical front garden or the modern elegance of a Contemporary Landscape, our team is dedicated to turning your vision into reality.

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edgewaterfarmcsa · 2 years ago

Text

CSA WEEK 6

p i c k l i s t

pickling cucumbers - garlic - dill - summer squash - zucchini -

lettuce - celery - tomatoes - blueberries - hungarian hot wax pep

This week was farmed with a pretty heavy heart, and we are still wrapping our heads around it all. We are still trying to calibrate all we lost and take count of all the pests and diseases that are thriving as a result. We are still trying to figure out the best ways to support our farming buds in Vermont that lost too much. Because I am in fact here to farm-splain let me break it down to you the best way I can. Farming is so much more than sweet corn and tomatoes and beautiful photos and pastoral sunsets (if you are a CSA veteran then you absolutely know this by now). When you choose to give your life over to farming- you sign a deal with the weather gods. For better or worse you are always under the thumb of a 10 day forecast. Sometimes it works in your favor, but this year, there is no good compromise. The first humbling hit occurred with that late Spring kill frost, and we’ve been drenched and pruned every day since. And when it is not raining we are staring at a pink sun and breathing in air that's just not quite right. Quite frankly, growing food this Summer sucks. However last Summer was hard too. Ray reminded me recently of last Summer’s drought and crazy winds. While people were vacationing and lounging around their favorite swim holes (remember those dreamy blue skies?), we were all thirsty and moving around irrigation lines, watching crops dry up and die. We prayed for rain, and it came 1 year later in the form of bucket loads upon our heads and pools at our feet.

Clearly, I am feeling pretty doom and gloom this week as climate change is moving fast and it is impossible to look away.

However, as noted above, we gave our lives over to farming a while back now and that’s not gonna change. We are still pumped on growing all the Summer faves and we just gotta learn to adapt and be more mindful with every step along the way.

In other news this week, we are totally overwhelmed with cucurbits! And I can not stress enough the urgency to pickle all your cucumbers and grill all your squashes.

As far as flood relief goes, and the massive financial hit that many farms are experiencing, please know that we are working on a plan to help, and I’ll pass around info as we navigate that.

FARMY FOODIE PRO-TIPS:

IT’S PICKLING SEASON YALL! Here are my 2 fave recipes and pickling tips followed by the very best, most refreshing after work meal.

Pickling and Fermentation 101

Presented by Jeffrey Yoskowitz of The Gefilteria

author of The Gefilte Manifesto: New Recipes for Old World Jewish Food

Lacto-Fermentation vs. Vinegar Pickling

Lacto-fermentation, also known as saltwater pickling, is a traditional preservation method that utilizes the natural bacteria found on vegetables and fruits in order to preserve them. Vinegar pickling, also known as quick pickling, by contrast, utilizes vinegar to destroy all bacteria found on vegetables and fruits, thereby preserving them in the process.

With lacto-fermentation, we create an ecosystem for Lactobacillus (the same bacteria found in yogurt) to thrive and convert carbohydrates (sugars) into lactic acid. The acid acts as a natural preservative. The end result is not only delicious, but healthy—it aids in digestion and boosts the immune system.

4 Essentials of Lacto-Fermentation

Salt: The salt brine regulates fermentation by enabling positive bacterial growth and inhibiting negative bacterial growth. Use kosher salt or sea salt, nothing with added iodine!

Spice: Add your desired pickling spices to saltwater to infuse flavor into brine. Tannin-rich leaves—such as bay leaves—help keep the crunch. Garlic, dill, mustard seeds, coriander, peppercorns, chili peppers and cinnamon sticks are standards.

Produce: Choose the freshest, thinnest cucumbers possible. Kirby is your best choice variety, but you can replace cucumbers with green beans for similar flavor results and a consistent crunch.

Patience: The true process of fermentation involves waiting as the bacteria goes to work. Be sure to keep your jar in a moderate temperature space (65-75 degrees F). Keep your vegetables under the salty brine, too. Anything above the liquid may get a tad bit moldy. Note that mold happens often, and it’s ok! Anything white can simply be scraped away/cut off of the veggies. The rest will be just fine. Once your pickles are at their desired flavor point, place them in the refrigerator to stop the fermentation process and keep them there and enjoy.

Recipe for Crisp Garlic Dilly Beans or Cucumbers

Fill a pint sized jar with water (2 cups). Add 1 heaping Tbsp kosher salt and shake or stir to dissolve the salt fully.

Place cucumbers or green beans in the jar (as many as will fit! Squeeze them in tightly!), along with 1-2 bay leaves, 1-3 cloves chopped garlic, 2 sprigs of dill, and 1/2 tsp seeds such as mustard seeds, peppercorns, coriander seeds, etc. If needed, add more water/salt mixture (same ratio) and cover the veggies, leaving at least an inch between the liquid and the top of the jar.

Seal the jar. After the first two days, “burp” the jar. Check them daily after that. When you like the flavor, transfer the jar to the fridge. Enjoy!

(quick) DILL PICKLES from the cookbook TART & SWEET

4 cups white vinegar

2 cups water

¼ cup kosher salt

4 ½ pounds cukes

PER JAR:

3 cloves garlic

3 dill heads or 4-5 dill sprigs

1 tablespoon yellow mustard seed

1 tablespoon brown mustard seed

1 teaspoon dill seed

1 teaspoon black peppercorn

Bring the vinegar, water, and salt to a boil in a medium reactive pot.

Stir to dissolve the salt.

Place Garlic, dill, and spices in each hot jar. Pack cukes in as tightly as possible without crushing.

Pour in boiling brine, leaving ½ inch headspace. Make sure the cukes are submerged in brine.

ANOTHER RECIPE I STUMBLED ON… Calls for caraway instead of the mustard seed… I am actually leaning towards caraway seeds rather than mustard for my next pickling adventure because that classic caraway flavor found in rye bread or saurkraut seems completely appropriate and potentially awesome here.

2 lbs cucumbers, halved lengthwise, seeded and chopped

1/2 cup plain fat-free Greek yogurt

3 tablespoons fresh lemon juice

2 small garlic cloves

1/2 cup extra-virgin olive oil, plus more for garnish

1 tablespoon chopped dill, plus sprigs for garnish

Kosher salt

Pepper

Directions

In a blender, puree the cucumbers, yogurt, lemon juice and garlic. With the machine on, gradually add the 1/2 cup of oil until incorporated. Transfer to a bowl, stir in the chopped dill and season with salt and pepper. Cover and refrigerate until chilled, 30 minutes. Ladle the soup into bowls and garnish with a drizzle of olive oil and dill sprigs.

Make Ahead

The soup can be refrigerated overnight.

Notes

The soup can also be served as a sauce for grilled meats or used as a salad dressing.

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danses-with-dogmeat · 2 years ago

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🦀 👑 I was worried something happened to you with Paladin Danse and female sole please?

And congrats on the 1.5 k🥰

Well, this is darn precious, isn't it?

Poor Danse always worrying about Sole when they're gone is literally canon, and I'm here to exploit that fact.

Anyways, I hope you enjoy!

This turned out longer than expected, but... 🤷‍♀️

"Gonna start another irrigation system with the hole you're wearing in the ground there, pal."

Sturges' voice sounded out from where he was seated on the old stump outside the workshop house in Sanctuary, the sound hardly reaching Danse's ears as he wound around to pace in the opposite direction once again.

"Really," The voice continued, insisting, yet gentle at the same time as it managed to reach him through his thoughtful stupor. "I'm sure she's alright. She's got Preston with her, you know? And it's only been half a day past when they said they'd be back."

The words of comfort were lost on him, as Danse continued his pacing, bootfalls heavy with each step he took, scattering dust in the dry air, his mind occupied with every unpleasant sort of thought, every instance that could mean his partner's demise, or her maiming, the possibility of her blue suit never shimmering into focus on the sunlit horizon ahead of him.

Danse tried to swallow back these thoughts, these ruinous concerns, this unproductive way his mind held firm to its own habitual and cataclysmic over-analyzation of his partner's unexpected absence. But as usual, it would not leave him be. Wouldn't let him rest or see reason.

It would only keep plaguing him.

If I'd only been able to go with her, if I knew, for certain why her return was taking longer than anticipated, then...

But he'd known from the start that going with her wasn't an option.

Too close to the airport, within the line of sight of those aboard the Prydwen.

Too dangerous.

He knows he would've been a liability now, that he was keeping her safer by not going along with her and her Lieutenant, but still... Danse felt as though he were letting her down, that he was being lazy or cowardly or just plain neglectful.

"You listening to a word I'm sayin', Danse?"

Finally, the ex-paladin paused his movements, amber eyes trained on the soft, orange glow of the near-setting sun.

He sighed.

"Look, pal-- can I call you pal? Can't remember if I asked you about it at all before." A gloved hand fell heavy on the ex-paladin's shoulder as Sturges' voice grew near to him.

The handy-man's eyes were trained on the man beside him, waiting for a nod, a 'yes,' a something, but Danse's attention was still focused elsewhere.

"This ain't the first time they haven't been on time, right?" His hand gave Danse's shoulder a gentle squeeze. "You been on missions that haven't ended just the way you thought, and you turned out alright, right? This don't mean something's wrong, necessarily."

"We won't know until they return." Danse said somberly, his voice almost a croak from it's misuse over the past couple days.

He'd never imagined feeling this kind of closeness with someone again. His bond with Sole was stronger still than it had been with Cutler, with Krieg, with Haylen. With even the Brotherhood as a whole.

She was everything to him, and though it scared the shit out of him, though he knew it wasn't healthy or fair, he felt utterly lost without her by his side.

The sun set and the moon rose, Sturges sat beside him as long as he could bare before sleep called his name from across the street, and he set off home.

Danse remained.

Synths don't really need sleep. He told himself firmly.

I can go without. This is too important.

By the time the stars were in full formation, Danse was pacing again, wrestling with the idea of going out after them. He could face those on the Prydwen if he couldn't hide from them, he could re-trace Sole's steps, try to track her and Preston, ask around the settlement they were going to, the settlements they passed on the way. It would be easy.

Easier than sitting here in a cold sweat with stomach cramps that felt like crawling mirelurk hatchlings burrowing in his guts.

"Sole, come on." He whispered to the wind. "Where are you." His fist pounded on the edge of the nearby fencepost, and the wood creaked in mild protest at the affront.

As Danse hung his head, as his teeth ached with the pressure of his set jaw, he heard a twig snap in the darkness.

His head shot up, bright amber eyes alert as he studied the dim space around him.

"... Sole?" He ventured, probably naively.

An animal, maybe. Or the wind. Don't become too optimistic, it'll only make it more of a blow when you--

His thoughts stopped hard in their tracks as movement caught his eye. A pair of bodies, moving slowly, not over the bridge, but through the woods at the other edge of town.

He was running towards them before his mind could properly register the movement.

"Sole!" He shouted as their familiar outline grew more defined.

Danse's heart was in his throat as he grew closer, as he noticed the way Sole was-- No, the way that Preston was leaning against her, one arm around her shoulder, and another holding a walking stick as he limped beside her.

"Danse?" Sole's voice sounded, and the ex-soldier swears he'd never heard something so sweet. "What are you doing up? It's the middle of the night!"

"Are you hurt?" He came to a hard stop in front of the pair, eyes scanning over his partner's form rapidly as he caught his breath.

"No, Danse I'm fine." She smiled as she answered him, her expression confirming the honesty of her words for him.

"And I'm alright too." Preston added with a soft huff, "No need to worry about me."

"Then...?" Danse's expression made him look lost, even in the dim of the night, his eyes shone with continuing worry.

"Preston sprained his ankle after we took out the raiders, and we had to change course and rest on the way back. The whole thing was actually kind of funny--"

"Not sure if I agree with that part, General." The minuteman chimed in with a tired grin of his own, and Danse only nodded, his expression still unsure as he fell in step on Preston's other side to help support him.

The group moved slowly, but eventually made it to Preston's Sanctuary home and left him to rest his sore ankle. With her Lieutenant taken care of, Sole and Danse made their way out, heading to their own shared home down the street.

"I'm sorry we weren't back on time. I know that it's not easy for you..." Sole's voice was small, her eyes glued down to her feet as though she'd done something wrong.

Danse stopped walking suddenly, and she halted a few steps ahead of him.

"Danse?"

His eyes met hers as she turned to face him, and in the next moment, Sole found herself wrapped tightly against her partner's chest.

"I don't blame you for being unable to inform me of your change of circumstance." He told her, his voice gentle, but still holding that commanding firmness he never quite seemed to shake, "I'm just... I'm glad you're alright. I was worried something had happened... I..." Danse's voice seemed to give out before he could finish, and Sole wrapped her arms tightly around him, returning his embrace with the same such desperation she felt pouring through him.

"I know, love. You don't have to say it."

A warmth caressed her heart as Sole felt Danse's head lean against her own, as his embrace redoubled in its comforting intensity.

"I don't know what I would do if something happened to you."

#1.5k celebration #1.5k event #fallout #fallout companions #fallout 4 #fallout 4 companions #fo4 #fo4 companions #paladin danse #danse fallout 4 #fo4 danse #fallout danse #mirelurk queen #sturges fo4 #preston garvey

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kingdoms-and-empires · 3 years ago

Note

Hello! I was wondering, what have been some of the most interesting/surprising facts that you’ve learnt during your research for k&e??

Oh shit. This is a great freaking question dude/dudette!!!!

Well, I've had to get some books to research on some stuff surrounding medieval and ancient life. This of course not just EUROPEAN knowledge, but other parts of the world, specifically asia due to the empire being modelled more closely to the imperial dynasties back then.

Considering the education stats and what may be done by the MC with their modern knowledge, i have to find a balance between fantastical yet believable, and the "bruh gtfoh theres no way." A great anime/manga that tries to do this is Dr. Stone, and has been a lil nudge of inspiration in bringing modern ideas to this new world.

But I have to be careful to not rush technology so quickly or else the fantasy/medieval elements will quickly be thrown out the window. Hence my decision to not incorporate gunpowder into the world yet. It would quickly turn into cannons, pike and shot, shooting lines, and take out the close hand combat magic of medieval warfare in media. Entertainment is tricky business. My example is the Fable series:

It went from fantasy medieval adventure (Fable 1) to industrial age complete with soldiers wearing redcoats lol (Fable 3). With Fable 3, the fans became disillusioned with the series and felt they lost the magic of the earlier titles. The creators themselves admit this as being a mistake because they went "too far in the timeline."

With that understood, I focused on learning more stuff about what ancient humanity has been able to do in the past that we totally take for granted today, such as the Dujiangyan irrigation system that was creat 2000 years ago and is still in use today in China!!!! (public work undertaking MC goes brrrr) I also researched way WAY too deep on things some people may consider "boring" or "unsexy" such as daily lives of ancient soldiers or citizens, what they wore, what they used, how they had fun, etc.

For a recent example that led to discussion on Discord:

I learned about the very real concern of soldiers and sailors needing to vent sexual frustration hence why sexual assaults was so feared (and expected by commanders) in coastal cities or town and population centers with high military presence. Which is why some commanders or mayors would buy the services of every sex worker available to attend to their sailors or soldiers' needs. This made me go:

This then led me down a rabbit hole of looking deeper into sex work in ancient times and learning it was a tool of public and army control! Then i had to research about sex work in ancient asia due to the inspiration of the empire being Chinese. BRO IT WAS COMPLEX! There were different levels and standings in China for this line of work. The highest was the Yiji comparable to the Japanese Oiran which can be seen in the latest season of Demon Slayer. From a fellow tumblr user, @fuckyeahchinesemyths says:

They had to be able to do one or a few of these things well:

write poetry

cook well

design clothes

tell fortunes

dance

sing

And this all made me think of the possible ways this can get into the story! Information broking, blackmail, tax revenue, even using sex workers as SPECIAL FORCES AS THE ROMANS DID WITH THE CARTHAGINIANS!!!! Basically the story goes as Rome getting its butt kicked by Hannibal, and to gain more time creating a new army, they sent out a shit ton of prostitutes to slow down the Carthaginian army and it WORKED...the fact that Romans generally distaste giving women credit for anything, and considered prostitutes to be of low social standing, this story has some weight to be considered possibly true since they even wrote about it.

I know I barely answered your question, but the research i do is rabbit hole after rabbit hole in trying to make a fleshed out world that can use the education stats effectively and entertaining. I learned way way too much about things i didn't think i would every need to know lmao

#kingdomsandempires #choice of games #interactive fiction #questions

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rwby-redux · 5 years ago

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Deconstruction

Worldbuilding: Geography

Full disclosure: I hated doing this post. Not because the writing was difficult or the topic was boring—far from it. No, the reason I hated doing this was because I got sucked into a wikihole. I started out researching climate zones, and ten hours later I was reading an article about Icelandic hot spring rye bread (which is called hverabrauð by the way and you should absolutely check it out). I only realized what time it was when I looked out my window and saw the sun starting to rise. Try to picture what my sleep schedule has looked like for the last few days, and you can see why I might be just a smidge upset.

Sorry. Where was I?

Ah, yes: geography. The bane of cartographers everywhere. If you’ve ever dabbled in writing stories with a non-Earth setting, you’ll know that one of the most fundamental aspects of worldbuilding is the lay of the land. Even before you’ve started working on the cultures of your fictional people (or hell, even the plot), you need to develop the locations. Any writer worth their salt will correctly tell you that geography dictates who the characters are, what the story’s about, when major actions occur, where the major story beats take place, why things progress the way they do, and how certain steps are achieved.

Want an example of this? Take a look at the geography of Avatar: The Last Airbender and how it influenced the Fire Nation’s culture and resulting imperialistic conquest: [1]

A geographic map of Avatar: The Last Airbender depicting the four major countries: the Fire Nation, Earth Kingdom, Water Tribes, and Air Temples. | Source: Imgur.

The Fire Nation, being located on a volcanic archipelago, was able to jumpstart its industrial revolution decades before anyone else, courtesy of access to natural resources such as coal and metal ore deposits (which were disproportionately scarcer in the other countries). This abundance of minerals was reflected in gold being commonly incorporated into Fire Nation royal attire, and the Fire Nation boasting some of the most proficient blacksmiths and swordfighters in the world (like Piandao).

Being an island nation, their culinary staples included aquatic and marine species such as waterfowl, fish, cephalopods, crustaceans, bivalves, and seaweed.

The mountainous regions of the Fire Nation made the land ill-suited for agriculture, which likely influenced the development of an oceanic trade route. This allowed for the import of otherwise-unavailable resources from the Earth Kingdom.

The trade route helped to reinforce a unified state by connecting all seaports, trading outposts, and settlements in the archipelago to the major urban capital. This interconnectivity created economic advantages, and solidified a sense of cultural unity and loyalty to the nation by making communication (via ship and messenger hawk) direct and expedient.

The navy emerged as a natural outgrowth of the oceanic trade route. Martial vessels would have been necessary for protecting merchant ships from pirates, collecting taxes from provincial settlements (because navies have steep operating costs), and enforcing the laws of the central authority. Similarly, as an island country, the only way the Fire Nation could have feasibly been harmed is through a naval attack, which would have given it the incentive to cultivate a naval defense.

At the beginning of the Hundred Year War, the Fire Nation seized control of the northwestern Earth Kingdom because the region was rich in resources that they would need to sustain themselves if they were going to survive without international trade.

Their technologically-advanced navy and control of the major oceanic trade routes allowed the Fire Nation to orchestrate blockades, quickly transport troops and equipment between places, and limit the tactical movements of the other countries.

To say that geography dictates the story is an understatement—without it, the story wouldn’t exist. Good writing and likeable characters can only do so much to save a story that lacks this crucial component of worldbuilding.

So, how does this apply to RWBY?

In order to talk about that, first we have to address the unusual way that Remnant’s map was designed.

Back in 2012, while out at an IHOP with Shane Newville, Monty Oum had the idea of squirting a ketchup bottle into a napkin, crumpling it up, and then unfolding it to reveal the blotchy proto-topography of Remnant. His reason for doing so, as he explains:

“The philosophy behind [making the map that way] is that, I feel like, as a 3D animator […] utilizing all this technology, our process—all these computers, all these numbers and stuff—our process is so artificial, it’s riddled with so much artifice, that not only for that, but for everything else I do, I try to imbue kind of like an anarchy, an anarchic-like chaos, just to give it some sense of, like, randomness. Like, you need to preserve that sense of chaos because the process we do is so robotic. […] But the important thing was, like especially with everything that we just raise in our production value, that you have to preserve that anarchic energy that influences everything you do.” [2]

The original terrain map created by Monty Oum. | Source: RWBY Wiki contributor user:Sgt D Grif.

You’d be hard-pressed to disagree with the artistic merit of this design approach. There’s a simplistic elegance to be found in a creator forfeiting a degree of their control over a project, in order to watch how it might organically evolve.

But here’s the thing: this isn’t like leaving slime molds in a petri dish and letting them network until they resemble Japanese subway lines. While anarchic chaos can work for some disciplines of art, it creates glaring issues when applied to worldbuilding. Nature, although it appears outwardly random, is actually rather ordered. The reason why we don’t leave our houses every day carrying umbrellas is because we don’t have to—we have meteorologists that can anticipate the forecast days or weeks ahead. Plenty of natural phenomena can be predicted: weather systems over vast areas, environmental selection pressures converging on similar traits…

And, of course, plate tectonics.

You see, the problem with Monty’s method is that it didn’t account for the movement of Remnant’s continents. Because the planet’s continents were born from artistic randomness rather than methodical and deliberate forethought, we have no reliable access to certain information, like atmospheric circulation, ocean currents, or plate boundaries. All three of these planetary subsystems—the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere—and their dynamics shape the geography of a planet.

Without this information, we can’t answer certain questions.

Was Lake Matsu formed by glacial retreat?

Are Vale’s mountains sitting on a convergent plate boundary? Or are they more like the Appalachians, which are the remains of the Central Pangean Mountains?

If Vale’s mountains were formed by convergent plate boundaries, then why don’t we see evidence of it in the forms of volcanism and earthquakes?

Is Vacuo’s interior desert formed by a rain shadow?

If Solitas’ geography is based on a polar ice cap, then how did early settlers survive long enough to excavate the Dust? How would they have dug through the ice and permafrost?

Has climate change ever resulted in changes in sea level that submerged or exposed the continents? Did early humans and Faunus move between continents by land bridges? Have rises in sea level ever hidden continents (like Earth’s Zealandia)?

Does Mistral’s capital rely on meltwater from the surrounding mountains for irrigating crops?

When the Younger Brother shattered the moon, did the lunar debris alter the landscape when it fell to Remnant? Was it like the Chicxulub asteroid that caused the K-Pg extinction? Did the lunar debris leave craters on the planet’s surface, or cause phenomena like impact winters and ocean acidification?

It bears mentioning that these questions pertain to real-life geographic concepts. This isn’t even touching upon fictional geographic concepts that RWBY introduced, like largescale Dust deposits altering the local environment in such a way that it functionally becomes its own ecosystem (like Lake Matsu’s floating islands). We’re also assuming that RWBY’s continental plates are capable of drift, and weren’t magically glued in place by the gods during the formation of the planet.

Given the scale of these problems, I think it’s safe to say that—while I can appreciate the artistry behind Monty’s design philosophy—the way he designed Remnant ultimately did more harm than good.

While I could spend all afternoon debating the pros and cons of condiment cartography, there are more productive things I could be doing with my time. Instead, I want to discuss Remnant’s geography as it currently is. Specifically, there are three questions I want to test:

How well does the geography hold up?

Does the geography have a realistic influence on society?

How well does the show integrate foreign geographic features into its worldbuilding?

As a quick disclaimer, I’m not an expert on any of the aforementioned subsystems. And because I don’t have any canonical information on Remnant’s atmospheric circulation, ocean currents, or plate boundaries, it becomes impossible to prove or disprove the realism of its geography. For now, we’re going to err on the side of caution and assume that Remnant is a planet with a functionally-analogous lithosphere to Earth’s, and that Remnant’s features are byproducts of such a system.

The current geographic map of Remnant. It boasts five major continents (of which only four have been named) and multiple islands. | Source: World of Remnant, Volume 4, Episode 1: “Vale.”

How Well Does the Geography Hold Up?

To answer this, I used the Köppen-Geiger climate classification to categorize Remnant’s main landmasses (with the exception of the unnamed continent). This model organizes areas into distinct climatic regions based on seasonal precipitation and temperature patterns. The results I cobbled together are based on approximate latitude, ecosystems that we’ve seen in the show, canon maps, and comparisons between the continents and their real-world sources of inspiration (Asia for Anima, North America for eastern Sanus, Australia for Menagerie, etc). Here’s what I came up with:

SANUS: Tropical savanna (Aw/As), cold desert (BWk), cold semi-arid (BSk), hot-summer mediterranean (Csa), warm-summer mediterranean (Csb), humid subtropical (Cfa, Cwa), hot-summer humid continental (Dfa), warm-summer humid continental (Dfb)

ANIMA: Tropical rainforest (Af), area of tropical monsoon (Am), tropical savanna (Aw/As), desert (BWh), hot semi-arid (BSh), humid subtropical (Cfa, Cwa), subtropical highland (Cwb), hot-summer humid continental (Dfa), warm-summer humid continental (Dfb), subarctic (Dfc), Mediterranean-influenced subarctic (Dsc)

SOLITAS: Tundra (ET), subarctic (Dfc), ice cap (EF)

MENAGERIE: Tropical savanna (Aw/As), desert (BWh), hot semi-arid (BSh), humid subtropical (Cfa, Cwa), temperate oceanic (Cfb)

VYTAL: Subpolar oceanic (Cfb)

This isn’t perfect by any means, but I think it satisfies some lingering doubt about the credibility of the geography. Sanus’ interior desert, for example, could easily be a cold desert climate. The exterior band of foliage on the northern and western sides appears to be indicative of a rain shadow effect caused by a mountain belt (the conditions necessary for creating this climate type). We have evidence of there being nearby western mountains courtesy of the earthquakes in Vacuo, [3] as earthquakes often occur near mountain ranges created by subduction boundaries. Similarly, oases (like the one once found in Vacuo) tend to form in cold desert climates as the result of rain shadows (similar to the el-Djerid oases near the Atlas Mountains).

All things considered, I’m inclined to give the climate regions a tentative pass. Like I said, they’re not perfect, but they seem to be holding up so far.

Does the Geography Have a Realistic Influence on Society?

Ehhh. It depends. With Vale it’s hard to say, given how little we’ve seen of the areas outside the capital (like the Emerald Forest and Forever Fall), and the fact that we haven’t visited any other cities in the kingdom. We know that Vale makes use of a massive port for trade and travel due to the nearby body of water. But there doesn’t seem to be anything particularly unique about the capital’s culture that can be directly attributed to its geography. Despite being a coastal city, it doesn’t have any signature delicacies derived from the abundant seafood. The architecture is largely generic urban-Western, and doesn’t incorporate the mountains in any way. Vale’s geography is little more than a convenient buffer against the Grimm.

Mistral, on the other hand, is heavily influenced by the geography. All of its houses and shops are directly integrated into the mountains, with an emphasis on vertical building to accommodate the limited space on the cliffs. Stairs, bridges, and electronic lifts are used for getting around the city. Unlike Vale, Atlas, and Mantle, which use motor vehicles, Mistral doesn’t have the space to accommodate modern roads, and instead relies on railroad transport (like the Argus Limited) to move around the continent. Compared to Vale, Mistral is a vast improvement on how well the writers used geography to influence the culture of a city. However, I still think the show could’ve done more to strengthen this connection. For instance, we see evidence of cave systems in Mistral, which briefly appear on-screen and are never brought up again. [4] Talk about wasted potential. Additionally, the show never addresses how the Council keeps its citizens from falling to death. No joke, the only place in the city that has railings is the safehouse where Qrow and the kids stay. What the hell do people do in the winter when the stairs and paths ice over? How do they not slip and fall and plummet to their deaths? And while I’m thinking about it, why doesn’t the city have a system of ziplines or ski lifts for getting around? Are native-born Mistrali people adapted to the lower oxygen found at higher elevations? And what about Mistral’s agriculture? Do farmers live outside the capital? How do they protect themselves?

Like I said, Mistral is better than Vale in this department, but it could still do with more worldbuilding.

Atlas and Mantle are more akin to Vale when it comes to noticeable geographic influence—or rather, a lack thereof. While the technology accommodates its residents via the heating grid, there doesn’t seem to be any evidence of how the geography shaped the people of this continent. You’d expect a circumpolar indigenous group to have very distinct cultural traits, but there’s none of that. It’s just rampant technological growth. Now, you could argue that any aspect of geographic influence on culture was wiped out around the time of the Great War. But if the show wants me to believe that, it needs to show me proof. Whether it’s a conversation between two characters, or a political movement spearheading cultural revitalization. Something—anything—that might hint at how geography influenced pre-industrial Mantle.

And forgive me if I don’t feel like speculating about Vacuo, given that it’s only appeared in After the Fall and Before the Dawn. When the show decides to unveil it, then I’ll have more to say.

As for Menagerie? Another resounding meh. The inherent intrigue of a settlement that shelters aquatic Faunus is never fully explored. We get to briefly visit the Shallow Sea district of Kuo Kuana, but the scene is too focused on Blake’s and Sun’s conversation to let us fully explore the area. Which is a shame, because a concept like that could easily be taken to some really cool extremes. Like, what about entirely underwater settlements that are built on coral reefs? How cool would that be for Faunus that have gills, webbed appendages, or caudal fins? I’m not expecting Zootopia or anything like that, but it’d be neat if settlers had gone to creative extremes to accommodate the wide variety of Faunus traits.

How Well Does the Show Integrate Foreign Geographic Features into Its Worldbuilding?

In Volume 5 we’re introduced to Lake Matsu, an area rich with naturally-occurring superterranean Gravity Dust. What makes this place so intriguing is the fact that the Dust is in a constant active state, causing the islands to float in the air. Given that Dust is usually inert unless activated by an Aura, the existence of this place is frankly astonishing, and for the life of me I don’t get why the show treated it as little more than set dressing.

This phenomenon—which I’ve taken to calling a Dust vortex—has so much worldbuilding potential. What if Remnant had pseudo-ephemeral lakes created by concentrations of Water Dust? Or how about a cave system with an abundance of Electricity Dust that causes magnetic charges in the surrounding minerals, creating a place similar to Unova’s Chargestone Cave? Maybe Sanus’ southeastern desert has large pockets of Steam Dust that enshroud the area in permanent fog?

Dust vortices wouldn’t just be aesthetically cool, either; they’d have important implications for the lore. Let’s use Lake Matsu as an example.

If the Dust vortex has been there for a long time (upwards of thousands of years), then the organisms in this ecosystem would’ve adapted to it. You would have endemic wildlife—agamid-like gliding lizards, plants with wind-dispersed fruit, lianas and mosses draped from the underside of the islands, diving birds that nest on the outcrops, microbial detritivores found exclusively in the islands’ soil. Maybe Lake Matsu is an important stopover for migrating birds. Maybe the shadows from the overhead islands are important for predatory fish, which hide in the shade to ambush flying insects. Because the wildlife would be endemic to this ecosystem, perhaps the Mistrali government would designate it a protected area and prevent Dust companies from excavating the site. What if there were fishing towns on the shore that depended on tourism to sustain the local economy? Would they ever come into conflict with Dust companies that lobby the government to open up the area to selective mining?

I’m sure I must sound like a broken record at this point, but the worldbuilding possibilities on display here are nothing short of incredible. And the failure of RWBY to explore even a single one feels like getting repeatedly kicked in the stomach by a feral horse.

We’re now 3,000 words in and I didn’t even get to include ideas for tautological place names. It sucks, but sometimes you have to compromise and go with the idea that make sense to include, rather than the idea that exists just to be novel.

Sound familiar?

[1] Hello Future Me. “Avatar: A Study in Worldbuilding — the Fire Nation [ The Last Airbender ]” YouTube video. October 26, 2019. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pa2BD13VzxY&t=3s]

[2] Rooster Teeth. “RT Podcast: Ep. 191.” YouTube video. November 14, 2012. 7:52 - 12:01. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kymVnsIUWLY]

[3] Myers, E. C. RWBY: Before the Dawn (Book 2). Scholastic Inc, 2020. Online preview. “The city of Vacuo had some order to it, with different districts for residences and businesses, and a wide street down the center for the market. But the outer edges of it were periodically wiped out, because of sandstorms or sinkholes or earthquakes.”

[4] Volume 5, Episode 1: “Welcome to Haven.”

#deconstruction #worldbuilding #writing #geography

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lupine-publishers-ciacr · 6 years ago

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Lupine Publishers |Study of Parameters and Reliability of the Minortress Irrigation System for Work in the Conditions of Mining Farming in Azerbaijan

Lupine Publishers | Agriculture Open Access Journal

Introduction

In recent years both in the republic, and in the CIS and far abroad, the development of stationary systems of low-intensity irrigation, consisting of micro-irrigation, pulse sprinkling of self-oscillating action, aerosol irrigation, combined micro humidification, drip, pulse-drop and others. This is due to the fact that the system of low- intensity irrigation has a number of significant advantages over other methods of irrigation. Especially promising is the creation of automated sprinkling systems with pulsed apparatuses, microincendiaries of the combined, step-type micro-idlers of the rocker type, pulse-dropping devices of self-oscillating action, etc. It should be noted that these systems can reduce the capital costs for their construction, also provide the principle of both "sprinkling” and "drip irrigation” with daily water consumption of plants. That is, to create optimal conditions for the growth and development of plants in the period of their vegetation.

Course of the Study

Automated irrigation of crops is the basis of high yields and increase of labour productivity. Consequently, reliable and uninterrupted operation is required from the elements and devices of the automation used. Therefore, from the stage of development of these devices and ending with production and operation, issues of reliability, since the reliability problem is not only a technical, but also an important economic task. The reliability theory developed in the last decades opens great opportunities for a qualitative assessment of the reliability of the existing irrigation technique, incl. systems of micro-irrigation. Reliability is the property of the equipment or system to perform the specified functions, maintain its operational performance for the required period of time or the required operating time. From the existing irrigation technique, a stationary sprinkler system consisting of a large number of similar elements located in a certain order on the field and necessary for irrigation of crops. Determining the reliability of one of these elements solves the problem of reliability of systems. The reliability of stationary irrigation systems in particular equipped with many scientists in the former Soviet Union and abroad has been working on sprinkling systems [1,2]. To study the elements of the calculation of the reliability of low-intensity sprinkler systems (using the example of a pulsed sprinkling of an auto oscillatory action), a technological and feasibility study of the sprinkler systems should be considered. Optimal parameters of the low-intensity irrigation system were determined by.com by searching for the minimum of the function of the specific reduced costs Court. which depends on the area of the system S; the relations of the sides 0; system Q costs; pressure H, corresponding to the pressure of the dictating point; the conditional irrigation period Tu, equal to where, M is the irrigation norm, m; q/is the maximum ordinate of the hydromodule m/s).

Numbers of distribution pipelines N; the distance between irrigation equipment (sprinklers) l; coefficient X, equal to the arrangement of apparatuses by a square of 0.2; the length of the i-th pipeline of the system li of its diameter Di and the flow rate Qi, the coefficients k, m, β depending on the roughness of the inner surface of the pipes; the cost of irrigation equipment (sprinklers, etc). Cg and the blowing node SN; cost of one kWh of electricity;ψ the efficiency of the pump aggregate η, equal to 0.7 of the coefficient of uneven flow

where, r is the ratio of the start pressure of the splash P2 to the end pressure of the splash P1) of 1.02 to 1.25; coefficient E0=E1+E2 (E1, E2-normative coefficients of efficiency of capital investments and annual deductions for depreciation and repairs); coefficients b, d depending on the material and the cost of laying pipes and maintenance costs for the maintenance of the personnel of the system En:

Studies have shown that the most economical option is the simultaneous operation of all sprinklers of the system, i.e. when the system performs the limiting dispersal of the irrigation current [3]. The function (2) for this case has a minimum at the points determined by the expressions:

Where

Substituting into the formulas (3) and (4) the coefficients corresponding to the steel pipelines (d=1.4, m=5.1, β=1.8, K=0.00107, B=50, E0=0.2; Kh=1,1), we obtain calculation formulas for the determination and which are represented by nomograms (Figure 1) for the convenience of their use. Algorithmic nomograms have been built for pipes made of plastics and other materials. Optimal diameters of pipelines Dopt, I, the number of irrigational pipelines X suspended to the distribution pipeline, the number of sprinklers on the irrigation pipeline y is determined by the followingrelationships:

When the initial parameters S, q/,θ, M) are changed within the limits of:

30<=S<=300 ra, 0,3 10-7<=q/<=1,0 x 10-7m/c,

O,25<=0<=4, 0,3<=M<=1,0m

1000 m3/ha, the optimal parameters of the system vary within the limits of: 35<=1<=135m; 3<=N<=65; 1<=x<=50; and 1<=y<=33.

Adhering to the areas fixed to specific natural and economic conditions, we define the parameters of low-intensity irrigation systems using the example of impulse sprinkling.

We believe that these areas have been established and are equal to 150-400 hectares and are characterized on the average by the optimal ratio of sides 1-3, and the natural and economic conditions by the irrigation norm 0.35-0.75m and the maximum ordinate of the hydromodule 0.6x10-7-1,0x10-7 m/s. The averaged initial data S=200ha, 0=2; M=0,55m, q/=0,8x10-7m/s, the following optimal parameters of the system correspond: l=50m, N=22, x=10, y=8 obtained using the previously given program and formulas (4.5). For other cultivated crops and natural and economic conditions,these parameters are defined similarly. The obtained values of N, l, x, y, Dopt. I - allow to determine the main design and technological parameters of irrigation equipment (impulse sprinklers of self- oscillating devices): as the head H2, corresponding to the pressure of the beginning of the splash P2, the head H1 corresponding to the pressure of the end of the splash P1; the constructive volume of the pneumo hydro accumulator W0 and the diameter of the nozzle D.

Based on the materials of a number of works by the scientists of the World, and the results of the studies conducted at the Institute of Erosion and Irrigation of the National Academy of Sciences devoted to the definition of certain parameters of irrigation equipment including conventional sprinklers, pulsed action devices, for which we propose the following characteristic controls for determining the main parameters of pulse devices in relation to the head [4]. But, corresponding to the initial pressure in the pneumatic accumulator P0 and at the corresponding atmospheric pressure Pa, the crosssectional areas of the supply line «2, the inlet flow factors μ1 and the nozzle μ2, the resources of the pneumo hydraulic accumulator T *, the sprinkler N*, the coefficients depending on the cost of the sprinkler d1 and d2,

It should be noted that equation (6) correlates water supply and water consumption of plants, and equations (7) and (8) characterize, respectively, the optimal sizes of sprinklers and agro technical requirements and rain qualities (the number of sprinkled drops with a diameter of more than 1.0-1.5mm in the total flow of the sprinkler should be less than 10%).

To each group M, q, S, θ there correspond quite definite values of x, y, N, l parameters of the system and H2 H1, W0, D parameters of the impulse device. Taking into account that on the real system T1=>T2 and the sum of the hydraulic resistances to the worst by the filling conditions of the pneumo hydro accumulator of the system , equation (6) can be represented in the form: [4]

Qi is a coefficient equal to 2.64 for steel pipes. 10-3/Equations (7.8 and 9) together with the formula of AP Rousetskii are a closed system of equations.

Figure 1 below shows the graphical solution of this system. Knowing the economic range of the impulse device and the parameter C of the system (C=3-5), the search for a solution should be carried out according to the corresponding curve C in the following order in a1, a4, a7, a10 in C=3, a2, a5, a8, a11 for C=4 and a3, a6, a9, a12 for C=5. The parameters of the sprinkler atintermediate values of C are determined by interpolation (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Nomogram for determining the parameters of a pulsed apparatus.

Using the results obtained earlier, we determine the design and technological parameters of the impulse device for the same natural and economic conditions [5]. When the apparatus is arranged in squares, its effective range is R=21-35, and the parameter C=3. With the help of the nomogram (Figure 1) and the input quantities K and C, the following parameters of the pulsed apparatus were obtained:

P1 = 450kPa, P2 = 700kPa, W0 = 0.19m3, D = 20mm

To solve a set of measures for the reliability of systems is the reliability of the elements of sprinkler systems. Researches of indicators of reliability of basic elements of stationary sprinkling systems are resulted results of theoretical and experimental researches, noise immunity of devices of remote control is estimated, parameters of dispersion of the irrigation norms dropped out by separate sprinklers are established and kinds and parameters of distributions of working out before failure of the basic elements of systems of sprinkling are established. At the time when the remote control device receives the "object selection” command, transient processes appear in the network of process pipelines. It is established that the pressure P can take values below the statistical adjustment pressure of the remote control device P/0 and the duration of the false signal exposure can reach 0.15-1.2 seconds.

The following experimentally confirmed relationship between the processing time of the command signal tk, the stroke of the rod h with the effective area of the membrane Fe, the cross-sectional area of the tube connecting the process pipeline to the working cavity «, the coefficient of rigidity of the return spring K2, the specific gravity of water yb and the acceleration of gravity g:

According to the formula (10), the time of reconfiguration of the automated telecontrol device was estimated with instant decrease. Pressure in the cavity of the hydraulic drive to atmospheric pressure of 340 kPa, corresponding to the pressure "object selection”, 0.34 is required, which is 1.5 times longer than the duration of the false signal [6].

Dependencies (10) allow not only to estimate the time for reconfiguration of the automatic control system of the irrigation technological process via the telecontrol system channel, but also to assign its design value to the requirements of noise immunity of the elements of the telecontrol systems. Dispersion of the pressure of the beginning of the splash of pulsed self-oscillating devices leads to the dispersion of their volumes of splash ΔW, hence, to the rain layer M, since they are interconnected by dependences

(The number of cycles of the device in the year and the area of its maintenance). Tests of pulsed devices (sample 100) and subsequent processing of the obtained data showed that the distributions of P2 and P1 are subject to the normal law with coefficients of variation vp2=0.04 and vp1=0.093. I mean,

What

The distribution density M can be represented as:

The distribution (11) can be used to estimate the damage from the structural imperfection of impulse devices. Obviously, the smaller the ratio, the better the apparatus. Investigations (Table 1) for determining the types and parameters of distributions of developments to failure (,σ - mean and squared deviation) of typical devices of sprinkler systems, including the most common elements in hydro automatics: underground retractable hydrants. (Elements 1,2), devices of automated telecontrol systems (Elements 3, 4), Table 1.rotary mechanisms (and element 5) as well as impulse sprinklers (elements 6,7, 8, 9). It is established that the distribution of the recovery time of these elements can be characterized by the mean recovery time Tg.

Table 1:

Discussion of Research Results

As a result of special studies, the following relationship was obtained between the average life of parts made of rubber or plastics Tcp, the average number of cycles N#0 per year and the experimental value of the aging parameter of these materials in water T0 equal to 6.8 years:

In addition (Table 1) to these measures, it is necessary to develop organizational measures to solve the optimal level of operational reliability of stationary systems. For organizational events, the implementation of preventive works and the right timing are of particular importance. Determining the timing of prevention is one of the main problems of preventive maintenance, closely related to the content of preventive work and the organization of their implementation [7]. These terms are usually determined by research the following objective function:

where, C1, C2, respectively, the cost of replacing parts when eliminating the failure and preventive replacements; M(t), N(t)- respectively, the average number of replacements in case of failure and preventive maintenance in time t.

Scientific Conclusion

The exponent of the evaluation of perfection made by.com is expedient for applying with the purpose of a choice of the most perfect design, as it economically generalizes parameters of maintainability, maintainability and safety of sprinkler systems.

https://lupinepublishers.com/agriculture-journal/pdf/CIACR.MS.ID.000120.pdf

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circlekirrigation · 8 months ago

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How Does An Irrigation System Work?

K-Line irrigation is a portable low-pressure irrigation system that it has important for pastures, crops, and orchards. It involves a series of connected pods by flexible hoses distributed uniformly over large areas. Unlike common irrigation systems, K-Line is user-friendly and perfect for farmers who look for a system capable of adjustment as the crop changes during the growing season. Read more: https://qr.ae/p2SX0o

#K-line irrigation systems

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sockethub · 3 months ago

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Best Reflux Valve Manufacturer in Delhi – Features, Diagram & Price Guide

In every fluid transport or pumping system, preventing reverse flow is essential to avoid system damage and maintain efficiency. That’s where the reflux valve, also known as a non-return valve (NRV) or check valve, plays a crucial role.

As the leading reflux valve manufacturer in Delhi, Udhhyog supplies a wide variety of reflux valves made from CI, DI, and SS for use in municipal water systems, sewage pipelines, firefighting systems, and industrial applications.

This article will guide you through the key features of reflux valves, their diagram, and provide a complete price guide for Delhi buyers.

What is a Reflux Valve?

A reflux valve is designed to allow fluid to flow in one direction and automatically block flow in the reverse direction. I

t protects pumps and pipelines from the effects of back pressure or reverse flow.

It’s most commonly installed on the delivery side of pumps and is crucial in systems where flow reversal could cause flooding, contamination, or equipment damage.

Key Features of Udhhyog Reflux Valves

✅ One-Way Flow Control – Prevents reverse flow in pressurized systems. ✅ Durable Build – Manufactured using cast iron, ductile iron, or stainless steel. ✅ Leakproof Design – Tested under hydrostatic pressure. ✅ Smooth Operation – Low-pressure drop and quick closing mechanism. ✅ Corrosion-Resistant Coating – Ideal for water, sewage, and industrial fluids.

Reflux Valve Diagram & Working Principle

The reflux valve operates with a swing-type disc or spring-loaded mechanism. As water or fluid flows forward, it pushes open the disc. When flow stops or reverses, the disc automatically closes, blocking backflow.

Components:

Valve Body

Flap or Disc

Hinge (for swing type)

Spring (for spring-loaded models)

Seat Ring

The diagram visually represents the internal mechanism, direction of flow, and closure method—critical for system designers and installers.

Types of Reflux Valves We Manufacture

🔹 Swing Type Reflux Valve

Most widely used design.

Suitable for horizontal pipelines.

🔹 Lift Type Reflux Valve

Operates via vertical lift and return.

Suitable for high-pressure vertical lines.

🔹 Spring-Loaded Reflux Valve

Faster closing for vertical or sloped pipelines.

Minimizes water hammer.

🔹 Dual Plate Check Valve

Compact, high-performance.

Preferred in industrial and HVAC systems.

Applications of Reflux Valves

🏙️ Municipal Water Distribution

🚰 Water Treatment & Pumping Stations

🧯 Fire Hydrant & Sprinkler Systems

🚜 Irrigation & Agriculture

🏭 Industrial Processing Units

🏢 Commercial Building Pipelines

Reflux Valve Price Guide – Delhi Market

At Udhhyog, we offer competitive pricing tailored for all project scales:Size (mm)TypeMaterialPrice Range (INR)50 mmSwing TypeCast Iron₹1,000 – ₹1,80080 mmLift TypeCast Iron₹1,500 – ₹2,500100 mmSpring LoadedDuctile Iron₹2,800 – ₹4,800150 mmDual PlateSS/DI₹4,500 – ₹7,500200 mmLift/Spring TypeDuctile Iron₹6,000 – ₹10,500250 mm+Custom DesignsStainless Steel₹12,000 – ₹25,000

📌 Note: Prices depend on material, pressure rating (PN10, PN16), and order quantity.

Why Udhhyog is the Best Reflux Valve Manufacturer in Delhi

🏭 High-Tech Manufacturing

Our valves are made with precision casting, CNC machining, and quality-tested assemblies.

📦 Large Inventory & Fast Delivery

Ready stock of popular sizes (50mm to 300mm) with fast delivery in Delhi & NCR.

💰 Affordable Pricing

We offer factory-direct rates, discounts for bulk orders, and transparent quotations.

🔧 Technical Assistance & Support

Our experts help with product selection, on-site installation advice, and troubleshooting.

🌍 Wide Supply Network

Serving Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, J&K, and Himachal Pradesh with rapid fulfillment.

How to Order from Udhhyog

📞 Call Us Today for custom requirements. 📧 Send Inquiry for technical data sheets and bulk pricing. 🌐 Visit Our Website to view the full product catalog.

Conclusion

If you’re looking for a reliable reflux valve manufacturer in Delhi, Udhhyog stands as your best partner for quality, pricing, and service. Our valves are trusted across industries, built to last, and available in custom sizes and materials.

Whether you need a swing type NRV for a water project or a spring-loaded valve for high-rise pipelines, Udhhyog has the ideal solution.

#RefluxValve #NonReturnValve #CheckValve #DelhiValveManufacturer #ValveSupplier #IndustrialValves #WaterManagement #Udhhyog #PlumbingSolutions #PipelineSafety

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msteeudhhyog · 3 months ago

Text

Best Reflux Valve Manufacturer in Delhi – Features, Diagram & Price Guide

This article will guide you through the key features of reflux valves, their diagram, and provide a complete price guide for Delhi buyers.

What is a Reflux Valve?

A reflux valve is designed to allow fluid to flow in one direction and automatically block flow in the reverse direction. I

t protects pumps and pipelines from the effects of back pressure or reverse flow.

It’s most commonly installed on the delivery side of pumps and is crucial in systems where flow reversal could cause flooding, contamination, or equipment damage.

Key Features of Udhhyog Reflux Valves

Reflux Valve Diagram & Working Principle

Components:

Valve Body

Flap or Disc

Hinge (for swing type)

Spring (for spring-loaded models)

Seat Ring

The diagram visually represents the internal mechanism, direction of flow, and closure method—critical for system designers and installers.

Types of Reflux Valves We Manufacture

🔹 Swing Type Reflux Valve

Most widely used design.

Suitable for horizontal pipelines.

🔹 Lift Type Reflux Valve

Operates via vertical lift and return.

Suitable for high-pressure vertical lines.

🔹 Spring-Loaded Reflux Valve

Faster closing for vertical or sloped pipelines.

Minimizes water hammer.

🔹 Dual Plate Check Valve

Compact, high-performance.

Preferred in industrial and HVAC systems.

Applications of Reflux Valves

🏙️ Municipal Water Distribution

🚰 Water Treatment & Pumping Stations

🧯 Fire Hydrant & Sprinkler Systems

🚜 Irrigation & Agriculture

🏭 Industrial Processing Units

🏢 Commercial Building Pipelines

Reflux Valve Price Guide – Delhi Market

📌 Note: Prices depend on material, pressure rating (PN10, PN16), and order quantity.

Why Udhhyog is the Best Reflux Valve Manufacturer in Delhi

🏭 High-Tech Manufacturing

Our valves are made with precision casting, CNC machining, and quality-tested assemblies.

📦 Large Inventory & Fast Delivery

Ready stock of popular sizes (50mm to 300mm) with fast delivery in Delhi & NCR.

💰 Affordable Pricing

We offer factory-direct rates, discounts for bulk orders, and transparent quotations.

🔧 Technical Assistance & Support

Our experts help with product selection, on-site installation advice, and troubleshooting.

🌍 Wide Supply Network

Serving Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, J&K, and Himachal Pradesh with rapid fulfillment.

How to Order from Udhhyog

📞 Call Us Today for custom requirements. 📧 Send Inquiry for technical data sheets and bulk pricing. 🌐 Visit Our Website to view the full product catalog.

Conclusion

Whether you need a swing type NRV for a water project or a spring-loaded valve for high-rise pipelines, Udhhyog has the ideal solution.

#RefluxValve #NonReturnValve #CheckValve #DelhiValveManufacturer #ValveSupplier #IndustrialValves #WaterManagement #Udhhyog #PlumbingSolutions #PipelineSafety

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ssseamlesspipe · 3 months ago

Text

Best Reflux Valve Manufacturer in Delhi – Features, Diagram & Price Guide

This article will guide you through the key features of reflux valves, their diagram, and provide a complete price guide for Delhi buyers.

What is a Reflux Valve?

A reflux valve is designed to allow fluid to flow in one direction and automatically block flow in the reverse direction. I

t protects pumps and pipelines from the effects of back pressure or reverse flow.

It’s most commonly installed on the delivery side of pumps and is crucial in systems where flow reversal could cause flooding, contamination, or equipment damage.

Key Features of Udhhyog Reflux Valves

Reflux Valve Diagram & Working Principle

Components:

Valve Body

Flap or Disc

Hinge (for swing type)

Spring (for spring-loaded models)

Seat Ring

The diagram visually represents the internal mechanism, direction of flow, and closure method—critical for system designers and installers.

Types of Reflux Valves We Manufacture

🔹 Swing Type Reflux Valve

Most widely used design.

Suitable for horizontal pipelines.

🔹 Lift Type Reflux Valve

Operates via vertical lift and return.

Suitable for high-pressure vertical lines.

🔹 Spring-Loaded Reflux Valve

Faster closing for vertical or sloped pipelines.

Minimizes water hammer.

🔹 Dual Plate Check Valve

Compact, high-performance.

Preferred in industrial and HVAC systems.

Applications of Reflux Valves

🏙️ Municipal Water Distribution

🚰 Water Treatment & Pumping Stations

🧯 Fire Hydrant & Sprinkler Systems

🚜 Irrigation & Agriculture

🏭 Industrial Processing Units

🏢 Commercial Building Pipelines

Reflux Valve Price Guide – Delhi Market

📌 Note: Prices depend on material, pressure rating (PN10, PN16), and order quantity.

Why Udhhyog is the Best Reflux Valve Manufacturer in Delhi

🏭 High-Tech Manufacturing

Our valves are made with precision casting, CNC machining, and quality-tested assemblies.

📦 Large Inventory & Fast Delivery

Ready stock of popular sizes (50mm to 300mm) with fast delivery in Delhi & NCR.

💰 Affordable Pricing

We offer factory-direct rates, discounts for bulk orders, and transparent quotations.

🔧 Technical Assistance & Support

Our experts help with product selection, on-site installation advice, and troubleshooting.

🌍 Wide Supply Network

Serving Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, J&K, and Himachal Pradesh with rapid fulfillment.

How to Order from Udhhyog

📞 Call Us Today for custom requirements. 📧 Send Inquiry for technical data sheets and bulk pricing. 🌐 Visit Our Website to view the full product catalog.

Conclusion

Whether you need a swing type NRV for a water project or a spring-loaded valve for high-rise pipelines, Udhhyog has the ideal solution.

#RefluxValve #NonReturnValve #CheckValve #DelhiValveManufacturer #ValveSupplier #IndustrialValves #WaterManagement #Udhhyog #PlumbingSolutions #PipelineSafety

0 notes

thecavavoice · 2 years ago

Text

Turkey-Syria Earthquakes

by Amber K.

Rubble and destruction from the earthquake (Photo: AFP)

On February 6th a tragic earthquake occurred in both Turkey and Syria causing the death and destruction of thousands of people and their property. Now after almost 2 weeks death rates have been tallied at a total of 46,000 people and counting, with Turkey at more than 40,642 deaths and Syria with over 5,800 deaths. An estimate of over 75,000 people were injured with more than 84,000 buildings in total destruction or needing to be completely demolished.

At approximately 4:17 am on Monday, the first initial shock hit the town of Gaziantep, Turkey about 11 miles under the surface. The strike-slip earthquake hit a fault line, at the junction of the Anatolia, Arabia, and Africa plates, called the East Anatolian fault zone. The pent up energy released an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.8, the same energy force as Mt. St. Helens when it erupted. A strike-slip earthquake is caused by the movement of tectonic plates on each other. With the Turkey-Syria earthquake three tectonic plates slipped, collided, and moved over the fault line. The deadly 7.8 earthquake was followed by a 7.5 magnitude aftershock which killed more and destroyed many structurally unsound buildings.

Due to the wet and cold weather rescue teams have had a hard time trying to pull survivors from the rubble. As hours pass many are starting to lose hope in finding survivors while others are just thankful to find those on the verge of death.

Both the United States and the UN have sent aid to Turkey and Syria in hopes of helping victims of the disaster. The UN has sent over 143 trucks into Syria and Turkey with supplies needed to care for those who are wounded or in need of food and water. Many of these supplies include tents, mattresses, blankets, winter clothes, cholera testing kits, essential medicines and food provided by WPF or the World Food Program. The United States has sent in the Red Cross as well as many giving millions in funds towards the NATO relief policies in Turkey and Syria.

Many assessments have been made by the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization on what would need to be done in order to fix damaged areas. Many irrigation systems, roads, markets, storage, and housing structures will need to be repaired. Many are estimating a time period of 10 years to fully fix the damages. Due to the damage on livestock and crop holders food shortage will be a major problem in the upcoming years.

Due to the collapse of many buildings during the earthquake infections have spread causing intestinal and upper respiratory disease from the dust and debris in the air. Although the amount infected does not pose any serious threat to public health, getting the sick much needed attention and care is one of their main priorities.

Anger is rising though as more and more survivors sift through the damage of their homes and communities. Many are pointing out the flawed building practices as well as urban development, with many complaining that if these structures had been made properly fewer would have died, and that there would be a lot more to come back to in the end. More than 100 suspects have been arrested including those who developed these structures. An ongoing investigation is still in the works as officials dig deeper into the building practices that cost so many there lives.

For More Information:

https://www.worldvision.org/disaster-relief-news-stories/2023-turkey-and-syria-earthquake-faqs

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/warning/earthquake-turkey-syria

https://www.state.gov/turkiye-and-syria-earthquake-response/

Please donate to one of the sites down below in order to aid victims of the earthquake:

International Rescue Committee

UNICEF

Save the Children

#by Amber K.#news #Archive

0 notes

nurseslabs · 6 years ago

Text

Cystoscopy, also known as cystoureterography or prostatography, is an invasive diagnostic procedure that allows direct visualization of the urethra, urinary bladder, and ureteral orifices through the transurethral insertion of a cystoscope into the bladder.

There are two types of cystoscopy: rigid and flexible. A rigid cystoscopy uses a thin, lighted tube that consists of an obturator and a telescope with a lens and light system; It is usually performed to take tissue samples and carry out complicated surgeries. It is done under general or spinal anesthesia. While flexible cystoscopy uses a flexible fiber-optic telescope to provide diagnosis of urinary abnormalities and to evaluate the effectiveness of a treatment. It is performed under local anesthesia.

The nurse needs to help prepare the patient during cystoscopy. This study guide lists the tasks and responsibilities of the nurse during cystoscopy.

[toc]

Indication

The cystoscopy may be performed for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes:

Diagnostic Cystoscopy

Assess the function of the kidneys by taking a urine specimen through ureteral catheters

Assess changes in urinary elimination patterns

Differentiate between benign and malignant bladder lesions

Identify the source of hematuria

Investigate the cause of recurrent urinary tract infection

Evaluate the extent of enlarged prostate and degree of obstructions

Evaluate urinary tract abnormalities such as dysuria, urgency, incontinence, frequency, retention, and inadequate stream

Diagnose congenital anomalies such as ureteroceles, diverticula, duplicate ureters, urethral or ureteral strictures, and areas of inflammation or ulceration

Therapeutic Cystoscopy

Coagulate bleeding areas

Dilate the urethra and ureters

Remove and resect polyps and small bladder tumors

Remove foreign bodies and renal calculi

Implant radioactive seeds into a tumor

Place ureteral catheters to drain urine from the renal pelvis or for retrograde pyelography

Resect hypertrophied or malignant prostate gland (transurethral resection of the prostate)

Contraindication

Cystoscopy should not be done with the following:

Patients with an acute form of urethritis, prostatitis, or cystitis because instrumentation may increase the risk of bacterial invasion, leading to sepsis

Patients with bleeding disorders since instrumentation may lead to further bleeding from the lower urinary tract

Patients who are pregnant, unless the potential benefits of a procedure outweigh the risk of maternal and fetal damage

Interfering Factors

These are factors or conditions that may alter the outcome of cystoscopy:

Inability to cooperate or remain still during the procedure due to age, significant pain, or mental status

Failure to follow dietary restrictions prior that may lead to the cancellation or repetition of the procedure

Procedure

Cystoscopy is usually performed in the operating room or it can also be done in the clinic setting. The following are the steps for cystoscopy:

Empty the bladder.

The patient is asked to empty his or her bladder before the procedure and to change into a surgical gown.

Place patient in a lithotomy position. The patient is placed in the lithotomy position, the buttocks should be positioned at the edge of the table and the feet are placed in stirrups.

Skin prep the patient.

The genitalia is cleaned with an antiseptic solution, and the patient is draped.

Sedative or local anesthesia is given.

A local anesthetic is instilled into the urethra if general anesthesia will not be used.

Cystoscope is inserted.

The cystoscope or a urethroscope is inserted to examine the urethra before cystoscopy. The urethroscope has a sheat that may be left in place, and the cystoscope is inserted through it, avoiding multiple instrumentations.

Urine is examined.

After insertion of the cystoscope, a sample of residual urine may be taken for culture or other analysis.

Bladder is filled with irrigating solution.

The bladder is irrigated through an irrigation system attached to the scope. The irrigation fluid helps in bladder visualization.

Other procedures may be performed such as:

-If a prostatic tumor is found, a biopsy specimen may be obtained by means of a cytology brush or biopsy forceps inserted through the scope. If the tumor is small and localized, it can be excised and fulgurated. This procedure is termed transurethral resection of the bladder. -Polyps can also be identified and excised. -Ulcers or bleeding sites can be fulgurated using electrocautery. -Renal calculi can be crushed and removed from the ureters and bladder. -Ureteral catheters can be inserted via the scope to obtain urine samples from each kidney for comparative analysis and radiographic studies. -Ureteral and urethral strictures can also be dilated during this procedure.

Cystoscope is removed.

Upon completion of the examination and related procedures, the cystoscope is withdrawn.

Specimen is sent to the laboratory.

Place obtained specimens in proper containers, label them properly, and immediately transport them to the laboratory.

Cystoscopy Nursing Responsibility

The following are the nursing interventions and nursing care considerations for the patient undergoing cystoscopy:

Before cystoscopy

The following are the nursing interventions prior to cystography:

Assess patient’s understanding of the procedure and answer any queries. The procedure is usually performed in a urology clinic and it takes about 30-45 minutes. Inform the patient who will perform the test, where it will take place, and other health team members involved in the care.

Obtain informed consent. A written and informed consent is signed prior to the procedure and before administration of medications.

Withhold blood thinning medications. Some examples are aspirin, warfarin (Coumadin), enoxaparin (Lovenox), heparin, clopidogrel (Plavix), and dabigatran (Pradaxa).

Provide instruction for fasting and non-fasting preparation. Unless a general anesthetic has been ordered, inform the patient that he doesn’t need to restrict food and fluids. If a general anesthetic will be administered, instruct the patient to fast for at least 6 to 8 hours prior to the test.

Establish an IV line. To allow infusion of fluids, anesthetics, sedatives or emergency medications.

Prepare the patient. Instruct patient to empty the bladder prior to the procedure and to change into the hospital gown provided.

Administer sedation and other medications as ordered. Preoperative medications are given 1 hour before the test. Sedative decreases the spasm of the bladder sphincter, reducing the patient’s discomfort.

After cystoscopy

The nurse should note of the following nursing care after cystoscopy:

Monitor and record vital signs. An increase in pulse (tachycardia) and a decrease in blood pressure (hypotension) may indicate a sign of hemorrhage.

Assess the patient’s ability to void at least 24 hours after the procedure. Urinary retention may be secondary to edema as a result from instrumentation.

Observe the color of urine. Pink-tnged urine and burning or mild discomfort when urinating may be experienced for a few voidings after the procedure. This usually resolves within two or three days.

Encourage increased fluid intake as indicated. Fluids will help flush the bladder to decrease the amount of bleeding and to reduce risk of infection.

Encourage deep breathing exercises. These exercises may relieve the patient from bladder spasms.

Provide warm sitz baths and administer mild analgesics as ordered. These may relieve urinary discomfort and promote muscle relaxation.

Watch out for signs of serious complications (sepsis, bladder perforation, hematuria). Persistent, severe flank pain, elevated temperature over 101° F, chills, bright red blood or clots in the urine, painful urination, or urinary retention must be reported immediately to the HCP.

Normal Results

Normal findings in a cystography will show a:

Normal size, shape, and position of the urethra, bladder, and urethral structure.

Abnormal Results

Abnormalities in a cystography will reveal:

Bladder cancer

Diverticulum of the bladder, fistula, stones, and strictures

Foreign body

Infection or inflammation

Obstruction

Polyps

Prostatic hyperplasia

Prostatitis

Renal calculi

Tumors

Ureteral calculi

Ureteral reflux

Ureteral or urethral strictures

Ureterocele

Urinary fistula

Urinary tract malformation and congenital anomalies

Gallery

Interesting images related to cystoscopy:

This slideshow requires JavaScript.

References

Additional resources and references for this guide:

Anne M. Van Leeuwen, Mickey Lynn Bladh. Laboratory & Diagnostic Tests with Nursing Implications: Davis’s

Suzanne C. Smeltzer. Brunner & Suddarth’s Handbook of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Fenlon, H. M., Bell, T. V., Ahari, H. K., & Hussain, S. (1997). Virtual cystoscopy: early clinical experience. Radiology, 205(1), 272-275.

Song, J. H., Francis, I. R., Platt, J. F., Cohan, R. H., Mohsin, J., Kielb, S. J., … & Montie, J. E. (2001). Bladder tumor detection at virtual cystoscopy. Radiology, 218(1), 95-100.

Vining, D. J., Zagoria, R. J., Liu, K., & Stelts, D. (1996). CT cystoscopy: an innovation in bladder imaging. AJR. American journal of roentgenology, 166(2), 409-410.

Cystoscopy Diagnostic Procedure and Nursing Responsibilities

Cystoscopy Cystoscopy, also known as cystoureterography or prostatography, is an invasive diagnostic procedure that allows direct visualization of the urethra, urinary bladder, and ureteral orifices through the transurethral insertion of a cystoscope into the bladder.

#biopsy #bladder cancer #cystoscope #Cystoscopy #flexible cystoscope #Hematuria #obturator #Prostatic hyperplasia #renal calculi #rigid cystoscope #ureteral catheters #ureteroscopy #urethral strictures

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