#MICROSOFT DYNAMIC interview Questions For Freshers

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Breaking into Tech: What Freshers Need to Know About Entry-Level Jobs in 2025"

Navigating the tech job market as a fresher in 2025 requires an understanding of industry trends, emerging skills, and effective strategies for job applications. The technology landscape is rapidly evolving, with trends such as remote work, automation, and cloud computing shaping the demand for tech professionals. Freshers need to equip themselves with the right skills and strategies to secure lucrative entry-level positions in this dynamic environment.

Key Trends in the Tech Job Market

Remote Work is Here to Stay The trend of remote work, which accelerated during the COVID-19 pandemic, has become a standard in many tech roles. Companies have recognized the benefits of flexible work environments, and remote positions are becoming more common. For freshers, this means that geographical limitations are less of a barrier when applying for jobs, expanding the range of potential employers.

Rising Demand for Cloud Computing Skills The shift to cloud-based infrastructure continues to grow, with companies investing in cloud computing to drive scalability and efficiency. This has led to an increased demand for cloud engineers, DevOps professionals, and cloud administrators. Freshers with certifications in cloud platforms such as AWS, Microsoft Azure, or Google Cloud will have a competitive edge.

Automation and AI Integration Automation and artificial intelligence (AI) are transforming various industries, leading to the automation of repetitive tasks and the creation of new roles focused on AI and machine learning. Entry-level positions such as data analyst, AI engineer, or machine learning developer are becoming more popular as companies seek talent to help implement and maintain AI solutions.

Preparing for Interviews and Tailoring Resumes

Freshers need to present themselves effectively to stand out in a competitive job market. Here’s how:

Tailor Resumes for Each Application Customize your resume for each job application by emphasizing relevant skills, certifications, and projects that align with the job description. Use keywords from the job posting to optimize your resume for applicant tracking systems (ATS).

Practice Technical Interview Skills Technical interviews often include coding challenges, algorithm problems, and technical questions. Freshers should practice solving problems on platforms like LeetCode, HackerRank, or CodeSignal. Familiarity with data structures, algorithms, and coding languages relevant to the job is crucial.

Showcase Projects and Hands-On Experience Building a portfolio that includes personal projects, coursework, or freelance work can help demonstrate practical skills. Projects that involve solving real-world problems or using trending technologies, such as cloud computing, AI, or full-stack development, will make your profile more appealing.

Watch our YouTube video for a detailed guide on the highest-paying entry-level positions in 2025 and how to position yourself to get hired.

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Unlocking the Path to Success: How to Get Hired as a DevOps Engineer as a Fresher

Entering the competitive field of DevOps as a fresher can be both challenging and exciting. With the increasing demand for skilled DevOps engineers, there are ample opportunities for those who are well-prepared and dedicated. In this blog post, we'll explore the key steps to help you secure a DevOps engineer position right out of college.

Understand the Basics of DevOps: Before diving into the job market, it's crucial to have a solid understanding of what DevOps is. DevOps is not just a set of tools but a culture that emphasizes collaboration, communication, and integration between software development and IT operations. Familiarize yourself with core DevOps principles, methodologies, and practices.

Acquire Relevant Skills: DevOps is a multidisciplinary field that requires a combination of skills from development and operations. As a fresher, focus on acquiring the following skills:

Version control (e.g., Git)

Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment (CI/CD) tools (e.g., Jenkins)

Containerization tools (e.g., Docker)

Infrastructure as Code (IaC) (e.g., Terraform)

Scripting languages (e.g., Python, Bash)

Configuration Management tools (e.g., Ansible, Puppet)

Build a Strong Foundation in Cloud Technologies: DevOps and cloud technologies go hand in hand. Familiarize yourself with popular cloud platforms such as AWS, Azure, or Google Cloud. Many organizations are adopting cloud services for scalability, flexibility, and cost-efficiency, so having cloud expertise is a significant advantage.

Create a Compelling Portfolio: Develop a portfolio showcasing your projects, achievements, and the skills you've acquired. Include any relevant internships, personal projects, or contributions to open-source projects. This will serve as tangible evidence of your capabilities and passion for DevOps.

Networking and Online Presence: Attend meetups, webinars, and conferences related to DevOps. Connect with professionals in the industry on platforms like LinkedIn and GitHub. Engage in discussions, share your projects, and seek guidance. Building a strong online presence can catch the attention of recruiters and hiring managers.

Certifications: Consider pursuing relevant certifications to validate your skills. Certifications from recognized bodies, such as AWS Certified DevOps Engineer, Docker Certified Associate, or Microsoft Certified: Azure DevOps Engineer Expert, can enhance your credibility.

Tailor Your Resume: Customize your resume to highlight your DevOps skills, projects, and any relevant experience. Use action verbs to describe your achievements and responsibilities. Emphasize your ability to work collaboratively, problem-solving skills, and commitment to continuous improvement.

Prepare for Technical Interviews: Be ready to demonstrate your technical skills in interviews. Practice common DevOps interview questions, problem-solving exercises, and be able to articulate your thought process. Showcase your ability to troubleshoot, automate processes, and optimize workflows.

Showcase Soft Skills: DevOps is not just about technical skills; soft skills are equally important. Highlight your communication skills, adaptability, teamwork, and problem-solving abilities. Employers are looking for candidates who can thrive in a collaborative and fast-paced environment.

Stay Updated and Keep Learning: The world of DevOps is dynamic, with new tools and practices emerging regularly. Stay informed about industry trends, attend workshops, and continuously expand your skill set to stay competitive in the job market.

Conclusion:

Securing a DevOps engineer position as a fresher requires a combination of technical skills, continuous learning, networking, and a strong online presence. By following the steps outlined above and staying dedicated to your professional development, you'll be well on your way to unlocking the path to success in the dynamic world of DevOps. Good luck!

Getting a job as a DevOps engineer as a fresher can seem like a daunting task, but with the right approach and preparation, it is definitely achievable. In this answer, I will provide some valuable tips and insights on how you can increase your chances of landing a job in the exciting field of DevOps.Equip your team with the skills to automate, integrate, and innovate – that's the essence of DevOps training in Hyderabad

Gain the necessary technical skills: As a fresher, it's important to have a solid foundation in the technical skills required for a DevOps engineer. These skills typically include knowledge of scripting languages like Python or Bash, experience with tools like Git and Jenkins, and an understanding of cloud computing platforms such as AWS or Azure. Invest time in learning these technologies through online courses, tutorials, or even pursuing a relevant certification.

Build a strong foundation in software development: DevOps engineers are responsible for bridging the gap between development and operations. Having a good understanding of software development practices and methodologies will greatly enhance your ability to perform this role effectively. Familiarize yourself with Agile methodologies, version control systems, and software development lifecycle processes.

Gain practical experience through internships and projects: While theoretical knowledge is essential, practical experience is equally important. Look for internships or entry-level positions that can give you hands-on experience in DevOps-related tasks. If you don't have any opportunities available, consider working on personal projects or contributing to open-source projects. This will not only demonstrate your skills but also showcase your passion and dedication to potential employers."No commute, no hassle – just pure DevOps learning. Enrol in our Devops online course and redefine your understanding of seamless software development."

Networking is key: Building relationships with professionals already working in the DevOps field can be invaluable. Attend tech conferences, meetups, and workshops where you can meet industry experts and like-minded individuals. Join online communities and forums where you can engage in discussions and gain insights from experienced professionals. Networking can open doors to job opportunities that might not be advertised publicly.

Customize your resume and cover letter: Tailor your resume and cover letter to highlight your relevant skills, projects, and experiences. Emphasize your knowledge of DevOps tools, your ability to work in cross-functional teams and any experience you have with automation and continuous integration/continuous deployment (CI/CD) pipelines. Be sure to quantify your achievements wherever possible.

Prepare for interviews: Research commonly asked interview questions for DevOps engineer roles and prepare concise yet detailed responses. Be prepared to discuss your understanding of DevOps principles, your experience with various tools and technologies, and how you've contributed to previous projects or teams. Brush up on your problem-solving skills and be ready to demonstrate your ability to troubleshoot and solve technical challenges.

Continuous learning: The field of DevOps is constantly evolving, so it's important to stay up-to-date with the latest trends and technologies. Subscribe to industry blogs, follow thought leaders on social media platforms, and join online communities where you can continue learning from others in the field.

Securing a DevOps engineer position as a fresher requires a combination of technical skills, continuous learning, networking, and a strong online presence. By following the steps outlined above and staying dedicated to your professional development, you'll be well on your way to unlocking the path to success in the dynamic world of DevOps. Good luck!

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300+ TOP ORACLE Database Interview Questions and Answers

ORACLE Database Interview Questions for freshers experienced :-

1. What Is Oracle? Oracle is a company. Oracle is also a database server, which manages data in a very structured way. It allows users to store and retrieve related data in a multiuser environment so that many users can concurrently access the same data. All this is accomplished while delivering high performance. A database server also prevents unauthorized access and provides efficient solutions for failure recovery. 2. What Is an Oracle Database? An Oracle database is a collection of data treated as a big unit in the database server. 3. What Is an Oracle Instance? Every running Oracle database is associated with an Oracle instance. When a database is started on a database server (regardless of the type of computer), Oracle allocates a memory area called the System Global Area (SGA) and starts one or more Oracle processes. This combination of the SGA and the Oracle processes is called an Oracle instance. The memory and processes of an instance manage the associated database's data efficiently and serve the one or multiple users of the database. 4. What Is a Parameter File in Oracle? A parameter file is a file that contains a list of initialization parameters and a value for each parameter. You specify initialization parameters in a parameter file that reflect your particular installation. Oracle supports the following two types of parameter files: * Server Parameter Files - Binary version. Persistent. * Initialization Parameter Files - Text version. Not persistent. 5. What Is a Server Parameter File in Oracle? A server parameter file is a binary file that acts as a repository for initialization parameters. The server parameter file can reside on the machine where the Oracle database server executes. Initialization parameters stored in a server parameter file are persistent, in that any changes made to the parameters while an instance is running can persist across instance shutdown and startup. 6. What Is a Initialization Parameter File in Oracle? An initialization parameter file is a text file that contains a list of initialization parameters. The file should be written in the client's default character set. Sample initialization parameter files are provided on the Oracle distribution medium for each operating system. A sample file is sufficient for initial use, but you will probably want to modify the file to tune the database for best performance. Any changes will take effect after you completely shut down and restart the instance. 7. What is System Global Area (SGA) in Oracle? The System Global Area (SGA) is a memory area that contains data shared between all database users such as buffer cache and a shared pool of SQL statements. The SGA is allocated in memory when an Oracle database instance is started, and any change in the value will take effect at the next startup. 8. What is Program Global Area (PGA) in Oracle? A Program Global Area (PGA) is a memory buffer that is allocated for each individual database session and it contains session specific information such as SQL statement data or buffers used for sorting. The value specifies the total memory allocated by all sessions, and changes will take effect as new sessions are started. 9. What Is a User Account in Oracle? A user account is identified by a user name and defines the user's attributes, including the following: Password for database authentication Privileges and roles Default tablespace for database objects Default temporary tablespace for query processing work space 10. What Is the Relation of a User Account and a Schema in Oracle? User accounts and schemas have a one-to-one relation. When you create a user, you are also implicitly creating a schema for that user. A schema is a logical container for the database objects (such as tables, views, triggers, and so on) that the user creates. The schema name is the same as the user name, and can be used to unambiguously refer to objects owned by the user.

ORACLE Database Interview Questions 11. What Is a User Role in Oracle? A user role is a group of privileges. Privileges are assigned to users through user roles. You create new roles, grant privileges to the roles, and then grant roles to users. 12. What is a Database Schema in Oracle? A schema is a collection of logical structures of data, or schema objects. A schema is owned by a database user and has the same name as that user. Each user owns a single schema. Schema objects can be created and manipulated with SQL and include: tables, views, and other types of data objects. 13. What Is a Database Table in Oracle? A database table is a basic unit of data logical storage in an Oracle database. Data is stored in rows and columns. You define a table with a table name, such as employees, and a set of columns. You give each column a column name, such as employee_id, last_name, and job_id; a datatype, such as VARCHAR2, DATE, or NUMBER; and a width. The width can be predetermined by the datatype, as in DATE. If columns are of the NUMBER datatype, define precision and scale instead of width. A row is a collection of column information corresponding to a single record. 14. What Is a Table Index in Oracle? Index is an optional structure associated with a table that allow SQL statements to execute more quickly against a table. Just as the index in this manual helps you locate information faster than if there were no index, an Oracle Database index provides a faster access path to table data. You can use indexes without rewriting any queries. Your results are the same, but you see them more quickly. 15. What Is an Oracle Tablespace? An Oracle tablespace is a big unit of logical storage in an Oracle database. It is managed and used by the Oracle server to store structures data objects, like tables and indexes. 16. What Is an Oracle Data File? An Oracle data file is a big unit of physical storage in the OS file system. One or many Oracle data files are organized together to provide physical storage to a single Oracle tablespace. 17. What Is a Static Data Dictionary in Oracle? Data dictionary tables are not directly accessible, but you can access information in them through data dictionary views. To list the data dictionary views available to you, query the view DICTIONARY. Many data dictionary tables have three corresponding views: * An ALL_ view displays all the information accessible to the current user, including information from the current user's schema as well as information from objects in other schemas, if the current user has access to those objects by way of grants of privileges or roles. * A DBA_ view displays all relevant information in the entire database. DBA_ views are intended only for administrators. They can be accessed only by users with the SELECT ANY TABLE privilege. This privilege is assigned to the DBA role when the system is initially installed. * A USER_ view displays all the information from the schema of the current user. No special privileges are required to query these views. 18. What Is a Dynamic Performance View in Oracle? Oracle contains a set of underlying views that are maintained by the database server and accessible to the database administrator user SYS. These views are called dynamic performance views because they are continuously updated while a database is open and in use, and their contents relate primarily to performance. Although these views appear to be regular database tables, they are not. These views provide data on internal disk structures and memory structures. You can select from these views, but you can never update or alter them. 19. What Is a Recycle Bin in Oracle? Recycle bin is a logical storage to hold the tables that have been dropped from the database, in case it was dropped in error. Tables in recycle bin can be recovered back into database by the Flashback Drop action. Oracle database recycle save the same purpose as the recycle bin on your Windows desktop. Recycle bin can be turned on or off in the recyclebin=on/off in your parameter file. 20. What Is SQL*Plus? SQL*Plus is an interactive and batch query tool that is installed with every Oracle Database Server or Client installation. It has a command-line user interface, a Windows Graphical User Interface (GUI) and the iSQL*Plus web-based user interface. 21. What Is Transport Network Substrate (TNS) in Oracle? TNS, Transport Network Substrate, is a foundation technology, built into the Oracle Net foundation layer that works with any standard network transport protocol. 22. What Is Open Database Communication (ODBC) in Oracle? ODBC, Open Database Communication, a standard API (application program interface) developed by Microsoft for Windows applications to communicate with database management systems. Oracle offers ODBC drivers to allow Windows applications to connect Oracle server through ODBC. 23. What is Oracle Database 10g Express Edition? Based on Oracle Web site: Oracle Database 10g Express Edition (Oracle Database XE) is an entry-level, small-footprint database based on the Oracle Database 10g Release 2 code base that's free to develop, deploy, and distribute; fast to download; and simple to administer. Oracle Database XE is a great starter database for: Developers working on PHP, Java, .NET, and Open Source applications DBAs who need a free, starter database for training and deployment Independent Software Vendors (ISVs) and hardware vendors who want a starter database to distribute free of charge Educational institutions and students who need a free database for their curriculum 24. What Are the Limitations Oracle Database 10g XE? Oracle Database XE is free for runtime usage with the following limitations: Supports up to 4GB of user data (in addition to Oracle system data) Single instance only of Oracle Database XE on any server May be installed on a multiple CPU server, but only executes on one processor in any server May be installed on a server with any amount of memory, but will only use up to 1GB RAM of available memory 25. What Operating Systems Are Supported by Oracle Database 10g XE? Oracle Database 10g Express Edition is available for two types of operating Systems: Linux x86 - Debian, Mandriva, Novell, Red Hat and Ubuntu Microsoft Windows 26. How To Download Oracle Database 10g XE? If you want to download a copy of Oracle Database 10g Express Edition, visit http://www.oracle.com/technology/software/products/database/xe/. If you are using Windows systems, there are downloads available for you: Oracle Database 10g Express Edition (Western European) - Single-byte LATIN1 database for Western European language storage, with the Database Homepage user interface in English only. Oracle Database 10g Express Edition (Universal) - Multi-byte Unicode database for all language deployment, with the Database Homepage user interface available in the following languages: Brazilian Portuguese, Chinese (Simplified and Traditional), English, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean and Spanish. Oracle Database 10g Express Client You need to download the universal edition, OracleXEUniv.exe, (216,933,372 bytes) and client package, OracleXEClient.exe (30,943,220 bytes). 27. How To Install Oracle Database 10g XE? To install 10g universal edition, double click, OracleXEUniv.exe, the install wizard starts. It will guide you to finish the installation process. You should take notes about: The SYSTEM password you selecte: atoztarget. Database server port: 1521. Database HTTP port: 8080. MS Transaction Server port: 2030. The directory where 10g XE is installed: oraclexe Hard disk space taken: 1655MB. 28. How To Check Your Oracle Database 10g XE Installation? If you want to check your fresh installation of 10g Express Edition without using any special client programs, you can use a Web browser with this address, http://localhost:8080/apex/. You will see the login page. Enter SYSTEM as the user name, and the password (atoztarget), you selected during the installation to log into the server. Visit different areas on your 10g XE server home page to make sure your server is running OK. You can also get to your 10g XE server home page by going through the start menu. Select All Programs, then Oracle Database 10g Express Edition, and then Go To Database Home Page 29. How To Shutdown Your 10g XE Server? If you want to shutdown your 10g Express Edition server, go to the Services manager in the control panel. You will a service called OracleServiceXE, which represents your 10g Express Edition server. Select OracleServiceXE, and use the right mouse click to stop this service. This will shutdown your 10g Express Edition server. You can also shutdown your 10g XE server through the start menu. Select All Programs, then Oracle Database 10g Express Edition, and then Stop Database. 30. How To Start Your 10g XE Server? Go to the Start menu, select All Programs, Oracle Database 10g Express Edition, and Start Database. 31. How Much Memory Your 10g XE Server Is Using? Your 10g XE Server is using about 180MB of memory even there is no users on the server. The server memory usage is displayed on your server home page, if you log in as SYSTEM. 32. How To Start Your 10g XE Server from Command Line? You can start your 10g XE server from command line by: Open a command line window. Change directory to oraclexeapporacleproduct10.2.0serverBIN. Run StartDB.bat. The batch file StartDB.bat contains: net start OracleXETNSListener net start OracleServiceXE @oradim -startup -sid XE -starttype inst > nul 2>&1 33. How To Shutdown Your 10g XE Server from Command Line? You can shutdown your 10g XE server from command line by: Open a command line window. Change directory to oraclexeapporacleproduct10.2.0serverBIN. Run StopDB.bat. The batch file StopDB.bat contains: net stop OracleServiceXE 34. How To Unlock the Sample User Account in Oracle? Your 10g XE server comes with a sample database user account called HR. But this account is locked. You must unlock it before you can use it: Log into the server home page as SYSTEM. Click the Administration icon, and then click Database Users. Click the HR schema icon to display the user information for HR. Enter a new password (hr) for HR, and change the status to Unlocked. Click Alter User to save the changes. Now user account HR is ready to use. 35. How To Change System Global Area (SGA) in Oracle? Your 10g XE server has a default setting for System Global Area (SGA) of 140MB. The SGA size can be changed to a new value depending on how many concurrent sessions connecting to your server. If you are running this server just for yourself to improve your DBA skill, you should change the SGA size to 32MB by: Log into the server home page as SYSTEM. Go to Administration, then Memory. Click Configure SGA. Enter the new memory size: 32 Click Apply Changes to save the changes. Re-start your server. 36. How To Change Program Global Area (PGA) in Oracle? Your 10g XE server has a default setting for Program Global Area (PGA) of 40MB. The PGA size can be changed to a new value depending on how much data a single session should be allocated. If you think your session will be short with a small amount of data, you should change the PGA size to 16MB by: Log into the server home page as SYSTEM. Go to Administration, then Memory. Click Configure PGA. Enter the new memory size: 16 Click Apply Changes to save the changes. Re-start your server. 37. What Happens If You Set the SGA Too Low in Oracle? Let's you made a mistake and changed to SGA to 16MB from the SYSTEM admin home page. When you run the batch file StartDB.bat, it will return a message saying server stated. However, if you try to connect to your server home page: http://localhost:8080/apex/, you will get no response. Why? Your server is running, but the default instance XE was not started. If you go the Control Panel and Services, you will see service OracleServiceXE is listed not in the running status. 38. What To Do If the StartBD.bat Failed to Start the XE Instance? If StartBD.bat failed to start the XE instance, you need to try to start the instance with other approaches to get detail error messages on why the instance can not be started. One good approach to start the default instance is to use SQL*Plus. Here is how to use SQL*Plus to start the default instance in a command window: >cd (OracleXE home directory) >.binstartdb >.binsqlplus Enter user-name: SYSTEM Enter password: atoztarget ERROR: ORA-01034: ORACLE not available ORA-27101: shared memory realm does not exist The first "cd" is to move the current directory the 10g XE home directory. The second command ".binstartdb" is to make sure the TNS listener is running. The third command ".binsqlplus" launches SQL*Plus. The error message "ORA-27101" tells you that there is a memory problem with the default instance. So you can not use the normal login process to the server without a good instance. See other tips on how to log into a server without any instance. 39. How To Login to the Server without an Instance? If your default instance is in trouble, and you can not use the normal login process to reach the server, you can use a special login to log into the server without any instance. Here is how to use SQL*Plus to log in as as a system BDA: >cd (OracleXE home directory) >.binstartdb >.binsqlplus Enter user-name: SYSTEM/atoztarget AS SYSDBA Connected to an idle instance SQL> show instance instance "local" The trick is to put user name, password and login options in a single string as the user name. "AS SYSDBA" tells the server to not start any instance, and connect the session the idle instance. Log in as SYSDBA is very useful for performing DBA tasks. 40. How To Use "startup" Command to Start Default Instance? If you logged in to the server as a SYSDBA, you start the default instance with the "startup" command. Here is how to start the default instance in SQL*Plus in SYSDBA mode: >.binsqlplus Enter user-name: SYSTEM/atoztarget AS SYSDBA Connected to an idle instance SQL> show instance instance "local" SQL> startup ORA-00821: Specified value of sga_target 16M is too small, needs to be at least 20M Now the server is telling you more details about the memory problem on your default instance: your SGA setting of 16MB is too small. It must be increased to at least 20MB. 41. Where Are the Settings Stored for Each Instance in Oracle? Settings for each instance are stored in a file called Server Parameter File (SPFile). Oracle supports two types of parameter files, Text type, and Binary type. parameter files should be located in $ORACLE_HOMEdatabase directory. A parameter file should be named like "init$SID.ora", where $SID is the instance name. 42. What To Do If the Binary SPFile Is Wrong for the Default Instance? Let's say the SPFile for the default instance is a binary file, and some settings are wrong in the SPFile, like SGA setting is bellow 20MB, how do you change a setting in the binary file? This seems to be a hard task, because the binary SPFile is not allowed to be edited manually. It needs to be updated by the server with instance started. But you can not start the instance because the SPFile has a wrong setting. One way to solve the problem is to stop using the binary SPFile, and use a text version of the a parameter file to start the instance. Here is an example of how to use the backup copy (text version) of the parameter file for the default instance to start the instance: >.binsqlplus Enter user-name: SYSTEM/atoztarget AS SYSDBA Connected to an idle instance 43. How To Check the Server Version in Oracle? Oracle server version information is stored in a table called: PRODUCT_COMPONENT_VERSION. You can use a simple SELECT statement to view the version information like this: >.binsqlplus Enter user-name: SYSTEM/atoztarget AS SYSDBA Connected to an idle instance SQL> COL PRODUCT FORMAT A35 SQL> COL VERSION FORMAT A15 SQL> COL STATUS FORMAT A15 SQL> SELECT * FROM PRODUCT_COMPONENT_VERSION; PRODUCT VERSION STATUS ----------------------------------- ----------- ---------- NLSRTL 10.2.0.1.0 Production Oracle Database 10g Express Edition 10.2.0.1.0 Product PL/SQL 10.2.0.1.0 Production TNS for 32-bit Windows: 10.2.0.1.0 Production 44. Explain What Is SQL*Plus? SQL*Plus is an interactive and batch query tool that is installed with every Oracle Database Server or Client installation. It has a command-line user interface, a Windows Graphical User Interface (GUI) and the iSQL*Plus web-based user interface. SQL*Plus has its own commands and environment, and it provides access to the Oracle Database. It enables you to enter and execute SQL, PL/SQL, SQL*Plus and operating system commands to perform the following: Format, perform calculations on, store, and print from query results Examine table and object definitions Develop and run batch scripts Perform database administration You can use SQL*Plus to generate reports interactively, to generate reports as batch processes, and to output the results to text file, to screen, or to HTML file for browsing on the Internet. You can generate reports dynamically using the HTML output facility of SQL*Plus, or using the dynamic reporting capability of iSQL*Plus to run a script from a web page. 45. How To Start the Command-Line SQL*Plus? f you Oracle server or client installed on your windows system, you can start the command-line SQL*Plus in two ways: 1. Click Start > All Programs > Oracle ... > Start SQL Command Line. The SQL*Plus command window will show up with a message like this: SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Tue ... Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. SQL> 2. Click Start > Run..., enter "cmd" and click OK. A Windows command window will show up. You can then use Windows commands to start the command-line SQL*Plus as shown in the tutorial exercise below: >cd c:oraclexeapporacleproduct10.2.0server >.binsqlplus /nolog SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Tue ... Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. 46. How To Get Help at the SQL Prompt? Once SQL*Plus is started, you will get a SQL prompt like this: SQL>. This where you can enter commands for SQL*Plus to run. To get help information at the SQL prompt, you can use the HELP command as shown in the following tutorial example: SQL> HELP INDEX Enter Help for help. @ COPY PAUSE SHUTDOWN @@ DEFINE PRINT SPOOL / DEL PROMPT SQLPLUS ACCEPT DESCRIBE QUIT START APPEND DISCONNECT RECOVER STARTUP ARCHIVE LOG EDIT REMARK STORE ATTRIBUTE EXECUTE REPFOOTER TIMING BREAK EXIT REPHEADER TTITLE ... COMPUTE LIST SET XQUERY CONNECT PASSWORD SHOW SQL> HELP CONNECT CONNECT ------ 47. What Information Is Needed to Connect SQL*Plus an Oracle Server? If you want to connect your SQL*Plus session to an Oracle server, you need to know the following information about this server: The network hostname, or IP address, of the Oracle server. The network port number where the Oracle server is listening for incoming connections. The name of the target database instance managed by the Oracle server. The name of your user account predefined on in the target database instance. The password of your user account predefined on in the target database instance. 48. What Is a Connect Identifier? A "connect identifier" is an identification string of a single set of connection information to a specific target database instance on a specific Oracle server. Connect identifiers are defined and stored in a file called tnsnames.ora located in $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/ directory. Here is one example of a "connect identifier" definition: ggl_XE = (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP) (HOST = www.atoztarget.com) (PORT = 1521) ) (CONNECT_DATA = (SERVER = DEDICATED) (SERVICE_NAME = XE) ) ) The above "connect identifier" defines "TNS_XE" with the following connection information: * The network hostname: www.atoztarget.com. * The network port number: 1521. * The name of the target database instance: XE. 49. How To Connect a SQL*Plus Session to an Oracle Server? In order to connect a SQL*Plus session to an Oracle server, you need to: 1. Obtain the connection information from the Oracle server DBA. 2. Define a new "connect identifier" called "ggl_XE" in your tnsnames.org file with the given connection information. 3. Run the CONNECT command in SQL*Plus as shown in the tutorial exercise below: >cd c:oraclexeapporacleproduct10.2.0server >.binsqlplus /nolog SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Tue ... Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. SQL> CONNECT ggl/retneclgg@ggl_XE; Connected. SQL> SELECT SYSDATE FROM DUAL; SYSDATE --------- 05-MAR-06 50. What Happens If You Use a Wrong Connect Identifier? Of course, you will get an error, if you use a wrong connect identifier. Here is an example of how SQL*Plus react to a wrong connect identifier: SQL> CONNECT ggl/retneclgg@WRONG; ERROR: ORA-12154: TNS:could not resolve the connect identifier specified Warning: You are no longer connected to ORACLE. What you need to do in this case: Check the CONNECT command to make sure that the connect identifier is entered correctly. Check the tnsnames.ora file to make sure that the connect identifier is defined correctly. Check the tnsnames.ora file to make sure that there is no multiple definitions of the same connect identifier. Check your files system to see if you have multiple copies of tnsnames.ora in different Oracle home directories, because you installed multiple versions of Oracle. If you do have multiple copies, make sure your SQL*Plus session is picking up the correct copy of tnsnames.ora. 51. What To Do If DBA Lost the SYSTEM Password? If the DBA lost the password of the SYSTEM user account, he/she can go to the Oracle server machine, and run SQL*Plus on server locally with the operating system authentication method to gain access to the database. The tutorial exercise below shows you how: (Terminal server to the Oracle server machine) (Start SQL*Plus) SQL>CONNECT / AS SYSDBA Connected. SQL> ALTER USER SYSTEM IDENTIFIED BY ssap_lgg; User altered. Notice that the (/) in the CONNECT command tells SQL*Plus to use the current user on local operating system as the connection authentication method. 52. What Types of Commands Can Be Executed in SQL*Plus? There are 4 types of commands you can run at the SQL*Plus command line prompt: 1. SQL commands - Standard SQL statements to be executed on target database on the Oracle server. For example: "SELECT * FROM ggl_faq;" is a SQL command. 2. PL/SQL commands - PL/SQL statements to be executed by the Oracle server. For example: "EXECUTE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Welcome to www.atoztarget.com')" runs a PL/SQL command. SQL*Plus commands - Commands to be executed by the local SQL*Plus program itself. For example: "SET NULL 'NULL'" is a SQL*Plus command. OS commands - Commands to be executed by the local operating system. For example: "HOST dir" runs an operating system command on the local machine. 53. How To Run SQL Commands in SQL*Plus? If you want to run a SQL command in SQL*Plus, you need to enter the SQL command in one or more lines and terminated with (;). The tutorial exercise below shows a good example: SQL> SELECT 'Welcome!' FROM DUAL; 'WELCOME -------- Welcome! SQL> SELECT 'Welcome to atoztarget.com tutorials!' 2 FROM DUAL 3 ; 'WELCOMETOatoztarget.COMTUTORIALS!' ----------------------------------- Welcome to atoztarget.com tutorials! 54. How To Run PL/SQL Statements in SQL*Plus? If you want to run a single PL/SQL statement in SQL*Plus, you need to use the EXECUTE command as shown in the following tutorial example: SQL> SET SERVEROUTPUT ON SQL> EXECUTE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Welcome to atoztarget!') Welcome to atoztarget! PL/SQL procedure successfully completed. 55. How To Change SQL*Plus System Settings? SQL*Plus environment is controlled a big list of SQL*Plus system settings. You can change them by using the SET command as shown in the following list: * SET AUTOCOMMIT OFF - Turns off the auto-commit feature. * SET FEEDBACK OFF - Stops displaying the "27 rows selected." message at the end of the query output. * SET HEADING OFF - Stops displaying the header line of the query output. * SET LINESIZE 256 - Sets the number of characters per line when displaying the query output. * SET NEWPAGE 2 - Sets 2 blank lines to be displayed on each page of the query output. * SET NEWPAGE NONE - Sets for no blank lines to be displayed on each page of the query output. * SET NULL 'null' - Asks SQL*Plus to display 'null' for columns that have null values in the query output. * SET PAGESIZE 60 - Sets the number of lines per page when displaying the query output. * SET TIMING ON - Asks SQL*Plus to display the command execution timing data. * SET WRAP OFF - Turns off the wrapping feature when displaying query output. 56. How To Look at the Current SQL*Plus System Settings? If you want to see the current values of SQL*Plus system settings, you can use the SHOW command as shown in the following tutorial exercise: SQL> SHOW AUTOCOMMIT autocommit OFF SQL> SHOW HEADING heading ON SQL> SHOW LINESIZE linesize 80 SQL> SHOW PAGESIZE pagesize 14 SQL> SHOW FEEDBACK FEEDBACK ON for 6 or more rows SQL> SHOW TIMING timing OFF SQL> SHOW NULL null "" SQL> SHOW ALL appinfo is OFF and set to "SQL*Plus" arraysize 15 autocommit OFF autoprint OFF autorecovery OFF autotrace OFF blockterminator "." (hex 2e) cmdsep OFF colsep " " compatibility version NATIVE concat "." (hex 2e) copycommit 0 COPYTYPECHECK is ON define "&" (hex 26) describe DEPTH 1 LINENUM OFF INDENT ON echo OFF 57. What Are SQL*Plus Environment Variables? Behaviors of SQL*Plus are also controlled a some environment variables predefined on the local operating system. Here are some commonly used SQL*Plus environment variables: * ORACLE_HOME - The home directory where your Oracle client application is installed. * PATH - A list of directories where SQL*Plus will search for executable or DLL files. PATH should include $ORACLE_HOMEbin. * SQLPLUS - The directory where localization messages are stored. SQLPLUS should be set to $ORACLE_HOMEsqlplusmesg * TNS_ADMIN - The directory where the connect identifier file, tnsnames.ora is located. TNS_ADMIN should be set to $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin. 58. How To Generate Query Output in HTML Format? If you want your query output to be generated in HTML format, you can use the "SET MARKUP HTML ON" to turn on the HTML feature. The following tutorial exercise gives you a good example: SQL> connect HR/retneclgg SQL> SET MARKUP HTML ON SQL> SELECT FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, HIRE_DATE 2 FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE FIRST_NAME LIKE 'Joh%'; FIRST_NAME LAST_NAME HIRE_DATE John Seo 12-FEB-98 John Russell 01-OCT-96 59. What Is Output Spooling in SQL*Plus? The output spooling a nice feature of the command-line SQL*Plus tool. If the spooling feature is turned on, SQL*Plus will send a carbon copy of the everything on your screen to a specified local file. Output spooling is used mostly for quick dump of data to local files. Here are the commands to turn on and off output spooling in SQL*Plus: * SPOOL fileName - Turning on output spooling with the specified file. * SPOOL OFF - Turning off output spooling and close the spool file. 60. How To Save Query Output to a Local File? Normally, when you run a SELECT statement in SQL*Plus, the output will be displayed on your screen. If you want the output to be saved to local file, you can use the "SPOOL fileName" command to specify a local file and start the spooling feature. When you are done with your SELECT statement, you need to close the spool file with the "SPOOL OFF" command. The following tutorial exercise gives you a good example: SQL> connect HR/retneclgg SQL> SET HEADING OFF SQL> SET FEEDBACK OFF SQL> SET LINESIZE 1000 SQL> SPOOL tempemployees.lst SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES; ...... SQL> SPOOL OFF You should get all records in employees.lst with fixed length fields. 61. What Is Input Buffer in SQL*Plus? Input buffer is a nice feature of the command-line SQL*Plus tool. It allows you to revise a multiple-line command and re-run it with a couple of simple commands. By default, input buffer is always turned on in SQL*Plus. The last SQL statement is always stored in the buffer. All you need is to remember to following commonly used commands: * LIST - Displays the SQL statement (the last executed SQL statement) in the buffer. * RUN - Runs the SQL statement in the buffer again. ";" is a quick command equivalent to RUN. * CLEAR BUFFER - Removes the SQL statement in the buffer. * INPUT line - Adds a new line into the buffer. * APPEND text - Appends more text to the last line in the buffer. * DEL - Deletes one line from the buffer. * CHANGE /old/new - Replaces 'old' text with 'new' text in the buffer. 62. How To Revise and Re-Run the Last SQL Command? If executed a long SQL statement, found a mistake in the statement, and you don't want enter that long statement again, you can use the input buffer commands to the correct last statement and re-run it. The following tutorial exercise gives you a good example: SQL> connect HR/retneclgg SQL> SELECT FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, HIRE_DATE 2 FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE FIRST_NAME LIKE 'Joh%'; FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE FIRST_NAME LIKE 'Joh%' * ERROR at line 2: ORA-00942: table or view does not exist SQL> LIST 1 SELECT FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, HIRE_DATE 2* FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE FIRST_NAME LIKE 'Joh%' SQL> CHANGE /EMPLOYEE/EMPLOYEES/ 2* FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE FIRST_NAME LIKE 'Joh%' SQL> RUN (Query output) SQL> INPUT ORDER BY FIRE_DATE SQL> LIST 1 SELECT FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, HIRE_DATE 2 FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE FIRST_NAME LIKE 'Joh%' 3* ORDER BY HIRE_DATE SQL> RUN (Query output) SQL> CLEAR BUFFER buffer cleared SQL> LIST SP2-0223: No lines in SQL buffer. 63. How Run SQL*Plus Commands That Are Stored in a Local File? If you have a group of commands that you need to run them repeatedly every day, you can save those commands in a file (called SQL script file), and using the "@fileName" command to run them in SQL*Plus. If you want to try this, create a file called tempinput.sql with: SELECT 'Welcome to' FROM DUAL; SELECT 'atoztarget.com!' FROM DUAL; Then run the "@" command in SQL*Plus as: SQL> connect HR/retneclgg SQL> @tempinput.sql 'WELCOMETO ---------- Welcome to 'atoztarget.COM -------------- atoztarget.com! 64. How To Use SQL*Plus Built-in Timers? If you don't have a stopwatch/timer and want to measure elapsed periods of time, you can SQL*Plus Built-in Timers with the following commands: * TIMING - Displays number of timers. * TIMING START - Starts a new timer with or without a name. * TIMING SHOW - Shows the current time of the named or not-named timer. * TIMING STOP - Stops the named or not-named timer. The following tutorial exercise shows you a good example of using SQL*Plus built-in timers: SQL> TIMING START timer_1 (some seconds later) SQL> TIMING START timer_2 (some seconds later) SQL> TIMING START timer_3 (some seconds later) SQL> TIMING SHOW timer_1 timing for: timer_2 Elapsed: 00:00:19.43 (some seconds later) SQL> TIMING STOP timer_2 timing for: timer_2 Elapsed: 00:00:36.32 SQL> TIMING 2 timing elements in use 65. What Is Oracle Server Autotrace in Oracle? Autotrace is Oracle server feature that generates two statement execution reports very useful for performance tuning: * Statement execution path - Shows you the execution loop logic of a DML statement. * Statement execution statistics - Shows you various execution statistics of a DML statement. To turn on the autotrace feature, the Oracle server DBA need to: * Create a special table called PLAN_TABLE. * Create a special security role called PLUSTRACE. * Grant PLUSTRACE role your user account. 66. How To Set Up Autotrace for a User Account? If an Oracle user wants to use the autotrace feature, you can use the tutorial as an example to create the required table PLAN_TABLE, the required security role PLUSTRACE, and grant the role to that user: SQL> CONNECT HR/retneclgg SQL> @oraclexeapporacleproduct10.2.0server RDBMSADMINUTLXPLAN.SQL Table (HR.PLAN_TABLE) created. SQL> CONNECT / AS SYSDBA SQL> @C:oraclexeapporacleproduct10.2.0server SQLPLUSADMINPLUSTRCE.SQL SQL> drop role plustrace; Role (PLUSTRACE) dropped. SQL> create role plustrace; Role (PLUSTRACE) created. SQL> grant plustrace to dba with admin option; Grant succeeded. SQL> GRANT PLUSTRACE TO HR; Grant succeeded. Remember that PLAN_TABLE table must be created under the user schema HR. 67. How To Get Execution Path Reports on Query Statements? If your user account has autotrace configured by the DBA, you can use the "SET AUTOTRACE ON EXPLAIN" command to turn on execution path reports on query statements. The tutorial exercise bellow shows you a good example: SQL> CONNECT HR/retneclgg SQL> SET AUTOTRACE ON EXPLAIN SQL> SELECT E.LAST_NAME, E.SALARY, J.JOB_TITLE 2 FROM EMPLOYEES E, JOBS J 3 WHERE E.JOB_ID=J.JOB_ID AND E.SALARY>12000; LAST_NAME SALARY JOB_TITLE ----------------- ---------- ----------------------------- King 24000 President Kochhar 17000 Administration Vice President De Haan 17000 Administration Vice President Russell 14000 Sales Manager Partners 13500 Sales Manager Hartstein 13000 Marketing Manager 6 rows selected. 68. How To Get Execution Statistics Reports on Query Statements? If your user account has autotrace configured by the DBA, you can use the "SET AUTOTRACE ON STATISTICS" command to turn on execution statistics reports on query statements. The tutorial exercise bellow shows you a good example: SQL> CONNECT HR/retneclgg SQL> SET AUTOTRACE ON STATISTICS SQL> SELECT E.LAST_NAME, E.SALARY, J.JOB_TITLE 2 FROM EMPLOYEES E, JOBS J 3 WHERE E.JOB_ID=J.JOB_ID AND E.SALARY>12000; LAST_NAME SALARY JOB_TITLE ----------------- ---------- ----------------------------- King 24000 President Kochhar 17000 Administration Vice President De Haan 17000 Administration Vice President Russell 14000 Sales Manager Partners 13500 Sales Manager Hartstein 13000 Marketing Manager 6 rows selected. 69. What Is SQL in Oracle? SQL, SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language), is a language for RDBMS (Relational Database Management Systems). SQL was developed by IBM Corporation. 70. How Many Categories of Data Types in Oracle? Oracles supports the following categories of data types: * Oracle Built-in Datatypes. * ANSI, DB2, and SQL/DS Datatypes. * User-Defined Types. * Oracle-Supplied Types. 71. What Are the Oracle Built-in Data Types? There are 20 Oracle built-in data types, divided into 6 groups: * Character Datatypes - CHAR, NCHAR, NVARCHAR2, VARCHAR2 * Number Datatypes - NUMBER, BINARY_FLOAT, BINARY_DOUBLE * Long and Row Datatypes - LONG, LONG RAW, RAW * Datetime Datatypes - DATE, TIMESTAMP, INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH, INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND * Large Object Datatypes - BLOB, CLOB, NCLOB, BFILE * Row ID Datatypes - ROWID, UROWID 72. What Are the Differences between CHAR and NCHAR in Oracle? Both CHAR and NCHAR are fixed length character data types. But they have the following differences: * CHAR's size is specified in bytes by default. * NCHAR's size is specified in characters by default. A character could be 1 byte to 4 bytes long depending on the character set used. * NCHAR stores characters in Unicode. 73. What Are the Differences between CHAR and VARCHAR2 in Oracle? The main differences between CHAR and VARCHAR2 are: * CHAR stores values in fixed lengths. Values are padded with space characters to match the specified length. * VARCHAR2 stores values in variable lengths. Values are not padded with any characters. 74. What Are the Differences between NUMBER and BINARY_FLOAT in Oracle? The main differences between NUMBER and BINARY_FLOAT in Oracle are: * NUMBER stores values as fixed-point numbers using 1 to 22 bytes. * BINARY_FLOAT stores values as single precision floating-point numbers. 75. What Are the Differences between DATE and TIMESTAMP in Oracle? The main differences between DATE and TIMESTAMP in Oracle are: * DATE stores values as century, year, month, date, hour, minute, and second. * TIMESTAMP stores values as year, month, day, hour, minute, second, and fractional seconds. 76. What Are the Differences between INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH and INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND? The main differences between INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH and INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND are: * INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH stores values as time intervals at the month level. * INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND stores values as time intervals at the fractional seconds level. 77. What Are the Differences between BLOB and CLOB in Oracle? The main differences between BLOB and CLOB in Oracle are: * BLOB stores values as LOB (Large OBject) in bitstreams. * CLOB stores values as LOB (Large OBject) in character steams. 78. What Are the ANSI Data Types Supported in Oracle? The following ANSI data types are supported in Oracle: * CHARACTER(n) / CHAR(n) * CHARACTER VARYING(n) / CHAR VARYING(n) * NATIONAL CHARACTER(n) / NATIONAL CHAR(n) / NCHAR(n) * NATIONAL CHARACTER VARYING(n) / NATIONAL CHAR VARYING(n) / NCHAR VARYING(n) * NUMERIC(p,s) * DECIMAL(p,s) * INTEGER / INT * SMALLINT * FLOAT * DOUBLE PRECISION * REAL 79. How To Write Text Literals in Oracle? There are several ways to write text literals as shown in the following samples: SELECT 'atoztarget.com' FROM DUAL -- The most common format atoztarget.com SELECT 'It''s Sunday!' FROM DUAL -- Single quote escaped It's Sunday! SELECT N'Allo, C''est moi.' FROM DUAL -- National chars Allo, C'est moi. SELECT Q'/It's Sunday!/' FROM DUAL -- Your own delimiter It's Sunday! 80. How To Write Numeric Literals in Oracle? Numeric literals can coded as shown in the following samples: SELECT 255 FROM DUAL -- An integer 255 SELECT -6.34 FROM DUAL -- A regular number -6.34 SELECT 2.14F FROM DUAL -- A single-precision floating point 2.14 SELECT -0.5D FROM DUAL -- A double-precision floating point -0.5 81. How To Write Date and Time Literals in Oracle? Date and time literals can coded as shown in the following samples: SELECT DATE '2002-10-03' FROM DUAL -- ANSI date format 03-OCT-07 SELECT TIMESTAMP '0227-01-31 09:26:50.124' FROM DUAL 31-JAN-07 09.26.50.124000000 AM -- This is ANSI format 82. How To Write Date and Time Interval Literals in Oracle? Date and time interval literals can coded as shown in the following samples: SELECT DATE '2002-10-03' + INTERVAL '123-2' YEAR(3) TO MONTH FROM DUAL -- 123 years and 2 months is added to 2002-10-03 03-DEC-25 SELECT DATE '2002-10-03' + INTERVAL '123' YEAR(3) FROM DUAL -- 123 years is added to 2002-10-03 03-OCT-25 SELECT DATE '2002-10-03' + INTERVAL '299' MONTH(3) FROM DUAL -- 299 months years is added to 2002-10-03 03-SEP-27 SELECT TIMESTAMP '1997-01-31 09:26:50.124' + INTERVAL '4 5:12:10.222' DAY TO SECOND(3) FROM DUAL 04-FEB-97 02.39.00.346000000 PM SELECT TIMESTAMP '1997-01-31 09:26:50.124' + INTERVAL '4 5:12' DAY TO MINUTE FROM DUAL 04-FEB-97 02.38.50.124000000 PM SELECT TIMESTAMP '1997-01-31 09:26:50.124' + INTERVAL '400 5' DAY(3) TO HOUR FROM DUAL 07-MAR-98 02.26.50.124000000 PM SELECT TIMESTAMP '1997-01-31 09:26:50.124' + INTERVAL '400' DAY(3) FROM DUAL 07-MAR-98 09.26.50.124000000 AM SELECT TIMESTAMP '1997-01-31 09:26:50.124' + INTERVAL '11:12:10.2222222' HOUR TO SECOND(7) FROM DUAL 31-JAN-97 08.39.00.346222200 PM 83. How To Convert Numbers to Characters in Oracle? You can convert numeric values to characters by using the TO_CHAR() function as shown in the following examples: SELECT TO_CHAR(4123.4570) FROM DUAL 123.457 SELECT TO_CHAR(4123.457, '$9,999,999.99') FROM DUAL $4,123.46 SELECT TO_CHAR(-4123.457, '9999999.99EEEE') FROM DUAL -4.12E+03 84. How To Convert Characters to Numbers in Oracle? You can convert characters to numbers by using the TO_NUMBER() function as shown in the following examples: SELECT TO_NUMBER('4123.4570') FROM DUAL 4123.457 SELECT TO_NUMBER(' $4,123.46','$9,999,999.99') FROM DUAL 4123.46 SELECT TO_NUMBER(' -4.12E+03') FROM DUAL -4120 85. How To Convert Dates to Characters in Oracle? You can convert dates to characters using the TO_CHAR() function as shown in the following examples: SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'DD-MON-YYYY') FROM DUAL; -- SYSDATE returns the current date 07-MAY-2006 SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'YYYY/MM/DD') FROM DUAL; 2006/05/07 SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'MONTH DD, YYYY') FROM DUAL; MAY 07, 2006 SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'fmMONTH DD, YYYY') FROM DUAL; May 7, 2006 SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'fmDAY, MONTH DD, YYYY') FROM DUAL; SUNDAY, MAY 7, 2006 86. How To Convert Characters to Dates in Oracle? You can convert dates to characters using the TO_DATE() function as shown in the following examples: SELECT TO_DATE('07-MAY-2006', 'DD-MON-YYYY') FROM DUAL; 07-MAY-06 SELECT TO_DATE('2006/05/07 ', 'YYYY/MM/DD') FROM DUAL; 07-MAY-06 SELECT TO_DATE('MAY 07, 2006', 'MONTH DD, YYYY') FROM DUAL; 07-MAY-06 SELECT TO_DATE('May 7, 2006', 'fmMONTH DD, YYYY') FROM DUAL; 07-MAY-06 SELECT TO_DATE('SUNDAY, MAY 7, 2006', 'fmDAY, MONTH DD, YYYY') FROM DUAL; 07-MAY-06 87. How To Convert Times to Characters in Oracle? You can convert dates to characters using the TO_CHAR() function as shown in the following examples: SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'HH:MI:SS') FROM DUAL; 04:49:49 SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'HH24:MI:SS.FF') FROM DUAL; -- Error: SYSDATE has no fractional seconds SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSTIMESTAMP, 'HH24:MI:SS.FF9') FROM DUAL; 16:52:57.847000000 SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'SSSSS') FROM DUAL; -- Seconds past midnight 69520 88. How To Convert Characters to Times in Oracle? You can convert dates to characters using the TO_CHAR() function as shown in the following examples: SELECT TO_CHAR(TO_DATE('04:49:49', 'HH:MI:SS'), 'DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS') FROM DUAL; -- Default date is the first day of the current month 01-MAY-2006 04:49:49 SELECT TO_CHAR(TO_TIMESTAMP('16:52:57.847000000', 'HH24:MI:SS.FF9'), 'DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS.FF9') FROM DUAL; 01-MAY-2006 16:52:57.847000000 SELECT TO_CHAR(TO_DATE('69520', 'SSSSS'), 'DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS') FROM DUAL; 01-MAY-2006 19:18:40 89. What Is NULL value in Oracle? NULL is a special value representing "no value" in all data types. NULL can be used on in operations like other values. But most operations has special rules when NULL is involved. The tutorial exercise below shows you some examples: SET NULL 'NULL'; -- Make sure NULL is displayed SELECT NULL FROM DUAL; N - N U L L SELECT NULL + NULL FROM DUAL; NULL+NULL ---------- NULL SELECT NULL + 7 FROM DUAL; NULL+7 ---------- NULL SELECT NULL * 7 FROM DUAL; NULL*7 ---------- NULL SELECT NULL || 'A' FROM DUAL; N - A SELECT NULL + SYSDATE FROM DUAL; NULL+SYSD --------- NULL 90. How To Use NULL as Conditions in Oracle? If you want to compare values against NULL as conditions, you should use the "IS NULL" or "IS NOT NULL" operator. Do not use "=" or "" against NULL. The sample script below shows you some good examples: SELECT 'A' IS NULL FROM DUAL; -- Error: Boolean is not data type. -- Boolean can only be used as conditions SELECT CASE WHEN 'A' IS NULL THEN 'TRUE' ELSE 'FALSE' END FROM DUAL; FALSE SELECT CASE WHEN '' IS NULL THEN 'TRUE' ELSE 'FALSE' END FROM DUAL; TRUE SELECT CASE WHEN 0 IS NULL THEN 'TRUE' ELSE 'FALSE' END FROM DUAL; FALSE SELECT CASE WHEN NULL IS NULL THEN 'TRUE' ELSE 'FALSE' END FROM DUAL; TRUE SELECT CASE WHEN 'A' = NULL THEN 'TRUE' ELSE 'FALSE' END FROM DUAL; -- Do not use "=" FALSE SELECT CASE WHEN 'A' NULL THEN 'TRUE' ELSE 'FALSE' END FROM DUAL; -- Do not use "" FALSE SELECT CASE WHEN NULL = NULL THEN 'TRUE' ELSE 'FALSE' END FROM DUAL; -- Do not use "=" FALSE 91. How To Concatenate Two Text Values in Oracle? There are two ways to concatenate two text values together: * CONCAT() function. * '||' operation. Here is some examples on how to use them: SELECT 'ggl' || 'Center' || '.com' FROM DUAL; atoztarget.com SELECT CONCAT('atoztarget','.com') FROM DUAL; atoztarget.com 92. How To Increment Dates by 1 in Oracle? If you have a date, and you want to increment it by 1. You can do this by adding the date with a date interval. You can also do this by adding the number 1 directly on the date. The tutorial example below shows you how to adding numbers to dates, and take date differences: SELECT TO_DATE('30-APR-06') + 1 FROM DUAL; -- Adding 1 day to a date 01-MAY-06 SELECT TO_DATE('01-MAY-06') - TO_DATE('30-APR-06') FROM DUAL; -- Taking date differences 1 SELECT SYSTIMESTAMP + 1 FROM DUAL; -- The number you add is always in days. 08-MAY-06 SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSTIMESTAMP+1,'DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS.FF3') FROM DUAL; -- Error: Adding 1 to a timestamp makes it a date. 93. How To Calculate Date and Time Differences in Oracle? If you want to know how many years, months, days and seconds are there between two dates or times, you can use the date and time interval expressions: YEAR ... TO MONTH and DAY ... TO SECOND. The tutorial exercise below gives you some good examples: SELECT (TO_DATE('01-MAY-2006 16:52:57','DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS') - TO_DATE('31-JAN-1897 09:26:50','DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS')) YEAR(4) TO MONTH FROM DUAL; -- 109 years and 3 months 109-3 SELECT (TO_DATE('01-MAY-2006 16:52:57','DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS') - TO_DATE('31-JAN-1897 09:26:50','DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS')) DAY(9) TO SECOND FROM DUAL; -- 39901 days and some seconds 39901 7:26:7.0 SELECT (TO_TIMESTAMP('01-MAY-2006 16:52:57.847', 'DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS.FF3') - TO_TIMESTAMP('31-JAN-1897 09:26:50.124', 'DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS.FF3')) YEAR(4) TO MONTH FROM DUAL; -- 109 years and 3 months 109-3 SELECT (TO_TIMESTAMP('01-MAY-2006 16:52:57.847', 'DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS.FF3') - TO_TIMESTAMP('31-JAN-1897 09:26:50.124','DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS.FF3')) DAY(9) TO SECOND FROM DUAL; -- 39 94. How To Use IN Conditions in Oracle? An IN condition is single value again a list of values. It returns TRUE, if the specified value is in the list. Otherwise, it returns FALSE. Some examples are given in the script below: SELECT CASE WHEN 3 IN (1,2,3,5) THEN 'TRUE' ELSE 'FALSE' END FROM DUAL; TRUE SELECT CASE WHEN 3 NOT IN (1,2,3,5) THEN 'TRUE' ELSE 'FALSE' END FROM DUAL; FALSE SELECT CASE WHEN 'Y' IN ('F','Y','I') THEN 'TRUE' ELSE 'FALSE' END FROM DUAL; TRUE 95. How To Use LIKE Conditions in Oracle? LIKE condition is also called pattern patch. There 3 main rules on using LIKE condition: * '_' is used in the pattern to match any one character. * '%' is used in the pattern to match any zero or more characters. * ESCAPE clause is used to provide the escape character in the pattern. The following script provides you some good pattern matching examples: SELECT CASE WHEN 'atoztarget.com' LIKE '%Center%' THEN 'TRUE' ELSE 'FALSE' END FROM DUAL; TRUE SELECT CASE WHEN 'atoztarget.com' LIKE '%CENTER%' THEN 'TRUE' ELSE 'FALSE' END FROM DUAL; -- Case sensitive by default FALSE SELECT CASE WHEN 'atoztarget.com' LIKE '%Center_com' THEN 'TRUE' ELSE 'FALSE' END FROM DUAL; TRUE SELECT CASE WHEN '100% correct' LIKE '100% %' ESCAPE '' THEN 'TRUE' ELSE 'FALSE' END FROM DUAL; TRUE 96. How To Use Regular Expression in Pattern Match Conditions in Oracle? If you have a pattern that is too complex for LIKE to handle, you can use the regular expression pattern patch function: REGEXP_LIKE(). The following script provides you some good examples: SELECT CASE WHEN REGEXP_LIKE ('atoztarget.com', '.*ggl.*','i') THEN 'TRUE' ELSE 'FALSE' END FROM DUAL; TRUE SELECT CASE WHEN REGEXP_LIKE ('atoztarget.com', '.*com$','i') THEN 'TRUE' ELSE 'FALSE' END FROM DUAL; TRUE SELECT CASE WHEN REGEXP_LIKE ('atoztarget.com', '^F.*','i') THEN 'TRUE' ELSE 'FALSE' END FROM DUAL; TRUE 97. What Are DDL Statements in Oracle? DDL (Data Definition Language) statements are statements to create and manage data objects in the database. The are 3 primary DDL statements: CREATE - Creating a new database object. ALTER - Altering the definition of an existing data object. DROP - Dropping an existing data object. 98. How To Create a New Table in Oracle? If you want to create a new table in your own schema, you can log into the server with your account, and use the CREATE TABLE statement. The following script shows you how to create a table: >.binsqlplus /nolog SQL> connect HR/atoztarget Connected. SQL> CREATE TABLE tip (id NUMBER(5) PRIMARY KEY, subject VARCHAR(80) NOT NULL, description VARCHAR(256) NOT NULL, create_date DATE DEFAULT (sysdate)); Table created. This scripts creates a testing table called "tip" with 4 columns in the schema associated with the log in account "HR". 99. How To Create a New Table by Selecting Rows from Another Table? Let's say you have a table with many data rows, now you want to create a backup copy of this table of all rows or a subset of them, you can use the CREATE TABLE...AS SELECT statement to do this. Here is an example script: >.binsqlplus /nolog SQL> connect HR/atoztarget Connected. SQL> CREATE TABLE emp_dept_10 2 AS SELECT * FROM employees WHERE department_id=10; Table created. SQL> SELECT first_name, last_name, salary 2 FROM emp_dept_10; FIRST_NAME LAST_NAME SALARY -------------------- ------------------------- ---------- Jennifer Whalen 4400 As you can see, this SQL scripts created a table called "emp_dept_10" using the same column definitions as the "employees" table and copied data rows of one department. This is really a quick and easy way to create a table. 100. How To Add a New Column to an Existing Table in Oracle? If you have an existing table with existing data rows, and want to add a new column to that table, you can use the ALTER TABLE ... ADD statement to do this. Here is an example script: SQL> connect HR/atoztarget Connected. SQL> CREATE TABLE emp_dept_110 2 AS SELECT * FROM employees WHERE department_id=110; Table created. SQL> ALTER TABLE emp_dept_110 ADD (vacation NUMBER); Table altered. SQL> SELECT first_name, last_name, vacation 2 FROM emp_dept_110; FIRST_NAME LAST_NAME VACATION -------------------- ------------------------- ---------- Shelley Higgins William Gietz This SQL script added a new column called "vacation" to the "emp_dept_110" table. NULL values were added to this column on all existing data rows. ORACLE Database Questions and Answers Pdf Download Read the full article

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Microsoft Certification Courses Melbourne Can Help you Fulfill your Career Objectives

In the present times, professional knowledge and skills are highly valued in the industry. The candidates having practical skills and experience are preferred, rather than those having merely theoretical knowledge. That's why the professional certifications are getting so common these days. Among such certifications also, Microsoft Certifications hold a distinguished place.

 In an IDC study conducted a few years back, Microsoft Office had been found among the top three skills asked by employers to hire candidates. Now, the MS Office package includes desktop applications like MS Word, MS Excel, MS PowerPoint, MS Access, and MS Outlook, among others. The total number of users using the MS Office daily around the globe is a staggering 1 billion plus; most of these users are students and professionals. This is about one Microsoft Certification Courses Melbourne package only, there are many others which are widely used across industries.

 Microsoft offers training material and certifications for a variety of its software. A learner must go through proper training and study and based on that he/she must sit for a certification exam. Now, this training and subsequent certification examination are not conducted directly by Microsoft, but through its partner organizations, called Microsoft Partner Organization. On clearing the examination for a Microsoft course, a course certificate is provided by Microsoft, which validates the skills learned by the student.

 Microsoft certification courses provide a great way to the full-time students and working professionals to improve their knowledge and professional profile. The popular Microsoft Certification Courses Melbourne courses include MS Excel Training, MCSA, MCSE, ASP.NET, Microsoft Dynamics, SQL Server, CRM, and several others. These courses can contribute a lot towards making your professional profile strong.

 A Microsoft Certification or MS Certification proves helpful in landing a good job offer for the freshers and in obtaining career growth for working professionals, especially in the IT industry. There are several indirect benefits also that the MS certified candidates receive, such as the privilege to become a part of the worldwide MS community, repute, and high confidence. What you must do is to enrol in such courses in a reputable institution and to make your earnest effort in learning the concepts.

 VIT institute is an established for training organization and authorized Microsoft Partner organization as well. They offer a variety of Microsoft Certification Courses Melbourne to students and working individuals. There is a long list of Microsoft courses offered by them. You can choose the course(s) that is most suited to your profile.

Get Certified in Microsoft Certification Courses Melbourne and Make your way Smooth Towards your Dream Job

 Microsoft is not a name that needs to be introduced and getting certified in any of the Microsoft courses enhances your repute to the same level. Microsoft certification is a way of assuring that you have appropriate skills to work in this domain. The Microsoft Certification Courses Melbourne not only provides you the knowledge to get certified, but also enlightens on the questions asked during the interview. Along with the apt knowledge and interview-cracking skills, the candidates would be able to acquire the position they dream of and will also be able to handle the dignity of the designation with ease and confidence.

 Microsoft Certification course is regarded as one of the best courses available in the field of IT. Learning advanced skills can help you get a secured job and increase your chances to promotion. Various training programs are offered by Microsoft that help the candidates get well acquainted with the worldwide spread software by Microsoft. There is also an exclusive IT Certification for corporate employees.

 In today's market, it is very necessary for an individual to know about the nascent technologies and increase their skill set, in order to stay competitive. This helps in making them reachable and approachable for the recruiters when it comes to new job opportunities and increases their chances of getting promoted. There are so many notable certifications and courses from Microsoft that one can aim for and remain updated as per the recent market trend. Also, a certified individual (who is obvious to possess deep domain knowledge) is also able to create a good impression on the interviewer during the interview and amongst the colleagues after the selection. Out of the numerous advantages that the Microsoft certifications offer to the holder, some are mentioned here:

 Proves that you have the skills required to work with Microsoft

 Put some weight on your resume

 Increase your chances of getting a dream job

 Distinguishes you from your counterparts

 Gain valuable experience and confidence

 Enhance your earning potential

 Prepare you for a successful future

 After reviewing all the above-mentioned benefits and features of the Microsoft certification, it is time to seek the way to earn this certification. The Microsoft Certification Courses Melbourne prove to be the best way to learn and earn the certification. The use of Microsoft official course ware and availability of official labs and practice tests as per the demand of the learner, are the attractive features of these courses that sets them apart from other courses. The following are some of the well-recommended Microsoft courses that are beneficial for the career growth of an individual:

MCSA® 70-410

MCSA® 70-411

MCSA® 70-412

MCSA SQL Server 2012

MS-SQL Server BI

MCSE BI

Developing MS Azure

 For getting more information visit here VIT - Victorian Institute of Technology.

14/123 Queen St, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia

1300 17 17 55 (or) support@vit.edu.au

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ASP .NET Interview Questions and Answers

In this article, I will try to cover ASP .NET interview questions which you must know before going for an interview, this is useful for both freshers and experienced candidates

1. What is ASP?

Active Server Pages (ASP), also known as Classic ASP, is Microsoft’s server-side technology, which helps in creating dynamic and user-friendly Web pages. It uses different scripting languages to…

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An Overview Jquery

Jquery turns the web technology has most interactive and its unique features are push the developers to hang of it. Its popularity can be attributed to the creation of a dynamic web page, speed, simplicity and it's versatility.

Who Uses Jquery

Jquery play the biggest role on the web. It is used in many companies like Microsoft, Google Chrome, Firefox, IBM, Netflix, Sony and more. The Following List is some of the technologies that possess jquery.

Google Chrome add-ons, Chrome OS apps

Mozilla XUL apps

Firefox extensions, Firefox OS apps

Windows 8 Store apps

BlackBerry 10 WebWorks apps

PhoneGap/Cordova apps.

Also, Read Best Jquery Interview Questions for Freshers

Browsers Supported by Jquery

jquery supports the following browsers

IE 6.0+

FF 2.0+

Safari 3.0+

Chrome

Opera 9.0+

Jquery is a cross-platform library. It has good functionality which helps to run exactly the same in all browsers.

Version of Jquery

Jquery is an open source software. So a needy can easily get the jquery. It possesses two major versions, that are as follows

Production Version

It is a minified or compressed version. So we can't make the changes.

Development Version

It hasn't compressed so then we can easily make changes and can see how jquery works on your desired system.

It mostly used for the purpose of development and Testing. So the developer can run it into error and learn how to encounter a problem while using jquery.

How To Use Jquery

Installation- Local

Download Jquery by clicking on this link http://www.jquery.com and get the latest version of jquery file.(Ex:jquery 1.3.2.min.js)

Copy the .js file into your root web directory Ex: www.test.com/jquery-3.3.1.min.js

In your HTML file Ex: index.html between the head tags include the following code, and then JQuery will be installed.

Ex:

<script type="text/javascript" src="jquery-3.3.1.min.js"> </script>

Installation-CDN Based

First download your desired jquery version file into browser file.

Copy the Url and put it between the script's src attribute.

Ex:

<script type="text/javascript" src="http://ajax.microsoft.com/ajax/jquery/jquery-1.3.2.min.js"> </script>

CDN Installation Advantage

CDN based installation has many advantages

In CDN based installation we can include jQuery library into your HTML code directly from Content Delivery Network.

Google and Microsoft both have CDNs that are free for personal and commercial use.

CDN based installation has all the capability to run most browser's technology at precisely.

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300+ TOP WEBMETHODS Interview Questions and Answers

WebMethods Interview Questions for freshers experienced :-

1.What is EAI ? EAI or Enterprise Applications Integration can be defined as data that can be integrated from disparate applications regardless of the platform, allowing the sharing of business processes amongst multiple organizations. 2.What are the Major categories of EAI? Integration can be at different application layers: Data Level Integration: Batch data transfer, OR On-line propagation of data updates API Level Integration: Data is accessed through published API services Service Method Level Integration: Common services shared by different applications User Interface Level Integration: The controller reacts to the user input. It creates and sets the model. Common user interface (e.g. web based) for unified access to multiple applications. 3.What are the Advantages of EAI? Advantages of EAI solutions are: Streamlines business processes and helps raise organizational efficiency. Real time information access among systems. Maintains information integrity across multiple systems. Speedier transactions at reduced costs. If one of the applications misbehaves and requires to be shut down for maintenance, then with EAI, we can easily “decouple” it from rest of the systems. Which avoids having to bring down other systems. 4.What are the disadvantages of EAI? The main disadvatages of using EAI systems: Constant change: The very nature of EAI is dynamic and requires dynamic project managers to manage their implementation. Lack of EAI experts : EAI requires knowledge of many issues and technical aspects. EAI is a tool paradigm: EAI is not a tool, but rather a system and should be implemented as such. Building interfaces is an art : Engineering the solution is not sufficient. Solutions need to be negotiated with user departments to reach a common consensus on the final outcome. A lack of consensus on interface designs leads to excessive effort to map between various systems data requirements. Loss of detail : Information that seemed unimportant at an earlier stage may become crucial later. Accountability : Since so many departments have many conflicting requirements, there should be clear accountability for the system's final structure. 5.What are the main companies which provide EAI tools / software? TIBCO webMethods Vitria iPlanet MQSeries (IBM) iPlanet BizTalk (Microsoft) WebLogic (BEA) 6.What is webMethods? A company that provides integration tools. The key products include Integration Server, Enterprise Server, Business Integrator, Workflow and Mainframe Integration Server. webMethods is a company, not a product. 7.What are the modules of webMethods Product Suite? Integration and B2B Service Oriented Architecture Business Process Management Business Activity Monitoring 8.What are the tools of webMethods Integration ? webMethods Adapters webMethods Developer webMethods Integration Server webMethods Integration Platform webMethods Broker webMethods Monitor webMethods Optimize for Infrastructure webMethods Trading Networks webMethods EDI Module webMethods EDIINT webMethods eStandards Modules webMethods PIM 9.What Is Developer? webMethods Developer is a graphical development tool that you use to build, edit, and test integration logic. It provides an integrated development environment in which to develop the logic and supporting objects that carry out the work of an integration solution. It also provides tools for testing and debugging the solutions you create. 10.What Is an Element? An element is an item that exists in the Navigation panel in webMethods Developer.Elements include folders, services, specifications, IS document types, triggers, and ISschemas. In the Navigation panel, servers and packages are not considered to be elements.

WEBMETHODS Interview Questions 11.What Is an Element? An element is an item that exists in the Navigation panel in webMethods Developer.Elements include folders, services, specifications, IS document types, triggers, and ISschemas. In the Navigation panel, servers and packages are not considered to be elements. 12.What Is a Startup Service? A startup service is one that Integration Server automatically executes when it loads a package into memory. 13.What Is a Flow Service? A flow service is a service that is written in the webMethods flow language. This simple yet powerful language lets you encapsulate a sequence of services within a single service and manage the flow of data among them. 14.What Is the Pipeline? The pipeline is the general term used to refer to the data structure in which input and output values are maintained for a flow service. It allows services in the flow to share data.The pipeline starts with the input to the flow service and collects inputs and outputs from subsequent services in the flow. When a service in the flow executes, it has access to all data in the pipeline at that point. 15.How to invoke a service from a browser ? Use a URL in the form: http://servername:port/invoke/folder.subFolder.subsubFolder/serviceName (the package name is not part of the URL in any way) 16.What happens when the pub.flow:tracePipeline service is invoked? The Integration Server logs the name-value pairs in the pipeline at that time 17.When creating a BRANCH flow element, what is the purpose of the "scope" field on the properties tab? To restrict pipeline access to only the data in this document 18.What is the primary function of the built-in pub.flow:savePipeline service? Save the current pipeline to a named memory location on the Integration Server 19.When you create and save the FLOW "my.pack:myFlow" in the "MyPack" package, where will you find the code? In the "MyPacknsmypackmyFlowflow.xml" file 20.What is the Branch operation? Branch operation conditionally executes an operation based on the value of a variable at run time 21.What is the default behavior, if a Flow EXIT does not specify a "from"? $loop will be assumed, and a com.wm.lang.flow.FlowException will be thrown if the EXIT is not in a LOOP 22.An Integration Server package may have one or more startup services. When does a startup service execute? Whenever the package is loaded or re-loaded 23.By default, the webMethods Integration Server has an HTTP listener assigned to which port? 5555 24.How can the webMethods Integration Server logging date format be changed? By editing the watt.server.dateStampFmt parameter in the server.cnf file 25.When coding IS Services, how can a variable of type Document Type be represented in Java? Variable of type Document Type be represented as "IData " 26.For a REPEAT operation to execute as long as the specified repeat condition remains true, the count parameter needs to be set to: The count parameter needs to be set to "-1 " . 27.When creating Flow services, what is the purpose of a SEQUENCE operation? The purpose of Sequence operation is to group a subset of Flow operations so that they are treated as a unit. 28.If the webMethods Integration Server is started with from the server root directory with this command, "binserver.bat -debug 9 -log none", what does this tell the server to do? Start in level 9 debug mode and write all server log information to the screen. 29.The Integration Server requires access to the Java classes for each JDBC driver that it will use. Typically, where must such Java classes be placed? webMethods6IntegrationServerlibjars 30.The Flow Services are physically stored on the webMethods Integration Server in the form of: Flow Services are physically stored on the webMethods Integration Server as "XML" files. 31.What is the default behavior if a Flow EXIT does not specify a "from"? The EXIT will throw an java.lang.NullPointerException. 32.After a default installation, in order to use the pub.file:getFile service, what needs to be done? pub.file:getFile does not require any modifications to the Integration Server. 33.What happens when the pub.flow:tracePipeline service is invoked? The Integration Server logs the name-value pairs in the pipeline at that time. 33.How to use SEQUENCE as the Target of a BRANCH? Set evaluate label property of branch step to true. Then set the label property of sequence with the value on which it needs to be processed. 34.How to Restore a Session on a Server? Developer gets disconnected from the server if the server goes down or if there is a problem in the network. Donot close the developer.If you close the developer you wont be able to save the changes.Once the server come up or the network problem is resolved. you will be automatically connected to the server and then you can retsore your session. 35.How to open a session on a different server? Select "session" from the menu in toolbar and click open. key in the server IP and port on which you have to open the connection.The user name and password on that server. 36.How ACLs Affect locking? ACLS are used to give the authorization to the particular user groups.If u give ACL to administrator then the admin group users who are there in that group they can have the acess to that particular service.Otherwise we can not use it.This is called ACL locking. 37.How to Change the Order of Steps in a Flow Service? We can change the Order of steps in a Flow Service of Various other services which are called in sequence within Flow service using "Shift Up and Shift Down" buttons exists at top of Editor Panel. As well we can move any service or Map inside a SEQUENCE or BRANCH using "Shift Left and Shift Right" buttons 38.When and why should we use transformers and flow services? How are they different from each other? Mapping is the process of performing transformations to resolve data representation differences between services or document formats. By linking variables to each other on the Pipeline tab, you can accomplish name transformations and structural transformations. However, to perform value transformations you must execute some code or logic. Developer provides two ways for you to invoke services: You can insert INVOKE steps or you can insert transformers onto the Pipeline tab. Transformers are the services you use to accomplish value transformations on the Pipeline tab. 39.What are Structural transformations ? Splitting one field into several or merging fields, reordering portions of a message or renaming fields are know as structural transformations 40.How to Move Flow Steps? Open the webMethods developer in EditPrespective.Select the flow step u wanna move just drag it to the place u want to move.Otherwise use the arrow buttons on the editor pannel to move the selected flow steps. 41.How to remove a system lock from an element? System locks can be removed by making the server side files of the element as redable.right Click on the elemet in developer which is system locked.and choose the lock properties. It will display the server side files for the element.Make the files as readable and click the referesh button in the developer.You will find that the element is no more locked. 42.How to Find Elements in the Navigation Panel? Just right click on the element ehich u want to see then u click Locate in navigation option then u can see that element in the navigation panel 43.How to find dependents of a selected element on the server? Right click on the element for which you have to find the dependents in the navigational pannel.and click on the option find dependents. 44.How do I change the JVM used by Integration Server? To change to the JDK used by webMethods you will need to edit the IntegrationServerbinserver.bat or IntegrationServer/bin/server.sh file used to start up Integration Server. Edit the file and change the following line to point to the JDK path SET JAVA_DIR=C:optj2sdk1.4.2 45.How do I debug the Developer IDE itself ? Start the developer up in debug mode, similar to the Integration server: cd pathToWMInstall/Developer/bin developer.bat -debug 10 46.What is the difference between drop and delete pipeline variable? Drop pipeline is an explicit cleanup. It is a request for the pipeline to remove a variable from the available list of variables and make the object it refers to available for garbage collection by the Java Virtual Machine. Delete is purely a design time operation to remove the variable from the current view. It is only of use if you have created a variable that you didn't mean to create. If you delete a variable that was there because it was previously in the pipeline when you change the view in developer you will see the variable appear again. 47.How do I see the java code for my flow service ? Flow is not turned into java code. It resides on disk as XML representing the flow operations which is then parsed and turned into an in-memory java tree of the operations. Although the underlying code that implements the flow operations is java, it is stored on disk as XML. 48.How do I throw an exception when using a try-catch block ? Set a flag in your catch block or leave a variable holding the error message in the pipeline. Outside the catch block put a branch on that variable or flag and if it is non-null then exit with failure or call the service that generates the exception. 49.How to get the current index of the List in a loop? There is a special variable on the pipeline called $iteration which will be incremented as the loop operator works up through the list. 49.How to limit a flow service executed only by one thread at a time? Create a java service Create a private static object on the shared source (private static Object LOCK_OBJ = new Object(); ) Have the code below on the java service source: IDataCursor idc = pipeline.getCursor(); IDataCursor idcResult = null; try { // put this section into a critical section to ensure single-threaded execution synchronized(LOCK_OBJ) { Execute a flow service using Service.doInvoke } idc.destroy(); idcResult.destroy(); } catch (Exception exc){ ServerAPI.logError(exc); idc.destroy(); throw new ServiceException(exc.toString());             }\ 50.How do I sort using the JDBC select adapter service? Although there is no tab to specify "order by" the same functionality is able to be specified in the "SELECT" tab. One of the columns in the is labelled "Sort Order" which will allow you to specify the column(s) you wish to sort by. To alter the order: simply alter the order of the columns selected. 51.How should I organise connection pools ? If you have adapter notifications and adapter services then you will need to have two separate connections. Otherwise you may get strange errors about transactions and the like. You should also avoid having connection pools shared across different functional areas, even if they are pointing to the same database. The reason for this is that tuning the size of the pool becomes quite difficult if you have multiple types of usage of a pool. You are also unable to easily change the database settings for one without impacting on the other. One approach that seems to work quite well is to have separate pools for each package (generally.. not a hard and fast rule though), as your packages should generally be divided up according to functional area too. 52.How to preserve existing pipeline before a restorePipeline step ? Set the "$merge" variable in restorePipeline or "merge" in restorePipelineFromFile to be true. This will ensure that everything in the pipeline before a restorePipeline step is preserved. 53.What is the primary function of the built-in pub.flow:savePipeline service? Save the current pipeline to a named memory location on the Integration Server. 54.What is the default behavior if a Flow EXIT does not specify a "from"? $loop will be assumed, and a com.wm.lang.flow.FlowException will be thrown if the EXIT is not in a LOOP 55.An Integration Server package may have one or more startup services. When does a startup service execute? Startup service will execute whenever the package is loaded or re-loaded 56.What is the primary purpose of a Web Service Connector? The purpose of Web Service Connector is to invoke a Web Service on a different web server Startup service will execute whenever the package is loaded or re-loaded 57.The Developer was used to create a Java Service named myService in a folder named myFolder in the Default package. What is the best way to hide the source code of the Java service? Configure an Access Control List which only allows members of authorized groups and assign it as the Read ACL for the service 58.When using the SEQUENCE Flow operation, if exit-on is set to SUCCESS, what condition will cause the entire SEQUENCE to fail? When all of the child operations fail . 59.The Integration Server requires access to the Java classes for each JDBC driver that it will use. Typically, where must such Java classes be placed? Java classes are be placed in WebMethods6IntegrationServerlibjars 60.TThe Package Management interface of the WebMethods IS Administrator can be used to create package dependencies. Package dependencies can be used to:? Ensure that specific WebMethods IS packages are loaded before the depending package loads WebMethods Questions and Answers Pdf Download Read the full article

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300+ TOP Web Services Testing Interview Questions and Answers

Web Services Testing Interview Questions for freshers experienced :-

1. Difference between Web application and web service? A web application is a database disc. A web service is a online service, as in Verizon online service, Web application: any application which resides on a server, but meant for use by humans, which uses web pages as the presentation layer. All user interactivity (the GUI) is done through web pages, but all data is stored and (mostly) manipulated on the server. Web service: server-based application (as above) which may be accessed over the web via HTTP, but is meant primarily for interaction with other programs. Thus, it will have a clearly-defined API which consists of providing responses to HTTP GET and POST requests made by a remote application. 2. What are the typical problems in web testing? server problems(ie server down or under maintenance) HardWare problem DataBase problem 3. In n tier Architecture What are the factors should be considered for testing? Basically 3-tier architecture is for windows based application. Whereas n-tier architecture is for web-based applications. So, We should do the testing related to web-testing. In 3 tier architecture there are 3 layers in the architecture. They are 1) Application(Presentation) layer 2)Business Logic Layer and 3)Data layer In n tier architecture, Data layer is divided into 2 layers i.e Data access and Database. In n tier architecture, Data access layer and Database layer may or may not reside on the same location. Keeping that into consideration we have to prepare Test strategy and Test Approach. 4. What types of web testing security problem? Denial of Service (DoS) attack, buffer overflow. Pasting internal url directly into browser address bar without login. Check reactions for invalid inputs for login id and password User should not view the other stats. 5. What bugs are mainly come in webtesting what severity and priority we are giving The bug that mainly comes in web testing are cosmetic bugs on web pages , field validation related bugs and also the bugs related to scalability ,throughput and response time for web pages. During the website application testing, bug related to the link broken also comes. 6. What are the important test scenarios for testing a web site? As a Tester you should test GUI of the website, test whether the page layout and design elements are consistent throughout the site, Whether all the links provided in the website are working properly, What are the expected loads on the server performance of the website (check for webserver response time and database query time)under heavy loads. As a Test Engineer you should also test the functionality of each and every object existing in the web page while testing a web application 7. What is Glyphs? Glyph is the picture of the character. 8. What is the difference of approach for Testing Client/server and web applications? In case of web based testing we have test web browser and pages but in case of client server testing we test icon of application that is main difference Web based Application follows the client Server Architecture. Since in web based, we have a client i.e. Browser itself and the server is at some remote location. There is no such difference between client server and web based but it can be said that applications that are based on the client server architecture are different. Eg. Window based application - in them we need to install the application at each of the client user interface server being common for all the clients. but in web based application for user interface there is no need for any installation. The browser is the client itself. 9. What are possible configurations that could affect the testing strategy of any web site? Hardware platform (PC, Mac), Browser software and version, Browser Plug-Ins, Browser settings options, Video resolution and Color Depth, text size. 10. What is the difference between testing in client-server applications and web based applications? Client Server Testing:- In client server testing test engineer are conduct the following testing’s:- Behaviour testing(GUI TESTING) Input domain testing Error Handling testing Backend testing In Web testing test engineer are conduct the following testings:- Behaviour Testing Static web testing Input domain testing Backend testing Error handling testing Frame Level testing

Web Services Testing Interview Questions 11. What type of testing is carried out to find memory- leakages? give me a sample example? Through Volume testing it is possible. i.e., An application tries to retrieve large amount of data that require large temporary buffer area. If the data exceed the buffer area the situation of memory leakage will occur and query will fail without returning any result as sorting didn’t got finished as buffer exceeds the limit. We need to know the memory size before the test execution and after test execution by using memory related API functions or MFC functions. 12. What is the difference between web application And Client server Application Testing? While Testing the Web Browser we need to take care of Security, Usability, Performance and URL links. Web application is internationally so security is very important here. Where as Client server we don’t need security at high level, It is two tier and it is used only by defined users. 13. What is your approach or how do you start Testing an Web application? The first thing u need is to go through the specification and without using the specification u are just playing with the application. So specification is the main interface to the for any software to be tested First Do The GUI testing after finishing that we can go for Functionality Testing. 14. How to Check whether your website is secure or not? Microsoft Internet Explorer displays the lock icon in the lower-right of the browser window Many SSL Certificate vendors (Verisign, GeoTrust, etc.) also provide a "site seal" to the owners of these web sites. 15. What are the typical problems in web testing? In the web testing the main problems with SERVER security the security testing plays imp role. 16. In n tier Architecture what are the factors should be considered for testing? In N tier architecture, load testing, browser testing, compatible testing and functional testing are mandatory factor. 17. What are the common problems encountered in web testing? The most common problem encountered during testing network is the server problem. The server may be down or may be subject to maintenance. The next problem, which is often found in testing site is a database problem, where the connection with the broken base. In some cases there may be hardware compatibility issues when you are testing a Web application. 18. What are the different static websites to dynamic websites? Static web pages only give information to the user and the user does not have any interaction with the website. On the other hand, dynamic Web sites are those where the user communicates with the system and they are required information. In providing the required information, you may be able to retrieve the information you are looking for. 19. What are the most common browsers, which must be a Web application to test? The commonly used browsers are Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Internet Explorer and Opera. Therefore, a Web application must be tested in these browsers as well. 20.While testing a web site, which are different configurations that have to be aware of? These settings can demand change in the strategy of the website. The most important factor to consider is the hardware platform, while some may use the Mac platform, some may use Linux, while others can use the Microsoft. The next is the browsers and their versions in the box. Along with the browser versions, different plug-ins must also be considered. The resolution also monitor color depth and size of the text are some of the other configurations. 21. Is it possible, while usability testing a website? Usability testing is in fact an important part of the test site. In usability testing, it checks if the website is easy to use. Is it possible that the user can move easily within the website. Is there any ambiguity in the website, which can make the user experience. 22. What is a proxy server? A proxy server is a server, which acts as an intermediary between the client and the server. Therefore, applications on the primary server is first sent to the proxy server on the client system, which is then sent to the server. The response from the principal server sends the client through the proxy server. The application and / or response can be modified by the proxy server based on filter rules from the server. 23. What are the HTTP response object? Some of the HTTP response objects are writing, cleaning, counting, etc. HTTP response subclasses are HttpResponseRedirect, HttpResponsePermanentRedirect, HttpResponseBadRequest, HttpResponseNotFound, etc. 24. What are the different test formats for cases, which are part of the test site? The test case format may vary depending on whether the site is a static website or dynamic website. The static website will have the front of the test cases, test cases, navigation. On the other hand, if the site is a dynamic web site, then test cases are divided into front end test cases, again the final test cases, the field validation test cases, case base test data, test cases, security, etc. 25. Explain the difference between authentication and authorization for web testing? Authentication is the process by which the system identifies the user. The aim is to ensure that the user is actually a user who claims to be. There are different types of authentication, which can be used as password-based authentication, authentication based devices, etc. On the other hand, the authorization is the process after the authentication process. In this process the system to decide whether a particular task can be performed by the user, does the necessary permissions, etc. 26. Different test scenarios do you consider when you are testing a Web site? The first hypothesis to check is the graphical user interface. Page layout and design elements used on the website must be uniform throughout the website. The next part of the test are always different links within the website. Along with links, but they also have to be tested, if the navigation is soft and also to check if there is complex. The next important aspect to control is the response time of the website. This will also have to check when there is heavy load on the system. Web Services Testing Questions and Answers Pdf Download Read the full article

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300+ TOP STATA Interview Questions and Answers

STATA Interview Questions for freshers experienced :-

1. What is the elementary use of Stata? The integrated statistical software is fundamentally used as an integral part of research methodologies in the field of economics, biomedicine, and political science in order to examine data pattern. 2. What are the most advisable functions performed with the help of Stata? The program is best suited for processing time? the series, panel, and cross? sectional data. 3. What makes the tool more intuitive? The availability of both command line and graphical user interface makes the usage of the software more spontaneous. 4. What are the competencies of using Stata software? The incorporation of data management, statistical analysis, graphics, simulations, regression, and custom programming and at the same time it also accommodates a system to disseminate user-written programs that lets it grow continuously, making it an integral statistical tool. 5. List four major builds of Stata and state their purposes? STATA MP - Multiprocessor computer which includes dual-core and multicore processors. STATA SE - Majorly used for analyzing larger databases STATA IC - The standard version of the software Numerics by STATA support MP, SE AND IC data types in an embedded environment. 6. State the various disciplines which use Stata as an integral software for efficient results? STATA software acts as an effective analytical and statistical tools for major sectors, they are as follows : Behavioral sciences: Behavioral scientist entrust STATA for its accuracy, extensibility, reproducibility, and ease of use features. Whether it is an extensive research on cognitive development, studying personality traits or developing measurement instruments, The software accommodates all the required collateral to pursue a broad range of behavioral science questions. Education: In the process of developing new tests or researching diverse topics as learning and development, teacher effectiveness, or school finance, STATA establishes the relevant and accurate statistical methodology options forward. The analysis is consistently integrated with illustrations (graphics) and data management into one package in order to seek a wide range of educational questions. Medical: Medicinal researchers entrust to use STATA for its range of biostatistical methods and reproducibility approach towards the data. In the process of any medical research or while performing a clinical trial, the program provides accurate tools which helps conduct the study from power and sample-size calculations to data management to analysis. Biostatistics: Biostatisticians approve of STATA for its accuracy, extensibility, and reproducibility. Inconsiderate of the study’s statistical approach or focus area or whether it is a cross-sectional, longitudinal, or time-to-event. STATA equips the users with all the necessary statistics, graphics, and data management tools needed to implement and study a wide range of biostatistical methods. Economics: The researchers in the field of economics have always relied upon STATA for its accuracy and relevancy. Whether its a study on educational institution selection research process, Gross domestic price or stock trends, Stata provides all the statistics, graphics, and data management tools needed to complete the study with utmost authenticity. Business / Finance - Marketing: financial and marketing research analysts often rely on this tool in the case of researching asset pricing, capital market dynamics, customer-value management, consumer and firm behaviour, or branding, the reason being its accuracy and extensibility of providing all the statistics, graphics, and data management tools. Sociology: Apart from the above-listed sectors, STATA is also used in the study of demographic and geographic research processes. 7. What are the key features of Stata/ MP? STATA/ MP is termed as the fastest and largest version of the program. This version’s multiprocessing abilities provide the most comprehensive support (multi core) to all kinds of statistics and data administration. STATA/MP supports over 64 cores/processors, making it the fastest medium to analyze the data when compared to STATA/SE. This version interprets 10 to 20 billion observations in comparison to STATA/SE’s 2 billion observations. The program is 100% compatible with other versions and needs no modification of the analyses to obtain Stata/MP's speed improvements. 8. List down few highlights of new Stata 15? Extended regression modules which can address the problems such as Endogenous covariates, Nonrandom treatment assignment etc in any combination, unlike the previous Heckman and ivregress modules. STATA’S Latin Class Analysis helps to identify unobserved categories in the latent classes. STATA now supports Markdown - A standard markup language that allows text formatting from plain text input. Program's Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium command estimates the parameters of DSGE models that are linear in the variables but potentially nonlinear in the parameters. Bayes prefix, when combined with Bayesian features with STATA’S spontaneous and elegant specification of regression models, lets the users fit Bayesian regression models more conveniently and fit additional models. 9. What is the work function of Stata’S user interface? Primarily, STATA by default opens in four different windows : Results: This window displays all the commands and their results, with an exception being made for graphs which are showcased in their own window. Review: Only the commands are made visible in this particular window. When clicked on any specific command by the user it appears on a separate window. The review tab has an option of “ Save Review Contents ” which allows the user to save all documented files in the review window to a file for later use. ( This is not a substitute for log and do files.) Command: This is the space used to type the commands while working in an interactive mechanism. All the content typed here will be reflected in both results and review windows. “ Page Up “ and “ Page Down “ keys are used in order to view previously executed commands. Variables: Entire list of user ’s variables and their labels are displayed here. When clicked it will be pasted in the command window. 10. What are the various data format compatible with Stata software? STATA is compatible to import data from various formats, Inclusive of ASCII data formats (such as CSV or databank formats) and spreadsheet formats (including various Excel formats). It can as well read and write SAS XPORT format datasets natively, using the fdause and fdasave commands. The STATAS’s dominion file formats are platform independent, which enables the users from different operating systems comfortably exchange datasets and programs. Although there has been consistent change over the course of time with respect to STATA’S data format, still the users can read all older dataset formats and can write both the current and most recent previous dataset format, using the same old command.

STATA Interview Questions 11. Elaborate on Do, Log and CmdLog files? The User must always operate his work in a do-file, which ensures the output can be reproduced at a later time. One can start a do.file by simply clicking on the do.file editor button. The user has to also make sure to always turn on “Auto indent” and Auto save on do/run” options presented in the preferences tab. Another cardinal rule while working on STATA is the always maintain a log file running. These files have a record of the work done and even showcases the results. This function can be activated by giving "log using mylog.log" command. The usage of “.log” extension automatically creates the log as a plain text file that can then be opened in Microsoft Word or notepad as well as Stata's viewer. One can initiate command log with the command "cmdlog using mycmdlog.log". This ensures the file is saved in the text format. CmdLog has only the executed commands with no reflection of the output. Additionally, all the commands irrespective of where they are issued from are recorded in the command log. 12. Explain Stata salient features? Time series: This feature of the software allows the users to handle all the statistical challenges constitutional to time-series data, for example, common factors, autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity, unit roots, autocorrelations etc. The program operates various activities like filtering to fitting compound multiple variate models and graphing which reveals the structure into the time series. Survival Analysis: With the help of specialized survival analytical tools provided by STATA, the user an analyze the duration of an outcome. They can estimate and plot the possibility of survival over time irrespective of discrepancies such as (unobserved event, delay entry or gaps in the study). hazard ratios, mean survival time, and survival probabilities can be predicted with the help of this model. Extended regression Models: ERM is the face name for the class of models addresses several complications that arise on a regular basis frequently. Example of ERMS are 1) endogenous covariates, 2) sample selection and 3) non random treatment assignment. These complications can either arise alone or with any combination. The ERMs grants the user to make authentic inferences. Structural Equation Modeling: SME performs an assessment of the mediation effects. It evaluates the relationship between unobserved latent concept and observed variables that measure the concerned latent concept. ANOVA / MANOVA: These are known as Fit one- and two-way models. They analyze the data enclosed, fixed or random factors or with repeated measures. ANOVA is used when the user faces continuous covariates, whereas MANOVA models when the user has multiple outcome variables. The relationship between the outcome and predictors can be explored by estimating effect sizes and computing least-squares and marginal means. 13. List down standards methods and advanced techniques provided by Stata program? STATA provides over 100 various authentic statistical tools. Here are the few examples: STANDARD METHODS                                          ADVANCED TECHNIQUES Basic tabulations and summaries                          Time-series smoothers Multilevel models                                                      Binary, count, and censored outcomes Case-control analysis                                               Contrasts and comparisons Dynamic panel-data (DPD) regressions               Multiple imputations Power analysis                                                           SEM (structural equation modeling) ANOVA and MANOVA                                            Latent class analysis (LCA) 14. Explain Publication - Quality graphics feature? STATA makes it convenient for the users to generate high-quality styled graphs and visual representations. A user can either point and click or write scripts to produce numerous graphs in a reproducible manner. In order to view the visual, it must be either converted into EPS or TIF for publication, to PNG or SVG for the web, or to PDF. With an additional feature of integrated graph editor, the user can alter the graph accordingly. 15. List the different graph styles provided by STATA? STATA is one of the recommended software to create graphical illustrations, the following are the types of graphs made available by STATA namely : Bar charts Box plots Histograms Spike plots Pie charts Scatterplot matrices Dot charts Line charts Area charts etc. 16. How does the reading and documentation function work in STATA? In order to write a program to read data into STATA, Then the user has two possible choices. “Infile” and “infix” . When compared to infix, the infile command has more capabilities but at the same time has a higher level of complexity. If the user’s codebook has “start” and “length” information for the variables or the variables are separated by spaces ( not commas or tabs) then it advisable to use infile. On the other hand, if the codebook contains “start” and “end” column information then, the user can go ahead with infix. 17. What are the advantages of using STATA program? STATA is a fast, accurate and easy to use interface, with an additional feature of intuitive command syntax making it a powerful statistical data analytical tool. STATA provides a wide range of statistical tools from standard methods such as Basic tabulations and summaries, Case-control analysis, Linear regression to advanced techniques for example: Multilevel models, Dynamic panel data regressions, SEM etc. Data administration feature of STATA allows complete control over all data types. The user can then combine and reshape data sets, manage variables, and collect statistics across groups or duplicates. The software is capable to manage unique data sets (survival/duration data, panel/longitudinal etc.) The program is cross-platform compatible which includes windows, MAC, Linux. 18. Explain the role of MATA programming language? MATA is a full-fledged programming language that compiles the data typed into bytecode, optimizes it, and executes it fast. Al though it is not a requirement in order to use STATA a fast and complex matrix programming language is an essential part of STATA. The language acts as both interactive environments for manipulating matrices and fully developed environment that can produce compiled and optimized code. It complies important features for the processing of panel data, performs operations on real or complex matrices and offers outright support for object-oriented -programming and is fully integrated with every form of STATA. 19. Explain describe and codebook commands? Once the data is loaded in STATA, User must document in order to know what are the variables and how they are coded. The describe and codebook commands furnish information about the user’s data. Describe command is the most basic form of a command. It projects a short description of the file and also lists variables and their required information in the datasets. Codebook drafts a detailed description of each variable. By default, the codebook command will list variables that have nine or less discrete values and means for those which are more than nine. STATA Interview Questions and Answers Pdf Download Read the full article

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300+ TOP VBA Interview Questions and Answers

VBA Interview Questions for freshers experienced :-

1. What is VBA or Visual Basic for Applications? VBA stands for Visual Basic for Applications; it is an event driven programming language developed by Microsoft. It is predominantly used with Microsoft office applications like MS-word, MS-Access, and MS-Excel. 2. Explain where you can write your VBA program for Macro? Module is the place where you can write VBA program for Macro, to insert a Module navigate to Insert -> Module 3. What are the comments style used in VBA? Comments are used to document the program logic and the user information with which other programmers can work seamlessly on the same code in future. There are mainly two methods in VBA to represent comments. Any statement that begins with a single quote is treated as comment Or you can use statement REM instead of single quotation mark (‘) 4. In VBA how we can declare variable and constant? In VBA, variable can be declared with the keyword “DIM” while constant is declared with keyword “Const.” 5. What are the data types in VBA? Data types in VBA are classified into two categories Numeric Data type Non-numeric Data type Byte String (fixed length) Integer String (variable length) Long Date Single Boolean Double Object Currency Variant (numeric) Decimal Variant (text) 6. What is ADO, ODBC and OLEDB? ADO: ActiveX Data Objects or ADO is a universal data access framework that encompasses the functionality of DAO ODBC: Open Database Connectivity or ODBC is a technology that enables a database client application connect to an external database OLEDB: It is a low-level programming interface designed to access a wide variety of data access object linking and embedding (OLE) 7. Explain about function pointers in VBA? The VBA (Visual Basic Information) have flexible applications, but there is a limitation to a function pointer in VBA. Windows API has inadequate support for function pointers because it has the ability to use the function but not the functional support to call back the function. It has inbuilt support for the call but not for a callback. 8. How “reference counting” in VBA is done? In VBA, soon a variable goes out of scope, the reference counter on the reference object is decremented. When you assign the object reference to another variable, the reference counter is incremented. While when your reference count reaches to zero it terminates the event. 9. How can you decrease the reference counter explicitly? To decrease the reference counter explicitly, you need to set a variable to “Nothing”. 10. What is COM (Component Object Model) objects in VBA? COM objects are usually .dll files, and are compiled executable programs.

VBA Interview Questions 11. How can you dial a phone number through VBA? In order to dial a phone number through VBA, you need to follow the following steps Shell command in VBA can be used to start the dialer present in Windows O.S To connect to your modem, phone number can be used With the help of send keys and shell command, you can dial to your user Sendkey dictate the windows to dial according to the keystrokes of the application while Shell activates the Windows application A macro can be used to initiate the card file program which triggers the auto dialer feature 12. What is the meaning of “Option Explicit”? Where it should be used? “Option Explicit” makes the declaration of variables mandatory. Line explicit function makes the compiler to determine all the variables that are not declared by the dim statement. This command diminishes the problem of type errors significantly. It is used in VBA because it deals with information rich application in which type errors are common. Before starting any, sub-procedures it can be used inside a module. 13. How can you pass arguments to VBA functions? When arguments are passed to VBA functions, they can be passed in two ways ByVal: When argument is passed by Value, then it means that only value is passed to the procedure, and any changes that are made to the argument inside the procedure will be lost when the procedure is exited ByRef: When the argument is passed by reference than the actual address of the argument is passed to the procedure. Any changes that are made to the argument inside the procedure will be recalled when the procedure is exited 14. Explain the method that are called from the ObjectContext object to notify MTS that the transaction was unsuccessful or successful? Setabort and setcomplete method are called from the ObjectContext object to notify MTS that the transaction was unsuccessful or unsuccessful 15. What is the code to find a last used Row in a column or last used Column of a row? To find the last row in a column, the command used is End(xlUp) and to find last column in a row, the command used is End(xlToLeft). 16. Mention the difference between the Subroutines and Functions in VBA? The difference between the Subroutines and Functions is that Subroutines never return a value, but functions does return values Subroutines could change the values of the actual arguments while a function could not change the value of actual arguments 17. What is the difference between CurrentRegion properties and UsedRange? CurrentRegion: The current region is a range bounded by any combination of blank columns and rows UsedRange: This property is used to select the range of used cells on a worksheet. It returns a Range object that represents the used range on the specific worksheet 18. How to debug a VBA code? To debug a VBA code, follow the steps Using Breakpoints (F9) Step by step execution (F8) Print & Immediate Window and Watch the window 19. How can you stop VBA script when it goes into the infinite loop? By pressing Cntrl+ Pause Break key one can stop VBA script when it goes into infinite loop. 20. Mention which property of menu cannot be set at runtime? At runtime Name property of menu cannot be set. 21. Mention whether VBA have dictionary structure? Yes, VBA does have a dictionary structure. You can set a reference to dictionary like Set dict = CreateObject(“Scripting.Dictionary”) OR Dim dict as New Scripting.Dictionary 22. Mention how can you comment and uncomment blocks of code in the office VBA editor? In office VBA editor, you can comment and uncomment blocks of code by following steps In the VBA editor go to View ->Toolbars -> Customise… OR right click on the tool bar and select Customise Select the edit menu on the left, under the commands tab When you scroll down you can see two icons, “Comment Block” and “Uncomment ” When you drag and drop these onto your toolbar, you will have an easy access to highlight a block of code and do action on it 23. What does goal seek feature in excel? It allows to adjust a value used in a formula to achieve specific goal. 24. What is solver? Solver is an ad in to use for what if analysis and it can find optimal value for a formula in one cell. 25. What is offset function in excel? It is a function which returns cell or ranges and move right or left by specified number of column and rows. 26. What is Choose function in excel? It is a lookup function which returns a value from a list of values based on position. 27. What does filter in excel? It is feature which allow to retrieve the set of data based on criteria. 28. What is sort function in excel? It allows to sort the range or table by ascending or descending. 29. What is number of rows and columns in excel 2019? 1,048,576 rows and 16,384 columns. 30. What is name manager in excel? It is designed to manage names. 31. What is IFERROR function in excel? It returns custom result when a function generates error. 32. What is slicer in excel? It is new way to filter the pivot table. 33. What is sparklines in excel? It is a tiny chart in cell which provides visual representation of data. 34. What is freeze pane in excel? it is excel feature which allows to keep visible rows and columns while scrolling to other area of sheet. 35. What does hyperlink in excel? It returns hyperlink from given destination. 36. What is ribbon? It is set of toolbars at top of the window. 37. What is Macro? It allows to record the repeated tasks. 38. What is function? It is routine or procedure which performs a specific task. 39. What sub procedure? It is procedure that doesn’t return values. 40. What is User defined function? It is custom function which could be created using VBA. 41. Can be UDF be called in a macro Yes 42 What is option explicit? If a module contains Option Explicit, then variable must be declared all the variables explicitly. 43. What is array? It is group of variable and it is capable of storing more than one variable. 44. What is ReDim? It is used to size or resize a dynamic array that has been already declared. 45. What is scope of variable in excel vba? it has defined scope and it could be local variable, module level, project level and global level. 46. How to comment in excel vba? using apostrophe 47. What is variant in excel vba? It is default data type and it can hold any type of data. 48. What is CurrentRegion Properties? It is a range bounded any combination of columns and rows. 49. What is UsedRange? It is used to select the range of used cells. 50. Is vba has dictionary structure? Yes, it has Dictionary Structure. 51. what is scenario manager in excel? It is set of values that saves and could substitute cells on a worksheet and create different scenarios to view the results. VBA Questions and Answers Pdf Download Read the full article

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300+ TOP COGNOS ReportNet Interview Questions and Answers

COGNOS ReportNet Interview Questions for freshers experienced :-

1. What is the main advantage of impromptu over cognos reportnet? One of the advantage's of Reportnet, is 1. It is web-based reporting wherein, reports can be easily accessed from anywhere through a browser. by using ipromptu we can use multidimensional analysis to see the data in diff formates.i.e we have drillup,drilldown features in cognos impromtu,but it is not possible in reportnet. 2. What is the difference between Native SQL and Cognos SQL? In cognos reportnet Native SQL is used for the single datasource to import the meta data Cognos SQL used for multiple datasources to import the metadata 3. What is the Difference between PowerPlay transformer and power play reports? 'Powerplay transformer' is an 'MOLAP' tool using which one can create multi dimensional structure called "CUBE". 'Powerplay for reports' is used to generate report from the cube.Only one report can be generated from one cube.If u want 'n' reports u must create 'n' cubes. 4. Is there any comparison available for Cognos Reportnet Vs Crystal reports? There is a lot of difference between Crystal reports an Cognos Report net. Crystal report is a product of Business Objects where as Reportnet is of cognos. Cryatal reports is for only low 2 midrange analysis and that to some even says tha they wont use this for analysis used to make proper strategic decision But report net yes it is for high end analysis. In reportnet we can login through web and can create our own desired report through web. 5. How do i allow a dynamic selection of a column for a measure in a chart,without using Variable You can in do it in this way. first creat a list report in which u have a calculated item in the starting. Then creat a prompt page with a value prompt.In value prompt creat static choice of which u want to be dynamically displayed. Let the parameter of value prompt be ?Par1? and the choices as Revenue, Cost. Now u write the expression of the calculated item in the report page as follows, "If ?Par1?=Revenue then Revenue else Cost. Here Revenue,Cost should b dragged from the Model Items. So now the calculated item column displays the value of the one selected in the prompt. Now make a graph using the list report,then place the calculated item on the axis of the chart ,which u wanted to display dynamically based on ur selection. So now if u select Revenue in the prompt then the grph will take the values for Revenue.And if u select Cost then graph will be with the values of Cost. 6. How do we drill through from a powerplay cube to reportnet? Setting up drill-through access from PowerPlay Web to ReportNet involves configuring Cognos Series 7 for drill-through access to ReportNet preparing the Transformer model and cube copying the search path of the folder that contains the target report enabling the cube for drill-through access to ReportNet deciding which filters to create in the target report creating the target report disabling the Drill Through Assistant 7. What are versions of reportnet? In ReprotNet have two vertions ReportNet 1.0 ReportNet 1.1 MR1, MR2 8. What is prompt?types of prompts?use of prompts?syntax of prompt? Prompts act as questions that help users to customize the information in a report to suit their own needs.The different types of Prompt are Value prompt Text Prompt Date prompt Time prompt Date and time prompt Using prompts is faster and easier than repeatedly changing the filter. Cognos Report Studio provides several ways to create prompts. You can use the Build Prompt Page tool build your own prompt and prompt page create a parameter to produce a prompt create a Prompt directly in a report page 9. What is difference between qurry studio and report studio? Query Studio: Used to create Ad-hoc (or) simple reports. It does not provide any pre-defined report templates. It directly displays data (without running the report) when we insert attributes in the report. Report Studio: Used to create complex reports. It provides pre-defined report templates. It does not display the data directly in the report. We need to run the report to display the data. 10. What are components of report studio? Componenets of Report Studio: Insertable Objects pane. Properties pane. Explorer bar - Conditional Explorer, Query Explorer, Page Explorer. Report Viewer - Workarea, Report Layout Objects.

COGNOS ReportNet Interview Questions 11. What are necessary tasks to install reportnet software You need to do the following for a standard installation process: Verify your system requirements like RAM Minimum: 512 MB, a Web server installed and started Review the ReportNet default settings like default ReportNet ports and URI settings. Create the database for the content store which means you must create the database that is used for the content store using either Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, or DB2 UDB. ReportNet uses this database to store, organize, and retrieve information. Install ReportNet: Use the installation wizard to select the components you want to install and the location on your computer where you want to install them. Set up the database client for the content store (Oracle and DB2): If you use Oracle or DB2 as the database server for the content store, additional steps are required after you install ReportNet before you can configure ReportNet. you need to go to the 6th step only when installing on UNIX. For Windows above 5 steps are good. Update Your Java Environment: Before you can use the cryptographic operations, such as data encryption and key management, implemented by ReportNet, you must check that the required JAR (Java Archive) files are present in your Java Runtime Environment (JRE). 12. What are components of reportnet? ReportNet has a three-tier architecture, namely, (1) Web server (2) Applications and (3) Data. The tiers are based on business function, and are typically separated by firewalls. ReportNet user interfaces sit above the tiers.ReportNet user interfaces include (a) Web-based Cognos Connection, Cognos Report Studio, and Query Studio (b) Windows-based Framework Manager 13. How do we provide security in frame work manager for a query subject? procedure for providing security for query subject in frame work manager is: select querysubject -> in properties pane select ->security filters(click on edit)a specify data security wizard appears->click on add groups -> cognosnamesspace(select users and groups wizard opens) 14. I want to display zero when null values coming to report how can I do that? You can follow this procedure :- Lets assume revenue is the field in which we have to display null values as 0. First create a calculated item and Then write the expression of the cal item using If Then Else construct as If (Revenue is null) Then ('0') Else(Revenue) I think u can easily understand this. Now u can see that the null values r displayed as '0' in the calculated item. Select the data item in which you want to replace null with 0 .Go to Properties pane, Click Data Format, in this put 0 in Missing value Characters. 15. How can i create prompts in report net Prompts is mean by the end user can be filter the data. you can open the explore bar and added the new prompts page, And enter the new name. you go to tool menu and track prompts button you select prompts and then ok 16. Difference between filter and conditin The difference between Filter and Condition:Condition returns true or false Ex: if Country = 'India' then ...Filter will return two types of results1.Detail information which is equal to where clause in SQL statement2.Summary information which is equal to Group by and Having clause in SQL statement 17. Can report net connect multiple datasource at a time in report creation time Yes it can connect multiple datasources at a time when the frame work manager has the metta data regarding that datasources. 18. How can i test report in reportnet If we wanna test the report in report net, first we can intially check by validating it in the report page. After that we can test the out put of the report Using a sql anlyser and sql query.so here we will be comparing the sql analyzer output with the output of the report viewer. 19. What are the various file formats involved in reportnet? It has six (6) formats in report net. They are HTML, PDF, Excel 2000, Excel 2002, CSV, and XML format. We can see the types of formats in the report viewer on the right side . 20. How to generate IQD file from framework manager Create a Query Subject, from the properties pane select externalise,there we have 4 options in that select IQD 21. What is meant by Junk Dimension? The junk dimension is simply a structure that provides a convenient place to store the junk attributes".It's randomly used dimension. 22. what are semi and non additive measures.. 1.Semi-Additive: Semi-additive facts are facts that can be summed up for some of the dimensions in the fact table, but not the others. 2.Non-Additive: Non-additive facts are facts that cannot be summed up for any of the dimensions present in the fact table. Current Balance and Profit Margin are the facts. Current Balance is a semi-additive fact, as it makes sense to add them up for all accounts (what's the total current balance for all accounts in the bank?), but it does not make sense to add them up through time (adding up all current balances for a given account for each day of the month does not give us any useful information). Profit Margin is a non-additive fact, for it does not make sense to add them up for the account level or the day level. 23. What is catalog and types of catalogs in cagonos and which is better? catalog is a data base and also frient hand data base. types of catalog is 4 tyes personal secured shared distributed 24. what is difference between PAGE BREAK and Section Report? Section-section is eliminate the duplicate recod.but report looking separate bluck.setpagebreak means to display the reports in onepage. eg. suppose u create a list report ordermethod,orderyear,revenue when u create section on ordermethod.it will eliminate the duplicate record.but when u apply the set pagebreakc.report display in onepage.like fax reports in onepage,email reports in another page.this in cognos 8 querystudio.But in report studio you can do using propetispan. 25. use this query i am retriving all years OCt data from 01-10-2004 to 30-10-2007 i need to restrect this query to current date and current year ..between 01 and to_number(to_char(current_date,'MM'))and ..=to_number(to_char(current_date,'MM')) pass polar ID A.You have a function called 'extract' in cognos. Ex:- extract(month,the dte field). by giving like this you will get month. so you can keep a filter to restrict the rows only for october. COGNOS ReportNet Questions with Answers Pdf Download Read the full article

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300+ TOP IBM WEBSPHERE Interview Questions and Answers

IBM WEBSPHERE Interview Questions for freshers and experienced :-

1. What is web sphere? The word web sphere popularly refers to IBM middleware technology products. Web sphere is known for its turn key operation in e business applications. It has run time components and tools which can help in creating applications which run on WAS. WAS refers to web sphere application server. 2. What is web sphere commerce? IBM web sphere commerce has a single platform which offers complete ecommerce solutions to developers. It can be very productive if you are planning to do business with consumers, business and indirectly through channel partners. This can be used to perform business with consumers, business and channel partners altogether. 3. Explain about the architecture of web sphere? Web Sphere is built on three main components they are Database J2EE application server A web server The databases which it supports are DB2 Oracle Cloudscape Application server is IBMWAS and the supported web servers are IBM server Microsoft IIS Sun web server 4. State some of the features present in web sphere? Some of the features which are present in web sphere are: - Order management Web sphere commerce accelerator Analytical and business intelligence Open standards such as Java, EJB, etc Web sphere commerce payments and customer care, etc 5. Explain about IBM Web Sphere edge server? Web sphere edge server is used to improve the performance of web based systems. It can be used as forward or proxy server. Basically four components are present in the web sphere they are Network dispatcher, Caching proxy, Content distribution and application service at the edge. 6. Explain about extended deployment? Web sphere application server extended deployment increases the functionality of the server in two main areas they are manageability and performance. Dynamic virtualization between servers is possible with the help of XD. A stand alone distributed cache was added to it under the performance header, it is known as Object Grid. 7. Explain about the security features present in WAS? Security model for web sphere is primarily based on JAVA EE security model. It also depends upon the operating system. User authentication and authorization mechanisms are also provided in WAS. Light weight third party authentication mechanism is the main security feature present in WAS. 8. What is asymmetric clustering? Asymmetric clustering applications are primarily used in electronic trading systems employed in banks. Some of the features are, partitions can be declared during run time and are usually run on a single cluster at a time. Work specific to a particular can be routed to that cluster. 9. Explain the various Administrator benefits using Web sphere? Web sphere almost reduces the work of server administrator as he can manage load on servers efficiently without any hassles. It also gives him flexibility to divide the load and applications among different server farms. He can also predict about the incoming load on servers. Email alerts, restart options, memory leak detection, etc. 10. Explain about caching proxy of IBM Web sphere Edge sphere? A caching proxy can be configured in forward direction or as a proxy. Content requested by the user is cached by edge before sending or adhering to the query. Page fragments arising from JSP or servlets are cached by Edge and the caching process is slow. Performance and scalability of J2EE applications can be increased by edge.

IBM WEBSPHERE Interview Questions 11. Explain about the network deployment feature present in WAS? Managing singletons will be a thing of the past and it also provides hot recovery of singletons which makes you forget about your GC collected singletons. Transaction logs can stored on a shared file system. For clustering run time operations deployment manager`s role was eliminated. J2EE failover support and cell configuration support is also present. 12. Explain about IBM web sphere integration developer? Web sphere integration developer provides an IDE to build applications based on service oriented architecture. Web sphere process server and web sphere ESB were built with WID. WID was built with RAD Eclipse based technology. 13. Explain about compute Grid? Compute grid is also known as Web sphere batch. Web sphere extended deployment offers a Java batch processing system called as Compute Grid. This forms an additional feature to Web sphere network environment. Various features are provided which help a developer to create, manage and execute batch jobs. Job scheduler, xJCL, batch container and batch programming controller. 14. Explain about web sphere MQ Real time transport? This feature is very useful in instant messaging across different clients through intranet and internet. This supports high volume and high performance across different clients. It uses the concept of light weight transport which is again based on IP rather than the queue process. 15. Explain about Web sphere MQ JMS Provider? Web sphere MQ and Web Sphere Business integration manager Broker are very useful in providing Java messaging services to wide range of clients (publisher –subscribe, point to point). Java classes are chiefly responsible for translating the API calls to API`s defined by web sphere. It is very useful to have knowledge of Web sphere MQ for proper configuration. 16. Explain the attribute CHANNEL in web sphere MQ? CHANNEL specifies the name of the server connection channel. Generally this is Web Sphere MQ network abstraction. The default standard used by CHANNEL is SVRCONN which is the server connection channel. This server is generally used to communicate to the queue manager by the client. 17. Is the naming of connection factory independent of the name specified by JMS client? Yes, the naming of connection factory is independent of the name specified by JMS client. This is made possible by WAS (Web sphere application server) with its resource references. It isolates the application from object names. This feature is important because it gives us the flexibility to change the administered object without changing the JMS client code. 18. How do you specify a jar file to be used by the application, consider that you have many jar files in your system? classloader 19. What is a managed node? Node with NodeAgent 20. What is a managed webserver? Remote webserver access through local (dmgr/cell) 21. What about master repository? deployment manager contains the MASTER configuration and application files. All updates to the configuration files should go through the deployment manager. 22. Tell me IHS executable files, means bin directory files? Apache, ApacheMonitor, htpasswd, htdigest, htdbm, ldapstash, httpd.exe 23. Why given the httpd.conf file to installation of plug-in? identify the web server (port, virtual hosts) to configure the web server definition 24. How to configure remote system httpd.conf file? select web server machine (remote) 25. Several types of log files in the appserver? system out, system err, trace, native out , native err, activity. 26. websphere packages? express, base, network deployment 27. What is the profile? profiles are a set of files that represent a websphere application server configuration. 28. What is the trace? A trace is an informational record that is intended for service engineers or developers to use. As such, a trace record might be considerably more complex, verbose and detailed than a message entry. 29. What is heap memory? Objects storage space for objects references created at run time in a jvm is heap memory. 30. Out of memory exception is there, how to handle that exception? To incrise heap memory size 31. What about IHS? IHS (IBM HTTP Server) is one of the web servers. It serves the static content only and it takes up only http requests. 32. What about plug-in? plug-in is one of the modules it is interface between application server and web server, the plug-in process receives the request from the client first. If the request is for dynamic content, the plug-in diverts the request to the websphere application server. If the request is for static content, the plug-in forwards it to the Http server. 33. What is the global security? it provides the authentication and authorization for websphere application server domain (administration client or console). 34. How to configure the global security? open console and then select security option in the right side menu, and then select localOs registry in the user registry, then enter the username, passwords. And again select global security then ltpa option then provide the password, then save the configuration. And restart the deployment server and then relogin the console. 35. What is SSL? ssl is a protocol for providing encrypted data communications between two processes. 36. What is PMI? How to configure PMI? monitoring and tuning–>PMI–>select any process (server1, nodeagent, dmgr) and then enable PMI–>then apply and then save. Select performance viewer–>current activity and then select enabled process and click the start monitoring button after that process select. 37. What is the UNIX command of all display server processes? ps –ef| grep java 38. What is node? logical group of servers. 39. How to start the server? startserver.sh server1 40. How you get nodeagent……what you have to install to get nodeagent? Custom Profile 41. How to add the node? addnode.sh 8879 42. What is the application server? The application server provides a runtime environment in which to deploy, manage, and run j2ee applications. 43. What is the node? A node corresponds to a physical computer system with a distinct IP host address.The node name is usually the same as the host name for the computer. 44. What is a managed webserver? Remote webserver access through local (dmgr/cell) 45. How many types of profiles are in nd product? 1.deployment manager profiles 2.application server profiles 3.custom profile 46. What is diffrence b/w dmgr and other profiles? dmgr app custom 1.its used for administration 1.admin console is there 1.plain node purpose of remaining profiles 2.initially one app server there 2.empty node 2.it supports the distributed 3.work independently environment. 4. Put applications 3.it is not included app server 4.admin console is there 5.work independently 6.do not put applications 47. Diff b/w 5.0 and 6.0? Web Sphere Studio 3.5, comes up with Visual Age for Java. WSAD 5.0 supports J2EE 1.3 java specifications. RAD 6.0 supports J2EE 1.4 and integrated with Eclipse 3.0, UML Visual Editor, Tomcat Jakarta, Ant scripting, EJB universal test client and SOA tools. 48. What is the difference between web server and application server? Application Server: takes care of Security, Transaction, Multithreading, Resource pooling, load balancing, clustering, performance, highly availability, scalability, etc. Exposes business logic to client applications through various protocols, possibly including HTTP. Supports deployment of .war and .ear files Application server = web server + EJB container. 49. Diff b/w weblogic and websphere? Both BEA Weblogic and IBM’s WebSphere provide J2EE based application servers which are competitors. WebSphere leverages more on connectivity issues with MQ and legacy systems with strong dominance in J2EE. 50. Some problem is there in web server, so this information which log file contain? http.log, plugin.log 51. What is jdbc? jdbc is a low level pure java api used to execute sql statements. 52. What is datasource? A data source is associated with a jdbc provider that supplies the specific jdbc driver implementation class 53. What is diff b/w type4 and type2? type4                                                                                                                                                        type2 1. It is pure java oriented                                                                                    1.it is not a pure java oriented driver 2.require client side software                                                                            2.no need any client software 54. Some application not accessing, so what is the problem? This information which log file contains? systemout, systemerr 55. In type3 client software which machine you have install? server side machine 56. two databases there (oracle and db2),so I want 3 datasources for oracle and 2 data sources for db2 so create 3 datasource names for oracle and 2datasourcename for db2 is possible or not? possible 57. What is jndi? we can register resources in the application server’s java naming and directory interface (jndi) namespace. Client applications can then obtain the references to these resource objects in their programs. 58. Why use the boostrap port number? client applications use the bootstrap port to access websphere’s built-in object request broker (orb) to use enterprise java beans in applications installed on the application server. The java naming and directory interface service provider url used by the client application needs to reference the bootstrap port to obtain an initial context for looking up ejb’s it wants to use. (For communicate two servers) 59. What are the appserver components? admin server, web container, ejb container,j2c service, naming server, messaging engine, security server. 60. How to start the server? startserver.sh server1 61. Packages of websphere? express, base, network deployment 62. What is webcontainer? The web container provides a runtime environment for servlets, jsp’s, javabeans, and static content. 63. How to find out free diskspace from command prompt? du -sk (kb) du -sm (mb) 64. How to find out certain server configuration details like port no, server name, node name, pid? through admin console. 65. Configure the plug-in through admin console is possible or not? possible 66. Where to set the path? environments–>websphere variables 67. Application installed but not working. What are troubleshooting steps? see jvm & application are up, check plugin-cfg.xml file for the root context used by the web application if it does not exist generate plugin and restart web server. 68. Applications installed fine, also generated plugin, but application still not working, in this case which log to see? plugin.log 69. Default admin port? 9060, ssl 9043 70. Default bootstrap port? 2809 71. How to hit application without hitting the web server? webcontainer port on application server 72. In how many ways you can perform administration? console,,,JMX 73. No of ways of doing deployments? Admin console…..jython (jacl) scripts 74. What is CellDiscoveryAddress Node uses this port to talk to DMGR 75. What is NodeDiscoveryAddress DMGR uses this port to talk to node 76. How websphere discovers a change in JSP and compiles it? There is an algorithm that websphere uses to find the timestamp of .jsp and .class files. It checks that timestamp of .class file is always later than its corresponding .jsp file. 77. how do you specify a jar file to be used by the application, consider that you have many jar files in your system? classloader IBM WEBSPHERE Interview Questions with Answers Pdf Download Read the full article

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350+ TOP PYTHON Interview Questions and Answers

PYTHON Interview Questions for freshers & experienced :-

1) What Is Python? Python is an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming language. It incorporates modules, exceptions, dynamic typing, very high level dynamic data types, and classes. Python combines remarkable power with very clear syntax. It has interfaces to many system calls and libraries, as well as to various window systems, and is extensible in C or C++. It is also usable as an extension language for applications that need a programmable interface. Finally, Python is portable: it runs on many Unix variants, on the Mac, and on PCs under MS-DOS, Windows, Windows NT, and OS/2. 2) What are the different ways to create an empty NumPy array in python? There are two methods we can apply to create empty NumPy arrays. The first method. import numpy numpy.array() The second method. # Make an empty NumPy array numpy.empty(shape=(0,0)) 3) Can’t concat bytes to str? This is providing to be a rough transition to python on here f = open( ‘myfile’, ‘a+’ ) f.write(‘test string’ + ‘\n’) key = “pass:hello” plaintext = subprocess.check_output() print (plaintext) f.write (plaintext + ‘\n’) f.close() The output file looks like: test string 4) Expline different way to trigger/ raise exception in your python script? Raise used to manually raise an exception general-form: raise exception-name (“message to be conveyed”). voting_age = 15 if voting_age output: ValueError: voting age should be at least 19 and above 2.assert statements are used to tell your program to test that condition attached to assert keyword, and trigger an exception whenever the condition becomes false. Eg: a = -10 assert a > 0 #to raise an exception whenever a is a negative number Output: AssertionError Another way of raising an exception can be done by making a programming mistake, but that is not usually a good way of triggering an exception 5) Why is not__getattr__invoked when attr==’__str__’? The base class object already implements a default __str__ method, and __getattr__function is called for missing attributes. The example as it we must use the __getattribute__ method instead, but beware of the dangers. class GetAttr(object): def __getattribute__(self, attr): print(‘getattr: ‘ + attr) if attr == ‘__str__’: return lambda: ‘’ else: return lambda *args: None A better and more readable solution to simply override the __str__ method explicitly. class GetAttr(object): def __getattr__(self, attr): print(‘getattr: ‘ + attr) return lambda *args: None def __str__(self): return ‘’ 6)What do you mean by list comprehension? The process of creating a list performing some operation on the data so that can be accessed using an iterator is referred to as list comprehension. EX: Output: 65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90 7) What will be the output of the code:def foo (i=)? i.append (1) return i >>> foo () >>> foo () Output: The argument to the function foo is evaluated once when the function is defined However since it is a list on every all the list is modified by appending a 1 to it. 8) How to Tic tac toe computer move? Below The code of computer move in the game tic tac toe in python def computermove(board,computer,human): movecom=” rmoves=rd(0,8) for movecom in legalmoves(board): board=computer if winner(board)==computer: return movecom board=” for movecom in legalmoves(board): board=human if winner(board)==human: return movecom board=” while rmoves not in legalmoves(board): rtmoves=rd(0,8) return rmoves 9) Explain about ODBC and python? ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) API standard allows the connections with any database that supports the interface such as the PostgreSL database or Microsoft access in a transparent manner Three types of ODBC modules for python: PythonWin ODBC module – limited development mxODBC – a commercial product pyodbc – This is open source python package 10) How to implement the decorator function, using dollar ()? Code: def dollar(fn): def new(*args): return ‘$’ + str(fn(*args)) return new @dollar def price(amount, tax_rate): return amount + amount*tax_rate print price(100,0.1) output: $110

PYTHON Interview Questions 11) How to count the number of instance? You have a class A, you want to count the number of A instance. Hint: use staticmethod Example class A: total = 0 def __init__(self, name): self.name = name A.total += 1 def status(): print “Number of instance (A) : “, A.total status = staticmethod(status) a1 = A(“A1”) a2 = A(“A2”) a3 = A(“A3”) a4 = A(“A4”) A.status() Output: The number of instance (A) : 4 12) What are the Arithmetic Operators that Python supports? ‘+’ : Addition ‘-’ : Subtraction ‘*’ : Multiplication ‘/’: Division ‘%’: Modulo division ‘**’: Power Of ‘//’: floor div Python does not support unary operators like ++ or – operators. Python supports “Augmented Assignment Operators”. i.e., A += 10 Means A = A+10 B -= 10 Means B = B-10 13) How do you reload a Python module? All that needs to be a module object to the imp.reload() function or just reload() in Python 2.x, and the module will be reloaded from its source file. Any other code references symbols exported by the reloaded module, they still are bound to the original code. 14) How does Python handle Compile-time and Run-time code checking? Python supports compile-time code checking up to some extent. Most checks for variable data types will be postponed until run-time code checking. When an undefined custom function is used, it will move forward with compile-time checking. During runtime, Python raises exceptions against errors. 15) What are Supporting Python packages for data science operations? Pandas: A package providing flexible data structures to work with relational or labeled data. NumPy: A package that allows working with numerical based data structures like arrays and tensors. Matplotlib: A 2D rendering engine written for Python. Tensorflow: A package used for constructing computational graphs. 16) What are the ones that can be used with pandas? A python dict, ndarray or scalar values can be used with Pandas. The passed index is a list of axis labels. 17) How To Add an Index, Row or Column to a Pandas DataFrame? The index can be added by calling set_index() on programmer DataFrame. For accessing rows, loc works on labels of programme index, iloc works on the positions in programme index, it is a more complex case: when the index is integer-based, programmer passes a label to ix. 18) How To Create an Empty DataFrame? The function that programmer will use is the Pandas Dataframe() function: it reuires the programmer to pass the data that programmer wants to put in, the indices and the columns. 19) Does Pandas Recognize Dates When Importing Data? Yes. but programmer needs to help it a tiny bit: add the argument parse_dates when programmer by reading in data from, let is say, a comma-separated value (CSV) file. 20) How to convert a NumPy array to a Python List? Use tolist(): import numpy as np >>> np.array(,]).tolist() , ] 21) How to set the figure title and axes labels font size in Matplotlib? Functions dealing with text like label, title, etc. accept parameters same as matplotlib.text.Text. For the font size you can use size/fontsize: 39) What is dictionary in Python? The built-in datatypes in Python are called a dictionary. It defines one-to-one Relationship between keys and values. It contains a pair of keys and their corresponding values. Dictionaries are indexed by keys. It is a collection which is unordered, changeable and indexed. Let’s take an example: The following example contains some keys. State, Capital,Language. Their corresponding values are Karnataka, Bangalore, and Kannada respectively. Dict={ ‘Country’:’Karnataka’,’Capital’:’Bangalore’,’Launguage’:’Kannada’} print dict Karnataka Print dict Bangalore Print dict Kannada 40) How memory is managed in Python? Python private heap space manages python memory. Python heap has all Python objects and data structures. Access to this private heap is restricted to programmer also Python private heap is taken care by the interpreter. The core API gives access to some tools for the programmer to code. Python memory manager allocates python heap space. 41)What is the output of this following statement? f=none for i in range(5); with open(“data.txt”, ”w”) as f: if I>1: break print f.closed A) True B) False C) None D) Error Ans: A 42) Write a coding in Find a Largest Among three numbers? num1 = 10 num2 = 14 num3 = 12 if (num1 >= num2) and (num1 >= num3): largest = num1 elif (num2 >= num1) and (num2 >= num3): largest = num2 else: largest = num3 print(“The largest number between”,num1,”,”,num2,”and”,num3,”is”,largest) Output: The largest Number is 14.0 43) What is Lambda in Python? lambda is an one line anonymous function, Example: Sum=lambda i,c:i+c 44) What is the difference between list and tuples? Lists are the mutable elements where we can able to perform the task in the existed variable. Lists can able to reduce the utilization of memory Tuples are immutable so it can execute faster when compared with list. But it will wastes the memory. 45) What are the key features of Python? The python doesn’t have any header files It doesn’t have any structure or syntax except the indentation. It can execute the instructions fastly because of the RISC architecture. It consumes only less memory because of no internal executions. It doesn’t have any compilers compilation can be done at the time of the program. 46) How to delete a file in Python? In Python, Delete a file using this command, os.unlink(filename) or os.remove (filename) 47) What is the usage of help() and dir() function in Python? Help() and dir() both functions are accessible from the Python interpreter used for viewing a consolidated dump of built-in functions. Help() function: The help() function is used to display the documentation string and also facilitates you to see the help related to modules, keywords, attributes, etc. 48) Which of the following statements create a dictionary? (Multiple Correct Answers Possible) a) d = {} b) d = {“john”:40, “peter”:45} c) d = {40:”john”, 45:”peter”} d) d = (40:”john”, 45:”50”) Ans: All of the above 49) Which of the following is an invalid statement? a) abc = 1,000,000 b) a b c = 1000 2000 3000 c) a,b,c = 1000, 2000, 3000 d) a_b_c = 1,000,000 Ans: c 50) What is the output of the following? try: if ‘1’ != 1: raise “someError” else: print(“someError has not occured”) except “someError”: print (“someError has occured”) a) someError has occured b) someError has not occured c) invalid code d) none of the above Ans: b 51) What is the maximum possible length of an identifier? a) 31 characters b) 63 characters c) 79 characters d) None of the above Ans: d 52) Differentiate list and tuple with an example? difference is that a list is mutable, but a tuple is immutable. Example: >>> mylist= >>> mylist=2 >>> mytuple=(1,3,3) >>> mytuple=2 TypeError: ‘tuple’ object does not support item assignment 53) Which operator will be helpful for decision making statements? comparison operator 54) Out of two options which is the template by default flask is following? a) Werkzeug b) Jinja2 Ans : b 55) Point out the use of help() function Help on function copy in module copy: copy(x) Shallow copy operation on arbitrary Python objects. 56) From below select which data structure is having key-value pair ? a.List b.Tuples c.Dictionary Ans : c 57) Differentiate *args and **kwargs? *args : We can pass multiple arguments we want like list or tuples of data **kwargs : we can pass multiple arguments using keywords 58) Use of Negative indices? It helps to slice from the back mylist= >>>mylist 6 59) Give an example for join() and split() funcitons >>> ‘,’.join(‘12345’) ‘1,2,3,4,5’ >>> ‘1,2,3,4,5’.split(‘,’) 60) Python is case sensitive ? a.True b.False Ans : a 61) List out loop breaking functions break continue pass 62) what is the syntax for exponentiation and give example? a**b 2**3 = 8 63) Which operator helps to do addition operations ? arithmetic operator 64) How to get all keys from dictionary ? dictionary_var.keys() 65) Give one example for multiple statements in single statement? a=b=c=3 66) What is the output for the following code? >> def expandlist(val, list=): list.append(val) return list >>> list1 = expandlist (10) >>> list2 = expandlist (123,) >>> list3 = expandlist (‘a’) >>> list1,list2,list3 Ans : (, , ) 67) Number of argument’s that range() function can take ? 3 68) Give an example to capital first letter of a string? a=’test’ print a.upper() Test 69) How to find whether string is alphanumeric or not? str = “hjsh#”; print str.isalnum() Ans :False 70) Which method will be used to delete a file ? os.remove(filename) 71) What is difference between match & search in regex module in python? Match Checks for a match only at the beginning of the string, while search checks for a match anywhere in the string. 72) Can we change tuple values? If yes, give an example. Since tuple are immutable, so we cannot change tuple value in its original form but we can convert it into list for changing its values and then convert again to tuple. Below is the example: my_tuple=(1,2,3,4) my_list=list(my_tuple) my_list=9 my_tuple=tuple(my_list) 73) What is purpose of __init__ in Class ? Is it necessary to use __init__ while creating a class ? __init__ is a class contructor in python. __init__ is called when we create an object for a class and it is used to initialize the attribute of that class. eg : def __init__ (self, name ,branch , year) self.name= name self.branch = branch self.year =year print(“a new student”) No, It is not necessary to include __init__ as your first function every time in class. 74) Can Dictionary have a duplicate keys ? Python Doesn’t allow duplicate key however if a key is duplicated the second key-value pair will overwrite the first as a dictionary can only have one value per key. For eg : >>> my_dict={‘a’:1 ,’b’ :2 ,’b’:3} >>> print(my_dict) {‘a’: 1, ‘b’: 3} 75) What happened if we call a key that is not present in dictionary and how to tackle that kind of error ? It will return a Key Error . We can use get method to avoid such condition. This method returns the value for the given key, if it is present in the dictionary and if it is not present it will return None (if get() is used with only one argument). Dict.get(key, default=None) 76) What is difference b/w range and arange function in python? numpy.arange : Return evenly spaced values within a given interval. Values are generated within the half-open interval stop, dtype=None) Range : The range function returns a list of numbers between the two arguments (or one) you pass it. 77) What is difference b/w panda series and dictionary in python? Dictionaries are python’s default data structures which allow you to store key: value pairs and it offers some built-in methods to manipulate your data. 78) Why it need to be create a virtual environment before staring an project in Django ? A Virtual Environment is an isolated working copy of Python which allows you to work on a specific project without worry of affecting other projects. Benefit of creating virtualenv : We can create multiple virtualenv , so that every project have a different set of packages . For eg. if one project we run on two different version of Django , virtualenv can keep thos projects fully separate to satisfy both reuirements at once.It makes easy for us to release our project with its own dependent modules. 79) How to write a text from from another text file in python ? Below is the code for the same. import os os.getcwd() os.chdir(‘/Users/username/Documents’) file = open(‘input.txt’ ,’w’) with open(“output.txt”, “w”) as fw, open(“input.txt”,”r”) as fr: 80) what is difference between input and raw_input? There is no raw_input() in python 3.x only input() exists. Actually, the old raw_input() has been renamed to input(), and the old input() is gone, but can easily be simulated by using eval(input()). In python 3.x We can manually compile and then eval for getting old functionality. python2.x python3.x raw_input() input() input() eval(input()) 81) What are all important modules in python reuired for a Data Science ? Below are important module for a Data Science : NumPy SciPy Pandas Matplotlib Seaborn Bokeh Plotly SciKit-Learn Theano TensorFlow Keras 82) What is use of list comprehension ? List comprehensions is used to transform one list into another list. During this process, list items are conditionally included in the new list and each items are transformed as reuired. Eg. my_list= my_list1= Using “for “ loop : for i in my_list1: my_list.append(i*2) Using List comprehension : my_list2= print(my_list2) 83) What is lambda function ? lambda function is used for creating small, one-time and anonymous function objects in Python. 84) what is use of set in python? A set is a type of python data Structure which is unordered and unindexed. It is declared in curly braces . sets are used when you reuired only uniue elements .my_set={ a ,b ,c,d} 85) Does python has private keyword in python ? how to make any variable private in python ? It does not have private keyword in python and for any instance variable to make it private you can __ prefix in the variable so that it will not be visible to the code outside of the class . Eg . Class A: def __init__(self): self.__num=345 def printNum(self): print self.__num 86) What is pip and when it is used ? it is a package management system and it is used to install many python package. Eg. Django , mysl.connector Syntax : pip install packagename pip install Django : to install Django module 87) What is head and tail method for Data frames in pandas ? Head : it will give the first N rows of Dataframe. Tail : it will give last N rows of Dataframe. By default it is 5. 88) How to change a string in list ? we can use split method to change an existing string into list. s= ‘Hello sam good morning ’ s.split() print(s) 89) How to take hello as output from below nested list using indexing concepting in python. my_list=, 4,5]],3,4] Ans : my_list print(my_list) 90) What is list when we have to use ? Lists always store homogeneous elements. we have to use the lists when the data is same type and when accessing is more insteading of inserting in memory. 91) What is dict when we have to use ? Dict is used to store key value pairs and key is calculated using hash key. This is used when we want to access data in O(1) time as big O notation in average case. Dict I used in u can say super market to know the price of corresponding while doing billing 92) What is tuple when we have to use ? Tuple is hetrogenous and we have to use when data is different types. 93) Is String Immutable ? Yes because it creates object in memory so if you want to change through indexing it will throw an exception since it can’t be changes I,e immutable. 94) How to handle Exception ? We can handle exceptions by using try catch block . we can also else block in python to make it executed based on condition. 95) Will python work multiple inheritance? Yes it works .by seuentially referring parent class one by one. 96) Will class members accessible by instances of class? Yes by referring corresponding attributes we can access. 97) What are Special methods in python and how to implement? Special methods in python are __init__,__str__,__iter__,__del__ __init__-it will initialize when class loads. __str__-It is used to represent object in a string format. __iter__-it I used to define iteration based on reuirements. __del__-It is used to destroy object when it is not reuired for memory optimization. 98) How to handle deadlock in python. By providing synchronization methods so that each thread access one at a time.It will lock another thread until thread fine it execution. 99) How for loop will works in python? For loop internally calls iter method of an object for each call. 100) What is List comprehension how to define it and when to use? List Comprehensions are expression based iteration. So we have to give expression and then provide loop and provide if condition if needed. We have to use when we want to define in such a way that write the code in a compact way. 101) What is set when we have to use? Set is used to define uniue elements without duplicates. So if you have lump of data and we are searching through email record. By using set we can get the uniue elements. 102) How django works ? Django will take an url from frontend and look for url reolvers and url will ap corresponding view and if data to be handled it will use certain model to make any database transactions and give repone via view and then passs to UI. Or django template 103) Is python pure object oriented programming ? Yes in python all types are stored a objects. 104) What are packages in python which are commonly used explain one ? The packages used are os, sys,time,tempfile,pdb, Os –it is used for file and directories handling. Pdb-It is used to debug the code to find the root cause of issue. 105) How will you merge 2 dictionaries in python? a = {1:’1’} , b={2:’2’} c= {**a,**b} 106) What is the other way of checking truthiness? These only test for truthiness: if x or y or z: print(‘passed’) if any((x, y, z)): print(‘passed’) 107) How will you verify different flags at once? flags at once in Python v1,v2,v3 = 0, 1, 0 if v1 == 1 or v2 == 1 or v3 == 1: print(‘passed’) if 1 in (v1, v2, v3): print(‘passed’) 108) What happens when you execute python == PYTHON? You get a Name Error Execution 109) Tool used to check python code standards? Pylint 110) How strings can be sliced? They can be generally treated as arrays without commas. Eg: a = “python” a -> i can be any number within the length of the string 111) How to pass indefinite number of arguments to any function? We use **args when we don’t know the number of arguments to be passed 112) In OOPS what is a diamond problem in inheritance? During multiple inheritance, when class X has two subclasses Y and Z, and a class D has two super classes Y and Z.If a method present in X is overridden by both Y and Z but not by D then from which class D will inherit that method Y or Z. 113) Among LISTS,SETS,TUPLES which is faster? Sets 114) How Type casting is done in python? (Str -> int) s = “1234” # s is string i = int(s) # string converted to int 115) How python maintains conditional blocks? Python used indentation to differentiate and maintain blocks of code 116) Write a small code to explain repr() in python ? Repr gives the format that can be read by the compiler. Eg: y=2333.3 x=str(y) z=repr(y) print ” y :”,y print “str(y) :”,x print “repr(y):”,z ————- output y : 2333.3 str(y) : 2333.3 repr(y) : 2333.3000000000002 117) How to encrypt a string? str_enc = str.encode(‘base64’, ‘strict’) 118) Functions are objects -> Explain ? # can be treated as objects def print_new(val): return val.upper() print ( print_new(‘Hello’)) yell = print_new print yell(‘different string’) 119) Explain the synbtax to split a string in python? Str.split(separator,max_split) 120) How can you identify the data type of any variable in python? Use type(var) 121) What does MAP function in python do? map() returns a list of the results after it applys the function to each item in a iterable data type (list, tuple etc.) 122) What does the enum function in python do? When we need to print the vars index along when you iterate, we use the enum function to serve this purpose. 123) Explain assert in action? assert “py” == “PY”, “Strings are not eual” 124) How does pop function works in set data types? Pop deletes a random element from the set 125) Is Python open source? If so, why it is called so? Python is an open source programming language. Because Python’s source code (the code in which Python software is written) is open for all and anyone can have a look at the source code and edit. 126). Why Python is called portable? Because we can run Python in wide range of hardware platforms and has similar interfaces across all the platforms 127) How to give comments in Python? Using Hashes (#) at the starting of a line 128) How to create prompt in the console window? Using input function 129) How to write multiple statements in a single line in Python? Using semicolon between the statements 130) List out standard datatypes in Python Numbers, string, list, tuple, dictionary 131) Which standard datatype in Python is immutable? tuple 132) What is indexing? Explain with an example Indexing is the numbering of characters in string or items in list, tuple to give reference for them. It starts from 0. Str = “Python”. The index for P is 0, y is 1, t is 2 and goes on. 133).Which statement is used to take a decision based on the comparison? IF statement 134) List out atleast two loop control statements break, continue, pass 135) What is the result of pow(x,y) X raised to the power Y 136) What is the difference between while and for loop? While loops till the condition fails, for loops for all the values in the list of items provided. 137) Which method removes leading and trailing blanks in a string? strip – leading and trialing blanks, lstrip – leading blanks, rstrip – trailing blanks 138) Which method removes and returns last object of a list? list.pop(obj=lst) 139) What is argument in a function? Argument is the variable which is used inside the function. While calling the function we need to provide values to those arguments. 140) What is variable length argument in function? Function having undefined no. of arguments are called variable length argument function. While calling this function, we can provide any no. of arguments 141) What is namespace? Namespace is the dictionary of key-value pairs while key is the variable name and value is the value assigned to that variable. 142) What is module? Module is a file containing python code which can be re-used in a different program if it is a function. 143) Which is the default function in a class? Explain about it – _init_. It is called class contructor or initialization method. Python calls _init_ whenever you create a instance for the class 144) What is docstring? How to define it? docstring is nothing but a comment inside the block of codes. It should be enclosed inside “”” mark. ex: “”” This is a docstring ””” 145) What is the default argument in all the functions inside a class? Self 146) How to send a object and its value to the garbage collection? del objname 147) How to install a package and import? In DOS prompt, run pip install package_name and run import package_name in editor window in Python’s IDE. 148) Name the function which helps to change the files permission os.chmod 149) Which is the most commonly used package for data importing and manipulation? Pandas 150) Will python support object oriented? Yes, it will support by wrapping the code with objects. 151) IS python can be compatible with command prompt? Yes, it can be accessed through command prompt. 152) How Lists is differentiated from Tuples? List are slow, can be edited but Tuples are fast and cannot be edited. 153). Use of NUMPY package? It is fastest, and the package take care of the number calculations. 154). Uses of python? Pie charts, web application, data modeling, automation and Cluster data. 155) Does python interact with Database? Yes, it interfaces to most of the Databases. 156) Is python is intended oriented? Yes, it will throw error if it is not in seuence. 157) How is Garbage handled in python? It will be automatically handle the garbage after the variable is used. 158) How will you check python version? Using python –version. 159) How will you uit the python? Using exit() 160) Does Python has any command to create variable? No, just (x =244) 161) What is complex type in python? It is mixture of variable and number. 162) Casting in python? To make String use command str(2) = ‘2’ 163) What is strip in python? Used to remove white spaces in String 164) Other String literals? Lower, upper, len, split, replace. 165) Python operators? Arithmetic, Assignment, Comparison, Logical, Identity, Membership and Bitwise. 166) Membership operator in python? In and not in. 167) Lambda in python? Can take only one expression but any number of Argument. 168) Dict in python? It is something like key and value pair as Map in java. 169) Does python has classes? In python all are denoted as some classes. 170) Multi threading on python? It is a package in python and it use GIL to run the thread one after the other. But isn’t it being not good to use here. 171) What is python private heap space? It is a inbuild garbage collection like java and this space can be used by the developer. 172) Does python support inheritance? Yes, it supports all forms of inheritance single, multiple, hierarchical and multi-level 173) Benefits of Flask? It is light weight and independent package. Mainly a web micro framework. 174) How dir() function is used in python? The defined symbols are defined here. 175) Will exit method in python de allocate the global namespace? No, it has a specific mechanism which it follows as an individual portion. 176) Has python has monkey patching concept within? Yes of course, it does dynamic transactions during the run time of the program. 177) args vs kwargs? Args – don’t know how many arguments are used. Kwargs- don’t know how many keywords are used. 178) use of isupper keyword in python? This will prompt the upper keyword of any character in a string literal. 179) pickling vs unpickling? If the objects translated from string then it seems to be pickling If the String is dumped to objects then it seems to un picking 180) What is py checker in python? It is tool to uantitatively detects the bugs in source code. 181) What are the packages? NUMPY, SCIPY, MATLAB, etc 182) Pass in Python? IT is a namespace with no character and it can be moved to next object. 183) How is unit test done in python? It is done in form of Unittest. This does major of testing activity. 184) Python documentation is called? DoctString such as AI, Python jobs ,Machine learning and Charts. 185) Convert Sting to number and viceversa in python? Str() for String to number and oct() for number to string. 186) Local vs Global in python? Anything inside the function body is local and outside is global as simple as that. 187) How to run script in python? Use py command or python command to run the specific file in Unix. 188) What is unlink in python? This is used to remove the file from the specified path. 189) Program structure in python? Always import the package and write the code without indention 190) Pyramid vs Django? Both used for larger application and Django comes with a ORM framework. 191) Cookies in python? Sessions are known as cookies here it is used to reuest from one object to other. 192) Different types of reuest in python? Before reuest – it is used to passes without the arguments. After reuest – it is used to pass the reuest and response will be generated. Tear down reuest – it is used as same as past but it does not provide response always and the reuest cant be changed. 193) How is fail over mechanism works in python? Once the server shoots the fail over term then it automatically tends to remove the packet each on the solid base and then re shoot again on its own. Socket wont get removed or revoked from the orgin. 194) Dogpile mechanism explain? Whenever the server host the service and when it gets multiple hits from the various clients then the piles get generated enormously. This effect will be seems as Dogpile effect. This can be captured by processing the one hit per time and not allowed to capture multiple times. 195) What is CHMOD 755 in python? This will enhance the file to get all the privileges to read write and edit. 196) CGI in Python? This server mode will enable the Content-type – text/html\r\n\r\n This has an extension of .cgi files. This can be run through the cgi command from the cmd prompt. 197) Sockets explain? These are the terminals from the one end to the other using the TCP, UDP protocols this reuires domain, type, protocol and host address. Server sockets such as bind, listen and accept Client socket such as connect. 198) Assertions in python? This is stated as the expression is hits when we get the statement is contradict with the existing flow. These will throw the error based on the scenario. 199) Exceptions in python? This is as same as JAVA exceptions and it is denoted as the try, catch and finally this also provides the user defined expression. 200) What made you to choose python as a programming language? The python programming language is easy to learn and easy to implement. The huge 3rd party library support will make python powerful and we can easily adopt the python 201) what are the features of python? The dynamic typing Large third party library support Platform independent OOPs support Can use python in many areas like machine learning,AI,Data science etc.. 202) How the memory is managed in python? The private heap space is going to take care about python memory. whenever the object is created or destroyed the heap space will take care. As a programmer we don’t need to involve in memory operations of python 203) What is the process of pickling and unpicling? In python we can convert any object to a string object and we can dump using inbuilt dump().this is called pickling. The reverse process is called unpicling 204). What is list in python? A list is a mutable seuential data items enclosed with in and elements are separated by comma. Ex: my_list=] In a list we can store any kind of data and we can access them by using index 205) What is tuple in python? A tuple is immutable seuential data element enclosed with in () and are separated by comma. Ex: my_tuple=(1,4,5,’mouli’,’python’) We use tuple to provide some security to the data like employee salaries, some confidential information 206) Which data type you prefer to implement when deal with seuential data? I prefer tuple over list. Because the tuple accessing is faster than a list because its immutability 207) What are advantages of a tuple over a list? We can use tuple as a dictionary key because it is hash able and tuple accessing very fast compare to a list. 208) What is list comprehension and dictionary comprehension and why we use it? A list comprehension is a simple and elegant way to create a list from another list. we can pass any number of expressions in a list comprehension and it will return one value, we can also do the same process for dictionary data types Data= Ex: new_list = 209) What is the type of the given datatype a=1? a)int b)Tuple c)Invalid datatype d)String Ans:b 210) Which is the invalid variable assignment from the below? a)a=1,2,3 b)The variable=10 c)the_variable=11 d)none of the above Ans:b 211) Why do we use sets in python? Generally we use sets in python to eliminate the redundant data from any data. And sets didn’t accept any mutable data types as a element of a set Ex: my_set={123,456,’computer’,(67,’mo’)} 212) What are the nameless functions in python? The anonymous functions are called nameless functions in python. We can also call it as lambda function. The lambda functions can be called as a one liner and can be created instantly Syntax: lambda arguments: expression Ex: hello=lambda d:d-(d+1) To call the lambda function Hello(5) 213) What is map and filter in python? Map and filter are called higher order functions which will take another functions as an argument. 214) What is the necessity to use pass statement in python program? Pass is no operation python statement. we can use it while we are implementing the classes or functions or any logic. If class is going be define later in the development phase we can use pass statement for the class to make it syntactically make it valid. Ex: def library(): Pass 215) What is *kwargs and **kwargs? Both are used in functions. both are allowed to pass variable number of arguments to a function only difference is *kwargs is used for non-key word arguments and **kwargs is used for key word arguments Ex: def kwargs(formal_arg, *kwargv): print(“first normal arg:”, formal_arg) for arg in kwargv: print(“another arg through *argv:”, arg) kwargs(‘mouli’, ‘ramesh’, ‘rajesh’, ‘kanna’) 216) Explain about negative indexing? Negative indexing is used in python seuential datatypes like list,string,tuple etc We can fetch the element from the back with out counting the list index Ex: list1 217) What is file context manager? To open a file in safe mode we use WITH context manager. This will ensure the file crashing from some exceptions. we don’t need to close the file explicitly Ex: with open(‘sample.txt’,’w’) as f: Pass 218) Explain between deep and shallow copy? The deep copy , copy the object with reference so that if we made any changes on the original copy the reference copy will be effected, shallow copy ,copy the object in a separate memory so that if we do any changes on original it won’t effect the shallow copy one 219) How can you make modules in python? First we need to save the file with somename.py Second import the somename.py in the newfile.py, so that we can access the somename.py functions in the newfile.py. so that somename.py acts as a module. Even we can share our module to the rest of the world by registering to PYPY community 220) Explain about default database with python? SLite3 comes with python3. It is light weight database for small scale of application 221) What are different modes in file operations? There are 3 modes in python file operations read, write and append sometimes we can do both at a time. read(),readline(),readlines() are the inbuilt functions for reading the file write() is inbuilt function for writing to the file 222) What is enumerate() explain its uses? Enumerate is a built in function to generate the index as we desired in the seuential datatypes Ex: for c ,i in enumerate(data,p): Print(c,i) Here p is optional if we don’t want it we can eliminate it 223) Can we use else with for loop in python? Yes we can use. once all the for loop is successfully executed the else part is going to execute, If there are any error occurs or any break happened in the loop then the else is not going to execute Ex: for I in list1: print(i) Else: print(execution done) even we can use else with while also 224) What is type() and id() will do? The type() will give you the information about datatype and id() will provide you the memory location of the object 225) What is decorators? The decorators are special functions which will very useful when tweaking the function or class.it will modify the functionality of another function. 226) Explain about different blocks in exception handling? There are three main blocks in python exception handling Try Except Finally In the try block we will write all the code which can be prone to error, if any error occurred in this block it will go to the except block. If we put finally block also the execution will hit the finally block. 227) Explain inheritance in python? Inheritance will allow the access to the child call meaning it can access the attributes and methods of the base. There are many types in the inheritance Single inheritance: in this one, have only one base class and one derived class Multilevel inheritance: there can be one or more base classes and one more derived classes to inherit Hierarchical: can derive any number of child classes from single base class Multiple: a single derived can be inherited from any number of base classes 29.write sorting algorithm in python for given dataset= using list comprehension x= print(x.sort()) 228) Explain about multi-threading concept in python? Multi-threading process can be achieved through the multiprocess inbuilt module. GIL(global interpreter lock ) will take care about the multiprocessing in python. simultaneously there are several threads can be run at same time. The resource management can be handled by GIL. 229) Can we do pattern matching using python? Yes, we can do it by using re module. like other programming languages python has comes with powerful pattern matching techniue. 230) What is pandas? Pandas is data science library which deal with large set of data. pandas define data as data frame and processes it. Pandas is a third party library which we need to install. 231) What is pip? Pip is a python package installer. Whenever we need third party library like paramiko,pandas etc We have to use pip command to install the packages Ex: pip install paramiko 232) What is the incorrect declaration of a set? a)myset={} b)myset=set() c)myset=set((1,2,3)) d)myset={1,2,3} Ans:a 233) What is OS module will do in python? OS module is giving access to python program to perform operating system operations like changedirectory, delete or create. Ex: import os os.cwd() 234) What is scheduling in threading? Using scheduling we can decide which thread has to execute first and what is the time to execute the thread. And it is highly dynamic process 235) What is the difference between module and package? A package is folder which can have multiple modules in it. We can import module by its package name.module name 236) How we can send email from python? We can use smtplib inbuilt module to define smtp client, that can be used to send email 237) What is TKIner? TKIner is a python inbuilt library for developing the GUI 238) How can you prevent abnormal termination of a python program We can prevent the abnormal termination by using the exception handling mechanism in python. Try , except and finally are the key words for handling the exception. we can raise our own exceptions in the python. They are called user exceptions 239) what module is used to execute linux commands through the python script and give us with one example We can use OS module to execute any operation system commands. We have to import the OS module first and then give the commands Ex: import os Print(os.system(‘nslookup’+’127.10.45.00’)) 240) what is the process to set up database in Django First we need to edit the settings.py module to set up the database. Django comes with SLite database by default, if we want to continue with default database we can leave settings.py as it is. If we decide to work with oracle or other kind of databases like oracle your database engine should be ‘django.db.backends.oracle’. if it is postgresl then the engine should ‘django.db.backends.postgresl_psycopg2’. We can add settings like password, name host etc. 241) what is Django template A django template is a simple text file which is used to create HTML,CSV or XML. A template contains variables that is replaced with values when we evaluates it 242) what is the uses of middleware in Django? Middleware is responsible for user authentication, session management . 243) what is Django architecture Django architecture contains models ,views, templates and controller The model describes the database schema and data structure. the views retrieves data from model and pass it to the template. Templates are described how the user see it. controller is the logic part and heart of the Django 244) List some of the data science libraries in python NumPy Pandas SciPy Matplotlib 245) How do substitute a pattern in a string using re module Import re >>> re.sub(‘’, ‘o’, ‘Space’) ‘Spooe’ >>> re.sub(‘’, ‘n’, re.sub(‘’, ‘o’, ‘Space’)) ‘Spoon’ 246) What is random module will do in python and what are the functions we can apply on random module Random module will gives the random number from the specific range. Every time we execute we will get the random number Randrange() Randint() Choice() Shuffle() Uniform() Are some of the useful functions in random module 247) What are the noted modules of python in terms of networking Paramiko, netmiko, pexpect etc These module will create a ssh connection between server and the program 248) What is beautifulSoup module will do in python? We are using the module for pulling the data from HTML and XML files 249) What is reuests module will do? It is a python http library. The aim of the reuests module is to make http reuests simpler and more human friendly Ex: Import reuests r = reuests.get(‘https://api.github.com/user’, auth=(‘user’, ‘pass’)) r.status_code 200 >>> r.headers ‘application/json; charset=utf8’ >>> r.encoding ‘utf-8′ >>> r.text # doctest: +ELLIPSIS u'{“type”:”User”…’ >>> r.json() # doctest: +ELLIPSIS {u’private_gists’: 419, u’total_private_repos’: 77, …} 250) What are the basic datatypes in python? Python datatypes include int, float, strings, lists, tuples, sets, dictionaries. 251) How Manages to Python Handle Memory Management? Python is a separate on heaps to keep its memory. So the heap contains all the Python information and these data structures. And it’s the Python created handler that manages the Individual heap. Python employs a built-in garbage receiver, which salvages all the available memory including offloads it to some heap space. 252) What is means by string Python? A string in Python is a mixture of the alpha-numeric volume of characters. They are clear of objects Volume. It suggests that both don’t help move once all get assigned a value. Python provides to programs of join(), replace(), or split() to alter strings variable. 253) What does the meaning of Slicing in python? Python Slicing is defined as Lists of Tuples and Arrays Volume function. The Lists element function has a default bit fo the functionality while slicing. If there is a no conseuence of before that first colon, it expects to begin at the start index of the list. 254) Definition of %S In Python? Python it has to been guide for formatting of any value into a string volume function. It may include uite complex characters. It’s One of the popular usages of the start contents into a string including the %s form specifier. The %S formatting helps Python in a similar variable volume syntax as the C function printf(). 255) what does a function of python programming? A function is an object which describes a block of the system and is a reusable object. It takes modularity to a performance code program and a higher level of code reusability. Python has to give us several built-in functions Volume such as print() function volume and it gives the ability to perform a user-defined function. 256) How to write a functioning volume for python? Step-1: To begin the function Volume of start writing the function with the keyword and then specify the Volume function name. Step-2: We can immediately give the reasons and enclose them doing the parentheses. Step-3: After pushing an enter, we can do it determine the coveted Python records for execution. 257) What is means by Call function in Python? A python function value gets treated because of a callable object. It can provide any thoughts value and also pass a value or increased values into the model of a tuple. Apart from this function, Python should additional constructs, such as being groups or the class instances fit in the related category. 258) How to use of return keywords in python? The purpose of a value function get the inputs and return value of some output. The return value of is a Python statement if it’s we can relate to using for sending content following to its caller. 259) What is meant by“Call By Value” In Python? In call-by-value, that argument to be valued expression or value becomes connected to the particular variable in this function. Python command treats that variable being confined within the function-level field. Any changes done to this variable will continue local and order reflect outside the function. 260) What does means by “Call By Reference” In Python? The Call-by-reference we pass as an argument by reference volume, then it is possible because of an absolute source on the use, first then some simple copy. In such any case, any change to the discussion instructions further is obvious to the caller. 261) Difference between Pass and Continue In Python? The continue report executes the loop value to return from the following emphasis. On the opposite, that passing record instructs to make nothing, including the remainder from the code effects as usual. 262) What is meant by R strip() In Python? Python gives the r-strip() system to increases this string value function but allows avoid this whitespace symbols of that end. This r-strip() transmits that numbers value function of right end based upon particular argument value a string specifying the group of numbers to get excluded. 263) What does defined by whitespace in python? Whitespace is representing the characters string value function that we practice for spacing moreover separation. They maintain the“empty” value function symbol. In Python, it could move some tab or space. 264) What is defined Isalpha() In Python? Python has been provided that built-in isalpha() value function for each string manipulating purpose. It reflects the True value function if all types in this string value function are of alphabet type number, else value function it returns False. 265) What does making the CPython Different From Python? Jython means an implementation from some Python programming language that can operate code using on this Java platform. Jython is uiet as compared to CPython and reuires agreement with CPython libraries. A Python implementation is written in C# getting a Microsoft’s .NET framework. 266) Which is the package Fastest Form Of Python? PyPy gives maximum agreement while utilizing CPython implementation as increasing its performance. The tests verified that PyPy is almost five times faster than uniue CPython. 267) What does the meaning of GIL In Python Language? Python is helped to GI(thats means by the global interpreter) which operates some mutex done to ensure introduction into Python objects, synchronizing multiple threads of running these Python bytecodes at the same time. 268) How do Python Thread Safe? Python ensures the reliable path of the threads. It does this GIL mutex to secure synchronization. If a thread fails the GIL lock through any time, when you must to get this system thread-safe. 269) How Does determine the Python Manage The Memory? Python performs a property manager within which operates any of its articles also data structures. This heap manager makes that allocation/de-allocation from heap space to objects. 270) What is a means by “Tuple In Python”? A tuple is a group of specific data structure under Python is immutable. They mean similar to progressions, really prefer the lists. Also, that tuples follow parentheses as including, but these programs have suare sections in their syntax. 271) What does means by split do in Python? This is the opposite of order which mixes or combines strings within one. To do this, you practice this split function value. What it takes is divided or develop up a string and attach that data into each order collection using a specified separator. If none separator is specified while you charge against specific function, whitespace order signify done by default. 272) How do you convert a string to in python? Use the “int” String function value to convert the number to an integer value. Add five value to the integer. Then, the “str” function value it’s to converts the integer function value to a string value function that Python concatenates and print the output value of the answer. 273) How do you reverse any string in Python? This is continued the reverse value function part syntax. It goes outcomes too by doing – by leaving start value and end off value and defining a step of -1, it reverses value function a string function. 274) What does by Python a scripting language? Python is identified as a scripting language because it is an interpreted language also because that is simple to record scripts in it. A defined python communication programming is a language whose programs have to be obtained before they can be run. 275) What language is Python based on? Since largest recent OS continue written in C, compilers/editors before improved high-level languages exist also written in C. Python continues an exception – its various popular/”traditional” implementation means described CPython more is written in C. 276) What is the best free website to learn Python? Python.org. is one the best Python Software Foundation’s official website is further one of the valuable free source locations.SoloLearn- If it refers to a modular, crash-course-like information environment, SoloLearn gives an excellent, step-by-step knowledge program for beginners, TechBeamers , Hackr.io, Real Python. 277) Difference between Python and Java? The Two biggest difference languages signify that the Java is one the statically typed program coding language and Python is one of the dynamical typed. Python is very heavily code programming language but dynamically typed. In certain means types in one code remain confined to strongly Copied something at runtime. 278) How Can you declare the variables function in Python? In Java or C, every variable must be certified before it can be used. Declaring the variable means connecting it to a data type value function. Declaration of variables is expected in Python. You can specify an integer value function to a variable, use it is an integer value function for a while and when specifying a string to the variable function. 279) How to declare the variables function in Python? Python is defined as a dynamically typed variable, which indicates that you have to declare what type each function variable is. In Python, variables do a storage placeholder during texts and numbers variable. It needs to convert one name so that you remain ualified to get this again. The variable does forever assign with an eual sign, replaced by the value of the variable function. 280) How do you reverse the string in python? There is no such inbuilt function for this. The Easiest way for reversing the string in python is using slice which steps backwards, -1. For example: txt = “Hello World” print(txt). 281) WAP to find the given string in the line? This is the WAP for finding the given string in line. Str = ‘Hello world’ If ‘hello’ in str: Print ‘string found’. 282) What is class variable in python? The Class variable are also known as static variables. These variables are shared by all objects. In Python the variables that are assigned the value in class declaration are known as class variables. 283) What is class in Python? The python is “object oriented language”. Almost all the codes of this language are implemented using a special construct called Class. In simple words, “Class” is an object constructer in Python. 284) How can you handle multiple exception in python? To handle multiple exception in python you can use try statement. You can also use these blocks: The try/except blocks The finally blocks The raise keywords Assertions Defining your own exception 285) Can we write else statement try block in python? Yes, it is possible to write else statement try block. try: operation_that_can_throw_ioerror() except IOError: handle_the_exception_somehow() else: # we don’t want to catch the IOError if it’s raised another_operation_that_can_throw_ioerror() finally: something_we_always_need_to_do(). 286) Does Python have do-while loop statements? No, Python doesn’t have any do-while loop statements. 287) What is the difference between range and xrange in Python? In python the range and xrange are two functions that are used repeat number of time in for loops. The major difference between rang and xrange is that the xrange returns the xrange object while the range returns a python list objects. The xrange is not capable for generating the static list at run-time. On the other hand range can do that. 288) Is it possible to inherit one class from another class? Yes, we can inherit one class from another class in python. 289) Name different types of inheritance in python? The inheritance refers to the capability of on class to derive the properties from other class. In python, there are two major types of inheritance. Multiple Inheritance Multilevel Inheritance 290) What is polymorphism? The polymorphism in python refers to various types of respond to the same function. In Greek language the word poly means “many” and morphism means “forms”. This means that the same function name is being used on objects of different types. 291) How do you convert string as a variable name in python? The simplest way to convert string as a variable name is by using vars(). 292) Why do we want to use break statement in while-loop? While-loop can convert into the infinite loop if you don’t use break statement. 293) Why we are using Def keyword for method? The Def keyword in python is used to form a new user-defined function. The def keywords mark the beginning of function header. The functions are the objects through which one can easily organize the code. 294) Why are we using self as first argument? The first argument represents the current instance of the class. The first argument is always called self. With the use of “self” keyword one can easily access the characteristics and methods of the class in python. 295) Why we are using a Python Dictionary? There is huge collection of data values in the python dictionary. These dictionaries are accessed to retrieve the value of the keys that unknown to the users. There is a key: value pair provided in the dictionary which makes it more optimized. 296) What are the use of tuples in Python? A tuple in python is a series of immutable Python objects. These tuples are similar to the list that are used for organizing data to make it easier to understand. If Python has created a tuple in memory, it difficult to change them. 297) What are the use of sets in Python? The Python Set is the collection objects similar to lists and dictionaries. All the elements should be original and uniue and must be immutable. The python sets in comparison with list provides highly optimized method for ensuring whether a specific element is contained in the set. 298) Does Python supports hybrid inheritance? No, python doesn’t support hybrid inheritance. But we can use straight method and round diamond method we can achieve it. 299) What is the uses of middleware in Django? Middleware is responsible for user authentication, session management . 300) Explain Deep Copy in Python There are some values copied already. To store those copied values, Deep copy is used. Unlike Shallow copy, Deep copy will not copy the reference pointers. 301) Define the usage of split If you want to separate a provided string in Python, use split() function. 302) What is the keyword to import a module in Python? Use the keyword ‘import’ to import the modules in Python. 303) List out the different types of inheritance available in Python Hierarchical inheritance, Multi-level inheritance, Multiple inheritance, and Single Inheritance are the four types inheritance available in Python. 304) Define monkey patching You can make dynamic modifications to a module or class during the run-time. This process is called monkey patching in Python. 305) Explain encapsulation Binding the data and code together is known as encapsulation. Example of encapsulation is a Python class. 306) Define Flask in Python Flask, a microframework principally constructed for a minor application with easier reuirements. External libraries must be used in Flask and flask is always ready to use state. 307) Define Pyramid in Python For larger application, you can make use of Pyramid and this is hefty configurable concept. Pyramid affords suppleness and permits the developer to employ the appropriate tools for their assignment. 308) Define Django in Python Similar to Pyramid, Django is built for larger applications and ORM is included. 309) Provide the Django MVT Pattern Django Pattern 310) Why to use Python numpy instead o f lists? Python numpy is convenient, less memory and rapid when compared to lists. Hence, it is better to use python numpy. 311) Mention the floor division available in Python Double-slash (//) is the floor division in Python. 312) Is there any maximum length expected for an identifier? No, there is no maximum length expected for an identifier as it can have any length. 313) Why do we say “a b c = 1000 2000 3000” is an invalid statement in Python? We cannot have spaces in variable names and hence a b c = 1000 2000 3000 becomes invalid statement. 314) Mention the concept used in Python for memory managing Python private heap space is the one used to manage memory. 315) What are the two (2) parameters available in Python map? Iterable and function are the two (2) parameters available in Python map 316) Explain “with” statement in Python As soon as there is a block of code, you can open and close a file using “with” statement in Python. 317) What are the modes to open a file in Python? read–write mode (rw), write-only mode (w), and read-only mode (r) is the three (3) modes to open a file in Python. 318) Try to provide the command to open a file c:\welcome.doc for writing Command to open a file for writing f= open(“welcome.doc”, “wt”) 319) Explain Tkinter in Python An inbuilt Python module helpful in creating GUI applications is known as Tkinter. 320) What does the keyword do in python? The yield keyword can turn ant function into a generator. It works like a standard return keyword. But it will always return a generator object. A function can have multiple calls the keyword. Example: def testgen(index): weekdays = yield weekdays yield weekdays day = testgen(0) print next(day), next(day) Output: Sun mon PYTHON Interview Questions with Answers Pdf Download Read the full article

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300+ TOP AJAX Interview Questions and Answers

AJAX Interview Questions for freshers experienced :-

1. What is Ajax? Ajax is abbreviated as Asynchronous Javascript and XML. It is new technique used to create better, faster and more interactive web systems or applications. Ajax uses asynchronous data transfer between the Browser and the web server. This technique is used to make internet faster and user friendly. It is not a programming language. 2. What are Ajax applications? Browser based applications and platform independent applications are used by Ajax. 3. How many types of triggers are present in update panel? There are two types of triggers used in update panel: PostBackTrigger – This works as full postback and it cannot work asynchronously AsyncPostBackTrigger – Partial post back asynchronously 4. What are all the controls of Ajax? Following are the controls of Ajax: ScriptManager ScriptManagerProxy UpdatePanel UpdateProgress Timer 5. What is the name of the DLL that contains Ajax control tool kit? Ajaxcontroltoolkit.dll is the DLL used for Ajax control tool kit and it can be downloaded from the internet. It can be added in the tool box or copied directly in the bin folder. 6. What role of #&& in querystring? # is treated as fragment delimiter to delimit the history state and && precedes is used to check on the information in the query string. 7. How to control the duration of an Ajax request? AsyncPostBackTimeout property is used to control the duration of Ajax request. Deafult value of this property is 90 seconds. Example – 8. What are the advantages of Ajax? Following are the advantages of Ajax: Bandwidth utilization – It saves memory when the data is fetched from the same page. More interactive Speeder retrieval of data 9. What are the disadvantages of Ajax? Following are the disadvantages of Ajax: AJAX is dependent on Javascript. If there is some Javascript problem with the browser or in the OS, Ajax will not support Ajax can be problematic in Search engines as it uses Javascript for most of its parts. Source code written in AJAX is easily human readable. There will be some security issues in Ajax. Debugging is difficult Increases size of the requests Slow and unreliable network connection. Problem with browser back button when using AJAX enabled pages. 10. What is update panel? Update panel is a server control used to update the specified portion of a web page. Script Manager needs to be used whenever update panel is used. Using update panel, user cannot handle outside controls.

AJAX Interview Questions 11. Which are the two methods used for cross domain Ajax calls? There are two methods used to transfer data between the two more more security domains: CORS – Cross Origin Resource Sharing and it works with the HTTP web browsers JSONP – JSON with Padding which works with the HTTP GET and on legacy browsers 12. What are all the technologies used by Ajax? AJAX uses following technologies: JavaScript XMLHttpRequest Document Object Model (DOM) Extensible HTML (XHTML) Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) 13. What are all the features of Ajax? Following are the features of Ajax and they are as follows: Live data binding Client-side template rendering Declarative instantiation of client components Observer pattern on JavaScript objects and arrays Invoking ADO.NET data services and data contexts DataView control 14. What is JSON in Ajax? JSON is abbreviated as JavaScript Object Notation. JSON is a safe and reliable data interchange format in JavaScript, which is easy to understand for both users and machines. 15. What are the difference between AJAX and Javascript? The differences between AJAX and JavaScript are as follows: AJAX sends request to the server and does not wait for the response. It performs other operations on the page during that time. Whereas, JavaScript makes a request to the server and waits for response. AJAX does not require the page to refresh for downloading the whole page, whereas JavaScript manages and controls a Web page after being downloaded. AJAX minimizes the overload on the server since the script needs to request once, while JavaScript posts a request that updates the script every time. AJAX is an approach towards page reloading, while JavaScript is a way to incorporate content on the webpage. AJAX allows the coder to send a request for data asynchronously in order to load new data without changing the web page. JavaScript allows the creation of dynamic webpages by providing a new level of interactivity. AJAX supports the server side scripting language, whereas JavaScript supports the client side scripting language. AJAX can load a webpage after it has been loaded for the first time. Whereas, JavaScript cannot reload the page after it is loaded. AJAX cannot be used to install a Trojan in the computer, while JavaScript can be used. 16. What are the components of the ASP.NET AJAX architecture? There are two components of AJAX Architecture: AJAX client architecture AJAX server architecture 17. What are the extender controls? The extender controls uses a block of JavaScript code to add new and enhanced capabilities to ASP.NET. 18. What is AJAX Control Extender Toolkit? AJAX Control Toolkit is one of the extenders that are used to extend or add the functionalities of the ASP.NET controls. The extenders use a block of JavaScript code to add new and enhanced capabilities to the ASP.NET controls. AJAX Control Extender Toolkit is a free download from site. 19. Where AJAX cannot be used? Users cannot use AJAX if If Page need to show in a search engine If browser does not support JavaScript If user wants to create secure application 20. What are the pre-requisites to execute AJAX applications on a server? AJAX is a built-in functionality of .NET Framework 4.0 and AJAX application can be executed by just installing Microsoft Visual Studio 2010. To use extenders in your applications, you are required to install AJAX Control Toolkit and copy the AjaxControlToolkit.dll file to the Bin directory of your application. 21. What is AJAX Framework? ASP.NET AJAX is a free framework to implement Ajax in asp.net web applications. It is used to quickly creating efficient and interactive Web applications that work across all browsers. 22. How can you find out that an AJAX request has been completed? ReadyState property is used to check whether AJAX request has been completed. If the property is equal to four, then the request has been completed and data is available. 23. Is javascript knowledge is required to do Ajax? Yes, if you plan to develop new AJAX functionality for your web application. 24. What are all the browsers support AJAX? Following browsers support AJAX: Internet Explorer 5.0 and above Opera 7.6 and above Netscape 7.1 and above Safari 1.2 and above 25. How can you test the Ajax code? JSUnit is the client side javascript code used as part of JUnit. JSUnit has been used for Ajax code. 26. Is Ajax said to be a technology platform or is it an architectural style? Ajax supports both technology and as architectural style. 27. How can AJAX applications be debugged? Two tools are used for debugging: Fiddler for IE Firebug for Mozilla. 28. How can we cancel the XMLHttpRequest in AJAX? Abort() method can be called to cancel the XMLHttpRequest in Ajax. 29. Is AJAX code cross browser compatible? No, it is supporting cross browser compatible. If the browsers supports native XMLHttpRequest JavaScript object, then this can be used. 30. What is the name of object used for AJAX request? XmlHttpRequest object is used for Ajax requests. 31. What is prerequisite for Update Panel in Ajax? Script Manager is pre-requisite to use Update Panel controls. 32. How many update panel can be used per page? There are no restrictions on the number of update panels per page. 33. What is Script Manager? Script Manager helps manage the client side script of AJAX. Script Manager acts as a mediator as AJAX depends on JavaScript. Every page that uses AJAX has a Script Manager to enable AJAX libraries. 34. How Ajax objects can be created? Following syntax can be used to create Ajax objects: Var sample = New ajaxObject(‘path of the page’) 35. What are the protocols used by Ajax? HTTP’s GET or POST XMLHttpRequest for placing a request with the web server Uses JSON to communicate between the client and server UED or URL encoded data 36. What are all the security issues of Ajax? Security issues that can be encountered When Ajax calls are sent through plain text and it may lead to know the database details Inserting scripts can also be possible and attackers can easily penetrate into the system 37. How can we handle concurrent requests? Javascript functions should be written to handle concurrent requests and call back function can be passed as a parameter. Those parameters are passed to AjaxInteraction(URL, callback) object. 38. Define the role of the Update Panel? Update Panel is used to add functionality to the existing ASP.NET applications. By using partial page rendering, it can be used to update the content. Refresh can be made for the partial page instead of whole page. 39. Can we use nested update panel in Ajax? Yes, we can use nested update panel in Ajax. Update panels can be nested to have more control over the Page Refresh. 40. What are the types of post back in Ajax? There are two types of post backs: Synchronous Postback Asynchronous Postback 41. How can we handle exception handling in Ajax? ErrorTemplate which is the child tag of Script Manager is used to handle exception handling in Ajax. 42. What are the components of the ASP.NET Ajax Client Library? Following components are used in Ajax client library: Component Layer Core Services Layer Browser Compatibility Layer 43. What are the controls of the Script Management group? The controls of script Management group are: ScriptManager ScriptManagerProxy 44. What are all the different data types that JSON supports? JSON supports following data types: String Number Boolean Array Object Null 45. What are the goals of Ajax? The basic goals of ASP.NET Ajax are: Reduced web server hits Reduced Network load Interactive user interface Platform and architecture neutrality Support for both synchronous and asynchronous communication Provide a server- and client-side framework 46. What is the difference between proxied and proxyless calls in AJAX? Proxied calls are made through stub objects which can be called from PHP classes on the JavaScript side in AJAX. Proxyless calls are made using utility JavaScript functions like HTML_AJAX.replace() and HTML_AJAX.append() in AJAX. 47. How many types of ready states in Ajax? There are four ready states in Ajax: Initialization Request Process Ready 48. What is the difference between RegisterClientScriptBlock, RegisterClientScriptInclude and RegisterClientScriptResource? Following are the functions: RegisterClientScriptBlock – The script is specified as a string parameter. RegisterClientScriptInclude – By setting the source attribute to a URL that point to a script file. RegisterClientScriptResource – specifies Resource name in an assembly. The source attribute is automatically populated with a URL by a call to an HTTP handler that retrieves the named script from the assembly. 49. Which request is better, Get or Post? AJAX requests should use an HTTP GET request where the data does not change for a given URL requested. An HTTP POST should be used when state is updated on the server. This is highly recommended for a consistent web application architecture. 50. What are the limitations of Ajax? An Ajax Web Application tends to confuse end users if the network bandwidth is slow and there is no full postback running. 51. What Kinds Of Applications Is Ajax Best Suited For? We don’t know yet. Because this is a relatively new approach, our understanding of where Ajax can best be applied is still in its infancy. Sometimes the traditional web application model is the most appropriate solution to a problem. 52. Does This Mean Adaptive Path Is Anti-flash? Not at all. Macromedia is an Adaptive Path client, and we’ve long been supporters of Flash technology. As Ajax matures, we expect that sometimes Ajax will be the better solution to a particular problem, and sometimes Flash will be the better solution. We’re also interested in exploring ways the technologies can be mixed (as in the case of Flickr, which uses both). 53. Where Can I Find Examples Of Ajax? While components of AJAX have been around for some time (for instance, 1999 for XMLHttpRequest), it really didn't become that popular until Google took. But Global Guide Line guide all of its viewers to learn AJAX from absolute beginner to advance level. 54. What Is The Xmlhttprequest Object? It offers a non-blocking way for JavaScript to communicate back to the web server to update only part of the web page. 55. Does Ajax Have Significant Accessibility Or Browser Compatibility Limitations? Do Ajax Applications Break The Back Button? Is Ajax Compatible With Rest? Are There Security Considerations With Ajax Development? Can Ajax Applications Be Made To Work For Users Who Have Javascript Turned Off? The answer to all of these questions is “maybe”. Many developers are already working on ways to address these concerns. We think there’s more work to be done to determine all the limitations of Ajax, and we expect the Ajax development community to uncover more issues like these along the way. 56. How Do I Access Data From Other Domains To Create A Mashup With Java? From your JavaScript clients you can access data in other domains if the return data is provide in JSON format. In essence you can create a JavaScript client that runs operates using data from a different server. This technique is know as JSON with Padding or JSONP. There are questions as to whether this method is secure as you are retrieving data from outside your domain and allowing it to be excuted in the context of your domain. Not all data from third parties is accessible as JSON and in some cases you may want an extra level of protection. With Java you can provide a proxy to third party services using a web component such as a servlet. This proxy can manage the communication with a third party service and provide the data to your clients in a format of your choosing. You can also cache data at your proxy and reduce trips to service. For more on using a Java proxy to create mashups see The XmlHttpProxy Client for Java. 57. Does Java Have Support For Comet Style Server-side Push? Current AJAX applications use polling to communicate changes data between the server and client. Some applications, such as chat applications, stock tickers, or score boards require more immediate notifications of updates to the client. Comet is an event based low latency server side push for AJAX applications. Comet communication keeps one of the two connections available to the browser open to continuously communicate events from the server to the client. A Java based solution for Comet is being developed for Glassfish on top of the Grizzly HTTP connector. See Enabling Grizzly by Jean-Francois Arcand for more details. 58. How Do We Create A Thread To Do Ajax Polling? JavaScript does not have threads. JavaScript functions are called when an event happens in a page such as the page is loaded, a mouse click, or a form element gains focus. You can create a timer using the set Timeout which takes a function name and time in milliseconds as arguments. You can then loop by calling the same function as can be seen in the JavaScript example below. function checkForMessage() { // start AJAX interaction with processCallback as the callback function } // callback for the request function processCallback() { // do post processing setTimeout("checkForMessage()", 10000); } Notice that the checkForMessage will continue to loop indefinitely. You may want to vary the increment the interval based on activity in the page or your use cases. You may also choose to have logic that would break out of the loop based on some AJAX response processing condition. 59. Is The Xmlhttprequest Object Part Of A W3c Standard? No. Or not yet. It is part of the DOM Level 3 Load and Save Specification proposal. 60. How Does One Call A Javascript Function From The Ajax Code? Ajax is a form of JavaScript, which uses XML Http Request objects that take action event parameters into a method called “open”. The term AJAX symbolizes Asynchronous Java script and XML, wherein there is no order in which the requests and responses are tracked.”XMLHttpRequest.open” takes action events as URL Parameters. On the other hand, “XMLHttp Request.send” sends the Request object either asynchronously or synchronously, depending on whether the option for the synchronous version is true or false. 61. Can You List Some Examples Of Ajax-based Applications? Some applications and scenarios in which AJAX is utilized include login forms, auto-complete (e,g. Google search ), voting and rating systems, updating with user content, form submission and validation, chat rooms and instant messaging, Slicker UIs, external widgets, light-boxes (as opposed to pop-ups), and Flash (e.g. Flash games). 62. Is Ajax A Browser-dependent Or A Browser-independent Script? AJAX is a browser-dependent technology. The Ajax engine runs on Firefox, Opera 8, Safari and later Mozilla builds, and the Microsoft ActiveX object. 63. What is asynchronous request in AJAX? In an asynchronous request, the page continues to work normally without blocking the user. It is the most preferred way of sending a request. 64. Does Load Runner Support Ajax Apps? Load Runner supports AJAX Apps. However, Ajax protocols in Load Runner are not as efficient as they are in HTTP. Yet, using HTTP to record AJAX web requires copious custom coding. AJAX protocols heavily depend on memory, and running more than 2GB of ram could cause the machine to freeze. 65. Describe The Process And Benefits Of Using The Always Visible Control Extender? The Always Visible Control Extender authorizes a control to be pinned to a particular location. For example, when a control has been permanently set to be present at the left corner of the page, the control will be so in the prescribed left and right co-ordinates. This placement will apply, whenever the page is resized or scrolled. 66. What Are Synchronous And Asynchronous Ajax Requests? During the initiation of synchronous requests, the script desists and awaits a reply from the server before proceeding; but during the initiation of asynchronous requests, the script sanctions the procession of the page and handles the reply. 67. How We Can Send More Values Through The Response Text? We can send text values with the concatenation of ‘I’ operator and by splitting with the pipe operator like ’responseText.split(‘|’);’ If done properly, we would receive an array of our text. Now, we can access it, or we can use JSQN to send multiple text values in a array format. 68. What Is The Predominant Distinction Between Javascript And J-query? JavaScript is a language, while j-query is merely a library written using JavaScript. This library is light-weight, cross-browser compatible, and simple. One can also assert that j-query is a plugin used to build function. 69. When Should We Use A Java Applet Instead Of Ajax? Many amazing things can be done with AJAX/DHTML, but there are limitations. AJAX and applets can be used together in the same UIs, with AJAX providing the basic structure and applets providing more advanced functionality. The java applet can communicate to JavaScript using the Live-Connect APIs. One should not ask: “should we use AJAX or applets?” Instead, one should discover which technology best fits your needs. In summary, AJAX and applets need not be mutually exclusive. 70. What Is The Difference Between A Destructor And A Garbage Collector? A destructor is a special member function of a class called as soon as an object is de-allocated, while a garbage collector is either a program or an application that de-allocates the memory of a formerly unreachable object. 71. Do Ajax Applications Always Deliver A Better Experience Than That Delivered By A Traditional Web Application? AJAX gives interaction designers more flexibility. However, the more power we have, the more caution we must use in exercising it. We must be careful to use AJAX only to enhance the user experience of our applications. 72. How Do We Manage Concurrent Request? For managing concurrent request we can write a function or we can use Java Script closures. After code processing is finishes the call back function and the URL would pass as parameters, they are passed to the object (Ajax Interaction). These closures are good in the way that they insure the right callback function will be invoked and this will have a particular Ajax Interaction. 73. Which Are The Problems That Can Be Fixed Using Ajax And What Is The Actual Meaning Of Ajax? The technologies that represent Ajax belong to the client and they make possible an asynchronous client to server communication. When synchronous communication is involved at every event a complete round trip takes place, issue solved by using asynchronous communication. 74. Is There Any Use Abilities Problems In Ajax? The appearance of a page is changed very much when we used Ajax interaction to dynamically update it. Because of the dynamically changes, also the state of the page is modify and the page behavior has to be defined for the following actions :navigation, using back , slash forward, page bookmarks, URL sharing, time dependant , printing of pages. Navigation-we have to define page refreshing, back and forward and so on .For simplifying navigation we can use a Java Script framework like Dojo. For bookmarking or URL sharing we have Dojo. Printing-problems may appear when the rendered pages are printed dynamically. 75. Which Are The Knowledge Requirements For Personal Ajax Functionality? To make a personal Ajax component and not reuse an already made one we need to have knowledge of the following: Learning of DHTML or Dynamic HTML is a must because this is the Ajax foundation; it enables a high level of interaction in the browsers between users and pages. CSS, Document Object Model and Java Script form together what is called DHTML. We must also learn JavaScript which is an object based language compatible with the majority of browsers and very important for the interactions of Ajax, JavaScript is invoked on mouse clicks, page boots pr completing various form. Document Object Model or DOM is an application used for handling structured documents usually with HTML or XML documents. CSS-gives us the possibility to dyne the appearance(fonts, sizes, colors, positions it).In addition to these we must also known about the requestresponse behavior of HTTP, because ignoring some of the things involved can load to serious bugs. 76. Which Are The Trigger Types That We Find In Update Panel? The types or triggers are in member of two: PostBackTrigger and AsynPostBackTrigger. The first one makes a complete postback. It doesn’t work asynchronously, the second one makes a practical postback and this is working asynchronously. 77. How Can Javascript Be Debugged? Right now the number of utilities that are compatible with both client and server debugging is small, but this could change over time. The debugging is currently made in separate way. Some of the client debuggers for some popular browsers are presented below: the Venkman debugger is a built-in feature of Netscape/Mozilla browser and also there is an add-on called FireBug, also the browser Safari has a similar debugger that can be used by activation and Internet Explorer has some methods of debugging JavaScript. A common method used by debuggers is “Alert Debugging” with the function “alert( )”. 78. What Are The Protocols And Forms In Ajax? XMLHttpRequest, this protocol is meant for doing requests to a server. The client browser makes an object, the transfer of data happens in JSON or plain text. The JSON format can be parsed by java script and will be compatible with every browser. 79. Do We Have To Use Http Get/post For The Ajax Calls? If the data doesn’t change for a particular request URL, HTTP GET requests are necessary. If the state on a server is going to be updated then a HTTP POST is necessary. 80. Easy Trough That The Classical Web Applications Are Harder To Make Than Ajax Applications? Not really, because the code that has to run on the client is complicated and it is hard to create such a code, without having bugs and we need the aid of many tools of an efficient code. 81. Why Is Html_ajax Having Stability Issues On Some Installations? If the problem that we have with is specific to certain servers the best explanation would be that the problem relates to output compression. It can be dictated and fixed PHP config but if it is a related apache extension it is almost impossible to be detected properly. In most cases we will have to disable the AJAX extension, but in rare cases we can fix the issue by using the setting sendContentLength to false. Also xDdebug can create some issues but they can be fixed by the activating the extension. 82. Is It True That Ajax Is Code Browser Compatible? Yes but only partially. The majority of browsers give us a built-in XMLHttpRequest JavaScript object but some, like Internet Explorer, will asked it in the form of an ActiveX object. 83. Is It True That A Xmlhttprequest Objects Belongs To The W3c Standard? This hasn’t been decided until now but we know just that it belongs to DOM Level 3 Load and Save. 84. What Meaning Has Asp.net Ajax? ASP .NET Ajax is developed by Microsoft and it represent the free Ajax frame work used for creating applications that have a great amount of interactivity and is compatible with all the browsers. It gives us the possibility to choose our own way of using Ajax no matter if is Server-side, Client-side, the Query library or the Ajax Control Tool kit. 85. What Are The Browser Versions That Ajax Is Compatible With? From the version 0.3.0 Ajax is compatible with Internet Explorer 5.5, Mozilla Firefox 1.0, Safari 2+ and Opera 8.5+. 86. In What Way Are Proxyless Calls Different Than The Proxied Calls In Ajax? Proxyless calls can be possible using functions such as HTML_AJAX.replace() or HTML_AJAX.append(). This functions are JavaScript utilities. Proxied calls are possible by using limitations of PHP classes or stub objects in JavaScript. 87. How Can We Make A Mashup With Java By Accessing Other Domains Data? We can gain access to other domains data in our Java Script clients if the format of the data returned is in JSON format. In this way JavaScript client can be made which is running with the usage of another servers data, method called JSQN with Padding (JSQNP). This method has his doubts when it comes to security, because it functions by bringing data from outside our domain, but the execution is made inside. Not every type of data from outside can be accessed as JSON and sometimes we want more security. In Java a proxy can be given to outside services with the aid of what we called a servlet, which is used for communication management between outside and inside services and gives us the possibility of changing the format of the data we provide according to our wishes. For speed improvement data can be cached. 88. Does Ajax Have The Same Meaning As Xmlhttprequest? Because XMLHttpRequest is just a piece of Ajax, the answer will be no. Ajax depends on many pieces like XMLHttpRequest, CSS, DOM, etc. XMLHttpRequest is the part responsible for asynchronous server communication. 89. In Ajax Does The Client Or The Sever Have The Control? Sometimes yes, sometimes no. It can be more like a server-side centralized component or controller or client-side controller. A centralized server-side controller is the case where we must assure that the client-side page data is synchronized with the server data. Many programs are preserving everything on the server and the updates are given to the client DOM through an easy Java Script controller. The case of client and server-side controllers uses a JavaScript for making each control that relates to presentation, each processing of events, each manipulation of pages and model data rendering on the client. The responsibility of business logic or giving the updated model data to a client is taken by the server-side. But this case doesn’t include specific information about the initial pages which is sent to the request of the client page. In certain use cases the whole Ajax application is possible to write in one page. If we chose this we must also remember about bookmarking and navigation. 90. We Used Asynchronous Server Communication For A Long Time, What New Thing Is Ajax Bringing? Ajax is bringing changes in the way we use interactive real-world web applications. Now it’s time to apply all this new technologies that have been in development for many years. 91. Is It True That The Ajax Application Are Much Better Than The Classical Internet Applications? Not really. What it is true is that Ajax has brought more flexibility. This flexibility also implies a higher degree of responsibility when we use Ajax for providing a better experience for the user. 92. What Is The Response Time When Using Ajax? Response time can also be named latency and it means the period of time that passes from the beginning of a request processing by the client to the sever until its end. Id the time is longer than normal then we say we had a delay, Delays usually appear when the XMLHttpRequest object is badly handled. 93. Which Is The Purpose For Using The Scriptmanager? ScriptManager is used for handling every ASP.NET Ajax resource and it makes links for the client libraries in ASP.NET Ajax. This means we will be able to use UpdatePanels, PageMethods and others. Also the page request Manager and Application objects are made, they are important in the client life cycle for raising events in the ASP.NET Ajax web pages. It is also good for making proxies for calling web services asynchronously. 94. What Is The Use Of Updatepanel? Updatepanel gives us the possibility to make ASP .NET applications Ajax compatible, to update the content of a page with the aid of Partial-Page rendering. This is useful for refreshing a section of the page without refreshing the entire page. 95. What is the full form of AJAX? AJAX stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML. 96. How can you debug AJAX application? If you want to debug in Google Chrome, then use Chrome Developer Tool. On Mozilla Firefox, with the help of Firebug, debugging can be done easily. 97. Can you provide any real world example of AJAX? Nowadays, many websites and web applications are using AJAX. Some of the most popular web applications are- Google Maps Youtube Instagram Google Plus Twitter Facebook 98. What are disadvantages of AJAX? Every technology is not a perfect and has some disadvantages. The cons of AJAX are- Source code of AJAX is viewable. It depends on javascript and cannot work if javascript is disabled in a web browser. Malicious code can be inserted into the system. 99. What is Rich Internet Application (RIA)? An application that works similar to a desktop application and has enhanced the user interface, advanced functions and quicker response time. 100. What are the most popular AJAX framework? Angular JS Backbone.js Prototype Ext JS jQuery and jQuery UI AJAX Questions and Answers Pdf Download Read the full article

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300+ TOP HYPERION ESSBASE Interview Questions and Answers

HYPERION ESSBASE Interview Questions for freshers experienced

1. What are the two storage options available in Essbase and what are the differences? ASO (Aggregate Storage Option) - Used for 1. If we have large number of dimensions (generally more than 10) 2. Most of the dimensions are sparse 3. We cannot write back in ASO. I heard recently that ASO will also have the write back capability. BSO (Block Storage Option)- 1. Dimensions are less and dense (recommended values for no of dim are between 4 and 8) . 2. We can write back hence much suited for planning applications. Financial applications are generally dense structures and normal analytical cubes are sparse. Here we also need to understand what these dense and sparse members are. When the intersections or cells of two dimensions mostly contain a value it is dense. Say for example we have two dimensions period(Month or quarter) and region and we are calculation the sales amount. Generally maximum regions(countries, cities) will have some sales value for a particular month or quarter. Hence we can say that our period dimensions would be dense. But now instead of period, consider another dimension product. Now there are some products which are sold in only some particular regions hence for them there will be no values in other regions or will have very low percentage of data values hence the structure will become sparse. Now the question arises what is the use of calling them dense or sparse. What difference does it make. Do some research and try to find the answer. 2. Can we build dimensions directly from data sources without using rule files. No. 3. When do we generally use build rules files? To automate the process of creating dimensions with thousands of members. 4. What are the three primary build methods for building dimensions? 1. Generation references 2. level references 3. Parent-Child references. 5. In what case we can define generation 1 to a field in generation build method. We cannot define that as Generation 1 is not valid. 6. Suppose we have assigned Generation 2 and Generation 4 as of now and think of adding generation 3 later some time. Can we build the dimension. No. If gen 2 and gen 4 exists, we must assign gen 3. 7. Can we create more than 2 dimensions using only one build rule file. Yes, we can do that but it is recommended to use separate rule file for each dimension. What is UDA( user defined attributes). How are they different than Aliases. UDA represents the class of the members. Aliases are just another names of the members. both are different and has different usage. 8. Can we query a member for its UDA in a calculation script. Yes. You can query a member for its UDA in a calculation script. 9. How does UDA's impact database size? Absolutely no impact as UDA’s does not require additional storage space. 10. What is the difference between UDA's and Attribute dimensions? Attribute dimensions provides more flexibility than UDA's. Attribute calculations dimensions which include five members with the default names sum, count, min, max and avg are automatically created for the attribute dimensions and are calculated dynamically.

HYPERION ESSBASE Interview Questions 11. How does Attribute dimensions and UDA's impact batch calculation performance? UDA's- No Impact as they do not perform any inherent calculations. Attribute dim- No Impact as they perform only dynamic calculations. 12. How can we display UDA's in reports? How do they impact report report performance. UDA's values are never displayed in the reports and hence do not impact report performance. 13. How does Attribute dim impact report performance? They highly impact the report performance as the attributes are calculated dynamically when referenced in the report. For very large number of att dim displayed in the report, the performance could drastically reduce. 14. While loading the data, you have applied both the selection criteria as well as rejection criteria to a same record. What will be the outcome. The record will be rejected. 15. How is data stored in the Essbase database? Essbase is an file based database where the data is stored in PAG files of 2 GB each and grows sequentially. 16. Can we have multiple databases in one single application? Yes. But only one database per application is recommended. 17. Can we have one ASO database and one BSO database in one single application. If yes, how and If No, why. No. Because we define ASO or BSO option while creating the application and not database. Hence if the application is ASO, the databases it contains will be that type only. 18. What are the file extensions for an outline, rule file and a calc script. .OTL, .RUL and .CSC 19. What is the role of provider services. To communicate between Essbase and Microsoft office tools. 20. What is an alternative to create meta outline, rule file and load data. Integration services and in version 11, we have Essbase studio. 21. Can we start and stop an application individually. How can this be used to increase performance. Yes. We can manage our server resources by starting only the applications which receive heavy user traffic. When an application is started, all associated databases are brought to the memory. 22. We have created an application as unicode mode. Can we change it later to non-unicode mode. No. 23. How can I migrate an application from my test environment to the production environment. Can I still do this if my test environment is a windows one and my production env is UNIX one. Also can I still do it if my test env and prod env versions are different. Hyperion Administrative services console provides a migration utility to do this but only the application, database objects are migrated and no data is transferred. the answers to other two questions are Yes. 24. A customer wants to run two instances of an Essbase server on a same machine to have both test env and Development env on the same server. Can he do that? Yes. We can have multiple instances of an Essbase server on a single machine and there will be different sets of windows services for all these instances. 25. suppose I have a dimension A with members B and C and I do not want B and C to roll up to A. how can I do this. Using (~) exclude from consolidation operator. 26. What does never consolidate operator (^) do? It prevents members from being consolidate across any dimension. 27. Can we have multiple meta outlines based on one OLAP model in Integration services? Yes 28. Can we have an meta outline based on two different OLAP models. No. 29. What is hybrid analysis? Lower level members and associated data remains in relational database where as upper level members and associated data resides in Essbase database. 30. Why top-down calculation less efficient than a bottom-up calculation? Being less efficient, why do we use them. In the process it calculates more blocks than is necessary. Sometimes it is necessary to perform top-down calculation to get the correct calculation results. On what basis you will decide to invoke a serial or parellel calculation method. If we have a single processor, we will use serial calculation but if we have multiple processors we can break the task into threads and make them run on different processors. 31. What is block locking system? Analytic services (or Essbase Services) locks the block and all other blocks which contain the Childs of that block while calculating this block is block locking system. 32. What are the types of partitioning options available in Essbase? 1. Replicated partition. 2. Transparent partition 3. Linked partition. 33. Dynamic calc decreases the retrieval time and increases batch database calculation time. How true is the statement? The statement should be just opposite. As dynamic calc members are calculated when requested, the retrieval time should increase. 34. A customer has a cube with 13 dimensions and the performance was fine. Now they have added two more dimensions in the existing cube and the performance becomes very slow. Customer said logically nothing wrong with the two new dimensions they have added. What could be the reason for slow down. Even I don't have any clue. I experienced this few days back with a customer. If you can throw some light on this, please post your answer 35. Can we have multiple meta outlines based on one OLAP model in Integration services? Yes 36. What are LRO's( Linked Reporting Objects)? They are specific objects like files, cell notes or URL's associated with specific data cells of Essbase database. You can link multiple objects to a single data cell. These linked objects are stored in the server. These LRO's can be exported or imported with the database for backup and migration activities. 37. What are the three primary build methods for building dimensions? Ans: 1. Generation references 2. Level references 3. Parent-Child references 38. How does UDA's impact database size? There will be no impact on the database as the UDA’s doesn’t store data in the database. 39. Can we have an meta outline based on two different OLAP models. No. 40. Can we create UDA’s and apply it to Dense as well as Sparse dimensions? Yes 41. Types of Partitions available in Essbase? Three types of partitions are there. 1. Transparent partition: A form of shared partition that provides the ability to access and manipulate remote data transparently as though it is part of your local database. The remote data is retrieved from the data source each time you request it. Any updates made to the data are written back to the data source and become immediately accessible to both local data target users and transparent data source users 2. Replicated Partition 3. Linked Partition 44. What is hybrid analysis? Lower level members and associated data remains in relational database where as upper level members and associated data resides in Essbase database. 45. Why top-down calculation less efficient than a bottom-up calculation? Being less efficient, why do we use them. In the process it calculates more blocks than is necessary. Sometimes it is necessary to perform top-down calculation to get the correct calculation results. 46. On what basis you will decide to invoke a serial or parallel calculation method. If we have a single processor, we will use serial calculation but if we have multiple processors we can break the task into threads and make them run on different processors. 47. How can you display UDA’s in reports? UDA's values are never displayed in the reports and hence do not impact report performance. 48. While loading the data, you have applied both the selection criteria as well as rejection criteria to a same record. What will be the outcome? The record will be rejected. 49. What are the specified roles other than Administrator to view sessions, disconnect sessions or kill users requests for a particular application? You should have the role of Application manager for the specified application. 50. What is block locking system? Analytic services (or Essbase Services) locks the block and all other blocks which contain the Childs of that block while calculating this block is block locking system. HYPERION ESSBASE Questions and Answers Pdf Download Read the full article