#Mathematical Expectation and Generating Function Experts

[sathcreation]

Expert IIT Mathematics Teacher at Gritty Tech

Introduction to IIT JEE Mathematics Excellence

The journey to cracking the prestigious IIT JEE begins with mastering one of its most challenging components – Mathematics. At Gritty Tech, we understand the intensity and depth required to succeed in this subject. That's why we offer specialized coaching under the guidance of expert IIT Mathematics teachers who not only know the syllabus but also understand the psychology and strategy behind high-stakes exams For More…

Our teaching is not just about covering topics. It’s about building a solid mathematical foundation, developing analytical thinking, and fostering a problem-solving mindset.

Why Expert Teachers Make a Difference

IIT JEE Mathematics is not about rote learning. It demands creativity, speed, accuracy, and deep conceptual understanding. An expert IIT Maths teacher brings all these elements to the table. At Gritty Tech, our instructors are selected through a rigorous process. Each of them has years of experience in mentoring toppers, with proven results across multiple batches.

Key Attributes of Our Expert Maths Faculty:

In-depth Subject Knowledge: Every teacher at Gritty Tech has a mastery over the entire JEE syllabus including Algebra, Calculus, Coordinate Geometry, Trigonometry, Probability, and more.

Strategic Teaching Methods: They know how to break down complex problems into simpler steps and highlight shortcuts that save time in exams.

Focus on Conceptual Clarity: Instead of encouraging memorization, our approach ensures students understand the 'why' behind every formula.

Real Exam Insight: Teachers share insights from previous year papers, trends, and changing patterns in JEE to keep students one step ahead.

Individual Mentorship: Every student is different. Our experts provide personal guidance to overcome weaknesses and build on strengths.

A Curriculum Built for Success

At Gritty Tech, the Mathematics curriculum is not generic. It is crafted specifically for IIT JEE aspirants, keeping in mind the latest trends, difficulty levels, and expected question formats. Our curriculum is reviewed and refined every year by a panel of experts.

The Core Topics Covered Include:

Algebra: Quadratic equations, Complex numbers, Matrices & Determinants, Permutations & Combinations

Calculus: Limits, Continuity, Differentiability, Application of Derivatives, Integrals, Differential Equations

Coordinate Geometry: Straight lines, Circles, Conic Sections

Trigonometry: Identities, Equations, Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Vectors and 3D Geometry

Probability and Statistics

Each topic is taught from the ground up, beginning with theory and moving into solved examples, practice sheets, test series, and revision strategies.

Teaching Methodology at Gritty Tech

What truly sets Gritty Tech apart is not just the content we teach, but how we teach it.

Interactive Concept Classes

Our sessions are designed to be interactive. Teachers use smart boards, real-life analogies, and visual aids to explain abstract mathematical ideas. Every class ends with a set of practice problems that help reinforce the day’s learning.

Doubt Resolution in Real-Time

Students never have to wait till the end of the week to clear their doubts. With dedicated doubt-solving sessions and availability of the faculty even outside class hours, learning continues seamlessly.

Regular Testing and Feedback

Frequent quizzes, weekly tests, and full-length mock exams are conducted to ensure students are exam-ready. After each test, teachers provide personalized feedback and performance analysis.

Adaptive Learning

Not every student learns the same way. Our experts use adaptive learning techniques to identify the learning style of each student and modify their approach accordingly.

[coineagle]

Google’s Quantum Chip ‘Willow’ Unleashed: Could This Spell Disaster for Bitcoin Security?

Key Points

Google introduces a quantum chip, Willow, capable of reducing error rates as more qubits are added.

Despite advancements, Willow is not yet capable of breaking Bitcoin’s security, as it would require millions of high-quality qubits.

Google has recently unveiled a new quantum chip, Willow, which is generating significant excitement in the scientific community. Willow is a quantum computer, a machine that uses the principles of quantum physics to perform calculations. Unlike regular computers that use “bits,” quantum computers employ “qubits,” which can be both 0 and 1 simultaneously, allowing for the exploration of multiple possibilities at once. This characteristic can make them incredibly fast at solving certain problems.

The Challenge of Errors

The construction of a functional quantum computer is not without its challenges. The primary issue is errors. Qubits are highly sensitive and can easily be “distracted” by their environment. In quantum computing, an increase in the number of qubits typically results in more errors. If these errors accumulate, the computer ceases to behave quantumly and starts acting like a regular machine, losing all its unique advantages.

What Sets Willow Apart?

Willow, Google’s new chip, brings a remarkable feature to the table. Usually, running larger quantum circuits results in more errors. However, Willow demonstrates the opposite: as more qubits are added, the total error rate decreases. This may seem minor, but it is a significant breakthrough that scientists have been trying to achieve for nearly three decades. If you can continue to add qubits while reducing errors, you can start to build larger and more reliable quantum computers capable of solving real-world problems.

Bitcoin’s security is dependent on complex mathematical problems. Current computers struggle to break the code that keeps Bitcoin secure. However, quantum computers may find shortcuts, making it easier to solve these problems and potentially compromise the security. This has led to concerns that a chip like Willow could hack Bitcoin. Despite Willow’s impressive advancements, it is still far from being able to break Bitcoin’s security. Experts suggest that at least a million high-quality qubits would be needed to threaten Bitcoin’s encryption. Willow currently has about 105 qubits— a considerable number, but nowhere near a million.

For the time being, Bitcoin and similar systems are safe from Willow and other existing quantum computers. The jump from 105 qubits to millions of error-free qubits is substantial. It’s akin to transitioning from riding a bicycle to building a spaceship bound for Mars. Scientists are aware of what they need to do, but it will still require many years—possibly decades—of diligent work.

At present, quantum computers are primarily used for tests to prove they can outperform traditional machines at specific tasks. The next significant goal is to use these machines to solve a problem that matters in the real world—something meaningful, like discovering a new drug or optimizing a complex process, and doing it faster than any regular computer could. Google’s Willow is a significant step closer to that future. It has demonstrated that we can control errors and perform computations that classical computers can’t manage. As research progresses, we can expect more breakthroughs, larger chips, and eventually, machines capable of tackling incredibly complex challenges.

[nexthikes01]

The Benefits of Partnering with the Best Website Development Company in India | Nexthikes IT Solutions

In today’s fast-moving digital realm, bearing a strong online presence is essential for businesses of all sizes. Your site is frequently the first point of contact 'tween you and your potential clients. That’s reason it’s so main to pick the right site design and growth party to bring your dream to existence. If you’re expect prime aids, Best Apps Development Company in India  is home to few of highest in rank associations in the realm, containing Nexthikes IT Solutions. But reason concede possibility you choose a top association in India? Let’s get started on trip.

1. Expertise in Both Design and Development

The best site design and happening parties, like Nexthikes IT Solutions, offer a complete range of duties. This wealth they can handle entirety from generating a optically attractive design to evolving the backend functionality that form your site work seamlessly. By selecting a top party, you catch a group of specialists skilful in two together design and happening, guaranteeing that your site isn’t just beautiful but still working and convenient.

2. Cost-Effective Solutions

One of the grown reasons trades from about the experience select Indian associations for site happening is the cost benefit. India offers world-class aids at a part of the cost distinguished to many Western nations. Nexthikes IT Solutions specifies competing fixing outside prejudicing on kind. This create it an ideal choice, particularly for small and medium-judge trades revere blow up their budget.

3. Tailored Solutions for Your Business Needs

Not each trade is the alike, and best choice site growth guests think that. Nexthikes IT Solutions takes the time to learn your singular trade aims and constitutes rule answers that suit your needs. B2B Website Designing Company in India Whether you’re expect a natural educational site or a complex buying platform, they’ve caught you concealed. They too confirm that the design joins accompanying your brand’s similarity and principles, meal you be conspicuous in the congested connected to the internet space.

4. Responsive Design and Mobile Optimization

In today’s travelling-compelled realm, your site must look excellent and work well on all schemes, from desktops to smartphones. Nexthikes IT Solutions focuses on forming reactive designs that accustom to some screen magnitude. This guarantees that your customers can approach your spot surely, despite everything instrument they’re utilizing, bestowing ruling class a helpful consumer happening and growing your chances of converting foreigners into clients.

5. SEO-Friendly Development

It’s insufficient to have a excellent-appearing site if none can find it. SEO (Search Engine Optimization) is critical for forceful natural traffic to your site. Nexthikes IT Solutions builds websites that are enhanced for search engines, allowance you rank larger in search results. This wealth more perceptibility, more traffic, and eventually related to manufacturing.

6. Ongoing Support and Maintenance

After your site is live, continuous support and perpetuation are owned by hold entirety running smoothly. Nexthikes IT Solutions offers trustworthy support to guarantee that your site stays current, secure, and empty mechanics issues. This gives you mental freedom, experienced that you have a loyal group possible to help whenever wanted.

Conclusion

Choosing high-quality site design and happening association in India, like Nexthikes IT Solutions, Mobile Apps Development Companies  can create a tremendous distinctness for your trade. From economical answers and expert design to SEO and continuous support, they provide entirety you need to prosper in the mathematical scope. If you’re ready to take your trade to the next level, adopting in a top-level netting growth association is the habit to go.

Contact Us :-

Company Name :- Nexthikes IT Solutions

Email:- support@nexthikes.com

Contact No:- 01203133262

Website:- www.nexthikes.com

[sun-technologies]

Generative Artificial Intelligence in the Financial Sector: Exploring Promising Use Cases and Potential Challenges

Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) transforms the finance and banking sectors by enabling real-time fraud detection, anticipating customer requirements, and providing superior customer experiences. This industry has undergone significant digital transformations, enhancing efficiency, convenience, and security. Generative AI can revolutionize various aspects of our lives, including work, banking, and investment, potentially resolving challenges related to talent shortages in software development, risk and compliance, and front-line personnel. The influence of Generative AI is expected to be as profound as that of the internet or mobile devices.

Generative Artificial Intelligence (Gen AI) offers three primary capabilities that are beneficial for businesses and institutions:

Facilitating conversational online interactions (e.g., through the use of conversational journeys, customer service automation, and knowledge access, among others).

Simplifying the access and understanding of complex data (e.g., through enterprise search, product discovery and recommendation functionalities, and business process automation, among others).

Creating content with the mere press of a button (e.g., through the generation of creative content, document creation functionalities, and enhancing developer efficiency, among others).

Generative AI Use Cases in Financial Services: A Closer Look

Enhancing Efficiency Through the Automation of Repetitive Tasks

Problem. The necessity to manage redundant and time-consuming responsibilities, including the manual entry of data and the summarization of extensive documents, detracts attention from more valuable tasks.

Solution.

Finding important data in different types of documents and correctly filling in records or worksheets.

Shortening complex financial reports, articles about finance, or documents about rules into understandable outlines, emphasizing important details and patterns.

Converting complicated terms related to a specific sector into simple language, making information easier to understand for more people.

Impact. Artificial Intelligence liberates experts to focus on higher-level projects that demand deep reasoning and evaluation. It also results in quicker response periods, enhanced efficiency throughout processes, and a deep comprehension of intricate financial information.

Improving the Assessment and Management of Risks

Problem. The assessment of vulnerabilities within the sector continues to be a multifaceted and intricate procedure. Conventional approaches frequently depend on constrained historical documentation or manual investigation, which may result in erroneous forecasts and overlooked warning signs.

Solution.

Creating believable artificial data to enhance the training sets for machine learning algorithms.

Creating different situations to evaluate financial models and find potential weaknesses.

Examining a range of sources to discover overlooked risks and offer a detailed analysis of potential errors.

Impact. The integration of technology facilitates enhanced decision-making processes, thereby minimizing the risk of potential losses for organizations. The prompt recognition of emerging risks allows for the implementation of proactive mitigation strategies.

Creating Financial Documentation and Analysis

Problem. Generating precise and perceptive financial reports is a process that demands considerable effort and time. It requires analysts to collect information from diverse sources, execute intricate computations, and develop comprehensible narratives, frequently operating under stringent deadlines.

Collect data from various datasets, thereby generating reports that automatically incorporate customized insights and visual representations.

Perform regular calculations, reconciliations, and amalgamations, guaranteeing mathematical accuracy.

Compile periodic management documents, encompassing both quantitative and textual elements, to underscore trends or irregularities.

Impact. The integration of Generalized Accounting Information Systems (GAI) in the generation of reports liberates the expertise of professionals, allowing them to allocate more time towards strategic analysis. It also diminishes the likelihood of errors, thereby enhancing the accuracy of the reports. Furthermore, it expedites the process of pinpointing essential recommendations aimed at augmenting agility.

Enhancing Customer Experience and Service Personalization

Problem. Consumers are increasingly seeking personalized digital experiences and bespoke deals, presenting a challenge for enterprises constrained by limited resources and conventional service methodologies.

Solution.

Conducting an analysis of user data to formulate distinct recommendations for investment portfolios, financial products, and services.

Developing finance AI chatbots capable of engaging in natural language conversations, comprehending complex queries, and offering context-aware, beneficial responses to consumers round the clock.

Supporting customer support representatives by locating pertinent information, condensing escalated cases, and proposing solutions, thereby optimizing the process of problem resolution.

Impact. With their proactive support and well-curated recommendations, these innovations dramatically increase client happiness. Increased loyalty and engagement follow from this. In the end, providing a superior, customised CX gives financial settings a competitive advantage.

Optimising Fraud Identification and Avoidance

Problem. The dynamic nature of fraudulent activity poses a challenge to the efficacy of typical monitoring systems. This damages client confidence and exposes financial service providers to financial losses.

Solution.

Producing synthetic data that is realistic and replicates cunning patterns to improve the training and resilience of detection systems.

Real-time transaction analysis to spot irregularities and suspicious activity, allowing for the quick identification of such frauds.

Streamlining the investigation process, relieving the load on staff engaged, and automating the flagging of possibly criminal conduct.

Impact. Artificial intelligence (AI)-powered fraud management improves brand image, protects client assets, boosts security requirements, and eases the operational burden on the investigative teams.

Enhancing Analysis and Forecasts of Market Trends

Problem. Traditional techniques of evaluation are out of step with the constantly changing financial markets, leaving investors open to missing out on opportunities.

Solution. The use of generative AI allows for the simulation of market conditions, stress testing of strategies, and the early detection of possible dangers and opportunities. 

Impact. Businesses may quickly and effectively take advantage of changes in the industry by using GAI to maximize profits and outperform rivals.

Some of the top generative AI use cases highlighted by financial organizations

75% Improved virtual assistants

70% Financial document search and synthesis

80% Personalized financial recommendations

72% Capital market research

Key applications of GenAI for the BFSI sector

Internal processes

Decision making

Cybersecurity

Document analysis & processing

Customer service & support   

Key considerations for secure GenAI deployment

While not a panacea, artificial intelligence is a valuable tool that must be used carefully and thoughtfully, particularly in the banking and fintech industries. This post has shown a number of areas where AI is now being used cautiously and producing real benefits like cost reductions and increased operational efficiencies.

Selecting the appropriate AI service provider

AI technology is rapidly evolving due to competition among tech companies. Significant advancements are expected in generative AI, necessitating continuous experimentation and participation in scientific research to refine and validate AI solutions. This includes testing diverse methodologies for engineering and technology stacks.

Years of Experience in Implementing AI for Commercial Applications

Deploying AI in commercial BFSI (Banking, Financial Services, and Insurance) settings demands a carefully crafted and meticulous strategy. Therefore, when selecting an AI consultant or service provider, it’s crucial to examine their track record across a broad spectrum of AI implementations.

In summary, the integration of Generative AI within the realm of financial services introduces a set of distinct challenges. However, the potential benefits justify the investment of effort. To guarantee success, it is imperative to focus on enhancing information quality, the development of explainable models, the establishment of robust data governance frameworks, and the implementation of comprehensive risk management strategies. We are committed to collaborating with you to devise strategies that address these challenges, thereby facilitating the realization of the transformative advantages associated with Generative AI.

[audreyshura]

Caktus AI Overview: Features, Usage, Tips, and Limitations

The influence of AI extends across numerous fields, including education. One notable tool in this domain is Caktus AI, an all-encompassing AI educational platform designed to meet the needs of both students and educators. This tool is equipped with various features, such as writing code, essays, paragraphs, and solving mathematical problems.

In this article, we explore the functionalities of Caktus AI, provide a usage guide, offer suggestions for optimizing its use, and highlight its limitations.

Introducing Caktus AI

Caktus AI is an advanced educational platform leveraging AI to assist students, instructors, and professionals in their academic and career pursuits. Its features include essay writing, math problem solving, paragraph generation, discussion question creation, personal statement crafting, and a unique YouTube to essay tool.

The platform also offers text summarization, coding tools for languages like Python, Java, C#, JavaScript, and Go, and a career section for building cover letters and resumes.

Key Features of Caktus AI

Writing Aid

Essays: Caktus AI helps users craft essays on various topics. By providing a prompt, users receive a well-structured essay with appropriate citations. The tool also offers a content-improver feature to refine grammar, tone, and style.

Paragraphs: The Paragraph Generator creates original content based on a brief description, delivering a coherent paragraph in 15-30 seconds.

Personal Statements: For college or university applications, the personal statement writer analyzes users' skills and achievements to produce personalized statements.

Resume Bullet Points: Caktus AI generates structured resumes highlighting users' skills, experiences, and achievements, with options to save and export in multiple formats.

Blog Posts: The platform assists in creating blog posts on various topics, ensuring well-researched and informative content.

Love Letters and Songs: Users can generate love letters and songs, customizing the output for a personal touch.

Coding Companion

Caktus AI supports code generation in multiple programming languages, making coding more efficient for both beginners and experts. Users can generate unique code, access a code editor and debugger, and receive suggestions for code improvement.

Language Learning Tool

The platform aids in learning languages like Spanish, Russian, Japanese, French, Arabic, Mandarin, and Italian. Users can improve pronunciation, grammar, and cultural understanding, and translate text between languages.

Learning Aid

Caktus AI offers various tools to enhance learning and teaching efficiency:

Automated Grading: Streamline evaluations, provide feedback, and track student progress.

Personalized Learning: Create tailored learning experiences and track student progress.

Time Management: Track assignments, set reminders, and manage study schedules.

Flashcards: Create and share multimedia flashcards for collaborative studying.

Math Solver: Quickly solve equations and mathematical problems.

Using Caktus AI

To use Caktus AI, users must sign up for an account and choose a subscription plan ($4.99/month or $39.99/year). After registration, users can select features like the AI paragraph generator, essay writing, or coding tools. By providing a prompt, the platform generates the desired content.

Tips for Maximizing Caktus AI's Potential

Be Precise: Frame inquiries concisely to receive accurate responses.

Provide Context: Offer relevant details for tailored answers.

Stay Open-Minded: Understand that AI may not always meet expectations but can provide valuable insights.

Ask Follow-Up Questions: Delve deeper into topics for a better understanding.

Supplement Learning: Use Caktus AI as an aid alongside other educational resources.

Caktus AI Limitations

While Caktus AI's essay writer can quickly generate various text formats, reliance on this feature may border on academic dishonesty. Users should fact-check and validate the content, as errors may occur. Additionally, the platform lacks clear support/contact information and may not always generate output swiftly.

Caktus AI vs. ChatGPT

Caktus AI: Specializes in educational tools for students and educators, offering a personalized experience at a lower cost ($4.99/month).

ChatGPT: Provides more human-like conversations and is suitable for general purposes. ChatGPT offers a free version, unlike Caktus AI.

FAQs

Pricing: Caktus AI costs $4.99/month or $39.99/year, with automatic renewal.

Beneficiaries: Ideal for students, educators, and job seekers.

Privacy: Ensures user data is encrypted and securely stored, with no third-party sharing without consent.

Conclusion

Exploring AI's capabilities, Caktus AI stands out as a versatile tool that enhances productivity, creativity, and learning across various domains. Whether you're a student, educator, or professional, Caktus AI provides the tools needed for success.

[jcmarchi]

NSF, NIH Partner on New Research to Develop RNA-based Methods for Biotech Innovations - Technology Org

New Post has been published on https://thedigitalinsider.com/nsf-nih-partner-on-new-research-to-develop-rna-based-methods-for-biotech-innovations-technology-org/

NSF, NIH Partner on New Research to Develop RNA-based Methods for Biotech Innovations - Technology Org

The U.S. National Science Foundation has awarded over $12.7 million across nine research teams to understand better the untapped capabilities of ribonucleic acid (RNA) for potentially far-reaching biotechnology applications, from disease prevention in crops to cancer-fighting therapies.

The nine teams will each receive $1 million to $1.65 million from NSF through the Molecular Foundations for Biotechnology (MFB) program, a joint effort of NSF in partnership with the National Institutes of Health’s National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI). NHGRI plans to invest in additional projects to be announced later in 2024, focusing on developing novel technologies to investigate RNA biology. 

Supported by the Molecular Foundations for Biotechnology program, researchers will explore RNA’s roles and actions to use them to create new RNA-based methods for treating cancerous cells, making crops more resistant to blight and disease, fighting viral infections like the common cold, and more. The program is a joint effort of the U.S. National Science Foundation in partnership with the National Institutes of Health’s National Human Genome Research Institute. Image Credit: U.S. National Science Foundation

“Innovative new modes of inquiry into the molecular-level structure, dynamics and function of RNA is expected to lead to significant biotech breakthroughs at the intersection of chemistry and biology,” says NSF’s Chemistry Division Director David Berkowitz. “By advancing this fundamental science, we open the door to new avenues of use-inspired research and applications that can benefit society and improve our quality of life.” 

“We are excited to partner with NSF to support research into the structures, interactions, functions and applications of RNA,” says Carolyn Hutter, Director of the Division of Genome Sciences at NHGRI. “New tools and technologies that harness RNA research have the potential to transform the biomedical field and improve human health.” 

RNA is a complex organic molecule that performs essential tasks within the biological and chemical machinery of all living cells. Although RNA was first identified nearly a century ago, many of its functional aspects are not fully understood or predictable.

The nine research teams will explore RNA’s roles and actions with the goal of creating new RNA-based methods for treating cancerous cells, making crops more resistant to blight and disease, fighting viral infections like the common cold and more. The teams include experts in a range of fields from chemistry, biology and physics to mathematical modeling and machine learning. Their projects are expected to provide opportunities to partner with industry to translate knowledge gained in the lab into marketable new biotechnologies. 

In addition to supporting the research, NSF’s investment will provide hands-on training for students and early-career researchers through mentorship, workshops and internships for high school and undergraduate students and other activities to expand and broaden participation in the U.S. STEM workforce.  

The nine projects and teams are: 

Next-generation Proximity Labeling Technologies to Map Subcellular Transcriptomes and RNA Interactomes in Living Cells with Nanometer Resolution (Stanford University) aims to create new technologies to enable scientists to quickly visualize where RNAs localize within living cells and identify other genetic materials nearby that could interact with the RNAs; these technologies could be useful in studying in-cell interactions in diseases such as cancer. 

Stabilizing Hairpin Inserts in RNA Virus Induced Gene Silencing Vectors (University of Maryland, College Park and Silvec Biologics) will work to create stable RNA genomes that can be used as delivery devices to disable the bacteria that cause diseases in plants, such as citrus greening; a serious plant disease that impacts economically and agriculturally important citrus trees internationally and for which there is no cure.  

Cracking the Codes: Understanding the Rules of mRNA Localization and Translation (University of Colorado Denver) aims to use recent developments in RNA sequencing technology to create a model capable of predicting protein output from a messenger RNA, which could have a broad impact on what we understand about how genes encode and transmit information. 

Better Homologous Folding using Computational Linguistics and Deep Learning (Oregon State University and the University of Rochester) seeks to use artificial intelligence to develop faster and better algorithms and software tools to model RNA secondary structures, which has the potential for advancing therapeutic and diagnostic design. 

Characterization of the Biogenesis, Uptake, and Cellular Response to the Ribonucleoprotein Cargoes of Extracellular Vesicles using EV-CLASP (Vanderbilt University) will work to increase our understanding of extracellular vesicle-derived RNAs, which could enhance our ability to understand RNA dynamics during cellular communication, which would help identify novel gene regulatory elements and develop ways to deliver RNA treatments into cells. 

RNA Modifications of Frameshifting Stimulators: Cellular Platforms to Engineer Gene Expression by Computational Mutation Predictions and Functional Experiments (New York University and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) aims to predict and model how two proteins can be generated from the same messenger RNA with the goal of applying that knowledge to limit how RNA viruses can use this mutation to infect humans or to develop new forms of drug delivery. 

Evaluating and Advancing Cryo-EM for RNA Conformational Ensembles (Stanford University) will test whether cryogenic electron microscopy and computational methods can accurately visualize functionally critical features of RNA machines to create a validated toolkit that could help researchers develop models of a variety of RNA-based machines of biological or biotechnological interest. 

Massively Parallel Identification of Translation Regulatory Sequences in Human and Viral mRNAs (Yale University) will take a systems-level approach to understand the various factors that impact the amount of protein synthesized from messenger RNAs, which could aid in designing new classes of therapeutic messenger RNAs. 

Continuous Evolution of RNAs with Novel Functions in Mammalian Cells (Weill Cornell Medicine and Massachusetts Institute of Technology) aims to overcome the challenges in deploying functional RNA into live cells, which could transform biotechnology, biomedicine and biology broadly by allowing scientists to develop and deliver RNAs that can bind to target proteins in living cells. 

The MFB program is a cross-disciplinary initiative led by NSF’s Directorates for Mathematical and Physical Sciences and Biological Sciences, with additional support from the Directorate for Computer and Information Science and Engineering and the Directorate for Engineering. 

Source: NSF

You can offer your link to a page which is relevant to the topic of this post.

[cryptocurrencydevelop]

Elevating Communication: The Art of Developing ChatGPT Applications

ChatGPT - An Overview

ChatGPT, short for Chat Generative Pre-Trained Transformer, was built by a popular AI research company called Open AI. This technology, functioning as an AI chatbot, has the capability to comprehend natural human language and formulate appropriate responses. In simple terms, you can pose a question to ChatGPT and it will provide you with an answer. It doesn't just answer questions, you can also ask it to help plan a fun day in a tourist city, write a computer code, or solve mathematical equations. The tool will likely provide you with the information you're looking for.

Business Benefits Of Launching ChatGPT Like Application:

Innovative Collaboration: It fosters collaborative efforts within teams by assisting in brainstorming sessions, idea generation, and facilitating communication, enhancing overall productivity.

Data Insights: The platform can generate valuable insights by analyzing user interactions, helping businesses understand customer preferences, pain points, and trends for informed decision-making.

Time and Cost Savings: Automation of tasks through a ChatGPT-like platform reduces the time spent on routine queries, allowing businesses to allocate resources more efficiently and potentially lowering operational costs.

Efficient Customer Support: Businesses can use the platform to streamline customer support processes, addressing queries and issues effectively, resulting in improved service efficiency.

Enhanced Customer Engagement: A platform like ChatGPT improves customer interactions by providing intelligent and prompt responses, leading to increased satisfaction and engagement.

Extensive Money Making Options: Launching a ChatGPT-like platform helps in generating huge revenue through various monetization strategies.

These wide range of benefits has attracted numerous entrepreneurs looking to launch an AI tool similar to ChatGPT. If you are one among them, then hire an expert team of AI developers to launch your own chatbot like ChatGPT.

ChatGPT Application Development

For businesses and individuals seeking skilled ChatGPT developers, Developcoins is the ideal choice. As a prominent AI development company, we can assist you in creating an exceptional AI Chatbot system that surpasses your expectations. Committed to excellence, we bring innovation, reliability, and personalized solutions to our AI-based chatbot development services. To know more in detail about the perks of our ChatGPT Application Development, connect with our experts now.

[honestlydelicatepolice]

Auto Unblur Image Service: Enhancing Clarity with Technology

In today's digital age, images play a crucial role in communication, from social media to professional photography. However, there are times when images come out blurred, affecting the quality and impact of the message they convey. Blurry images can result from various factors, such as camera shake, low light conditions, or suboptimal camera settings. Fortunately, advancements in technology have given rise to auto unblur image services, which can restore clarity to blurry photos. In this article, we will explore the concept of auto unblur image services, how they work, their applications, and their potential impact. auto unblur image online service

What is an Auto Unblur Image Service?

Auto unblur image services are software or online tools that use advanced algorithms and artificial intelligence to enhance the sharpness and clarity of blurry images automatically. These services can be particularly beneficial for both amateur and professional photographers, as well as individuals looking to salvage valuable memories from less-than-perfect photos.

How Do Auto Unblur Image Services Work?

The operation of auto unblur image services is based on sophisticated image processing techniques and machine learning algorithms. Here's an overview of the steps involved in their operation:

Image Analysis: The service starts by analyzing the input image to detect areas of blurriness and the probable causes of the blur. It identifies factors such as motion blur, lens blur, or noise.

Deconvolution: In many cases, auto unblur services employ deconvolution algorithms to reverse the blurring process. Deconvolution works by mathematically estimating the original, sharp image from the blurred one, considering factors like the point spread function (PSF) that caused the blur.

Noise Reduction: Noise is a common issue in blurry images. Auto unblur services employ noise reduction techniques to enhance the image's overall quality.

Detail Enhancement: The software then works to enhance fine details and textures in the image, providing a significant boost in clarity.

Output Generation: Finally, the service generates an enhanced version of the image with improved sharpness, contrast, and clarity. Users can then download or save the improved image.

Applications of Auto Unblur Image Services

Photography: Professional photographers can benefit from auto unblur image services to salvage shots that are otherwise considered unusable due to unforeseen factors like camera shake or low lighting conditions.

Forensics: Law enforcement and forensic investigators can use these services to clarify and analyze blurred images from surveillance cameras or other sources, potentially revealing crucial details in criminal investigations.

Medical Imaging: In the field of medical imaging, these services can help sharpen X-rays, MRIs, and other diagnostic images for more accurate diagnoses.

Art Restoration: Museums and art restoration experts can use auto unblur image services to restore old or damaged artworks, revealing hidden details and enhancing historical preservation efforts.

Personal Photography: On a personal level, anyone can use these services to improve the quality of their cherished photos, making them more suitable for sharing and framing.

Potential Impact

Auto unblur image services have the potential to revolutionize the way we interact with and utilize visual content. They empower individuals and professionals alike to overcome the limitations of suboptimal photography conditions, turning once unusable images into valuable assets. This technology not only enhances the visual appeal of photographs but also has significant implications in various fields, from law enforcement to medical diagnostics.

As technology continues to advance, we can expect auto unblur image services to become even more accessible and effective, further contributing to the quality and clarity of the images that surround us in our daily lives.

Conclusion

auto unblur image online service are a testament to the power of technology in enhancing the clarity and quality of images. They have a wide range of applications, from professional photography to forensic investigations, and hold the potential to transform the way we perceive and interact with visual content. As these services continue to evolve, we can anticipate even greater improvements in image enhancement and restoration, making it easier for everyone to create and enjoy clear and captivating photos.

[severewizardphilosopher]

Best Paying Jobs in Miscellaneous

Introduction

In today's dynamic job market, opportunities for high-paying jobs exist in various industries and fields. While some professions have clearly defined career paths and expectations, there are also Best Paying jobs in miscellaneous jobs that offer impressive compensation packages. In this article, we will delve into the world of miscellaneous careers to uncover the best paying jobs, providing insights and guidance for those seeking high-earning opportunities beyond the conventional path.

Ethical Hackers

In the realm of information technology, ethical hackers are in high demand. These professionals are experts at identifying and addressing security vulnerabilities in computer systems. With cyber threats on the rise, organizations are willing to invest substantial amounts in protecting their digital assets. Ethical hackers can earn six-figure salaries, making it one of the best paying jobs in the miscellaneous category.

Professional Organizers

As our lives become busier and more cluttered, the demand for professional organizers is on the rise. These individuals help clients declutter and organize their homes and offices efficiently. The earning potential in this field can be significant, particularly for those who build a strong client base and reputation for delivering results.

Court Reporters

Court reporters play a vital role in the legal system by transcribing spoken words during court proceedings, depositions, and more. Their work requires exceptional attention to detail and accuracy. Due to the specialized nature of the job, court reporters often command high salaries, especially in regions with a strong demand for their services.

Air Traffic Controllers

Air traffic controllers are responsible for ensuring the safe and efficient movement of aircraft in the skies. Their job is demanding and requires rigorous training, but it comes with substantial compensation. Air traffic controllers receive competitive salaries and benefits due to the high level of responsibility they bear.

Elevator Installers and Repairers

Elevator installers and repairers maintain and fix elevators, escalators, and similar equipment. Their work is crucial to maintaining the safety and functionality of these systems in various buildings. This niche field offers attractive salaries, reflecting the technical skills and expertise required.

Biomedical Engineers

Biomedical engineers combine engineering principles with medical knowledge to develop and maintain healthcare equipment and systems. With advancements in medical technology, the demand for these professionals is on the rise. Biomedical engineers can expect competitive salaries, making it one of the best paying jobs in the miscellaneous category.

Commercial Divers

Commercial divers work underwater on various projects, including underwater welding, construction, and maintenance. This adventurous career offers a unique blend of excitement and high earnings. Commercial divers are well-compensated for their specialized skills and the risks associated with their work.

Pharmacists

Pharmacists are essential in the healthcare industry, responsible for dispensing medications and providing valuable information to patients. Their extensive education and training lead to high earning potential, particularly in the pharmaceutical and healthcare sectors.

Mining and Geological Engineers

Mining and geological engineers play a crucial role in the extraction and processing of natural resources. They ensure the safety and efficiency of mining operations. The demand for these professionals in resource-rich areas often translates into generous salaries.

Actuaries

Actuaries assess financial risks and uncertainties to help businesses and organizations make informed decisions. Their work involves complex mathematical and statistical modeling. Due to the specialized nature of their profession, actuaries enjoy substantial compensation and job security.

Optometrists

Optometrists specialize in eye care and vision health. They perform comprehensive eye exams, diagnose and treat vision problems, and prescribe eyeglasses or contact lenses. The increasing awareness of eye health and the aging population have contributed to the growth in demand for optometrists, resulting in competitive salaries.

Radiation Therapists

Radiation therapists administer radiation treatments to patients with cancer and other diseases. Their work is essential in the fight against cancer, and as a result, they earn attractive salaries, reflecting the specialized skills required in this field.

Aircraft Pilots and Flight Engineers

The aviation industry offers well-compensated positions for aircraft pilots and flight engineers. These professionals are responsible for the safe operation of aircraft. The significant training and experience required in this field correspond to substantial earnings.

Technical Writers

Technical writers create instructional and informational content for various industries, including technology, engineering, and healthcare. Their ability to communicate complex information in a clear and concise manner is highly valued, leading to competitive salaries.

Anesthesiologists

Anesthesiologists are medical doctors who specialize in administering anesthesia during surgical procedures. Their role is critical in ensuring patients' safety and comfort during surgery. Due to the extensive education and training required, anesthesiologists command some of the highest salaries in the medical field.

Conclusion

The job market is evolving, and opportunities for high-paying careers exist in various industries, even in seemingly miscellaneous fields. This article has explored some of the best paying jobs in the miscellaneous category, shedding light on diverse career paths that offer substantial compensation. Whether you are tech-savvy, detail-oriented, adventurous, or passionate about helping others, there is a high-paying job out there to match your skills and interests. By considering these options, you can embark on a rewarding career path that not only offers financial stability but also personal satisfaction. Keep in mind that while the salaries mentioned are competitive, they may vary based on location, experience, and other factors, so it's essential to research and plan accordingly to pursue the best-paying job that aligns with your goals and aspirations.

[ayejayque]

The Positives & the Limitations of Behavioral Finance

Advantages of Behavioral Finance Traditional financial theories operate in an ideal world! The fundamental norms are that the info available is faultless, and the investors are skillful in understanding the info. Another supposition is that there is a solitary right answer which can be mathematically computed. However, when this theory has been put to use in the real world, the results are not very encouraging. Investment markets are based more on emotions and less on rationality. This is what is known as Behavioral Finance. The difference between effective and ineffective investors is in their behavioral abilities and not in their cognitive abilities. Let’s look at the advantages of behavioral finance. Explains Wealth as an aspect of Decision-Making: A lot of investors doubt themselves because they are not highly qualified. Some of these are doctors, engineers, pilots, and army servicemen. They know a lot about their own occupations, but they tend to know not as much about finance. Due to this, they do not make investment decisions. Behavioral finance tells you that accomplishment in the stock market comes from temperament and controlling emotions and not as much from being a financial professional. We hear everyday stories of novices making millions but financial experts not faring too well. Theory Against Application: Traditional finance sees stock market functions from a theoretical perspective. There are mathematical models with which the market is supposed to function. Markets, instead work as voting machines. If we see irrational behavior by the majority for a small period of time, the whole market becomes irrational. If an investor knows behavioral finance, he can see flaws in the thinking of other investors and evade those faults himself. Describes Asset Bubbles: Asset bubbles are difficult to explain. If all market contributors are logical, then why do markets behave illogically for a considerable time? Sometimes companies are ranked higher in value than the whole industry! Behavioral finance admits that some investors have no idea what they are trying to do. They just follow the herd and this is the reason for the existence of asset bubbles. Traditional finance theory cannot justify asset bubbles, but behavioral finance surely can. Asset bubbles do occur and recur frequently. Behavioral finance is the only philosophy that provides more info to investors. Generates Buy and Sell Opportunities: If an investor doesn’t know the behavioral aspects of finance, they are probable to blindly follow the trend. They will sell on a crash and buy on a boom. Behavioral finance practitioners are able to separate truly disastrous events from market overreactions. Behavioral finance helps investors recognize buying and selling chances in the marketplace. Creates Foreseeable Outlines: People behave in patterns and outlines. These are predictable patterns. Emotions that drive them, are the basis for their patterns. If the market sentiment is fear, then more people are expected to sell their stock. Once a certain threshold has been reached by the price, there is always a rebound or a ricochet. Behavioral investors employ charting methods and conduct a technical analysis to detect outlines and patterns. Once they witness, patterns recurring, they can refine the information, capitalize on those patterns, and make good money. Assists to Comprehend the Idea of Time Horizon: Depending on what stage of their lives they are in, investors behave differently. A younger person is probable to take more risks. Old people tend to sell at the first sign of a drop. The demographics of an investor have an enormous influence on their behavior. Demographic profiles are studied since it allows investors to make more correct forecasts. Traditional financial theories cannot explain many phenomena that happen in the marketplaces. Investors must see the behavioral aspects. They matter a lot in decision-making. Markets are grounded on human behavior. It could even be irrational behavior. Limitations of Behavioral Finance Behavioral finance has been popularized in the past few years. It is an amalgamation of finance with the interesting world of psychology. There are prejudices that exist in Behavioral finance too. The prejudices seem quite relevant, and most investors have been victims of these prejudices. This is why investors are easily persuaded about the usefulness of this concept. Many pundits think behavioral finance is able to explain how the market actually works. It offers some regulation and control in a very volatile world. Behavioral finance is not perfect and has its own faults too. Let’s see the flaws and limitations of Behavioral finance. Some of them are: Doesn’t Provide Substitutes: Behavioral finance is a critique of traditional finance. It disapproves of the traditional finance theory. An investor will not always succeed as in traditional theories. This is correct vis-à-vis behavioral finance. It is not an alternative too.  There are no intentions made by behavioral finance theory. There is no room for any empirical tests. Never rely on behavioral finance alone. You shouldn’t invest on the basis of criticisms. Behavioral finance theory explains everything which is incorrect with old-style theories. Remember, it is not an alternative! Reduces Confidence: The behavioral finance theory severely decreases investor confidence. Many investors have faced complications while making decisions. It is detrimental for an investor to start second-guessing. Everything new is a bias. Everything old is gone. It is difficult to be really sure and decisive in the moment of truth. Decisiveness is at the forefront of investment decisions. Investments are based on time. For all the time that it would take an investor to sort out their bias and gain confidence, the investment proposal may have altered totally. Contradictory Interpretations: Behavioral finance theories are known for being very confusing, even for investors as well. Some theory says that investors are risk-averse. Some theory draws the conclusion that investors are overconfident. Some say that the same investor behaves differently under different conditions. No one can be risk-averse as well as risk-seeking at the same time. For psychology, it is common sense. Not Applicable for Organizations: Most of these biases of behavioral finance are only valid for individual investors. If individuals run the whole market, these biases would apply to everyone. Institutional investors are the major chunk of the investing community in the market. They are exempted from these individual biases because their investment is based on other people’s money. Behavioral finance theory explains the irrational behavior of individuals. It is just unable to do so about the irrational behavior of institutions. Disregards the Impact of Social Status: There is no regard for this in behavioral finance. Some investments are made to increase social status. Investors do not regard the economic impact of such investments. Most real estate investments are like this category. Individuals purchase luxurious real estate for the sake of social status. The whole foundation behind status-based investing is not in behavioral finance. Neglects the Worth of Emotions: For behavioral finance, emotions are biases. It sees emotions as mental problems that need to be corrected over a long time. This basically, is not the case. Emotions have been good for human beings. Emotions have steered human beings away from disorder and hazard. They can be very beneficial at times. Investors should not abandon their emotions. They should try to enhance them, i.e., take signals from them but make the last choice in a cool, balanced way. Behavioral finance comes with its own set of problems. Its limitations also need to be acknowledged and understood. This is important to do before making vital investment decisions.       Read the full article

[wisdomrays]

TAFAKKUR: Part 414

FACTORY OF FUTURE

Artificial Intelligence is a promising approach to automating process planning. Expert Systems or Intelligent Knowledge Based Systems are able to automate the reasoning activities to capture logic, experience-based reasoning and knowledge in a computer environment.

CAD/ CAM IN AUTOMATION

The developments of manufacturing can be categorized in two stages, namely the mechanization stage and the automation stage. In the early stage of manufacturing, tools and processes were mechanized. All of the various manufacturing processes were divided into categories such as casting, forging, turning, milling, drilling and cutting, with workers specialized in one of these areas. Specialization resulted in the separation of design from manufacturing. One person would design a product while other specialists would manufacture it. Design and manufacturing communicated through drawings. The mechanization stage was able to accomplish mass turnover and speed in production. However, it lacked flexibility and integration.

The next stage in the development of manufacturing is automation. In 1975, mass production was automated through the use of transfer lines. In 1976, batch production was automated through Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS). In 1979, design and draughting through CAD (Computer Aided Design) started to be used widely. The integration of these started in 1985. The goal of this stage is to have completely automated manufacturing plant operating with only a minimum of human involvement. Progress is being made in this regard, but total integration has not yet been achieved. The totally automated factory will be capable of mass turnover and speed in production, will be flexible and completely integrated.

The most important development regarding automation in manufacturing has been the computer. It provided developments in manufacturing control, material handling, planning and in other activities. The use of computers in manufacturing control improved NC (Numerical Control) technology such as computer aided NC code generation. It is now possible with some CAD/CAM (Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided Manufacture) systems to generate NC tape directly from the designed part stored within the CAD data base. Computers have greatly enhanced automated manufacturing. NC machine tools have been replaced by CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machine tools: almost every machining process can now be efficiently automated with a significant degree of accuracy, reliability and repeatability.

Computer Aided Design (CAD) can be defined as the use of computers to assist in the design process including calculation, analysis, modelling, draughting and testing. Initially, CAD systems were primarily used for draughting. Nowadays it also includes Finite Element Modelling (FEM), geometric modelling and kinematic analysis. (FEM is widely used for the analysis of many engineering problems, namely static, dynamic and thermal stress analysis of various structures including vibration analysis. Geometric modelling is concerned with the mathematical representation of objects in a computer.)

The development of NC machine tools was the beginning of CAM systems. CAM can be defined as the use of computers to enhance or assist in any manufacturing process. CAM comprises a large number of functions such as Computer Numerical Control (CNC), Direct Numerical Control (DNC), Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS), Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV), automated material handling, inspection and computer controlled assembly systems. CNC is an NC system that uses a dedicated computer to perform NC functions. DNC can be defined as a manufacturing system where a number of machine tools are controlled by a central computer simultaneously. The part programme is transmitted to the machine tool directly from the computer. An FMS is a programmable manufacturing system capable of producing a variety of products automatically and it is composed of CNC machine tools, automated material handling systems, robots and a computer system to control them. An Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV) is a robot-like vehicle that is used to carry objects from one place to another and can be programmed to trace a path.

INTEGRATION OF CAD/CAM

Due to development in computer technology, numerically controlled equipment, robots and computer controlled automation in CAD and CAM systems, many manual skills have been automated resulting in reduction of lead times, improvements in production, increase in manufacturing accuracy and flexibility. However, the full integration of CAD and CAM systems in industry has not yet been achieved and they have been developed separately (see Davies et al., 1988; Irani et al., 1990; Joseph and Davies 1990).

It is acknowledged that significant benefits can be obtained when CAD is integrated with CAM within a single company. For this reason the integration of CAD and CAM systems has become an important goal in factory automation (see Semakula and Gill, 1989; Sing et al., 1990). Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) is the term used to denote the complete integration of all aspects of CAD and CAM systems.

CAD and CAM systems have not been totally integrated due to the difficulties in automating intermediate functions (see Joseph and Davies, 1990; Joseph et al., 1990). In order to achieve the goal of full integration of CAD and CAM two major obstacles should be addressed, namely complete CAD and CAPP/CAM interface and a fully automated, flexible CAPP system. (CAPP stands for Computer Aided Process Planning.)

CAPP is an important activity which bridges CAD to CAM (Figure 1) and translates the design information into manufacturing instructions to produce mechanical components (see, most recently Desai and Pande, 1991; Cho et al., 1991). The task of process planning in industry is usually performed by an experienced process planner manually employing his or her expertise and knowledge about machining operations. The quality of the plan developed depends on the experience and preferences of the planner whose highly skilled expertise is difficult to replace (Bandyopathyoy et al., 1981; Joseph and Davies, 1991).

Several CAPP systems have been developed. However, the computer can only assist the planner generate process plans. Fully automated CAPP does not exist and its benefits in the real industrial environment are still to be seen (see, e.g. Chang. 1990; Domazet and Manic, 1990). The complexity of decision making in process planning is a barrier to automating process planning. Many of the tasks carried out by the planner require expert knowledge, experience and intelligent reasoning (see Rustom and Mileham, 1989; Stewart et al., 1989). Other major impediments to the implementation of fully automated CAPP are related to the capturing of planning logic and heuristic knowledge. Industrial robots are programmed by a human programmer. But how does a bee know how to built a honeycomb and make honey?

Algorithmic programming techniques are considered unsuitable to automate process planning because process planning problems are usually solved heuristically, that is, on the basis of human ability to use reason and learn from experience (see Tonshotf et al., 1987; Dumazet, 1992). Manufacturing processes change over time on the factory floor. Algorithmic programs are not flexible enough to accommodate modifications since any alteration in the programme affects the whole structure of the software (Changer et al., 1991). Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a promising approach to automate process planning. Expert Systems or Intelligent Knowledge Based Systems are able to automating the reasoning activities to capture logic, experience-based reasoning and knowledge in a computer environment. An Expert System represents and stores the domain-specific knowledge in a special manner so that it is possible to add, delete or modify the knowledge within the database without any alteration in the program.

In short, the main goal for the industry of tomorrow is to integrate all the activities on the factory floor, i.e. to have automation from design to final manufacturing, (Nordland, 1988).

Assuming that we had a chance to visit such a factory of the future totally integrated, automated, unmanned except by robots, we would be aware that the automation is achieved and controlled by a computer programme which processes data, solves the problems that arise and gives the commands necessary to run the factory.

It is obvious that every such programme requires a programmer. Nobody would claim that the machinery, robots. etc. have themselves decided to develop the complicated software to control the system on the factory floor: it is easy to see that machines and mechanical parts do not have the ability, intelligence and knowledge even to wonder at their own structure.

Even if we do not see the programmer we can infer that one exists who is expert in the particular field and who programmed the automatic systems to do particular things. Similarly, we can liken the earth to an automated factory where animals and plants are like robots or automatic systems that perform some intelligent actions. If, within this factory a bee, for example, is not attributed to a Creator Who tells it how to make its honeycomb and honey then it must be that bees themselves know the necessary chemistry and geometry to do so. But we know that a bee is so unintelligent that when it is trapped indoors it tries to get out through a closed window. Even where there is an open window nearby it does not think of using the open window, but only finds it randomly. Therefore, we may not suppose that bees are intelligent and skilled enough to make honeycombs and honey. Even we, humans, who are the most intelligent creatures on earth, are not able to make proper hexagon-shaped honeycombs without using tools or a die. So we cannot expect a bee to do so all by itself without using a tool.

Every fruit tree is a fruit factory. A vegetable plant is a vegetable factory. They produce fruits and vegetables, respectively. If they are not attributed to a Creator then it must be that they are creating fruits and vegetables by themselves. We know that trees and vegetables are not intelligent enough and lack the knowledge of biology or chemistry to combine the necessary minerals or molecules to create the fruits and vegetables that fulfil our needs. They are not even aware of what we need. Examples can be extended to other creatures in the earth. Vegetables and animals perform some intelligent actions and yet they are not intelligent. Although we do not see the Creator of this factory, the activities around us show that there is One, Who is All-Wise, creates and controls the actions within this factory-like earth.

[askcryptos-blog]

Cryptocurrency is a highly popular investment, particularly among younger people, but much of the terminology may confuse off-putting beginners. It might be difficult to get started with cryptocurrency if you don't know what gas is, what is HODL, who a whale is, or what the disparity between Bitcoin and blockchain is.

 Cryptocurrency is more than simply a different investing choice; it reflects a whole other universe than traditional equities and bonds. Even for experienced traditional investors, understanding the basics takes time due to unfamiliar jargon, developing technology, and keeping up with memes and tweets.

 Before investing in cryptocurrency, we advise building an emergency fund, paying off high-interest loans, and establishing a standard retirement savings plan. And, as previously said, you should only invest what you are ready to lose in cryptocurrency, with experts recommending that you allocate no more than 5% of your portfolio to these digital assets.

 However, another item you should include on your checklist is at least a basic grasp of what you're getting into, such as how crypto differs from conventional investing methods and the many factors that can impact the market value.

  Before you begin, like with any investment, it is critical to understand exactly what global asset you are investing in. This is especially true for a speculative — and continuously evolving — asset like cryptocurrency. It is much easier to do this if you are familiar with the words often used in this world. Whether you want to acquire cryptocurrencies now or later, knowing the terminology is a smart place to start. To make sure you don't be left out in the cold, here's a beginners guide to getting started with cryptocurrencies.

 Crypto Terms:

Here are some terminology and jargon to assist newcomers in grasping the world of cryptocurrency investment.

 Mining:

This phrase can be a little perplexing at times. It looks like exploding mountains create the coins. No, they are not. Mining is the process of creating and distributing new crypto coins. Solving complicated mathematical problems necessitates the use of powerful computers. Users who complete this task get coins as a consequence. They may then trade the coins directly with their peers or through internet exchanges.

 Of course, most traders do not mine or create new coins. Instead, much like any other asset in your financial portfolio, you may purchase and sell tokens from other individuals.

 Whale:

Whale accounts are those that possess a huge amount of a coin and have the ability to affect the market on their own. Most well-known and popular cryptocurrencies have a slew of whales that can truly throw their "weight" around.

 Indeed, there are prominent websites that follow the activities of whales to increase transparency in the bitcoin market.

 Many whale accounts are early investors or huge money, and following what they're doing is a good method to predict how the cryptocurrency market will move.

  Blockchain:

The bitcoin transaction relies heavily on a peer-to-peer network. Blockchain is a digital database that records each bitcoin transaction. There is no risk of a hacker gaining access and corrupting the information kept on the blockchain because there is no central database, and everyone may view the blockchain facts from anywhere.

 Gas:

It is the charge of completing a bitcoin transaction. The fee covers the expense of paying a "miner" (the person who solved the equation and earned a coin) to search for and receive cryptocurrency on your behalf. Its size is determined by how soon you want the transaction to be completed.

 Address:

It is the precise location to which bitcoin is transferred. It functions similarly to a bank account but solely contains cryptocurrency. For maximum security, each address, which consists of a string of alphanumeric characters, is used only once to store crypto assets. This address also assists a receiver in proving ownership of the bitcoin that has been delivered to them.

 Fiat:

This phrase is most commonly used to contrast cryptocurrencies with normal currency (fiat), which is backed and issued by the government. It provides central banks with greater influence over the economy. Currencies, such as the US dollar and the Indian rupee, are examples of fiat money.

 Altcoin:

It is basically anything or any other coin that isn't Bitcoin. Altcoins can range from the second-most popular coin, Ethereum, to any of the hundreds of coins with extremely little market value. According to experts, you should primarily invest in the larger, more popular cryptocurrencies.

 Block:

These are the data sets within a blockchain. Blocks on cryptocurrency blockchains are made up of transaction records created when users buy or sell currencies. Each block can only store a certain amount of data. When it hits that limit, it creates a new block to continue the chain.

 Crypto Wallet:

A wallet is where you keep all of your bitcoin currencies. It is encrypted, and if you forget your password, you will lose access to your wallet. Because cryptocurrency is founded on the concept of decentralized distribution, the only way to do so is to hold individuals accountable for their passwords.

 Wallets are classified into two types: cold and hot. While a hot wallet is stored online and facilitates online trading, a cold wallet is similar to an offline safe to keep your valuables secure.

 Hot Wallet:

A bitcoin wallet that is software-based and connected to the Internet. While digital wallets are more convenient for immediately accessing your crypto, they are more vulnerable to hacking and cybersecurity threats than offline wallets, just as data stored on the cloud may be more readily accessed than those kept in a safe at home.

 Cold Wallet:

This is a safe way to keep your Bitcoin offline. Many cold wallets (also known as hardware wallets) are physical devices that resemble USB drives. This type of wallet can help secure your cryptocurrency from hackers and theft, but it also has its hazards, such as losing it along with your cryptocurrency.

 Decentralization:

The distribution of power away from a central location. Blockchains have typically been decentralized since they require the majority permission of all users to function and make changes rather than a centralized authority.

 Decentralized Applications:

These are the developer-created applications installed on a blockchain to carry out operations without the use of mediators. Decentralized finance operations are frequently carried out with the help of decentralized applications. Ethereum is the primary network that supports decentralized finance activity.

 Fork:

When its users change the rules of a blockchain, changes to a blockchain's protocol frequently result in two new paths: one that follows the existing regulations and another that branches off from the prior one. (For instance, a Bitcoin fork resulted in Bitcoin Cash.)

 HODL:

Though the word began in 2013 as a user mistake on a Bitcoin forum, it now stands for "Hold On for Dear Life." It refers to a passive investing technique in which investors acquire and hold cryptocurrencies rather than trade them to expect their value to rise.

 Market Capitalization:

In the context of cryptocurrencies, the market cap refers to the total value of all coins produced. The market cap of a cryptocurrency may be calculated by multiplying the current number of coins by the current value of the coins.

 NFTs:

NFTs or Non-fungible tokens are value units used to represent ownership of one-of-a-kind digital objects such as art or collectables. NFTs are often stored on the Ethereum blockchain.

 Public Key:

It is the address of your wallet, which is comparable to your bank account number. You may provide people or institutions with your public wallet key so they can send you money or withdraw money from your account when you approve it.

 Private Key:

The encryption code allows you to access your cryptocurrency directly. Your private key, like your bank account password, should never be shared.

 Smart Contract:

A computational software that automatically enacts the conditions of a contract based on its code. The capacity of the Ethereum network to execute smart contracts is one of its primary value propositions.

 Token:

A value system on a blockchain generally has a value proposition other than merely a value transfer (like a coin).

 Final Words

Those considering investing in cryptocurrencies should understand that acknowledging industry terms can be advantageous. Would-be traders can enhance their chances of reaching their investing objectives by conducting the appropriate study and understanding this knowledge. 

Interesting in learning more about cryptocurrency? You can visit AskCrypto, a cryptocurrency forum where you can get more info about all the callouts, crypto trading, daily updates for the crypto market, and much more.

[nexthikes01]

Transform Your Business with Expert B2B Website Designing Services in India | Nexthikes IT Solutions

In today’s digital realm, businesses need as well just a website; they need a dynamic, user-friendly platform that drives demand, embellishes customer knowledge, and streamlines movements. Whether you ‘reiterate a B2B (Business-to-Business) company or investigating new mathematical freedom, bearing a strong connected to the internet vicinity can open the true potential of your trade. B2B Portal Development Services in India Let’s learn by virtue of what Nexthikes IT Solutions can help your business prosper through B2B entrance incident, website crafty, and practice gate services.

How Can a B2B Portal Development Company in India Unlock Business Potential?

A trustworthy B2B entry growth company like Nexthikes IT Solutions maybe a game-dealer for your trade. B2B portals are created to further trade undertakings between parties, serving trades connect with their spouses, suppliers, and customers capably. But what makes bureaucracy so strong?

Centralized Business Operations: A strong B2B portal determines a concentrated manifesto to manage stock, orders, and fees. This helps you organize your business movements, making ruling class faster and more effective.

Improved Communication: B2B portals frequently involve visage like live chat, announcements, and order tracking, reconstructing ideas 'tween you and your clients. This devises trust and boosts complete alliances.

Improved Sales: By offering an smooth-to-guide along route, often over water connect with all unavoidable trade facts in one place, B2B entrances can help increase conversions and drive marketing.

Thus, guard with a superior B2B entry growth company in India, in the way that Nexthikes IT Solutions, guarantees that your trade not only runs smoothly but again reaches allure thorough potential.

What Are the Benefits of Expert B2B Website Designing Services?

Your site is often the first glance a customer will have of your trade. When it comes to B2B site crafty aids, the stakes are high cause these websites need expected educational, user-friendly, and erected accompanying the aim of converting trade leads. Here's reason opting for expert site designing duties can revamp your trade:

Mobile-Friendly Design: With more professionals utilizing their movable schemes for trade activities, a conscious site is essential. Nexthikes IT Solutions designs B2B websites that look and function attractively on any instrument, guaranteeing your customers have a seamless occurrence nevertheless by what method they access your location.

SEO Optimization: Designing a site is not almost aesthetics; it’s too about act. Nexthikes guarantees that your B2B website is developed for search instruments, serving you rank higher on Google and captivate having to do with money customers.

User-Centric Approach: A B2B site needs to cater to the needs of allure consumers. Nexthikes focuses on constructing intuitive, handy designs that manage smooth for your clients to guide along route, often over water, find facts, and complete undertakings.

This is how professional B2B site plotting aids can give your trade the mathematical shift it needs, leading to raised date, better consumer experience, and larger adaptation rates.

Why Choose a Custom B2B Portal Development Company in India?

The future of B2B buying lies in practice opening happening. As each trade has its singular needs and necessities, B2B and B2C Web Portal Development Company in India a general solution grant permission to malfunction for all. Here’s why selecting a rule B2B entrance development party like Nexthikes IT Solutions is high-quality route for your trade:

Tailored Solutions: A custom ingress is created expressly for your business model. It can contain singular looks that cater to your exact necessities, from distinguishing fee structures to customized workflows.

Scalability: As your trade evolves, so will your doorway. Custom solutions determine the adaptability to scale up or below depending on your trade needs.

Competitive Edge: Custom gates present your business an benefit by contribution creative, unique answers that help you prominent from your adversaries. With the help of a custom B2B hole or door in vessel growth association, you can future-proof your trade and stay in front of the contest.

Conclusion

In conclusion, establishing in B2B portal incident, expert site plotting, and custom hole or door in vessel aids accompanying a trusted association like Nexthikes IT Solutions is key to unlocking your trade's potential. Custom B2B Portal Development Services in India whether it's simplifying movements, improving ideas, or mutating your connected to the internet presence, Nexthikes offers the knowledge wanted to help your trade thrive in the mathematical age.

FAQs:

Why should I choose a B2B portal development company in India? Choosing a B2B gate development party in India supplies approach to economical, high-quality aids from masters the one understand the local and worldwide display needs.

How does B2B website designing differ from B2C design? B2B websites are absorbed on providing particularized product facts, furthering undertakings between trades, and claiming enduring relationships, while B2C sites pamper individual purchasers accompanying simpler, faster processes.

What features are essential in a custom B2B portal? Essential looks include tailor-made consumer approach, integrated fee orders, stock management, ideas forms, and customizable workflows particular to your business.

Is it crucial for B2B websites expected mobile-responsive? Absolutely! Many trade artists use their travelling devices for work-connected tasks, so bearing a travelling-responsive site guarantees a smooth knowledge for all consumers.

Can Nexthikes IT Solutions scale my B2B portal as my business grows? Yes, practice portals by Nexthikes IT Solutions are buxom expected adaptable, allowing your floor to evolve and progress with your trade needs.

Contact Us :-

Company Name :- Nexthikes IT Solutions

Email:- support@nexthikes.com

Contact No:- 01203133262

Website:- www.nexthikes.com

[brightcityelectrical]

Taking Charge - Your Profession as a Construction Electrical expert

Thank an Electrician Today

If you turned on your computer system, activated a light, or simply got a cold beverage out of the refrigerator, chances are there's a construction electrical expert available that you owe thanks. Building electrical contractors are in charge of mounting the channels as well as wiring that bring electrical energy right into buildings, workplaces, and also domestic structures. Building electrical contractors are additionally responsible for mounting signal interaction systems, alarm systems, as well as various other electrical tools required to make a structure habitable.

 What's the Job Like?

Although building and construction electrical experts typically work inside on building sites, where they are accountable for mounting the electric equipment of a structure or worksite, they might occasionally require to function outside in the elements. Building electrical contractors generally begin work quickly after the structure is mounted, as their task requires threading metal electric avenue (a kind of pipe that protects the building circuitry) via the walls and also floorings of the building. As the channel goes in, they additionally link electric plugs, buttons as well as various other electrical monitoring hardware to it, threading cords through the avenue, and attaching it to these power factors. Building and construction electrical experts use screwdrivers, pliers, and also other hand tools, as well as electrical examination meters to inspect voltages as well as pipe benders and hacksaws to cut as well as bend the conduits they mount.

 EV Charger installation los angeles

 Building electrical contractors are more than simply pipe fitters and cord cutters. They need to likewise know how to read the plans that define the locations of where electrical circuitry runs in a building. They require to be acquainted with all local as well as state building codes and also the specifications for all sorts of property as well as business electrical hardware. They likewise require to understand the very best means to stop short circuits or other electrical risks that may come up in the electrical wiring of a structure.

Since construction electrical contractors in some cases work outside, they may be subjected to wind, rainfall and also various other severe weather condition. Operating conditions require standing numerous hours on ladders, work systems, or in confined offices. Building and construction electrical experts should additionally be careful to avoid dangerous shocks and injuries from the high voltage equipment they should mount. In the case of manufacturing facility or business building, they might need to handle very powerful transformers, switch systems, as well as breaker managing thousands of watts of power.

Qualifications

While several construction electrical experts learn their profession as apprentices to elderly electricians, others find out the ropes through formal training programs available via neighborhood colleges and also vocational institutions. These programs normally call for a senior high school diploma or GED equivalent. The International Brotherhood of Electric Employees and also the National Electrical Professionals Organization both offer four-year programs, in addition to assigning apprenticeships in between places and also supplying job programs that bring skilled electrical contractors and also pupils with each other.

Under these official programs, pupils are anticipated to grasp 144 course hours annually, in addition to four years of on-the-job training under a senior electrical contractor. Classes include training in circuitry design, electronic devices, plan analysis, mathematics and also electrical theory as well as applications.

 Incomes

The mean income for a construction electrician is $20.33 a hr, with some variation based on location as well as experience. Generally, since these positions are generally union-affiliated, wages are basically equivalent across a geographical area.

 Work Overview

About 2 thirds of the 659,000 electrical contractors working in the United States are utilized in the building field or related jobs. With the expansion of computers, smart homes and various other advanced electronic systems, the predicted need for competent construction electrical experts is anticipated to be very good with the following years, although recent downturns in the real estate building and construction market might have a cooling effect on this development. However, task development is expected to hold equal with the nationwide standard via 2014.

 How to Locate Work

While some building and construction electricians get in the area by working as assistants under an elderly electrical contractor at a neighborhood job website, one of the most effective way to begin a job as an electrical expert is though one of the many instruction programs offered through a union or the National Electric Professionals Organization. As the majority of building electricians are likewise union members, they are often referred by the union for work in a local area.

 Lighting installation los angeles

 Potential for Advancement

The potential for competent construction to advancement is generally fairly good, with seasoned electrical contractors frequently going up to monitoring tasks as estimators, superintendents, and task site managers. From this point, they might decide to begin their very own contracting companies or work as experts, handling electrical bids for various other service providers. Numerous senior electrical contractors are able to parlay their experience right into related fields, such as factory, airplane building and construction, or shipbuilding electrical contractor functions.

 Final thought

If you're wanting to take charge of your future (pun intended), you won't need to look even more than a profession as a construction electrician. An important part of the building and construction sector in both residential and commercial locations, this is one job that will be in demand as long as people require lights, a/c, and also electrical outlets in the areas they reside in.

[grapesize1-blog]

Testing Basic Interview Questions

Exactly How To Become A Software Application Tester

#toc background: #f9f9f9;border: 1px solid #aaa;display: table;margin-bottom: 1em;padding: 1em;width: 350px; .toctitle font-weight: 700;text-align: center;

Content

ÄHnliche JobsuchezurüCkweiter.

Easy Ways To Be An Effective Software Program Tester.

A Seek To The Future Of Software Program Testing.

User Interface Designer.

Guarantee Suitable Work Environment For Qa Team.

I prefer to my QA division show what a dunce I may have been dealing with an insect/ carrying out an attribute than have a hundred client situations opened up since it wasn't captured prior to launch. You may want to have a look at the corporate society and the way in which the groups collaborate with respect to eachother to find your solution. I'm presently a tester, I write practically as much code as I composed as a dev as well as my buddy in the business is a dev as well as most of us get on. An also larger megatrend is IoT, which is readied to rise to a brand-new degree, particularly with the "wise connection" that 5G will certainly bring.

ÄHnliche JobsuchezurüCkweiter.

Strong mathematical as well as analytical skills are crucial to the duty information analysts play, notably knowledge of data-- collection and organization of large sets of information are central to the task summary. Furthermore, some firms might call for quantifiable programs acumen. Search Engine Optimization professionals collaborate with designers as well as web developers to make sure Search Engine Optimization ideal techniques are being executed across a website/web application. Some UXers concentrate on user research study solely, while others may be extra involved with prototyping products.

This is why open source frameworks for examination automation will certainly mature to support the testing of voice commands. Another relatively unstoppable fad is voice recognition, with voice-driven innovation developed into several phones as well as other consumer tools. When testing software as well as mobile applications, voice acknowledgment brings some troubles. The volume of test situations will certainly boost exponentially, introducing the danger of longer feedback cycles and also slower releases. There is no time at all to be shed in ensuring software program examination labs await what is anticipated to be among the most significant trends of 2020 and beyond.

Easy Ways To Be An Effective Software Program Tester.

Which course is best for software testing?

It is always a good idea to join any Software Testing institute or class which will provide you a good start and direction for preparation. You can join any 4 months duration Software Testing course or can do a diploma in Software Testing which is probably 6 months to 1 year.

While PWAs are readied to test mobile native apps, they will both require to co-exist in the electronic room. https://www.pinterest.com/stormvasquez/ require to prepare solid advancement as well as testing strategies to cover both sorts of applications. The software market has altered a lot within the past ten years. As well as while it is difficult to anticipate precisely what the following decade will bring, it will definitely introduce a whole brand-new set of obstacles for testing and also QA experts.

A Look To The Future Of Software Testing.

Any difficulty is a lot more concerning the certain innovation (e.g. file systems vs. script interfaces) than the general function. Examination designers usually go broad as well as to tool deepness, though they often go deep simply for enjoyable. SDE code, on the other hand, is often anticipated to run forever without reboot, to survive unforeseen problems, as well as to act in a proscribed method each situation. SDET code is better to model code high quality, while SDE code is expected to be bullet-proof. For example, if someone wrote an API set, an SDET created exhaustive tests for the API individually and jointly.

How long does it take to learn software testing?

Many employers look for software tester candidates with a bachelor's degree in computer science, math or engineering, although it's not always required. If you've got a lot of experience, a stable work history and solid references or letters of recommendation, it's possible to land a job without a college degree.

Hands-on testing is an activity where the tester needs to be extremely patient, creative & open minded. The essential idea of hands-on testing is to make sure that the application is error complimentary as well as it is operating in conformance to the defined useful demands. A solid knowledge with a wide range of technology items and problems combined with strong interaction abilities are necessary to this setting.

Someone requires to see to it both groups are worked with as well as on the same web page. I understand of specific testers and also specific developers who do not like each various other, but not for the factors you mentioned however instead due to the fact that they make help each various other. I would certainly think it happens beause the designers create a program, and they perceive that the testers then try to find imperfections in it.

Interface Developer.

The electronic globe is effectively seeking software program applications that are released much faster without concession in the top quality of the applications.

Previously, the demand for testing teams was limited only for performing application testing, and now the value of QA is effectively increasing.

RPA can additionally be called as an extension of Automation as it can be put on anything which is in a structured kind, unlike automation which requires a software to function upon.

With this testing practice, it ends up being simpler for the groups to validate the effectiveness of the app's protection controls as well as determine the dangers that are subjected to susceptabilities.

If you are looking for participation in the growing tech scene however don't understand just how to code, ratings of profession opportunitiesin tech require no coding skills in any way. If this occurs a whole lot, it can stress connections between the groups.

How can I get a job in software testing?

Testers require good coding knowledge when they go after an automation testing or white box testing. Throughout the agile process, the tester will work with one or more programmers to write test. So for creating an automatable test, it is imperative for testers to know the code.

When IoT ends up being truly traditional in all most components of our lives, an extremely innovative cloud-based laboratory is mosting likely to be crucial for testing IoT applications. Even now, it is already intricate to test the range of OS as well as devices offered today, and that will just raise in accordance with higher quantities and sorts of clever tools. Testing voice commands calls for very advanced systems and techniques, and also those will certainly raise as the adoption of voice command features increases.

They 'd likewise compose cardiovascular test, performance tests, check resource usage, correctness, and so on. STEs had a tendency to do hands-on testing that was also costly to automate. For example, configuring a collection of 20 makers in a variety of different network geographies, as well as testing their end-to-end connectivity with scriptable devices, by hand, or with tools SDETs created for them. The program costs ₤ 199 as well as is a 6.5 hour on-demand video clip program that also has downloadable reading product and a certification upon completion. PayScale states the ordinary salary of a software program tester in the UNITED STATE is almost $56,000, but it can climb up much higher depending on the firm, city and also your certifications.

Guarantee Suitable Work Environment For Qa Team.

Whenever somebody finds defects in something you put great deals of effort in, it's possibly a natural reaction to respond negatively towards them. As irritating as obtaining solutions denied by testers may be, it is far, much (did I claim far?) even worse getting mistake records from consumers.

Luckily, Google blog sites a great deal about their testing and QA processes, therefore, we can obtain understanding from their experiment Google Tester's Blog site. Software testing is must give a high quality product without bugs or concern. They call for various sorts of believing and different focus in code artefacts.

Top 10 Software Application Testing Courses.

The website will certainly likewise guarantee that the application developed is of optimal high quality, that must be feasible by making use of strategies, for instance, DevOps and also Agile advancement. TechTarget moreover includes numerous webcasts and white papers.

[yuqi-y-blog]

Assessing Tea Quality with Electronic Nose and Electronic Tongue

Are you a tea drinker? If so, do you have your favorite leaf, or prefer some types of tea to others? There are many teas, from the high-end ones packed in delicate gift boxes to those sold in bulk at their origins, which may be unfamiliar for tea drinkers in the more developed regions. But is that the more expensive, the better? Who decides the grades of teas, and how do they judge the quality?

The Traditional Method

Traditionally, “tea masters” assign the grade by tea-tasting, but this method is realized to be increasingly unreliable. Masters are still human, just with more expertise and experience, and human is inevitably subjective. Different masters may give different results; even the same person may give a different result on a different day depending on their physical or mental state. Leaving alone the subjectivity, human testing is also not efficient enough. With millions of, if not more, different types of teas sold through various channels in the market today, it is impractical for each of them to be examined by experts.

A New Approach

Is there a more accurate and more efficient way to grade the teas? The answer is “yes,” by artificial intelligence. Zhi et al. have presented a framework for Electronic Nose (E-Nose) and Electronic Tongue (E-Tongue) to assess tea quality (2017).

E-Nose and E-Tongue are not hard to understand literally, but exactly how do they function, and how is the information integrated to grade a tea?

Despite the huge difference in their appearances, E-Nose and E-Tongue collect information under a similar logic as human’s organs. They comprise of an array of sensors that detect the chemicals in the test samples and generate diverse signatures. The difference comes about in the perception of those signatures. Human’s interpretation turns out to be rather rough: bitter, sweet, fragrant, etc., since the signals are forced to go through multiple built-in filters in our brains, while E-Nose and E-Tongue provide raw signals, which are quantified and ready for more scientific analysis.

Feature Extraction and Dimension Reduction

Raw signals are hard to work with directly. In Zhi’s experiment, the E-Nose has 18 sensors and the E-Tongue has 7, so there are 25 distinct signal curves, with each curve consisting of 241 data points collected in 120 seconds for each test sample. It is impossible to tell anything by just looking at 25*241 plain numbers, so feature extraction is essential.

Zhi et al. extract the features in two different domains: time and frequency. The time-domain features are easy to acquire and easy to understand. The maximum value and the average value are calculated among the 241 points for each sensor. The frequency-domain features, on the other hand, is less straight forward. In brief, you can imagine the discrete points are connected to form a curve that bounces up and down, and the frequency-domain features describe how vividly the curve bounces. The importance to include the frequency domain is illustrated in the graph below. As we can see, data sets A and B have the same maximum and average value, yet their dynamic “energy” is different. It is probably not a good idea to conclude that these two signals are the same as if we are only looking at the time-domain features.

Now, we have successfully reduced the data size to 25*4 for each sample, but what’s next? Although decreased in size, the data is still numbers. How can we assign different grades to the teas according to those sets of numbers?

Let the machine learn!

Of course, we can manually observe the data and try to summarize some kind of regularities, but that would be tedious and thus running counter to our objective of improving efficiency. Luckily, we have assistants who are good at dealing with data of large sizes and doing repetitive jobs: computers.

Just like tea masters taste a lot of teas to form their experience, computers need to first form their knowledge bases and then apply the knowledge to solve the problem. In machine learning, the process of forming knowledge bases is called training. There’s one thing that is easy to get wrong: computers never learn on their own. It is human who programs the algorithms, and all computers do is executing the algorithms that take in the data and turn it into a knowledge base.

In the case of tea testing, the computer is trained with a number of samples given their grades so that it can get a sense of which characteristics correspond to which grades. Well, to “get a sense” is the human way; the computer way is to match the data points with the grades and construct reference maps for applications. For the matching, Zhi et al. adopt Kernel Linear Discriminant Analysis (KLDA). The purpose of this high-level mathematical trick is to maximize between-class separation and minimize in-class variance. In other words, we want the teas to be as similar to each other as possible if they belong to the same grade, and elsewise as different from each other as possible. We can’t manipulate the data, but what we can do is weighting it to highlight particular data. KLDA is a nonlinear transformation that maps the original data points to a more classified distribution. With this optimized matching, which is impossible without machine learning due to the huge amount of computation, the accuracy of grading is significantly improved.

Assign a grade to an unknown tea

After training, the computer is ready to assess the quality of unknown teas. Given a new tea sample, we let the E-Nose smell it and let the E-Tongue taste it, obtain the raw signals, extract the features, and transform the data through the same KLDA filter used in training. Then we get a new data point to be compared to the ones in the computer’s knowledge base, namely the reference map constructed with the training set. How can we make the comparison, or, to be precise, which algorithm do we tell the computer to execute to make the comparison?

Zhi et al. use the K-nearest neighbor (KNN) classifier, which is, unlike the previous algorithms, one of the simplest among the classification algorithms. It assigns a class to the unclassified point by looking at a number (k) of its nearest neighbors and taking the majority vote from them.

There is only one problem left. I have been counting the data for the E-Nose and E-Tongue together so far in order to demonstrate the size of data, yet in fact, they are quite different data since one describes the smell and one describes the taste, and so cannot be calculated as one. Hence at this point, we actually have two separate results from the E-Nose and the E-Tongue. The problem is how to combine the two results to give a final assignment.

Here comes the last mathematical tool in the assessment: D-S evidence, which is perfect for solving this problem. It generates one probability function by combining two bodies of evidence, which, in our case, are the E-Nose and the E-Tongue. The method is rather simple: taking the product of the probabilities suggested by the two bodies of evidence and calculating the proportion of each shared outcome. For instance, consider the following case:

Since D-S evidence only accounts for shared outcomes, the probabilities of the sample being grade 1 and grade 4 are omitted. The probability of grade 2 is 80%*90%=72%, and that of grade 3 is 10%*5%=0.5%. So the final probability of grade 2 is 72%/(72%+0.5%)=99.31%, a quite determinate probability for the computer to conclude that the sample belongs to grade 2. Noticeably, there’s one big assumption made by D-S evidence: the conflict between the two bodies of evidence is small. Consider this case:

Because there are no shared outcomes, the result would be completely inconclusive. Fortunately, big conflicts are not expected to happen since a tea sample naturally should not show such huge different characteristics in smell and taste, and that is why D-S evidence is suitable for this scenario.

Conclusion and outlook for artificial intelligence

Compared to tea masters, E-Nose and E-Tongue guarantee to be fully objective and statistically more accurate with the implementation of KDLA. Moreover, both time efficiency and cost efficiency can be largely improved. E-Nose and E-Tongue can work non-stop with each sample only taking 120 seconds, and the computer can then process the data 1,000 times faster than a human does. The main cost would be the fixed cost, including setting up the machines and training the model. Once the setup is done, the operation cost is expected to be fairly low. Therefore, tea quality assessment with E-Nose and E-Tongue can definitely be promoted to the market for practical use.

As we go through the full process, I also hope you get a better sense of how AI works. To many people’s disappointment, AIs are not like creatures and never generate ideas on their own. The fundamental of all AIs is humble mathematics and computer science, very unromantically. Yet isn’t that exciting, that human is able to do things unimaginable decades ago today with the power of computers, which is neither magic nor miracle, but still the product of our own intelligence?

More on KLDA: https://youtu.be/mICWQEUpgEQ

Reference:  Zhi, Ruicong, Lei Zhao, and Dezheng Zhang. "A Framework for the Multi-Level Fusion of Electronic Nose and Electronic Tongue for Tea Quality Assessment." Sensors, vol. 17, no. 5, 2017, pp. 1007. doi: http://dx.doi.org.libproxy2.usc.edu/10.3390/s17051007.