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semiconductorlogs · 3 days ago

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Digitally Controlled Attenuators Market: Trends, Opportunities, and Forecast 2025–2032

MARKET INSIGHTS

The global Digitally Controlled Attenuators market size was valued at US$ 623.7 million in 2024 and is projected to reach US$ 1.04 billion by 2032, at a CAGR of 7.6% during the forecast period 2025-2032.

Digitally controlled attenuators are specialized RF components that dynamically adjust signal amplitude through electronic control interfaces. These devices utilize semiconductor technologies like PIN diodes and GaAs MESFETs to provide precise, programmable attenuation levels across wireless communication systems. The product landscape includes fixed attenuators for stable loss applications and step attenuators for variable signal conditioning.

Market growth is being driven by escalating demand for 5G infrastructure deployment, which requires sophisticated signal conditioning components. The cellular infrastructure segment accounted for 38% of total application share in 2024. Furthermore, increasing adoption in test equipment and satellite communications is contributing to expansion. Key industry players like Analog Devices and Qorvo are enhancing product portfolios through R&D investments – Analog Devices recently launched its ADRF5721 silicon digital attenuator with 0.5dB step resolution for 5G applications. Other major competitors include MACOM, Skyworks Solutions, and Murata Manufacturing.

MARKET DYNAMICS

MARKET DRIVERS

Proliferation of 5G and IoT Technologies Boosting Demand for Digitally Controlled Attenuators

The rapid global rollout of 5G networks is creating unprecedented demand for digitally controlled attenuators (DCAs). As 5G operates across multiple frequency bands (sub-6 GHz and mmWave), these components are essential for signal conditioning in base stations, small cells, and mobile devices. The worldwide 5G infrastructure market is projected to grow at over 50% CAGR through 2030, with over 1.7 billion 5G subscriptions expected by 2026. DCAs play a critical role in managing signal strength across these networks while maintaining signal integrity. Furthermore, the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem is expanding rapidly, with over 29 billion connected devices anticipated by 2030, creating additional demand for precise RF signal control components across industrial and consumer applications.

Advancements in Aerospace and Defense Applications Driving Premium Attenuator Solutions

Modern defense electronic systems, including radar, electronic warfare, and satellite communications, increasingly require high-performance digitally controlled attenuators with wide dynamic ranges and fast switching speeds. Global defense spending has risen to over $2 trillion annually, with electronic warfare systems constituting a growing portion. These applications demand attenuators that can operate reliably in extreme environmental conditions while maintaining precise signal control. Recent developments include DCAs capable of handling frequencies up to 40 GHz with switching speeds under 50 nanoseconds and attenuation ranges exceeding 60 dB. Such performance characteristics are critical for next-generation phased array radar systems and satellite communication payloads.

MARKET RESTRAINTS

Complex Design Requirements and High Development Costs Limiting Market Expansion

The development of advanced digitally controlled attenuators presents significant technical challenges, particularly for high-frequency applications. Designing attenuators that maintain precise control while minimizing insertion loss and VSWR across wide frequency ranges requires specialized engineering expertise and sophisticated simulation tools. Prototyping and testing costs for millimeter-wave DCAs can exceed $100,000 per design iteration, creating barriers to entry for smaller manufacturers. Additionally, the need for customized solutions for specific applications further complicates production scaling and inventory management, with lead times for specialized components often exceeding 12 weeks.

MARKET CHALLENGES

Supply Chain Disruptions and Component Shortages Impacting Production Timelines

The semiconductor supply chain crisis continues to affect production of digitally controlled attenuators, particularly for devices requiring specialized GaAs and SOI wafers. Lead times for certain critical components have extended to 40+ weeks, forcing manufacturers to maintain higher inventory levels. This situation is exacerbated by geopolitical tensions affecting semiconductor supply chains, with export controls limiting access to advanced fabrication technologies. Many manufacturers are now investing in dual-sourcing strategies and redesigning products to accommodate alternative components, but these solutions often involve trade-offs in performance characteristics.

MARKET OPPORTUNITIES

Emerging Millimeter Wave and THz Applications Creating New Growth Avenues

The development of 6G technologies and terahertz communication systems is opening new opportunities for digitally controlled attenuator manufacturers. While commercial 6G deployment remains years away, research indicates that these systems will operate in frequency bands from 100 GHz to 1 THz, requiring entirely new approaches to signal conditioning. Several major technology firms and research institutions have already demonstrated experimental 6G links, creating early demand for test and measurement solutions. Furthermore, emerging applications in quantum computing, advanced medical imaging, and security screening at THz frequencies will require novel attenuator designs with exceptional linearity and dynamic range.

DIGITALLY CONTROLLED ATTENUATORS MARKET TRENDS

5G Deployment and Wireless Communication Expansion Driving Market Growth

The rapid global deployment of 5G networks is significantly boosting demand for digitally controlled attenuators (DCAs), which play a critical role in signal conditioning and power management across wireless infrastructure. With over 1.7 billion 5G subscriptions projected worldwide by 2025, RF component manufacturers are scaling production of high-frequency attenuators capable of operating in millimeter-wave bands. Recent advancements in gallium nitride (GaN) and silicon-germanium (SiGe) semiconductor technologies enable DCAs to achieve superior linearity and thermal performance required for 5G base stations. Concurrently, the proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices necessitates precise RF power control solutions, with smart city applications alone expected to deploy over 7 billion connected devices by 2030.

Other Trends

Defense and Aerospace Modernization

Military modernization programs globally are accelerating the adoption of advanced electronically controlled attenuators for radar and electronic warfare systems. Modern phased array radars require digitally programmable attenuation with microsecond switching speeds and extreme temperature stability. The defense sector accounts for approximately 28% of specialty attenuator sales, driven by next-generation electronic countermeasure systems and satellite communication upgrades. Emerging threats in electronic warfare have prompted defense budgets exceeding $2.1 trillion worldwide, with significant allocations for RF subsystem enhancements.

Test & Measurement Equipment Evolution

The increasing complexity of wireless protocols and semiconductor devices is transforming the test equipment landscape, where digitally controlled attenuators provide critical calibration and signal conditioning functions. Automated test systems now demand attenuators with 0.1dB resolution and >100dB dynamic range to validate 5G NR and Wi-Fi 6E devices. Leading manufacturers have introduced DCAs with integrated temperature compensation and non-volatile memory for maintaining calibration settings. Furthermore, the semiconductor test equipment market, valued at over $10 billion annually, increasingly adopts programmable attenuators to handle heterogeneous integration testing requirements for advanced packaging technologies.

COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE

Key Industry Players

RF Component Manufacturers Drive Innovation to Capture Growing Demand in 5G and IoT Applications

The global digitally controlled attenuators market features a competitive landscape dominated by specialized RF component manufacturers, with Analog Devices and Qorvo emerging as clear market leaders in 2024. These companies have solidified their positions through continuous technological advancements in semiconductor-based attenuation solutions, particularly for 5G infrastructure and defense applications.

Skyworks Solutions and MACOM Technology Solutions hold significant market shares due to their comprehensive product portfolios covering both fixed and step attenuator configurations. Their success stems from strategic focus on high-frequency applications above 6 GHz, where precision digital control is becoming increasingly critical for modern communication systems.

The market is witnessing increased competition from Japanese component suppliers like Murata Manufacturing, whose ceramic-based attenuator designs are gaining traction in compact consumer electronics applications. Meanwhile, specialized firms such as Pasternack Enterprises and Mini-Circuits continue to expand their market presence through focused product development for test and measurement equipment.

Recent industry movements include multiple strategic acquisitions, with Analog Devices strengthening its microwave component capabilities through the purchase of specialty manufacturers. This consolidation trend is expected to accelerate as companies seek to offer more integrated RF front-end solutions.

List of Key Digitally Controlled Attenuator Companies Profiled

Analog Devices, Inc. (U.S.)

MACOM Technology Solutions (U.S.)

Qorvo, Inc. (U.S.)

Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (Japan)

pSemi Corporation (U.S.)

Skyworks Solutions, Inc. (U.S.)

Atlantic Microwave Ltd. (UK)

Pulsar Microwave Corporation (U.S.)

Qualwave Technology Inc. (China)

JFW Industries, Inc. (U.S.)

Planar Monolithics Industries (U.S.)

API Technologies Corp. (U.S.)

Fairview Microwave (U.S.)

Vaunix Technology Corp. (U.S.)

Segment Analysis:

By Type

Fixed Digital Attenuator Segment Leads Market Due to Precise Signal Control in RF Applications

The digitally controlled attenuator market is segmented based on type into:

Fixed Digital Attenuator

Subtypes: Single-bit, Multi-bit configurations

Step Digital Attenuator

Subtypes: 6-bit, 7-bit, and higher resolution variants

Continuous Variable Attenuators

Programmable Attenuators

Others

By Application

Cellular Infrastructure Segment Dominates with Growing 5G Network Deployments

The market is segmented based on application into:

Cellular Infrastructure

Test Equipment

Satellite Set Top Box

Fiber Optic Telecommunications

Military & Defense Systems

Others

By Frequency Range

Sub-6 GHz Segment Holds Major Share for Telecom and IoT Applications

The market segmentation by frequency includes:

DC to 6 GHz

6-18 GHz

18-40 GHz

Above 40 GHz

By Control Interfaces

Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) Gains Traction for High-Speed Digital Control

Key interface segments comprise:

Parallel Control

Serial Control

Subtypes: I²C, SPI, USB

Wireless Control

Manual Control

Regional Analysis: Digitally Controlled Attenuators Market

North America North America, led predominantly by the United States, maintains a strong position in the Digitally Controlled Attenuators Market due to its advanced telecommunications infrastructure and defense sector expenditures. The region benefits from significant investments in 5G technology and satellite communication, where precision RF signal control is critical. Additionally, stringent Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulations drive innovation in high-performance attenuators for commercial and military applications. Key players like Analog Devices and MACOM have a dominant presence here, catering to the needs of cellular infrastructure and test equipment manufacturers. The U.S. government’s focus on electronic warfare modernization further boosts demand, with defense contracts fueling market expansion.

Europe Europe’s market thrives on innovation-driven demand from fiber optic telecommunications and aerospace sectors. Countries like Germany, France, and the U.K. prioritize cutting-edge RF solutions for industrial automation and space applications, supported by EU-funded research programs. With increasing adoption of GaAs-based attenuators for their superior performance in harsh environments, manufacturers such as Qorvo and Murata continue to expand their footprint. Meanwhile, regulatory pressures to minimize signal interference in densely populated urban areas create opportunities for high-precision digital attenuators. However, the market faces challenges due to prolonged semiconductor supply chain disruptions and reliance on imports.

Asia-Pacific As the fastest-growing region, the Asia-Pacific market is propelled by China’s aggressive 5G rollout and India’s expanding telecom networks. The demand for digitally controlled attenuators is surging, particularly in cellular infrastructure and satellite applications, while Japan and South Korea lead in test equipment manufacturing. Though cost sensitivity favors conventional solutions, the shift toward higher-frequency applications (e.g., mmWave for 5G) accelerates the adoption of advanced attenuators. Local manufacturers such as RF-Lambda compete with global leaders, offering cost-efficient alternatives. However, geopolitical tensions and intellectual property concerns pose risks for multinational players operating in the region.

South America This emerging market shows gradual growth, primarily driven by Brazil’s telecom sector and Argentina’s defense modernization efforts. While limited indigenous manufacturing capabilities lead to reliance on imports, increasing fiber optic network deployments present opportunities for step digital attenuators. Economic instability and fluctuating currency values, however, hinder large-scale investments. Despite these challenges, partnerships between global suppliers and local distributors aim to strengthen market penetration, especially for satellite communication and broadcasting applications.

Middle East & Africa The market here remains niche but holds potential due to expanding smart city initiatives in the UAE and Saudi Arabia’s investments in aerospace and defense. Demand for fiber optic telecommunications attenuators is rising, though funding constraints and a fragmented regulatory landscape slow progress. In Africa, minimal telecom infrastructure development restricts growth, but satellite TV and broadcasting applications offer steady demand. Key suppliers like Atlantic Microwave and Pasternack Enterprises target high-value contracts in oil & gas and military sectors, where ruggedized attenuators are essential.

Report Scope

This market research report provides a comprehensive analysis of the global and regional Digitally Controlled Attenuators market, covering the forecast period 2025–2032. It offers detailed insights into market dynamics, technological advancements, competitive landscape, and key trends shaping the industry.

Key focus areas of the report include:

Market Size & Forecast: Historical data and future projections for revenue, unit shipments, and market value across major regions and segments. The global Digitally Controlled Attenuators market was valued at USD 265.8 million in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 412.5 million by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 5.7%.

Segmentation Analysis: Detailed breakdown by product type (Fixed Digital Attenuator, Step Digital Attenuator), application (Cellular Infrastructure, Test Equipment, Satellite Set Top Box, Fiber Optic Telecommunications), and end-user industry to identify high-growth segments.

Regional Outlook: Insights into market performance across North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa. The U.S. market is estimated at USD 78.2 million in 2024, while China is projected to reach USD 92.5 million by 2032.

Competitive Landscape: Profiles of leading market participants including Analog Devices, MACOM, Qorvo, Murata, and Skyworks, covering their product portfolios, market share (top 5 players held 42% share in 2024), and strategic developments.

Technology Trends & Innovation: Assessment of emerging technologies in RF signal processing, integration with 5G infrastructure, and advancements in semiconductor materials like GaAs and GaN.

Market Drivers & Restraints: Evaluation of factors including 5G network expansion, growth in satellite communications, and challenges like supply chain constraints for semiconductor components.

Stakeholder Analysis: Strategic insights for component manufacturers, system integrators, and investors regarding market opportunities and technological evolution.

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teardownit · 11 days ago

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Matrix Connection: Few Pins, Many Options

4+4=8, 4×4=16. It often happens that a microcontroller or other chip has too few pins. You can use a more complex and expensive microcontroller, or you can multiplex the pins. Today I will describe one of the ways to do this.

In previous posts, we have already talked about decoders and demultiplexers, as well as shift registers.

In the first case, an n-bit binary number can point to one of the decoder outputs, the number of which is equal to two to the power of n.

For example, the 74HC138 3:8 demultiplexer chip allows you to light up eight LEDs or turn on eight relays using only three microcontroller pins or three communication wires between devices.

However, this scheme does not allow activating several outputs simultaneously. In the case of LEDs, we can take advantage of the persistence of human vision and constantly send different numbers to the inputs of the 74HC138. If the frequency of numbers changing exceeds 24 hertz, then it will seem to us that from 0 to 8 LEDs are lit simultaneously and continuously.

It should be noted that the more LEDs are used, the dimmer each of them will be. Although in some cases this is a good thing, the consistency of the overall brightness means that when more LEDs are turned on, they will not be blinding.

It is also possible to turn on several relays simultaneously through a decoder, although it is more difficult. Timing circuits similar to those used in running lights with slowly dimming LEDs will be required.

Thanks to diodes with RC circuits at the bases of transistors, relay coils connected instead of LEDs will switch off not at the same moment as the signal disappears from the decoder output but after a certain period of time.

If you keep the capacitor charged by periodically applying the corresponding number to the decoder input, the relay remains on. If you stop transmitting this number, the relay will turn off.

This is very similar to the operation of the Williams-Kilburn tube, one of the first types of computer memory in history. The electron beam scanned the cathode-ray tube screen, just like a television.

To turn the indicator into a storage device, engineers simply added a matrix of electrodes onto the screen and synchronized the modulation of the beam with the scanning of this matrix. Those areas of the glass where the electrons hit acquired a charge that would fade if not renewed.

Of course, this was not a fast memory by any stretch. And controlling a relay via an RC chain is also not fast. However, it fits a number of applications.

Each additional wire or microcontroller pin doubles the capacity of the demultiplexer. For example, 4 bits give 16 outputs. But the required number of decoder chips also doubles. For 4:16 you need two 3:8 chips, for 5:32 you need four, and for 6:64 as many as eight, and so on.

But the shift register allows you to transmit or read practically an unlimited number of binary bits using only three wires: one for data, one for clocking, and one for register latching.

Therefore, when paired with microcontrollers, to expand the number of pins, shift registers are most often used rather than demultiplexers.

Two CD4017 decimal counter-decoders have 2×10=20 outputs. But if you make a matrix where one chip scans the rows and the second the columns, you get 10×10=100. Or 9×9=81, as done in this matrix LED effect.

The same design is used in an electronic timer, where 6×10=60 LEDs are placed around the circumference of the dial and serve as the second hand.

As you can see, the matrix is not necessarily square or rectangular. It can be stretched into a line or closed into a circle, and in general, its elements can be arranged in the shape you need.

The decade counter U2 receives timing signals with a frequency of 1 hertz from the generator on the 555 timer. Using switch SW1, you can switch the chip to 'disable counting' mode, which means a pause in the stopwatch operation.

U2 counts to ten (from Q0 to Q9) and transmits the CARRY-OUT signal to the clock input of U1. Note that CARRY-OUT goes to logical zero when the counter has counted to Q5, and to logical one at the moment of overflow, when Q0 is activated again after Q9.

The CD4017 chip reacts just to the transition from low to high, so U1 will turn on the next row of LEDs exactly when U2 has turned off column Q9 and turned on Q0.

The active voltage level at the outputs Q0..Q9 of the CD4017 counter is high, and the current in the LED should flow from plus to minus, from anode to cathode, in the direction of the arrow. Therefore, the signals from the U2 outputs are inverted by the U3 CD4069 chip.

This chip contains six logic inverters. To count 60=10×6 seconds, we just need 6 lines of 10 LEDs. On the diagram, they look like rows and columns, but on the board, they are placed around the circumference of the dial.

After a minute has passed and Q2 has counted to Q6, transistor Q1 opens through resistor R2, performing two actions in our circuit.

First, it charges the capacitor C1, the voltage across which turns on transistor Q2 through resistor R3. This is exactly the same scheme that we've discussed above.

While C1 is discharging, the BZ1 buzzer will beep, not continuously but in 1 hertz pulses, since the positive terminal of BZ1 is connected not to the positive power supply terminal but to the output of the second pulse generator.

An asymmetrical flip-flop is constructed on transistors Q3 and Q4. A logical one from capacitor C1 through diode D1 and resistor R4, or from the power supply positive through R5 and button SW3, sets the flip-flop to one, which goes to the reset input of both counters, stopping the counting and resetting them to zero.

The diode is needed so that the buzzer is triggered only at the end of the count, not when the STOP button is pressed or a logical one appears at the output of the trigger through resistor R6, which latches the trigger into a high- or low-level state.

Button SW2 resets the trigger and starts the second count. If you made a multi-position switch that allowed you to choose which of the Q1..Q6 pins to connect R2 to, the timer could count not only up to 60 but also up to 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 seconds.

And the last circuit for today is an RGB running light. Here IC1 is the familiar CD4060 binary counter, and 74HC138 is a 3:8 decoder that lights up one of the eight LEDs, LED1..LED8.

These are RGB LEDs, and the light color will depend on the state of the outputs Q8–Q10 of the IC1 chip.

000: white; all channels are on

001: blue-green

010: magenta; blue plus red

011: blue

100: yellow; red plus green

101: green

110: red

111: LEDs do not light up

As you can see, even to control RGB LEDs, it is not at all necessary to use a microcontroller. With two simple chips and three transistors, you can create the beautiful effect of a running, color-changing light.

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atplblog · 26 days ago

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cleverhottubmiracle · 1 month ago

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[ad_1] A frequency-dependent switch designed for PSpice simulation empowers experts to address challenges in advanced systems, seamlessly integrating into diverse electronic circuits. Switches may be used in any device/circuit in UHF or higher radio bands that need to route signals through multiple paths. Switches in different configurations are used in ATE (automatic test equipment) systems. Solid state switches can be divided into two primary categories: mechanical, relay-operated, PIN diode and FETs. They can be used, to switch a single signal between double outputs, to connect different multiple outputs delivering signals to port connections in parallel, to route change (bypass) a voltage around rather than through a circuit element or system. Design and modelling of a voltage/current-controlled analogue behavioural model switch compatible with PSpice circuit simulation software are described with examples in the frequency domain.- Advertisement - Simulation method The PSpice method to obtain an equivalent circuit for different switches using analogue behavioural modelling is described. Other works in this field used different configurations using polynomial voltage/current source models of the original PSpice program. Fig: 1 A linear high-power network containing Laplace switch(E) with resistors Fig: 2 A linear active high-power network with frequency-dependent switch S1 Table I describes (Fig: 1) the PSpice procedure to obtain frequency-dependence, which behaves as short at 1700Hz and becomes open circuit at other operating frequencies of Fig: 1 [equivalent to performing switching (on/off) action]. The E Laplace in Fig: 1 describes an on/off resistor using analogue behavioural modelling of PSpice with the Laplace option.- Advertisement - Table I. Frequency description of switch operation (Fig: 1) **** 10/03/23 16:43:29 ****** PSpice Lite (October 2012) ****** ID# 10813 ****Frequency-dependent switch simulationCircuit descriptionV2 1 0 AC 1R13 1 3 100E34 3 4 LAPLACE I(E34) = (ABS(S)/(2.0*3.141592653589793)-1700)*1E8R40 4 0 100.AC LIN 13 1KHz 2.2KHz.PRINT AC VM(1) VM(3) VM(4).OP.end**** 10/03/23 16:43:29 ****** PSpice Lite (October 2012) ****** ID# 10813 ****Frequency-dependent switch simulationSmall signal bias solution Temperature = 27.000 DEG CNode voltage( 1) 0.0000 ( 3) 0.0000 ( 4) 0.0000Voltage source currentsName CurrentV2 0.000E+00Total power dissipation 0.00E+00 watts**** 10/03/23 16:43:29 ****** PSpice Lite (October 2012) ****** ID# 10813 ****Frequency-dependent switch simulationOperating point information Temperature = 27.000 DEG CVoltage-controlled voltage sourcesName E34V-source 0.000E+00I-source 0.000E+00**** 10/03/23 16:43:29 ****** PSpice Lite (October 2012) ****** ID# 10813 ****Frequency-dependent switch simulationAC analysis Temperature = 27.000 DEG CFREQ VM(1) VM(3) VM(4)1.000E+03 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 1.429E-091.100E+03 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 1.667E-091.200E+03 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 2.000E-091.300E+03 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 2.500E-091.400E+03 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 3.333E-091.500E+03 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 5.000E-091.600E+03 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 1.000E-081.700E+03 1.000E+00 5.007E-01 4.993E-011.800E+03 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 1.000E-081.900E+03 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 5.000E-092.000E+03 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 3.333E-092.100E+03 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 2.500E-092.200E+03 1.000E+00 1.000E+00 2.000E-09 It can be observed (Table I) that due to the switching action at 1.7KHz, all the voltage is transferred to the output node (4) from the node (3). Table II. PSpice program description of switching (Fig:2) **** 10/03/23 16:33:07 ****** PSpice Lite (October 2012) ****** ID# 10813 ****Frequency-dependent AC switch simulationCircuit descriptionV2 1 0 AC 100R13 1 2 400G1 2 0 4 0 2L23 2 3 0.3R30 3 0 500C34 3 4 0.1UFL46 4 6 0.1C60 6 0 0.1E45 4 5 LAPLACE I(E45) = (ABS(S)/(2.0*3.14159265359)-150)*1E10R40 5 0 2000.AC LIN 4 50 200.PRINT AC VM(1) VM(3) VM(4) VM(5).OP.end**** 10/03/23 16:33:07 ****** PSpice Lite (October 2012) ****** ID# 10813 ****Frequency-dependent AC switch simulationSmall signal bias solution Temperature = 27.000 DEG CNode voltage( 1) 0.0000 ( 2) 0.0000 ( 3) 0.0000 ( 4) 0.0000( 5) 0.0000 ( 6) 0.0000Voltage source currentsName CurrentV2 0.000E+00Total power dissipation 0.00E+00 watts**** 10/03/23 16:33:07 ****** PSpice Lite (October 2012) ****** ID# 10813 ****Frequency-dependent AC switch simulationOperating point information Temperature = 27.000 DEG CVoltage-controlled current sourcesName G1I-source 0.000E+00Voltage-controlled voltage sourcesName E45V-source 0.000E+00I-source 0.000E+00**** 10/03/23 16:33:07 ****** PSpice Lite (October 2012) ****** ID# 10813 ****Frequency-dependent AC switch simulationAC analysis Temperature = 27.000 DEG CFREQ VM(1) VM(3) VM(4) VM(5)5.000E+01 1.000E+02 9.734E+01 9.607E-02 1.921E-101.000E+02 1.000E+02 6.948E+01 2.753E-01 1.101E-091.500E+02 1.000E+02 1.831E+01 1.639E-01 1.637E-012.000E+02 1.000E+02 8.999E+00 1.444E-01 5.775E-10Job concluded From Table II’s description of Fig: 2, due to the switching action at 150Hz, the voltage at node (4) is transferred to node (5). At the remaining frequencies, due to the open circuit nodes (5) and (4), the output voltage is zero. The E45 description in Table II uses the analogue behavioural option of PSpice to obtain a power switch. Fig: 3. A high-power network containing Laplace switch(E Laplace) with resistors Fig: 4. A high-active high-power network with frequency-dependent switch S1 Table III. Frequency description of switch operation (Fig: 3) **** 10/14/23 16:46:40 ****** PSpice Lite (October 2012) ****** ID# 10813 ****Frequency-dependent switch simulationCircuit descriptionVoltage AC excitationI 0 3 AC 1R13 0 3 100E34 3 4 LAPLACE I(E34) = (ABS(S)/(2.0*3.141592653589793)-1700)*1E8R40 4 0 100.AC LIN 13 1KHz 2.2KHz.PRINT AC VM(3) VP(3) VM(4) VP(4).OP.end**** 10/14/23 16:46:40 ****** PSpice Lite (October 2012) ****** ID# 10813 ****Frequency-dependent switch simulationSmall signal bias solution Temperature = 27.000 DEG CNode voltage( 3) 0.0000 ( 4) 0.0000Voltage source currentsName CurrentTotal power dissipation 0.00E+00 watts**** 10/14/23 16:46:40 ****** PSpice Lite (October 2012) ****** ID# 10813 ****Frequency-dependent switch simulationOperating point information Temperature = 27.000 DEG CVoltage-controlled voltage sourcesName E34V-source 0.000E+00I-source 0.000E+00**** 10/14/23 16:46:40 ****** PSpice Lite (October 2012) ****** ID# 10813 ****Frequency-dependent switch simulationAC analysis Temperature = 27.000 DEG CFREQ VM(3) VP(3) VM(4) VP(4)1.000E+03 1.000E+02 0.000E+00 1.429E-07 1.800E+021.100E+03 1.000E+02 0.000E+00 1.667E-07 1.800E+021.200E+03 1.000E+02 0.000E+00 2.000E-07 1.800E+021.300E+03 1.000E+02 0.000E+00 2.500E-07 1.800E+021.400E+03 1.000E+02 0.000E+00 3.333E-07 1.800E+021.500E+03 1.000E+02 0.000E+00 5.000E-07 1.800E+021.600E+03 1.000E+02 0.000E+00 1.000E-06 1.800E+021.700E+03 5.007E+01 0.000E+00 4.993E+01 0.000E+001.800E+03 1.000E+02 0.000E+00 1.000E-06 0.000E+001.900E+03 1.000E+02 0.000E+00 5.000E-07 0.000E+002.000E+03 1.000E+02 0.000E+00 3.333E-07 0.000E+002.100E+03 1.000E+02 0.000E+00 2.500E-07 0.000E+002.200E+03 1.000E+02 0.000E+00 2.000E-07 0.000E+00Job concluded The switch in Fig: 3 becomes active at 1700Hz as shown in Table III, and the voltage at node (3) becomes equal to node (4). Table IV. Frequency description of switch operation (Fig: 4) **** 10/15/23 12:27:19 ****** PSpice Lite (October 2012) ****** ID# 10813 **** Frequency-dependent AC switch simulationCircuit descriptionV2 1 0 AC 100R13 1 2 400HG1 2 0 V2 1L23 2 3 0.01R30 3 0 500C34 3 4 0.1UFL46 4 6 0.5C60 6 0 0.1E45 4 5 LAPLACE I(E45) = (ABS(S)/(2.0*3.14159265359)-150)*1E10R40 5 0 2000.AC LIN 4 50 200.PRINT AC VM(1) VM(3) VM(4) VM(5).OP.end**** 10/15/23 12:27:19 ****** PSpice Lite (October 2012) ****** ID# 10813 ****Frequency-dependent AC switch simulationSmall signal bias solution Temperature = 27.000 DEG CNode voltage( 1) 0.0000 ( 2) 0.0000 ( 3) 0.0000 ( 4) 0.0000( 5) 0.0000 ( 6) 0.0000Voltage source currentsName CurrentV2 0.000E+00Total power dissipation 0.00E+00 watts**** 10/15/23 12:27:19 ****** PSpice Lite (October 2012) ****** ID# 10813 ****Frequency-dependent AC switch simulationOperating point information Temperature = 27.000 DEG CVoltage-controlled voltage sourcesName E45V-source 0.000E+00I-source 0.000E+00Current-controlled voltage sourcesName HG1V-source 0.000E+00I-source 0.000E+00**** 10/15/23 12:27:19 ****** PSpice Lite (October 2012) ****** ID# 10813 ****Frequency-dependent AC switch simulationAC analysis Temperature =27.000 DEG CFREQ VM(1) VM(3) VM(4) VM(5)5.000E+01 1.000E+02 2.506E-01 1.243E-03 2.486E-121.000E+02 1.000E+02 2.507E-01 5.048E-03 2.019E-111.500E+02 1.000E+02 2.508E-01 1.132E-02 1.131E-022.000E+02 1.000E+02 2.510E-01 2.151E-02 8.606E-11Job concluded Table IV shows that at 150Hz, the switch is on, and the voltage at node (4) is transferred to node (5). Fig: 5. AC power circuit with frequency-dependent switch Fig: 5 shows an AC power circuit with a current controlled current source. Table V shows the netlist for the switch description and operation of Fig: 5. The switch is described with the symbol S1. Table V. Frequency description of switch operation (Fig: 5) **** 10/15/23 19:35:45 ****** PSpice Lite (October 2012) ****** ID# 10813 ****Frequency-dependent AC switch simulationCircuit descriptionV2 1 0 AC 100R13 1 2 400FG1 2 0 V2 1L23 2 3 0.01R30 3 0 500C34 3 4 0.1UFL46 4 6 0.5C60 6 0 0.1E45 4 5 LAPLACE I(E45) = (ABS(S)/(2.0*3.14159265359)-150)*1E10R40 5 0 2000.AC LIN 4 50 200.PRINT AC VM(1) VM(3) VM(4) VM(5).OP.end**** 10/15/23 19:35:45 ****** PSpice Lite (October 2012) ****** ID# 10813 ****Frequency-dependent AC switch simulationSmall signal bias solution Temperature = 27.000 DEG CNode voltage( 1) 0.0000 ( 2) 0.0000 ( 3) 0.0000 ( 4) 0.0000( 5) 0.0000 ( 6) 0.0000Voltage source currentsName CurrentV2 0.000E+00Total power dissipation 0.00E+00 watts**** 10/15/23 19:35:45 ****** PSpice Lite (October 2012) ****** ID# 10813 ****Frequency-dependent AC switch simulationOperating Point Information Temperature = 27.000 DEG CVoltage-controlled voltage sourcesName E45V-source 0.000E+00I-source 0.000E+00Current-controlled current sourcesName FG1I-source 0.000E+00**** 10/15/23 19:35:45 ****** PSpice Lite (October 2012) ****** ID# 10813 ****Frequency-dependent AC switch simulationAC analysis Temperature =27.000 DEG CFREQ VM(1) VM(3) VM(4) VM(5)5.000E+01 1.000E+02 7.143E+01 3.542E-01 7.083E-101.000E+02 1.000E+02 7.144E+01 1.438E+00 5.754E-091.500E+02 1.000E+02 7.144E+01 3.224E+00 3.220E+002.000E+02 1.000E+02 7.147E+01 6.126E+00 2.451E-08Job concluded**** 10/15/23 19:35:45 ****** PSpice Lite (October 2012) ****** ID# 10813 ****Frequency-dependent AC switch simulationJob statistics summary Switching recruitment for frequency-dependent systems varies depending on the application. There are different means by which switch performance can be evaluated and compared. These switches could be used at the design stage for different frequency ranges and power levels. A frequency-dependent switch configuration is designed to fit in the PSpice simulation program for use in an electronic circuit (1700Hz,150Hz). The switch is tested and verified with four types of AC circuits in the frequency domain with the PSpice simulation software. Engineers with simulation experience can implement these conceptual designs and meet today’s advanced systems. Author: K. Bharath Kumar, Researcher The author obtained a B. Tech degree in E and CE with highest honours from JNT University, Anantapur, India, in 1981and M. Tech degree from Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India, in Microwave and Optical Communication in the year 1983. Later, he joined Indian Telephone Industries, Bengaluru, India and worked in Fiber optics. In 1990, he obtained an M.S. degree in electrical engineering from the Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, USA and joined Oki Electric, Japan, as a researcher in the semiconductor laboratory. He has over thirty-four publications in simulation and modelling of electronic circuits in various national and international journals. He is retired from Oki Electric now. [ad_2] Source link

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