#Princeton-in-Latin-America Program

[jcmarchi]

Writing code, and decoding the world

New Post has been published on https://thedigitalinsider.com/writing-code-and-decoding-the-world/

Writing code, and decoding the world

Several years ago, MIT anthropologist Héctor Beltrán ’07 attended an event in Mexico billed as the first all-women’s hackathon in Latin America. But the programmers were not the only women there. When the time came for the hackathon pitches, a large number of family members arrived to watch.

“Grandmothers and mothers showed up to cheer up the hackathon participants,” Beltrán says. “That’s something I had never seen in the U.S. It was inspiring. It felt good to see people who are usually excluded from these spaces being welcomed as part of this infrastructure of innovation.”

In a sense, the grandmothers hacked the hackathon. After all, hackathons started as male-dominated code-writing marathons, often inaccessible to women — who, even when they join tech or other professions, also handle much of the “second shift,” the unpaid family work women have been doing for generations. As one of the hackers told Beltrán, her grandmother “helps with everything in the day to day. She is the one that is in charge of everything.”

But having so many women in the hackathon audience, Beltrán observes, made visible an often-ignored point: All that unpaid work by women is part of the “infrastructure” that has let men code and innovate and build their own careers.

“Things people normally don’t think about, even like the structure of a hackathon, being there the whole weekend with your buddies, is something that has not been feasible for many women,” Beltrán says.

Now, in a new book, “Code Work: Hacking Across the US/México Techno-Borderlands,” published today by Princeton University Press, Beltrán closely explores the relationship between computer culture and society in Mexico. In it, he finds that coding is more than writing code: It’s an activity generating fruitful reflection by the coders — about themselves, their political and economic circumstances, and what roles they can play in society.

“A core concept of the book is precisely that as you’re coding and participating in these events, you’re also constructing a sense of yourself and how you fit into these larger societal structures and engines of difference,” says Beltrán, who is the Class of 1957 Career Development Assistant Professor in MIT’s anthropology program.

Breaking into the field

“Code Work” builds on field research Beltrán conducted in Mexico, attending hackathons, conducting interviews, and scrutinizing the country’s politics and economy. However, the roots of the project go back to Beltrán’s undergraduate days at MIT, where he majored in computer science and engineering. After graduating, Beltrán worked in consulting; a trip to Mexico City helped spur his interest in the differences between the tech sectors in Mexico and in the U.S.

“I saw that there was really a disconnect between different cultures,” Beltrán says.

As such, “Code Work” is an exploration of coding both as it is practiced within Mexico and in its relationship to U.S. computing culture. The book focuses extensively on hackathons, as events where the enjoyment and promise of tech innovation are evident, along with the tensions in the field.

In contrast to the U.S., where hackers have often gained cachet as “disruptors” shaking up the civic order, in Mexico coders are often trying to enter the established economic order — while also trying to use technology for social innovations.

“Usually we think about hacking in the Global North as a way to break out of certain constraints,” Beltrán says. “But in the Global South, there are people who have been excluded from these global cultures of innovation and computing. Their hacking work [is a means of] trying to break in to these larger cultures of computing.”

To be sure, Beltrán notes, tech culture in the U.S. has not always been enormously inclusive either. Referring to one Latino MIT student he observed who went to Mexico to participate in hackathons, Beltrán says, “I see this kind of move to go the Global South as a way to present yourself as someone from an innovative culture and be respected as an expert — to break out of the Global North’s own hierarchies.”

In studying matters of gender and tech culture, Beltrán examines issues involving masculinity and coding as well. The sheer hard work of coding can drive people to great accomplishments, but at times coders can be “outworking other people to the point of exploitation,” he notes. And while “the information technology economy wants you to think,” the labor of coding “complicates the divison of mind and hand.”

In the book, Beltrán also locates hackers who question the value of the hackathons they are participating in, noting that the winning entries rarely seem to become widely used applications; some hackathons function more as advertisements for innovation than engines of it. The tension between hacker independence and the larger corporate structures they perceive is a key motif in the book.

Such observations underscore Beltrán’s view that hackers, while producing code, are highly reflective as well, actively thinking about their place in society, their political economy, and more. These hackers, Beltrán finds, often apply the intellectual concepts of coding to the world in illuminating ways. One hacker Beltrán meets views his own career as a series of “loosely coupled” jobs — borrowing a computing term for marginally connected components. In the hacker’s view, this has a positive aspect, in contrast to a career dedicated to working only for one firm of subjectively questionable value.

Thought piece

“Code Work” has earned praise from other scholars in the field. Gabriella Coleman, a professor of anthropology at Harvard University who also studies hackers, has called the book “lucid, well-written, and lively,” and adds that by “deftly hitching ethnographic material to literature in anthropology, Latinx studies, science and technology studies, and Mexican studies and history, Beltrán has enlarged and enlivened the scope and direction of hacker studies.”

For his part, Beltrán says he hopes readers will undertand his book as a work that is not only about Mexico but distinctly international in scope, exploring how cultures evolve in relationship to each other, while meshed in a global economy. The issues raised in “Code Work” could apply to many countries, he believes.

These are topics Beltrán is also examining in an undergraduate class, “Hacking from the South,” which he is currently teaching.

“These are complex problems with a lot of moving parts,” Beltrán says. “It’s also very empowering for students themselves to make these connections.” Many students, he thinks, thrive when they have the opportunity to think across disciplines, and take those tools and perspectives out into the world.

“As an undergrad, I thought I was learning something at MIT in order to go out and get a job,” Beltrán says. “I wanted to come back to academia because it’s a place where we get to think deeply about the structures we’re entangled in, and question who we’re becoming and how to intervene in the world. Especially MIT students, who can potentially intervene by changing systems in a powerful way.”

[nolanboomer]

Nolan Boomer is a doctoral candidate at Harvard University. Their research uses cultural studies and historical materialist lenses to study the built environment. They are primarily interested in how pre-Columbian revivals and the modern racial discourse of indigenismo shape early twentieth century architecture in the Western Hemisphere.

nolanboomer [at] fas.harvard.edu

EDUCATION

Harvard University, Ph.D. in History of Art & Architecture, 2022-Present

UC Berkeley, M.S. in Architecture (History, Theory, Society), 2018-2020

Oberlin College, B.A. in English, 2012-2016

ACADEMIC PUBLICATIONS

“Against Maritime Industry: Two Utopian Visions for Las Cruces, Chile,” Working Papers, International Center for the Arts of the Americas at the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (2025)

"Castillo de San Pedro de la Roca" in World Architecture and Society (2021)

SELECTED REVIEWS AND ESSAYS

“ARCUS: Shadow of a Rainbow” in PIN-UP (2024)

“Concrete Poetry,” New York Review of Architecture (2023)

"Eugene Tssui" in PIN-UP (2022)

"Chiron Life & Science Building" in Rumor (Princeton SoA, 2021)

"Book Club: The Architecture of Bathing" in PIN-UP (2020)

"The Arson Riot Image" in Places Journal (2020)

Print and online exhibition reviews in Artforum (2016-2019)

“Murder Play: Reading Pain in Chris Kraus’s How to Shoot a Crime” in Full Stop and Take Shape (2017)

The Cell Tree (2017)

AWARDS AND FELLOWSHIPS

John H. Coatsworth Latin American History Fellowship, David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies, Harvard University (2025)

Peter C. Marzio Prize for Outstanding Scholarship in Latin American and Latino Art (2024)

Somerville Arts Council (2024)

Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts Graduate Curatorial Fellowship (2024)

Fulbright-Garcia Robles Fellowship (2021-2022)

Joan E. Draper Architectural History Research Grant, UC Berkeley (2020)

Queer Emerging Scholars Program (2019)

Mount Lebanon Residency (2018)

Graham Foundation Grant (2018)

Northampton Arts Council (2017)

CONFERENCE PRESENTATIONS

“American Architecture on Stage: Robert Stacy-Judd and the Aztec Hotel” delivered at 59th Annual UCLA Art History Graduate Symposium, “In Crisis” (2024)

“Smoothing the Path: Inequality Across Hudson Linear Park” delivered at Queer Cultural Center’s Queer Conversations on Culture and the Arts and UC Berkeley’s College of Environmental Design, Emerging Scholars Program, “On Dispossession” (2019)

SELECTED EDITORIAL PROJECTS

Take Shape no. 3 (2021), Editor and founder

Speaking of Buildings (2019, Princeton Architectural Press), Project editor

Creating Chaos (2018, O/R Books), Proofreader

Inventory Press (2018) Freelance proofreader

Avery Shorts (2018, Columbia Books on Architecture and the City), Copyeditor

W.E.B. Du Bois's Data Portraits (2018, Princeton Architectural Press), Project editor

Pamphlet Architecture 36: Buoyant Clarity (2018, Princeton Architectural Press), Project editor

Take Shape no. 2 (2018) Editor and founder

Take Shape no. 1 (2017) Editor and founder

Nat Brut (2016–2018), Proofreader and design assistant

LANGUAGES

English and Spanish

[ncfcatalyst]

Duane Smith launches new event to recognize students efforts in applying for fellowships and scholarships

Duane Smith launches new event to recognize students efforts in applying for fellowships and scholarships

Dr. Duane Smith was hired in February 2020 for scholarship and fellowship advising for the Center of Career Engagement and Opportunity (CEO). There were plans for a luncheon last year for students who applied but those were cut short by the COVID-19 pandemic. This year, Smith organized the Annual Scholarship Recognition on Wednesday, April 14, via a virtual platform, Remo, to mimic a conference…

[newstfionline]

Headlines

U.S. election officials warn of November chaos due to budget crunch (Reuters) A Michigan town wants machines to speed up counting of absentee ballots. In Ohio, officials want to equip polling places so voters and poll workers feel safe from the coronavirus. Georgia officials, rattled by a chaotic election last month, want to send voters forms so they can request absentee ballots more easily. In all three cases, the money is not there to make it happen, say local officials responsible for running elections in the states. This year’s nominating contests have shown that voting in the pandemic age costs more: Officials have to buy masks, face shields and other equipment to virus-proof polling places. They also must spend more to mail and count ballots. Many officials say they don’t have the funding to do either job properly. Election experts say Americans are likely to vote in record numbers in November, when control of Congress will also be up for grabs along with state governorships and legislatures. A funding shortfall could lead to “widespread disenfranchisement,” said Myrna Perez, director of the elections program at New York University’s Brennan Center for Justice, a non-partisan public policy institute. “We run the risk of people really questioning the legitimacy of the election.”

Landmark Supreme Court Ruling Affirms Native American Rights in Oklahoma (NYT) The Supreme Court on Thursday ruled that much of eastern Oklahoma falls within an Indian reservation, a decision that could reshape the criminal justice system by preventing state authorities from prosecuting offenses there that involve Native Americans. The 5-to-4 decision, potentially one of the most consequential legal victories for Native Americans in decades, could have far-reaching implications for the people who live across what the court affirmed was Indian Country. The lands include much of Tulsa, Oklahoma’s second-biggest city. The case was steeped in the United States government’s long history of brutal removals and broken treaties with Indigenous tribes, and grappled with whether lands of the Muscogee (Creek) Nation had remained a reservation after Oklahoma became a state. Muscogee leaders hailed the decision as a hard-fought victory that clarified the status of their lands. The tribe said it would work with state and federal law enforcement authorities to coordinate public safety within the reservation.

‘Maybe I Shouldn’t Have Come’: U.S. Visa Changes Leave Students in Limbo (NYT) Oliver Philcox was nearing the end of his first year of graduate studies in astrophysics at Princeton University when the coronavirus outbreak began. Classes were halted in March, and then moved online. By May, he had decided to travel home to Britain. “In the long run, that was a terrible idea,” said Mr. Philcox, 24. “But I had assumed I would be able to go back in September.” Now, the return to an American institution has been thrown into question for Mr. Philcox and countless other international students after a directive by the Trump administration that students whose classes were moving entirely online for the fall would be stripped of their visas and required to leave the United States. Many universities see the move as a political one—an attempt to pressure them to reopen rather than hosting all classes online during the pandemic. For some international students, the directive poses frustrating questions of logistics and uncertainty. But for others—notably those whose home countries are embroiled in conflict or have communications technologies that are insufficient for online learning—the decision has the potential to disrupt their lives and drastically alter their futures. The Trump administration’s plan to require in-person classes for international students would affect around one million students. China sends the highest number of students—with about 370,000 enrolled in American universities in 2018-2019—followed by India with just over 200,000 students enrolled that year.

Bolivian president has COVID-19 as virus hits region’s elite (AP) Bolivia’s interim president and Venezuela’s No. 2 leader announced Thursday that they have been infected with the new coronavirus, just days after Brazil’s leader tested positive as the pandemic hits hard at some of Latin America’s political elite. Three Cabinet ministers in the administration of Bolivian leader Jeanine Áñez have also tested positive for the virus. The infections in Venezuela, Brazil and Bolivia, which is seeing a spike in cases, come after Honduran President Juan Orlando Hernández tested positive in June and was briefly hospitalized.

Stuck at Home Because of Covid, the French Discover France (WSJ) The French are venturing into unknown territory: France. Every summer French vacationers snub their homeland in favor of far-flung destinations, allowing France, the world’s top tourism destination, to become a playground for foreign tourists. That means millions of French have never climbed the Eiffel Tower; or soaked up views from the summit of Mont Blanc; or sauntered along Nice’s palm tree-studded Promenade des Anglais. The French have never seen themselves as “Leven als god in Frankrijk,” as the Dutch like to say, or “Living like a god in France.” It’s an embarrassment of riches that has long stood in contrast with the perennial malaise that many French feel toward France. “Being French is to live in a paradise inhabited by people who think they’re in hell,” Sylvain Tesson, the French adventurer, once wrote. With border reopenings in flux around the world due to the coronavirus pandemic, however, the French suddenly have France to themselves, and they’ve decided it’s time to see what all the fuss is about. A survey of 2,000 French vacationers released last month by Protourisme, a French consultancy, found that 86% of respondents are planning to vacation in France this summer.

Flood-weary Venice puts “Moses” inflatable barriers to test (Washington Post) Venice has conducted a trial run of an ambitious anti-flood system of 78 inflatable barriers in hopes of protecting the lagoon city from devastating high tides. Premier Giuseppe Conte on Friday at a ceremony in Venice pressed a button that activated compressors to pump air into the bright yellow barriers, which then started rising from the sea to act as a kind of a dike-on-demand. The project, riddled by corruption, was supposed to be working in 2011. Now the latest date is 2021, but Conte expressed hope it could be ready by this autumn. In November 2019, Venice suffered its worst flooding in more than 50 years. The project’s name, Moses, recalls the Biblical figure who, the Old Testament recounts, parted the waters of the Red Sea. But it also is the Italian acronym for Experimental Electromechanical Modules. The movable flood gates are attached by hinges to cement blocks on the seabed along three openings from the sea into the lagoon. After high-tide danger ceases, sea water is pumped into the gates to make them heavy so they can be lowered.

At 78, a Sardinian ex-kidnapper is on the run (Economist) Some said Graziano Mesina had absconded to the neighbouring French island of Corsica; others that he had fled to Tunisia. But what became increasingly clear on July 3rd was that the man known as the last balènte, or Sardinian bandit, was yet again on the run—at the age of 78. His younger sister, Antonia Mesina, said he had called by her house the previous day, just before the supreme court in Rome turned down her brother’s appeal against a 30-year sentence for a drug-trafficking offence. “I’ve not seen or heard from him since,” she said. Police carried out house-to-house searches in his home town of Orgosolo, but soon learnt that no one else could—or, perhaps, would—help them. The town’s mayor said it was a coincidence that a surveillance camera near Mr Mesina’s house had twice been shot up before he vanished. But if there was complicity in the reaction to his disappearance, it may have had less to do with the code of silence that once shielded Sardinia’s brigands than resentment towards Italy’s sluggish judicial system. Mr Mesina’s case had dragged on through the courts for seven years. Grazianeddu, as he is half-affectionately known, has been the subject of books, films and songs. He had, and evidently retains, an extraordinary talent for evading justice. Since his first arrest, aged 14, he has escaped or absconded on ten occasions, including from a top-security prison. Strikingly handsome when younger and widely acknowledged as intelligent and charming, Mr Mesina was reputed to have a string of lovers whom he visited in disguise while on the run. Police are said to have visited the homes of several elderly ladies in their search for the missing pensioner-bandit.

Poland’s Race Is Too Close To Call (Foreign Policy) Polish President Andrzej Duda faces off against his liberal opponent Warsaw Mayor Rafal Trzaskowski this Sunday in one of the first tests of right-wing populism in the age of coronavirus. Polls show the race is too close to call with the most recent one showing Trzaskowski winning 50.6 percent of votes to Duda’s 49.4 percent. A Trzaskowski victory on Sunday would represent a consolidation of support for those opposed to the rule of the right-wing Law and Justice party (PiS). The Warsaw mayor only managed to win 30.5 percent of votes in the first round of voting on June 28 but may gain support from those who backed other opposition candidates and from Polish expat voters, who have recently registered in large numbers. On a practical level, it would allow him to veto legislation from the PiS-controlled parliament.

Turkey’s president formally makes Hagia Sophia a mosque (AP) Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan on Friday formally re-converted Istanbul’s sixth-century iconic Hagia Sophia into a mosque, hours after a high court annulled a 1934 decision that had turned it into a museum. Erdogan signed a decree handing over Hagia Sophia to Turkey’s Religious Affairs Presidency and declaring it open to Muslim worship. Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan has demanded that the hugely symbolic world heritage site should be turned back into a mosque despite widespread international criticism, including from the United States and Orthodox Christian leaders. The move could also deepen tensions with neighboring Greece. Cypriot Foreign Minister Nikos Christodoulides said Turkey’s “escalating, flagrant violation of its international obligations is manifested in its decision to alter the designation of Hagia Sophia, a world heritage site that is a universal symbol of the Orthodox faith.” Nationalist and conservative groups have long been yearning to hold prayers at Hagia Sophia, which they regard as part of the Muslim Ottoman legacy. Others believe the UNESCO World Heritage site should remain a museum, as a symbol of Christian and Muslim solidarity.

China worries about stock market speculators (Daily Telegraph) China’s financial watchdog is increasingly worried about speculative leverage on the soaring Shanghai and Shenzhen equity markets, fearing a repeat of the boom-bust debacle in 2015 when the crash almost spun out of control. The China Securities Regulatory Commission has blacklisted 258 brokerage houses accused of offering illegal margin accounts at 10 times leverage. It told investors to “raise their risk awareness” before the buying frenzy reaches dangerous levels. The state media followed with sober reminders of the “tragic lesson” five years ago, when the market spiked and then plunged 40 percent. That episode shook confidence in the authorities and combined into a currency crisis that proved hard to contain. In the end the People’s Bank had to burn through $1 trillion to defend the exchange rate and counter capital flight.​

Australia restricts number of citizens returning as virus surges (Reuters) Australia will halve the number of citizens allowed to return home from overseas each week, Prime Minister Scott Morrison said on Friday, as authorities struggle to contain a COVID-19 outbreak in the country’s second most populous city. The state of Victoria reported 288 new cases on Friday, a record daily increase for any part of the country and sparking fears of a wave of community transmission in a country where most cases have involved returned travelers. “The news from Victoria remains very concerning,” Morrison told reporters in Canberra.

U.N. Security Council votes on Syrian aid (Foreign Policy) A U.N. mandate to deliver aid across the Turkish border into Syria expires today, and so the U.N. Security Council will vote on a resolution put forward by Germany and Belgium to extend it by six months. An earlier amendment to the resolution put forward by Russia would have reduced the number of border crossing points from two to one; it was rejected by the council on Thursday. Permanent members Russia and China argue that cross-border aid is unnecessary and can be managed by Syrian government authorities.

Israelis angry at Netanyahu over new outbreak, economic pain (AP) With an unprecedented new surge in coronavirus cases battering Israel’s economy, one of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s closest confidants was dispatched to a TV studio recently to calm the nerves of a jittery nation. Instead, he dismissed expressions of some of the public’s economic pain as “BS.” The flippant comment by Cabinet minister Tzachi Hanegbi is symptomatic of what critics see as a bloated, out-of-touch government. It also has become a rallying cry for anti-Netanyahu protests spreading, like the virus, across the country. One out-of-work Israeli erupted in anger during a live television interview, berating Netanyahu and warning the country is “going to burn” if aid is not given soon. It is a dramatic turn of events for Netanyahu, who claimed credit and was widely praised for Israel’s successful management of the early stages of the crisis. Now his approval ratings are plummeting, and public health experts warn that Israel is close to being unable to cope. “The management of the corona crisis is a humiliating national failure, it is dangerous and without precedent,” opposition leader Yair Lapid said this week. “People are furious, and they are right to be furious.”

[theancientgeekoroman]

Colleges & Universities with Degree Programs in Classics or Related Fields in the United States of America (Part 2)

[This list first published on February 7th, 2019 at 6:45 p.m. PST. If I have missed any schools, please let me know. I will update the list as necessary and this will be an ongoing project. American colleges and universities are organized by state. Note: this list will not include anthropology/archaeology/history if it does not have a specific concentration in the ancient world. Also, if the school only has minors and no major available, it won’t be listed, either. Both undergraduate and graduate programs will be listed.]

Montana

Carroll College 

Classical Studies (BA): https://www.carroll.edu/academic-programs/classical-studies

University of Montana

Classics (Latin BA): http://catalog.umt.edu/colleges-schools-programs/humanities-sciences/modern-classical-languages-literature/ba-latin/

Classics (Classical Civilization BA): http://catalog.umt.edu/colleges-schools-programs/humanities-sciences/modern-classical-languages-literature/ba-classical-civilization/Classics

Classics (Latin BA): http://catalog.umt.edu/colleges-schools-programs/humanities-sciences/modern-classical-languages-literature/ba-latin/

Nebraska

Creighton University

Classical Languages (Greek or Latin specializations; BA): https://www.creighton.edu/program/classical-languages-major-ba

Classical and Near Eastern Civilizations (BA): https://www.creighton.edu/program/classical-and-near-eastern-civilizations-major-ba

University of Nebraska-Lincoln

Classics and Religious Studies (Classics and Religious Studies emphases; BA): https://catalog.unl.edu/undergraduate/arts-sciences/classics-religious-studies/#majortext   

Nevada

None

New Hampshire

Dartmouth College

Classics (Ancient History, Classical Archaeology, Classical Languages and Literatures, and Classical Studies majors; BA): http://dartmouth.smartcatalogiq.com/en/current/orc/Departments-Programs-Undergraduate/Classics-Classical-Studies-Greek-Latin

Saint Anselm College

Classical Archaeology (BA): http://www.anselm-classics.com/captivate/major_arch.html

Classics (BA): http://www.anselm-classics.com/captivate/major_classics.html

University of New Hampshire

Classics (Ancient Mediterranean Civilizations; BA): https://catalog.unh.edu/undergraduate/liberal-arts/programs-study/classics/classics-major-ancient-mediterranean-civilizations-option-ba/

Classics (Classical Languages and Literatures; BA): https://catalog.unh.edu/undergraduate/liberal-arts/programs-study/classics/classical-major-classical-languages-literatures-option-ba/

Classics (Latin and Latin Teaching; BA): https://catalog.unh.edu/undergraduate/liberal-arts/programs-study/classics/classics-major-latin-teaching-option-ba/

New Jersey

Drew University

Classical Studies (BA): http://catalog.drew.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=29&poid=1661

Montclair State University

Classics (BA): http://catalog.montclair.edu/programs/classics-ba/

Latin (BA): http://catalog.montclair.edu/programs/latin-ba/

Latin with Teacher Certification in Latin (Preschool-Grade 12) (BA): http://catalog.montclair.edu/programs/latin-teacher-certification-preschool-grade-12-ba/

Princeton University

Ancient History track (BA): https://classics.princeton.edu/programs/undergraduate/tracks/ancient-history-track

Classical Studies track (BA): https://classics.princeton.edu/programs/undergraduate/tracks/classical-studies-track

Classics track (BA): https://classics.princeton.edu/programs/undergraduate/tracks/classics-track

Ancient Art and Archaeology (PhD): https://artandarchaeology.princeton.edu/about-us/graduate/areas-of-study

Interdepartmental Program in Classical Philosophy (PhD): https://philosophy.princeton.edu/graduate/special-programs

Late Antiquity (PhD): https://csla.princeton.edu/graduate-program

Program in the Ancient World (PAW - PhD): https://ancientworld.princeton.edu/

Rowan University

History (Specialization in European/Ancient History BA): https://academics.rowan.edu/chss/departments/history/acad/index.html

Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey

Classics (Classical Humanities, Greek, Greek and Latin, and Latin majors; BA): https://classics.rutgers.edu/academics/undergraduate/majors-minors

Classics (Classics, Interdisciplinary Classics and Ancient History (MA), Latin (MAT), Classics, Interdisciplinary Classics and Ancient History, Joint program in Classics and Art History (PhD): https://classics.rutgers.edu/academics/graduate/program-description

Seton Hall University

Classical Studies (BA): http://www.shu.edu/academics/ba-classical-studies.cfm 

New Mexico

University of New Mexico

Classics (Civilization concentration BA): http://degrees.unm.edu/units/7409/periods/96/plans

Classics (Language concentration BA): http://degrees.unm.edu/units/7408/periods/96/plans

New York

Bard College

Classics: Ancient Studies (includes ancient Middle East, India, or China; BA): http://classicalstudies.bard.edu/ancient/

Classics: Classical Studies (BA): http://classicalstudies.bard.edu/classical/

Classics: Philological Focus (BA): http://classicalstudies.bard.edu/philological/

Barnard College

Classics (Ancient Studies, Classics, Greek, and Latin majors; BA): https://classics.barnard.edu/majors

Binghamton University, State University of New York

Classics (Classical Civilization, Classics Greek and Latin, and Latin majors; BA): https://www.binghamton.edu/cnes/classical-studies/index.html

Brooklyn College, City University of New York

Classics (Classical Languages and Greek and Roman Culture concentrations; BA): http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/courses/acad/program_info.jsp?major=027&div=U&dept_code=17&dept_id=79#027

Canisius College

Classics (Classical Studies, Greek Language and Hellenic Studies, and Latin Language and Roman Studies tracks; BA): http://catalog.canisius.edu/undergraduate/college-arts-sciences/classics/#curriculumtext

Colgate University

Classical Studies (BA): http://catalog.colgate.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=8&poid=1236

Classics (BA): http://catalog.colgate.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=8&poid=1235

Greek (BA): http://catalog.colgate.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=8&poid=1187

Latin (BA): http://catalog.colgate.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=8&poid=1234

Columbia University

Classics (Ancient Studies, Classical Studies, and Classics majors; BA): http://classics.columbia.edu/majoring/

Classics (Greek or Latin MA; PhD): http://classics.columbia.edu/graduate-programs/

Cornell University

Classics (Classical Civilization, Classics, Greek, and Latin tracks; BA): https://classics.cornell.edu/undergraduate

Classics (Ancient History, Ancient Philosophy, Classical Archaeology, Classical Philology and Literature, and Greek and Latin Languages and Linguistics concentrations; PhD): https://classics.cornell.edu/phd  

Elmira College

Classical Studies (BA): https://www.elmira.edu/academics/programs/Majors_Minors/Classical_Studies/index.html

Fordham University

Classical Civilization (BA): https://www.fordham.edu/info/20526/majors_and_minors/1847/classical_civilization

Classical Languages (BA): https://www.fordham.edu/info/20526/majors_and_minors/1848/classical_languages

Classics (MA): https://www.fordham.edu/info/26744/master_of_arts_in_classics

Classics (Classical Philology and Medieval Latin options; PhD): https://www.fordham.edu/info/26745/phd_in_classics

The Graduate Center, City University of New York

Classics (Ancient History and Classical Philology tracks for PhD; MA and PhD): https://www.gc.cuny.edu/Page-Elements/Academics-Research-Centers-Initiatives/Doctoral-Programs/Classics/Degrees

Hamilton College

Classics (Classical Languages and Classical Studies; BA): https://www.hamilton.edu/academics/departments/Courses-and-Requirements?dept=Classics

Hobart and William Smith College

Classics (Classics, Greek, and Latin majors; BA): https://www.hws.edu/academics/classics/curriculum.aspx

Hunter College

Classical Archaeology (BA): http://catalog.hunter.cuny.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=37&poid=7747&returnto=10735

Classical Studies (BA): http://catalog.hunter.cuny.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=37&poid=7748&returnto=10735

Classical Studies (BA): http://catalog.hunter.cuny.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=37&poid=7748&returnto=10735

Greek and Latin (BA): http://catalog.hunter.cuny.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=37&poid=7778&returnto=10735

Latin (BA): http://catalog.hunter.cuny.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=37&poid=7791&returnto=10735

Teaching of Latin (MA): http://www.hunter.cuny.edu/classics/classics/graduate#departmental-requirements-for-the

The Jewish Theological Seminary of America

Ancient Judaism (BA): http://www.jtsa.edu/undergraduate-advising-and-majors

Ancient Jewish Studies (MA and DHL): http://www.jtsa.edu/kekst-areas-of-study

Lehman College, City University of New York

Latin (BA): http://lehman.smartcatalogiq.com/en/2017-2019/Undergraduate-Bulletin/Academic-Departments-and-Programs/Languages-and-Literatures/Classical-Languages-Literatures-and-Cultures/Latin-B-A-36-Credit-Major

New York University

Classics (Classical Civilization, Classical Civilization and Anthropology, Classical Civilization and Hellenic Studies, Classics (Latin and Ancient Greek), and Classics and Art History (with emphasis on Archaeology) majors; BA): http://as.nyu.edu/classics/undergraduate/provisional-undergraduate-teaching-program-2014-2018.html

Classics (MA): http://as.nyu.edu/classics/graduate/master-of-arts-program-in-classics.html

Classics: Ancient History and Archaeology (PhD): http://as.nyu.edu/classics/graduate/ancient-history-and-archaeology-ph-d--track.html

Classics: Ancient Philosophy (PhD): http://as.nyu.edu/classics/graduate/ancient-philosophy-phd-track.html

Classics: Ancient Religion (PhD): http://as.nyu.edu/classics/graduate/ancient-religion-phd-track.html

Institute for the Study of the Ancient World (Doctoral Program in the Ancient World): http://gsas.nyu.edu/bulletin/isaw/phd-study-of-the-ancient-world.html

Queen’s College, City University of New York

Classics (Ancient Greek, Classics, and Latin majors; BA): https://www.qc.cuny.edu/Academics/Degrees/DAH/CMAL/Pages/Classics.aspx

Sarah Lawrence College

Classics (Area of Study): https://www.sarahlawrence.edu/undergraduate/humanities/classics/

Note: this college does not have majors, but areas of emphasis that includes Classics, Greek, and Latin

Siena College

Classics (BA): https://www.siena.edu/programs/classics/

Skidmore College

Classics (BA): http://catalog.skidmore.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=19&poid=3860&

Syracuse University

Classics (Classics (Greek or Latin emphasis) and Classical Civilization majors; BA): http://lll.syr.edu/classical-civilization/major.html

Union College

Classics (Ancient History, Ancient Civilization, Classical Civilization, Classics, Greek, and Latin tracks; BA): https://catalog.union.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=17&poid=4416

Classics (ID BA): https://catalog.union.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=17&poid=4418

University at Buffalo - The State University of New York

Classics: Ancient Greek Language and Literatures (BA): https://catalog.buffalo.edu/academicprograms/classics_ba_-_ancient_greek_lang_&_lit.html 

Classics: Ancient History (BA): https://catalog.buffalo.edu/academicprograms/classics_ba_-_ancient_history.html

Classics: Ancient Latin Language and Literatures (BA): https://catalog.buffalo.edu/academicprograms/classics_ba_-_latin_lang_&_lit.html

Classics: Classical Civilization (BA): https://catalog.buffalo.edu/academicprograms/classics_ba_-_classical_civilizations.html

Classics: Mediterranean Archaeology (BA): https://catalog.buffalo.edu/academicprograms/classics_ba_-_mediterranean_archaeology.html

Classics (BA)/Latin Adolescent Education (EdM): https://catalog.buffalo.edu/academicprograms/classicslatin_ed_adol_ba.html

Classics: Ancient History (MA): https://arts-sciences.buffalo.edu/classics/graduate/ma-classics/ancient-history.html

Classics: Latin (MA): https://arts-sciences.buffalo.edu/classics/graduate/ma-classics/latin.html

Classics (Ancient History, Language and Literature, and Mediterranean Archaeology foci; PhD): https://arts-sciences.buffalo.edu/classics/graduate/phd-classics.html 

University of Rochester

Classics (Classics, Greek, and Latin majors; BA): https://www.sas.rochester.edu/rel/undergraduate/classics.html

Vassar College

Greek and Roman Studies (BA): https://greekandromanstudies.vassar.edu/students/

North Carolina

Davidson College

Classics (Classical Studies and Classical Languages and Literature majors; BA): https://www.davidson.edu/academics/classics/classics-majors

Duke University

Classical Civilization (BA): https://classicalstudies.duke.edu/undergraduate/majors/classical-civilization

Classical Languages (BA): https://classicalstudies.duke.edu/undergraduate/major/classical-languages

Classics (MA/JD): https://classicalstudies.duke.edu/graduate/jd-ma-requirements

Classics (PhD): https://classicalstudies.duke.edu/graduate/phd-requirements

University of North Carolina - Asheville

Classics (Classical Civilization, Classical Languages and Literatures, and Latin with Teacher Licensure concentrations; BA): https://www.unca.edu/programs/classics/

University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill

Classics (Classical Archaeology BA): http://www.catalog.unc.edu/undergraduate/programs-study/classics-major-ba-classical-archaeology/#requirementstext

Classics (Classical Civilization BA): http://www.catalog.unc.edu/undergraduate/programs-study/classics-major-ba-classical-civilization/#requirementstext

Classics (Combined Greek and Latin, Greek, and Latin majors; BA): http://www.catalog.unc.edu/undergraduate/programs-study/classics-major-ba-greek-latin/#requirementstext

Classics (Classical Archaeology, Greek, and Latin concentrations; MA): https://classics.unc.edu/policies-and-forms/guide-to-graduate-program-policies-procedures-and-resources/

Classics (Classical Archaeology, Classical and Medieval Latin, Classics, and Classics with Historical Emphasis concentrations; PhD): https://classics.unc.edu/policies-and-forms/guide-to-graduate-program-policies-procedures-and-resources/

University of North Carolina - Greensboro

Classical Studies (Classical Archaeology, Classical Civilization, and Classical Language and Literature concentrations; BA): https://admissions.uncg.edu/academics/majors-concentrations/classical-studies/

Wake Forest University

Classical Languages (BA): http://classics.wfu.edu/

Classical Studies (BA): http://classics.wfu.edu/ 

North Dakota

University of North Dakota

Classical Studies (BA): https://und.edu/programs/classical-studies-ba/four-year-plan.html#Classical

Ohio

Bowling Green State University

Classical Civilization (BA): https://www.bgsu.edu/catalog/colleges-and-programs/college-of-arts-and-sciences/classical-civilization.html

Case Western Reserve University

Classics (Classical Civilization and Philology concentrations; BA): http://bulletin.case.edu/collegeofartsandsciences/classics/#undergraduatetext

World Literature (Classics track MA): http://bulletin.case.edu/collegeofartsandsciences/worldliteratureprogram/#graduatetext

College of Wooster

Classical Studies (Ancient Mediterranean Studies BA): http://catalog.wooster.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=2&poid=138&returnto=43

Classical Studies (Classical Languages BA): http://catalog.wooster.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=2&poid=140&returnto=43

Denison University

Classical Studies (BA): https://denison.edu/academics/classical-studies

Franciscan University of Steubenville 

Classics (BA): http://franciscan.smartcatalogiq.com/en/2018-2019/Undergraduate-Catalog/Academic-Programs/Classics/Classics-Bachelor-of-Arts 

John Carroll University

Classics (Classical Language and Classical Studies tracks; BA): http://sites.jcu.edu/language/pages/undergraduate/programs/classical-studies/

Kent State University

Classics (Classical Civilization, Greek, Latin, and Religion Studies concentrations; BA): http://catalog.kent.edu/colleges/as/mcls/classics-ba/

Latin (Applied Linguistics and Pedagogy and Literature concentrations; MA): http://catalog.kent.edu/colleges/as/mcls/latin-ma/

The literature concentration is available online

Kenyon College

Classics (Classical Civilization, Greek and Latin, Greek, and Latin options; BA): https://www.kenyon.edu/academics/departments-programs/classics/

Miami University

Classical Humanities (BA): http://miamioh.edu/academics/majors-minors/majors/classical-humanities.html

Classical Languages (BA): http://miamioh.edu/academics/majors-minors/majors/classical-languages.html

Critical and Classical Languages and Cultures (co-major) (BA): http://miamioh.edu/academics/majors-minors/majors/critical-classical-languages-culture.html

Oberlin College and Conservatory

Classics (Classical Civilization, Latin Language and Literature, and Greek Language and Literature majors; BA): http://catalog.oberlin.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=38&poid=5039&returnto=1111

Ohio University

Classical Civilization (BA): https://www.ohio.edu/majors/undergrad/programs.cfm?programID=15651

Classical Languages (BA): https://www.ohio.edu/majors/undergrad/programs.cfm?programID=15653

Ohio State University

Ancient History and Classics (BA): http://undergrad.osu.edu/majors-and-academics/majors/detail/11

Classics (Classical Humanities, Classical Greek, Greek and Latin, and Latin concentrations; BA): http://undergrad.osu.edu/majors-and-academics/majors/detail/35

Greek and Latin (MA and PhD): http://gpadmissions.osu.edu/programs/program.aspx?prog=0105

Available within these degrees are the Graduate Program on Classical Antiquity and the Near East and the Graduate Interdisciplinary Specialization: Religions of the Ancient Mediterranean

Ohio Wesleyan University

Ancient Studies (BA): https://catalog.owu.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=22&poid=4351

Classics (BA): https://catalog.owu.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=22&poid=4369

University of Cincinnati

Classics (Classical Civilization and Classics majors; BA): https://webapps2.uc.edu/ecurriculum/DegreePrograms/Program/Detail/15BAC-CLAS-BA  

4+1 BA/MA Program in Greek, Latin, or Classical Philology (BA/MA): https://classics.uc.edu/index.php/graduate/fourplusone

Ancient History (MA and PhD): https://classics.uc.edu/index.php/graduate/gradhistory

Classical Philology (MA and PhD): https://classics.uc.edu/index.php/graduate/gradphilology

Classics (Aegean Prehistory and Greek and Roman Archaeology specializations; MA and PhD): https://classics.uc.edu/index.php/graduate/gradarchaeology

Wright State University

Classical Languages and Cultures (BA): https://catalog.wright.edu/preview_program.php?poid=4968&catoid=7 

Greek (BA): https://catalog.wright.edu/preview_program.php?poid=5068&catoid=7 

Latin (BA): https://catalog.wright.edu/preview_program.php?poid=5102&catoid=7    

Xavier University

Classical Humanities (BA): https://www.xavier.edu/classical-humanities/index

Classics (BA): https://www.xavier.edu/classics/index

Classics and Philosophy (Honors BA): https://www.xavier.edu/classics-and-philosophy-honors-bachelor-of-arts/index

Oklahoma 

University of Oklahoma

Classics (Classical Languages, Classical Studies, and Latin options; BA): http://www.ou.edu/cas/classicsandletters/academics/programs/classics

Oregon

Lewis and Clark College

Classics (Ancient Language and Classical Civilization concentrations; BA): https://docs.lclark.edu/undergraduate/classicalstudies/#requirements

Multnomah University

Greek (BA): https://www.multnomah.edu/academics/college-majors/greek-degree/

Reed College

Classics (Greek and Latin Languages and Literature and History and Archaeology of the Ancient Mediterranean concentrations; Classics/Religion major also available; BA): https://www.reed.edu/classics/current-students.html#requirements

University of Oregon

Classics (Classical Archaeology, Classical Civilization, Greek, Greek and Latin, and Latin tracks; BA): https://classics.uoregon.edu/programs/undergraduate/

Classics (Classical Archaeology and Material Culture MA): https://classics.uoregon.edu/programs/graduate-program/master-of-arts-classical-archaeology-and-material-culture/

Classics (Language and Literature MA): https://classics.uoregon.edu/programs/graduate-program/master-of-arts

Willamette University

Classical Studies (BA): http://willamette.edu/cla/classics/info/requirements/index.html

Pennsylvania

Bryn Mawr College

Classical and Near Eastern Archaeology (AB): https://www.brynmawr.edu/archaeology/archaeology-requirements-and-opportunities

Greek, Latin, and Classical Studies (Classical Culture and Society, Classical Languages, Greek, and Latin majors; AB): https://www.brynmawr.edu/classics/description

Greek or Latin AB/MA program also available

Classical and Near Eastern Archaeology (MA and PhD): https://www.brynmawr.edu/ggacha/requirements

Classics (MA and PhD): https://www.brynmawr.edu/ggacha/requirements-0

Bucknell University

Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies (Classics, Greek, and Latin majors; BA): https://www.bucknell.edu/academics/arts-and-sciences-college-of/academic-departments-and-programs/classics-and-ancient-mediterranean-studies/major-and-minor-requirements.html

Dickinson College

Classical Studies (Classical Civilization, Greek, and Latin emphases; BA): https://www.dickinson.edu/homepage/401/classical_studies_curriculum

Duquesne University

Classical Civilizations (BA): https://www.duq.edu/academics/schools/liberal-arts/departments-and-programs/classics/undergraduate-programs/classical-civilizations

Classical Latin (BA): https://duq.edu/academics/schools/liberal-arts/departments-and-programs/classics/undergraduate-programs/latin

Franklin and Marshall College

Classics (Classical Languages and Literatures and Classical Society tracks; BA): https://www.fandm.edu/classics/courses

Gettysburg College

Classics (BA): https://www.gettysburg.edu/academic-programs/classics/programs/major-minor

Haverford College

Classical Culture and Society (BA): https://www.haverford.edu/academics/classical-culture-and-society-major-and-minor

Classical Languages (BA): https://www.haverford.edu/academics/classical-languages-major

Lehigh University

Classical Civilization (BA): https://www1.lehigh.edu/academics/majors/classical-civilization-degree

Classics (BA): https://www1.lehigh.edu/academics/majors/classics-degree

Pennsylvania State University

Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies (Ancient Languages, Ancient Mediterranean Archaeology, and Classical and Ancient Mediterranean Studies options; BA): https://bulletins.psu.edu/undergraduate/colleges/liberal-arts/classics-ancient-mediterranean-studies-ba/  

Integrated BA degree in Anthropology or a BS degree in Anthropological Science, a BA degree in Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies (CAMS), and an MA degree in Anthropology (BA/BA/MA or BS/BA/MA): https://bulletins.psu.edu/graduate/programs/majors/anthropology/#integratedundergradgradprogramstext

Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies (PhD): https://bulletins.psu.edu/graduate/programs/majors/classics-ancient-mediterranean-studies/#degreerequirementstext

Saint John's University

Classical Studies (Ancient Cultures and Classical Languages and Literature concentrations; BA): https://www.sju.edu/majors-programs/undergraduate/majors/classical-studies-major

Swarthmore College

Classics (Ancient History, Classical Studies, Greek, and Latin majors; BA): https://www.swarthmore.edu/classics/course-majors-minors

Classics (Ancient History, Classical Studies, and Greek and Latin Honors majors; BA): https://www.swarthmore.edu/classics/honors-majors-minors 

Temple University

Classics: Classical Civilizations (BA): https://bulletin.temple.edu/undergraduate/liberal-arts/classics/ba-classics-concentration-classical-civilizations/

Classics: Classical Languages and Literature (BA): https://bulletin.temple.edu/undergraduate/liberal-arts/classics/ba-classics-concentration-classical-languages-literature/

Classics: Classical Languages and Literature: Latin (BA) + Secondary Education (MEd): https://education.temple.edu/seced/accelerated-degree-program-dual-degree-41-classical-languages-and-literature-latin-ba

University of Pennsylvania

Ancient History (BA): http://www.classics.upenn.edu/majoring-and-minoring/major-ancient-history

Classical Studies (Classical Civilizations, Classical Languages and Literatures, and Mediterranean Archaeology tracks; BA): http://www.classics.upenn.edu/majoring-and-minoring/major-classical-studies  

Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations (Ancient Near Eastern Civilizations, Arabic and Islamic Studies, Arabic and Hebrew Studies, and Hebrew and Judaica concentrations; BA): https://www.sas.upenn.edu/nelc/undergrad_programs/nelc_major.html

Art and Archaeology of the Mediterranean World (AAMW) (MA): https://www.sas.upenn.edu/aamw/ma-program

Ancient History (PhD): https://www.sas.upenn.edu/ancient-history/program/course-study

Art and Archaeology of the Mediterranean World (AAMW) (PhD): https://www.sas.upenn.edu/aamw/requirements

Art History: Ancient Near East and Egyptian (MA and PhD): https://www.sas.upenn.edu/arthistory/fields-study/ancient-near-east-and-egyptian

Art History: Greek, Roman, Etruscan (MA and PhD): https://www.sas.upenn.edu/arthistory/fields-study/greek-roman-etruscan

Classical Studies (PhD): https://www.classics.upenn.edu/graduate-program-classical-studies/coursework-requirements

Egyptology (Archaeology and Language and Literature concentrations; MA and PhD): https://www.sas.upenn.edu/nelc/grad_programs/egyptologyGrad.html

Mesopotamian Civilization (Archaeology and Art History and History, Language, and Literature specializations; MA and PhD): https://www.sas.upenn.edu/nelc/grad_programs/mesopotamianGrad.html

University of Pittsburgh

Classics (Classical Civilization and Classics Language Track: Greek and Latin tracks; BA): https://www.classics.pitt.edu/undergraduate/major-and-minor

Classics (MA): https://www.classics.pitt.edu/graduate/master-arts-degree

Currently not accepting applications

Classics (Ancient Science, Classics, and Philosophy concentrations; PhD): https://www.classics.pitt.edu/graduate/doctor-philosophy

Villanova University

Classical Studies (BA): https://www1.villanova.edu/villanova/artsci/classical/undergrad.html

Classical Studies (BA/MA): https://www1.villanova.edu/villanova/artsci/classical/undergrad/fiveyear.html

Classical Studies (Classical Culture, Greek and Latin, and Latin concentrations; MA): https://www1.villanova.edu/villanova/artsci/classical/graduate/master.html

Classical Studies - Online (Classical Culture, Greek and Latin, and Latin concentrations; MA): https://www1.villanova.edu/villanova/artsci/classical/graduate/onlineMA.html

Rhode Island

Brown University

Archaeology and the Ancient World (Archaeology and the Ancient World, Classical Archaeology, and Egyptian and Near Eastern Archaeology tracks; AB): https://www.brown.edu/academics/archaeology/undergraduate

Classics (Classics, Greek, Latin, Greek and Latin, South Asian Classics, Sanskrit, Greek and Sanskrit, and Latin and Sanskrit concentrations available; AB): https://www.brown.edu/academics/classics/academics/undergraduate-program

Egyptology and Assyriology (Assyriology and Egyptology tracks; AB): https://www.brown.edu/academics/egyptology/undergraduate

Ancient History (PhD): https://www.brown.edu/academics/classics/academics/graduate-program/phd-programs/ancient-history

Archaeology and the Ancient World (PhD): https://www.brown.edu/academics/archaeology/graduate/graduate-program-requirements

Classics (PhD): https://www.brown.edu/academics/classics/academics/graduate-program/phd-programs/classics

Egyptology and Assyriology (PhD): https://www.brown.edu/academics/egyptology/graduate

Sanskrit (PhD): https://www.brown.edu/academics/classics/academics/graduate-program/phd-programs/sanskrit

Providence College

Classics (BA): https://history.providence.edu/undergraduate-program/classics-major-and-minor/

University of Rhode Island

Classical Studies (Classical Studies and Classical Culture and Civilization tracks available; BA): https://web.uri.edu/languages/academics/classical-studies/curriculum/

South Carolina

College of Charleston

Classics (AB): http://catalog.cofc.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=12&poid=2459

Classics (BA): http://catalog.cofc.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=12&poid=2460

Classics, Teacher Education Program (Grades PK-12) (BA): http://catalog.cofc.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=12&poid=2613

Furman University

Classics (BA): https://www.furman.edu/majors/classics

Greek (BA): https://www.furman.edu/majors/greek

Latin (BA): https://www.furman.edu/majors/latin

University of South Carolina

Classics (Classical Studies, Greek, Latin, and Latin Teacher Certification concentrations; BA): http://bulletin.sc.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=70&poid=4384&returnto=2005  

South Dakota

Augustana College

Classics (BA): http://augie.smartcatalogiq.com/en/2018-2019/2018-2019-Undergraduate-General-Catalog/Academic-Program/Classics/Classics-Major

Tennessee

Austin Peay State University

Foreign Language: Classics (BA): http://www.apsu.edu/langlit/foreignlanguages/classics/classicsconcentration.php

Rhodes College

Greek and Roman Studies (BA): https://www.rhodes.edu/academics/majors-minors/greek-roman-studies

Sewanee: The University of the South

Classical Languages (BA): http://www.sewanee.edu/academics/classical-languages/programs/classical-languages-major.php

Greek (BA): http://www.sewanee.edu/academics/classical-languages/programs/greek-major.php

Latin (BA): http://www.sewanee.edu/academics/classical-languages/programs/latin-major.php

University of Memphis

Art History (Egyptian Art and Archaeology; MA): https://catalog.memphis.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=9&poid=2234&returnto=219

History (Ancient Egyptian History; MA): https://catalog.memphis.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=9&poid=2116&returnto=219  

University of Tennessee Knoxville

Classics (Classical Archaeology; BA): https://catalog.utk.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=24&poid=10498

Classics (Classical Civilization; BA): https://catalog.utk.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=24&poid=10305

Classics (Greek; BA): https://catalog.utk.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=24&poid=10358

Classics (Latin; BA): https://catalog.utk.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=24&poid=10389

Anthropology: Mediterranean Archaeology (MA): https://classics.utk.edu/ma.php

Anthropology: Mediterranean Archaeology (PhD): https://classics.utk.edu/phd.php  

Vanderbilt University

Classical and Mediterranean Studies (Classical and Near Eastern Languages and Cultures, Mediterranean Archaeology, and Mediterranean Studies tracks; BA): https://as.vanderbilt.edu/classics/undergraduate.php

Texas

Austin College

Classical Civilization (BA): https://www.austincollege.edu/academics/majors-and-minors/classical-civilization/

Classics (BA): https://www.austincollege.edu/academics/majors-and-minors/classics/

Latin (BA): https://www.austincollege.edu/academics/majors-and-minors/latin/

Baylor University

Classics (BA): https://www.baylor.edu/classics/index.php?id=958128

Greek (BA): https://www.baylor.edu/classics/index.php?id=958129

Latin (BA): https://www.baylor.edu/classics/index.php?id=958130  

Houston Baptist University

Biblical Languages (BA): https://hbu.edu/school-of-christian-thought/department-of-classics-and-biblical-languages/ug-major-biblical-languages-ba-2/

Classics (BA): https://hbu.edu/school-of-christian-thought/department-of-classics-and-biblical-languages/ug-major-classics-ba/

Classics and Early Christianity (MA): https://hbu.edu/school-of-christian-thought/department-of-classics-and-biblical-languages/graduate-program-campus-macec-master-of-arts-in-classics-and-early-christianity/

Rice University

Ancient Mediterranean Civilizations (BA): https://ga.rice.edu/programs-study/departments-programs/humanities/ancient-mediterranean-civilizations/#text

Classical Studies (Classical Civilizations and Classical Languages specializations; BA): https://ga.rice.edu/programs-study/departments-programs/humanities/classical-studies/classical-studies-ba/#requirementstext

Southwestern Assemblies of God University

Ancient Studies (BA): https://www.sagu.edu/admissions/bachelors-degree-in-ancient-studies-biblical-archaeology

Southwestern University

Classics (BA): https://www.southwestern.edu/classics/majoring-minoring/classics/

Greek (BA): https://www.southwestern.edu/classics/majoring-minoring/greek/

Latin (BA): https://www.southwestern.edu/classics/majoring-minoring/latin/

Texas A&M University

Classics (Archaeology and History, Classical Civilization, and Language and Literature concentrations; BA): https://ints.tamu.edu/classics-curriculum/

Texas Tech University

Languages and Cultures: Classics Concentration (BA): https://catalog.ttu.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=9&poid=7036

Languages and Cultures: Classics Concentration (MA): https://catalog.ttu.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=9&poid=6924&returnto=938

Trinity University

Classics (Ancient Mediterranean Studies, Classical Languages, Greek, and Latin majors; BA): https://new.trinity.edu/academics/departments/classical-studies/majors-minors 

University of Dallas

Classical Philology (BA): https://udallas.edu/constantin/academics/programs/classics/majors-and-concentrations/philologyreq.php

Classics (BA): https://udallas.edu/constantin/academics/programs/classics/majors-and-concentrations/classicsreq.php

Classics (MA) and Master of Classics graduate programs: https://udallas.edu/constantin/academics/programs/classics/masters-program.php 

University of Houston

World Cultures and Literatures: Ancient Studies track (BA): http://catalog.uh.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=6&poid=1702&returnto=1154  

University of Texas at Austin

Classical Languages (Classics, Greek, and Latin tracks) and Classical Studies (Ancient History and Classical Archaeology tracks) majors (BA): https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/classics/undergraduate/Majors.php 

Latin with Teaching Certification (MA): https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/classics/graduate/admissions/ma-in-latin-with-teaching-certification.php 

Ancient Philosophy (MA/PhD): https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/classics/graduate/admissions/philosophy-program.php

Classical Archaeology (MA/PhD): https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/classics/graduate/admissions/Archaeology-Program.php

Classical Languages (MA/PhD): https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/classics/graduate/admissions/Language%20Program%20Requirements.php

University of Texas at San Antonio

Classical Studies and Humanities (Classical Studies and Humanities emphases; BA): http://colfa.utsa.edu/philosophy-classics/classics-requirements

Utah

Brigham Young University

Ancient Near Eastern Studies: Greek New Testament (BA): https://catalog.byu.edu/international-and-area-studies/ancient-near-eastern-studies-program/ancient-near-eastern-studies

Ancient Near Eastern Studies: Hebrew Bible (BA): https://catalog.byu.edu/international-and-area-studies/ancient-near-eastern-studies-program/ancient-near-eastern-studies-0

Classical Studies: Classical Civilization (BA): https://catalog.byu.edu/humanities/comparative-arts-and-letters/classical-studies-classical-civilization-ba

Classical Studies: Classics (BA): https://catalog.byu.edu/humanities/comparative-arts-and-letters/classical-studies-classics-ba

Classical Studies: Greek Emphasis (BA): https://catalog.byu.edu/humanities/comparative-arts-and-letters/classical-studies-greek-emphasis-ba

Classical Studies: Latin Emphasis (BA): https://catalog.byu.edu/humanities/comparative-arts-and-letters/classical-studies-latin-emphasis-ba

Latin Teaching (BA): https://catalog.byu.edu/humanities/comparative-arts-and-letters/latin-teaching-ba

University of Utah

Classics (BA): https://catalog.utah.edu/#/programs/VyBcA3EAb?bc=true&bcCurrent=Classics&bcGroup=College%20of%20Humanities&bcItemType=programs

Vermont

Middlebury College

Classics (joint major with another field also available; BA): http://www.middlebury.edu/academics/clas/requirements

Saint Michael’s College

Latin (BA): http://catalog.smcvt.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=28&poid=2673&returnto=556

University of Vermont

Classial Civilization (BA): http://catalogue.uvm.edu/undergraduate/artsandsciences/classics/classicalcivilizationmajor/?_ga=2.163309375.240726365.1549259044-1061817618.1549259044

Greek (BA): http://catalogue.uvm.edu/undergraduate/artsandsciences/classics/greekmajor/?_ga=2.163309375.240726365.1549259044-1061817618.1549259044

Latin (BA): http://catalogue.uvm.edu/undergraduate/artsandsciences/classics/latinmajor/?_ga=2.138675760.240726365.1549259044-1061817618.1549259044

Greek and Latin (MA): http://catalogue.uvm.edu/graduate/greeklatin/greekandlatinma/index.html?_ga=2.133311117.240726365.1549259044-1061817618.1549259044

Latin (MAT): http://catalogue.uvm.edu/graduate/greeklatin/greekandlatinmat/index.html?_ga=2.133311117.240726365.1549259044-1061817618.1549259044

Virginia

Christendom College

Classical and Early Christian Studies (BA): https://www.christendom.edu/academics/majors-minors/classical-early-christian-studies/

Christopher Newport University

Classical Languages (BA): http://cnu.edu/academics/areasofstudy/ba-classicalstudies-c_classicallanguages/

Classical Studies (BA): http://cnu.edu/academics/areasofstudy/ba-classicalstudies-c_classicalstudies/

College of William and Mary

Classical Studies (Classical Archaeology; BA): http://catalog.wm.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=17&poid=3314

Classical Studies (Classical Civilization; BA): http://catalog.wm.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=17&poid=3316

Classical Studies (Greek): http://catalog.wm.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=17&poid=3313

Classical Studies (Latin; BA): http://catalog.wm.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=17&poid=3315

Hampden-Sydney College

Classics (Classical Studies, Greek, Greek and Latin, and Latin majors; BA): http://www.hsc.edu/academics/classics/classics-degree

Hollins University

Classical Studies (Ancient Studies and Classical Philology concentrations; BA): https://www.hollins.edu/academics/majors-minors/classical-studies/

Randolph College

Classics (BA): http://www.randolphcollege.edu/classics/curriculum/

Randolph-Macon College

Classics (Classical Studies, Greek, and Latin; BA): https://www.rmc.edu/departments/classics/degree-requirements

Southern Virginia University

Classical Studies (BA): http://catalog.svu.edu/majors-minors/classical-studies/

Sweet Briar College

Archaeology and Ancient Studies (Ancient Studies and Archaeology tracks; BA): https://sbc.edu/social-sciences-and-humanities/archaeology-and-ancient-studies/

University of Mary Washington

Classics (Classical Archaeology; BA): https://cas.umw.edu/clpr/classics-program/classical-archaeology-concetration/

Classics (Classical Civilization; BA): https://cas.umw.edu/clpr/classics-program/classical-civilization-concentration/  

Classics (Latin; BA): https://cas.umw.edu/clpr/classics-program/latin-concentration/

University of Richmond

Classical Civilization (BA): https://classics.richmond.edu/major-minor/major-classics.html

Greek (BA): https://classics.richmond.edu/major-minor/major-greek.html

Latin (BA): https://classics.richmond.edu/major-minor/major-latin.html

English/Classical Studies (BA): https://english.richmond.edu/major-minor/combined-majors/classics.html

English/Greek (BA): https://english.richmond.edu/major-minor/combined-majors/greek.html

English/Latin (BA): https://english.richmond.edu/major-minor/combined-majors/latin.html

University of Virginia

Distinguished Major in Classics, Greek, and Latin majors (BA): http://classics.as.virginia.edu/major-and-minor-classics

Latin (MAT): https://curry.virginia.edu/academics/master-teaching-foreign-language

Classics (MA and PhD): http://classics.as.virginia.edu/requirements-exams-reading-lists

Virginia Wesleyan University

Classical Studies (Classical Studies and Latin majors; BA): https://www.vwu.edu/academics/majors/classical-studies/major-requirements.php

Washington and Lee University

Classics (BA): http://catalog.wlu.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=20&poid=1032&returnto=1656

Washington

Evergreen State College

Classics (Emphasis BA): https://www.evergreen.edu/studies/classics

Note: this college does not have majors, but areas of emphasis; all courses taken count towards the degree

Gonzaga University

Classical Civilizations (Latin and Greco-Roman Civilization foci; BA): https://www.gonzaga.edu/college-of-arts-sciences/departments/classical-civilizations

Seattle Pacific University

Classics (Cultural and Language emphases; BA): http://spu.edu/academics/college-of-arts-sciences/languages-cultures-linguistics/undergraduate-programs/classics

University of Puget Sound

Classics (Classical Languages and Classical Studies track; BA): https://www.pugetsound.edu/academics/departments-and-programs/undergraduate/classics/requirements/

University of Washington

Classical Studies (BA): https://classics.washington.edu/undergraduate-major-requirements#cs

Classics (BA): https://classics.washington.edu/undergraduate-major-requirements#classics

Greek (BA): https://classics.washington.edu/undergraduate-major-requirements#greek

Latin (BA): https://classics.washington.edu/undergraduate-major-requirements#latin

Classics, Greek, or Latin (MA): https://classics.washington.edu/ma-requirements

Classics (PhD): https://classics.washington.edu/phd-requirements

Classics and Ancient Philosophy (PhD): https://classics.washington.edu/phd-program-classics-and-ancient-philosophy

Classics and Theory and Criticism (PhD): https://classics.washington.edu/phd-program-theory-and-criticism

Whitman College

Classical Studies Greek, Classical Studies Latin, and Classics (BA): https://www.whitman.edu/academics/departments-and-programs/classics

Washington, D.C.

Catholic University of America

Classical Civilization (BA): http://greeklatin.cua.edu/undergrad/majors.cfm#baciv

Classical Humanities (BA): http://greeklatin.cua.edu/undergrad/majors.cfm#bahum

Classics - Greek and Latin (BA): http://greeklatin.cua.edu/undergrad/majors.cfm#baclassics

Greek and Latin, Greek, or Latin (MA): http://greeklatin.cua.edu/graduate/ma.cfm

Greek and Latin (PhD): http://greeklatin.cua.edu/graduate/phd.cfm

George Washington University

Classical Studies (BA): https://cnelc.columbian.gwu.edu/classics-major-ba-minor

Georgetown University

Classics (Classical Languages, Classical Studies, and Hellenic Studies concentrations BA): https://classics.georgetown.edu/undergraduate/majors

Howard University

Classical Civilizations (Egyptian concentration available; BA): http://classics.coas.howard.edu/infomajors.htm 

West Virginia

Marshall University

Classics, Latin (through College of Liberal Arts), and Latin (through College of Education) majors (BA): https://www.marshall.edu/classical-studies/degrees-offered/

Wisconsin

Beloit College

Classics (Classical Civilization and Classical Philology (Greek or Latin) majors; BA): https://www.beloit.edu/classics/majors/

Carthage College

Classics (Classical Archaeology, Classical Foundations, and Classical Studies majors; BA): https://www.carthage.edu/classics/requirements/

Concordia University Wisconsin

Biblical Languages (BA): https://www.cuw.edu/academics/programs/biblical-language-bachelors/index.html#overview

Lawrence University

Classics (Classical Civilization and Classical Languages and Literatures concentrations; BA): http://www.lawrence.edu/academics/study/classics

Maranatha Baptist University

Biblical Languages (BA): https://www.mbu.edu/major/biblical-languages/

Marquette University

Classics (Classical Languages (Latin and Greek), Classical Languages for Education Majors, and Classical Studies concentrations; BA): https://www.marquette.edu/explore/major-foreign-language-classics.php 

University of Wisconsin-Madison

Classical Humanities (BA): http://guide.wisc.edu/undergraduate/letters-science/classics-ancient-near-eastern-studies/classical-humanities-ba/#text

Classical Humanities (BS): http://guide.wisc.edu/undergraduate/letters-science/classics-ancient-near-eastern-studies/classical-humanities-bs/

Classics (BA): http://guide.wisc.edu/undergraduate/letters-science/classics-ancient-near-eastern-studies/classics-ba/

Latin (BA): http://guide.wisc.edu/undergraduate/letters-science/classics-ancient-near-eastern-studies/latin-ba/

Latin (BS): http://guide.wisc.edu/undergraduate/letters-science/classics-ancient-near-eastern-studies/latin-bs/

Latin (BSE): http://guide.wisc.edu/undergraduate/education/curriculum-instruction/latin-bse/#text

University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

Ancient Greek Language and Literature (BA): https://uwm.edu/classics/undergraduate/majors/ancient-greek-language-and-literature/requirements/

Classical Civilization (BA): https://uwm.edu/classics/undergraduate/majors/classical-civilization/requirements/

Classical Latin Language and Literature (BA): https://uwm.edu/classics/undergraduate/majors/classical-latin-language-and-literature/requirements/

Wyoming

None

[soniacreation]

Online Courses In India

More and more new online educational platforms are emerging that offer educational programs that meet the needs of new higher education models. These have become relevant during the COVID-19 prevention season.

As part of the measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19, universities in several countries around the world have decided to continue their educational activities through online educational platforms and social networks.

For some of the most prestigious universities in the world, this decision was not a very difficult transition as they have only been using online courses for a few years.

Learn about online courses in India

Galileo University is one of the higher education institutions that has gradually moved all of its face-to-face events online, through conference calls, handbooks and tutorials.

The digital online learning platform edX was founded in 2012 by Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) with the mission to improve access to quality education for everyone, everywhere.

To read interesting blogs and enhance your knowledge must visit: All India Feed

It offers more than 2,400 high-quality virtual courses from the best universities in the world.

It has more than 130 global employees and its members include the best universities, non-profit organizations and institutions in the world.

Some of the universities that offer online courses on this platform alongside Harvard and MIT are:

Berkeley

Princeton University

University of Oxford

University of Michigan

Tecnologico de Monterrey

Autonomous University of Madrid

And some of the organizations that are part of edX and offer massive online courses are:

IBM

International amnesty

Amazon web service

IMF

Also learn about: Cyber Security Guide For 2022

Inter-American Development Bank

World Bank Group and Microsoft.

Galileo University was the first university in Latin America to be a member of edX, joining the best universities in the world to offer quality online courses.

A pioneer in the region in online education and the use of ICT, Galileo University offers the world 24 extensive online courses that have reached more than 650,000 students.

The areas covered by these courses are:

Digital Marketing

Business Intelligence

online education

Android app development

electronics

mathematics

entrepreneurship

Artificial intelligence

Also read: Things To Do in Manali

[architectnews]

Richard and Dion Neutra VDL Studio

Richard & Dion Neutra VDL Studio, Modern Building LA Photos, Design News, California Property Pictures

Richard and Dion Neutra VDL Studio/residences

Modern House Los Angeles, United States of America – 20th Century US Architecture

September 8, 2021

VDL House Reopening 2021

Neutra VDL Studio and Residence Reopening 2021

Since February 2020, Noam Saragosti – director of the Neutra VDL Studio and Residences – and partner Juhee Park and have been quietly caring, planning, gardening, and teaching student docents remotely. They are thrilled to announce that The Neutra VDL Studio and Residences will safely reopen its doors after a year and a half of closure to the public.

After a long hiatus, the VDL will once again hold public events, cultural exchanges, and architectural tours. Despite this trying year, they have been busy working on new and exciting events and exhibitions.

Student-led Saturday tours will start on September 25th, 2021

The tours must be reserved through the online calendar on our website. Tour groups are limited to 5 guests maximum, and must be scheduled guest-by-guest.

30-minute tours are $15/person for adults, and $10 for seniors/students/faculty. Tours are free for children under 15, press, and Cal Poly Pomona students, faculty and staff.

All proceeds from the tours go towards the maintenance and restoration of the house. You can book your appointments here.

The house’s reopening will coincide with a new exhibition and related programming that we will announce shortly. We invite you to support our preservation and programming efforts at the VDL by making an online donation.

Photos © Elizabeth Carababas

Previously on e-architect:

Oct 25 + 16, 2017

Neutra VDL Studio and Residence Book Presentation

LIGA book presentation at Neutra VDL House

on October 28

“Architecture Exposed” LIGA book presentation

Saturday, October 28th 2017 from 4-6pm

Neutra VDL Research House 2300 Silver Lake Boulevard Los Angeles, CA 90039

The Neutra VDL House invites you to the launch of the second book of LIGA, Space for Architecture, Mexico City. The volume “Architecture Exposed” has the exhibition of architecture as its central theme.

Founding directors Wonne Ickx and Ruth Estevez, will engage in a conversation with architecture critic, historian and curator Sylvia Lavin on curating architecture.

The book reviews the recent exhibitions and interludes organized at LIGA in Mexico City and includes essays by Agnaldo Farias (University of Sao Paolo), Barry Bergdoll (MoMA), Carlos Mínguez Carrasco (Storefront NYC), Daniel Fernández Pascual (Cooking Sections), Florencia Rodriguez (PLOT), Anna Puigjaner + Guillermo López (MAIO), Paola Santoscoy (Museo Experimental El Eco), Rory Hyde (Victoria & Albert Museum), Tina DiCarlo (Princeton University) and Wonne Ickx (LIGA). The book is published by Park Books, and will be internationally available from January 2018.

LIGA, Space for Architecture, is an independent initiative founded in Mexico City in 2011 by Carlos Bedoya, Ruth Estévez, Wonne Ickx, Victor Jaimes and Abel Perles that promotes Latin American contemporary architecture through exhibitions, conferences and workshops. LIGA was created as a curatorial platform in order to stimulate the experimentation in relation to the architectural discipline and its possibilities as a discursive practice, expanding and establishing connections with other disciplines.

Sep 12, 2017

Neutra VDL Studio and Residence Exhibition News

Opening September 23: Tu Casa es mi casa at the VDL House

Tu casa es mi casa

September 23, 2017 through January 17, 2018

Opening: Saturday September 23, 6-9 p.m.

Neutra VDL Research House

2300 Silver Lake Boulevard

Los Angeles, CA 90039

image courtesy of Richard and Dion Neutra VDL Studio/residences

Join the Los Angeles Forum for Architecture and Urban Design, Archivo Diseño y Arquitectura, and the Neutra VDL Studio and Residences for the opening of Tu casa es mi casa, an exhibition that connects two modernist houses in Los Angeles and Mexico City via the exchange of texts, objects, and installations by contemporary writers and architects/artists.

Three California-based writers–Aris Janigian, Katya Tylevich, and David Ulin-were asked to craft a letter to one of the three Mexico City-based design teams–Frida Escobedo, Pedro&Juana, and Tezontle–who responded with site-specific installations at the Neutra VDL House.

If our contemporary political moment offers up a border wall as the primary architectural expression of connection between the U.S. and Mexico, Tu casa es mi casa suggests a more porous boundary between the two countries. The title, a riff on the welcoming “my house is your house”, offers the inverted “your house is my house”–an expression of the personal and political stakes of this transposition.

Architects: Frida Escobedo, Pedro&Juana, Tezontle

Writers: Aris Janigian, Katya Tylevich, David Ulin

Photographer: Adam Wiseman

Curated by Mario Ballesteros, Andrea Dietz, Sarah Lorenzen, Mimi Zeiger

Organizational collaborators: Los Angeles Forum for Architecture and Urban Design, Archivo Diseno y Arquitectura, and the Neutra VDL Studio and Residences. The Neutra VDL Studio and Residences is preserved and managed by the College of Environmental Design (ENV) at Cal Poly Pomona.

Tu casa es mi casa is supported by the Graham Foundation for Advanced Studies in the Fine Arts, the Los Angeles Department of Cultural Affairs, Cal Poly Pomona Foundation, Crosby Doe Associates / Architecture for Sale Magazine, Bestor Architecture, Michael Maltzan Architects, NAC Architecture, TEN Arquitectos with additional support from Aesop, Angel City Brewery, Bar Keeper and Mezcal Unión, Triview Glass Industries LLC, Cal Poly Pomona Department of Architecture (CPP ARC), Sci-Arc, USC School of Architecture, and Woodbury University School of Architecture.

PUBLIC EVENTS

Time and locations to be confirmed.

Wednesday, September 20

Lecture: Frida Escobedo

USC School of Architecture

https://arch.usc.edu/calendar/lecture-frida-escobedo

Friday, September 22

Roundtable panel discussion with the artists, writers, and curators

SCI-Arc

https://sciarc.edu/events/

Saturday, September 23

Opening 6-9 p.m

Neutra VDL Research House

http://neutra-vdl.org/site/tucasamicasa_01.asp?911201715367

Monday, September 25

Lecture: Ana Paula Ruiz Galindo and Mecky Reuss, Pedro&Juana

College of Environmental Design at Cal Poly Pomona

https://www.cpp.edu/env/

For more information on the exhibition visit Tu casa es mi casa at VDL

Apr 11, 2017

Neutra VDL Studio and Residence Event

homeLA and ENTER>text present One House Twice at the Neutra VDL House

homeLA and ENTER>text present One House Twice at the Neutra VDL Studio and Residences (VDL) Saturday, May 6th, 2017 shows: 4:00pm, 6:00pm, 8:00pm

ENTER>text and homeLA are pleased to announce a collaboration with the Neutra VDL Studio and Residences (VDL Research House) culminating in an immersive performance event on Saturday, May 6th, 2017. Dance, literary, performance, installation and sound artists are currently developing new works in response to this distinctive architecture and National Historic Landmark.

Neutra VDL House The Neutra Studio and Residences (VDL Research House) is associated with Richard Neutra, a nationally and internationally seminal figure of the twentieth century Modern movement in architecture. During the 1940s, as Neutra’s work evolved, he also became the well-recognized founder of mid-century “California Modern” architecture. The VDL Research House is the only property where one can see the progression of his style over a period of years and is among the key properties to understanding the national significance of Richard Neutra. This year the Neutra VDL Studio and Residences was named a National Historic Landmark.

homeLA provides a platform to independent dance, body-based, sound, and intermedia artists at various stages of their careers to develop new works and one-of-a-kind performances in response to the architecture and ethos of Los Angeles homes.

ENTER>text is a living literary journal, an immersive series of events where the audience is activated to seek out their own unique encounters with writers. Enter> text is directed by Henry Hoke and Marco Franco Di Domenico

Artists: Bernard Brown // Rebecca Bruno // Marco Franco DiDomenico // Morgan Green // Henry Hoke // Ashaki M. Jackson // Douglas Kearney // Mak Kern with Mona Tavakoli and Cary Gallagher// Emily Marchand // Emily Meister // Wendy C. Ortiz // Andrew Pearson // Priyanka Ram // Erin Schneider // Wilfried Souly // Emerson Whitney

For more information visit homeLA’s website. Spaces limited, ticketed only

Neutra VDL House, 2300 Silver Lake Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90039

Website: One House Twice at the Neutra VDL House

Dec 18, 2016

Neutra VDL Studio and Residence News

Installation & Exhibition at the Richard and Dion Neutra VDL Studio/residences

There are a number of art installations taking place in 2017:

• From the end of January 2017 until April artists Les Frères Chapuisat will have a wood art installation up in the courtyard of the Neutra VDL House.

• From mid September 2017 until mid March 2018 the Neutra VDL House will be hosting the exhibition Tu casa es mi casa funded by the Graham Foundation.

The Neutra VDL Studio and Residence was donated to the Cal Poly Pomona Foundation in 1990 (a non-profit organization classified as a tax-exempt organization pursuant to Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code) and is under the stewardship of the College of Environmental Design (ENV) at Cal Poly Pomona. The primary mission of the College with respect to VDL is: to use the house as an educational resource for ENV students and faculty, to preserve and maintain the property, and to host cultural and artistic programs that strengthen the facility’s mission as a community resource.

TOURS: The Neutra VDL House is open for tours by Cal Poly Pomona architecture students on most Saturday from 11am-3pm. For more info on the Saturday tours, cultural programs and exhibitions visit Neutra VDL Studio and Residences.

Aug 15, 2009

Richard and Dion Neutra VDL Studio

Significance and Survival of Richard and Dion Neutra VDL Studio/residences

On November 20 2009 Richard Neutra’s youngest son Dr Raymond Richard Neutra will be talking at SciArc in Los Angeles about the Significance and Survival of the Richard and Dion Neutra VDL Studio/Residences compound in the Silver Lake district of Los Angeles. This live/work space was built in three phases.

View from VDL II toward the 1939 “Garden Wing”:

View of west elevation of VDLII:

The first designed by Richard Neutra in 1932 accommodated two households and Neutra’s office. It was named after Dutch industrialist van der Leeuw who loaned Neutra the money to build it (hence “VDL”) The second phase was designed by Richard Neutra in 1939 and accommodated another household. In 1963 a fire destroyed the upper floors of the first phase, and Richard Neutra with his son and partner Dion Neutra designed a replacement for that wing (VDLII) on the original prebricated prestressed concrete basement floor which was preserved to house an apprentices room and dark room.

The compound was built on a 60 x 70 foot lot and addressed a number of design questions that are still relevant today: How can we create a beautiful live/work space for multiple households on a small footprint? How can we design landscape so that it beings nature with its sights sounds and smells into this kind of urban dwelling? How can we use new sustainable industrial materials in a beautiful way? How can the social and biological sciences inform our design?

Dr Neutra, Professor Lorenzen (resident direct of VDL) Leo Marmol and Chris Shanley in front of the compound with its sun louvers:

View from patio toward VDLII:

Since 2007 Cal Poly Pomona College of Environmental Design (owners of the compound), helped by the Friends of the VDL Research site has established an active web site ( www.neutra-vdl.org) explaining the significance of the compound, presenting plans and images and a video oral history of the place. A DVD on the compound has also been produced. A distinguished honorary committee with such distinguished architects as Tadao Ando, Richard Meier, Renzo Piano and IM Pei among others have indicated their regard for this historic compound. Architects Marmol and Radziner are working with Dion Neutra and the faculty at Cal Poly to repair the leaking roofs.

The college has started student-led drop-in tours for $10.00 every Saturday from 11am to 3:00 pm.

Julius Shulman signing digital archival prints of his portrait of Richard Neutra:

More that $60,000 has been raised and the distinguished architectural photographer, Julius Shulman before his recent death signed and numbered thirty five digital archival prints that he took of Neutra on the roof of the compound. Those who give leadership level gifts to the roof campaign can receive one of these prints in appreciation. (see www.neutra-vdl.org for information)

Illustrations: all by Raymond Richard Neutra

Careful fenestration of the living room blocks neighbor roofs and emphasizes trees and mountains:

Ripples from Reflection pool on second floor patio reflect light into the interior:

Frosted glass in Garden Wing Living room let’s in light but blocks view of neighbor:

Website: www.neutra-vdl.org

Location: Silver Lake, Los Angeles, Southern California, United States of America

Los Angeles Buildings

Contemporary Los Angeles Architecture

L.A. Architecture Designs – chronological list

Los Angeles Architecture Tours – architectural walks by e-architect

Los Angeles Architecture Designs

The Main Museum of Los Angeles Art Design: Tom Wiscombe Architecture image courtesy of architects The Main Museum of Los Angeles Art

SciArc Los Angeles Lectures

Rudolf Schindler

John Lautner – The Chemosphere / Malin Residence:

Modern Houses

Los Angeles Architecture Walking Tours

Los Angeles Architecture News

Los Angeles Architect Studio

Comments / photos for the Richard and Dion Neutra VDL Studio/residences America Architecture page welcome

The post Richard and Dion Neutra VDL Studio appeared first on e-architect.

[realtalk-princeton]

Prefrosh. I’ve fulfilled the lang requirement with my spanish AP, and I’m interested in studying abroad in Latin America. Should I still take a spanish course to show interest when I apply to programs like Princeton in Argentina? Could a Latin American studies class do the same?

Response from Bateman:

From what I know, I’m sure a Latin American studies class shows just as much interest. I’d go with whatever class(es) you find most interesting

[radfempnw]

AFEST conference of Latin American female writers in New York ​March 27 - April 1, 2017

“In August of 1987 the International Conference on Latin American Women’s Literature was held in Santiago de Chile providing a generation of women writers and academics with a common language, capable of reading literary production across borders and censors, particularly those of the Chilean military dictatorship.Now, 30 years after, AFEST, a gathering of Latin American Authors in New York, arrives as an homage and reinterpretation of the Chilean’s conference and also as a cognition of a long tradition of feminist literary and critical practice.The reopening of the byways of fascism, misogyny, and unlimited capitalism; the literary market, which supposedly covers the entire spectrum of poetics produced in Latin America, but which many women writers experience as imposing a narrow order, constructed by a conglomerate of publishers, media, and universities. And the current fight for women’s bodies, which in recent years—and in the wake of a long literary history fascinated with dead women’s bodies—has taken the streets to demand “ni una menos” [“not one less”]. Are some of the issues that will be touch on the dialogues during the week of the A-Fest. Highlighted AFEST authors include Helena María Viramontes (U.S.A.), Cristina Rivera Garza (Mexico), Carmen Berenguer (Chile), Carmen Olle (Peru), Sara Uribe (Mexico), Mariana Graciano (Argentina), Graciela Huinao (Mapuche Nation / Chile), Javier Guerrero (Venezuela), and Afest founder and novelist Mónica Ríos (Chile) – among many more notable names in the literary world. The Opening Session will be on March 27th hosted at Instituto Cervantes at 7pm and will run through April 1, 2017 in the cities of New York, New Brunswick, Princeton, and Washington DC, circulating through different literary communities—bookstores, university classrooms, art galleries—in these cities. The week-long discussions will spread from New York University and Princeton University.For information about the program, please visit: http://www.a-fest-english.org/”

- from FRANCISCA MOLINA via Bust.com

[westernmanews]

SPRINGFIELD — Meri Clark was named the recipient of the Excellence in Teaching Award at Western New England University (WNEU). Winners of the prestigious award are nominated by students, faculty, and administrators for outstanding contributions as educators and advisors.

During the review process, current and former students praised Clark as somebody who possessed a “brilliant teaching manner” and a “champion of learning and understanding.” Students added that “her passion for history radiated throughout the classroom” and “she saw each student as a unique person with their own story, and she wanted to get to know that story.”

Clark is a professor of History and coordinator of the Global Scholars program for the College of Arts and Sciences. She has taught Latin American and world history at the university since 2005. Her research specializes in the history of 19th-century Latin America, with particular attention to the themes of education, nationalism, gender, race, and ethnicity in Colombia. 

After earning her bachelor’s degree in history from Reed College (Phi Beta Kappa), Clark researched in Colombia under a Fulbright scholarship. She then earned a master’s degree and Ph.D. in history from Princeton University.

The post Meri Clark Honored for Teaching Excellence at Western New England University appeared first on BusinessWest.

[newstfionline]

What Happens When the Richest U.S. Cities Turn to the World?

By Emily Badger, NY Times, Dec. 22, 2017

SAN FRANCISCO--Well before anyone thought of this place as the center of the tech economy, the Bay Area built ships. And it did so with the help of many parts of the country.

Douglas fir trees logged in the Pacific Northwest were turned into lumber schooners here. Steel from the East, brought in by railroad, became merchant vessels. During World War II, workers assembled battleships with parts from across the country: steam turbines from Schenectady, N.Y., and Lester, Pa.; gear winches from Tacoma, Wash.; radio equipment from Newark; compasses from Detroit; generators from Milwaukee.

Most of these links that tied the Bay Area’s prosperity to a web of places far from here have faded. Westinghouse closed the Pennsylvania plant. General Electric downsized in Schenectady. The Milwaukee manufacturer dissolved. The old Bethlehem Shipbuilding yard in San Francisco will soon be redeveloped. And its former parent company, the Bethlehem Steel Corporation in Bethlehem, Pa., went bankrupt in 2001.

The companies that now drive the Bay Area’s soaring wealth--and that represent part of the American economy that’s booming--don’t need these communities in the same way. Google’s digital products don’t have a physical supply chain. Facebook doesn’t have dispersed manufacturers. Apple, which does make tangible things, now primarily makes them overseas.

A changing economy has been good to the region, and to a number of other predominantly coastal metros like New York, Boston and Seattle. But economists and geographers are now questioning what the nature of their success means for the rest of the country. What happens to America’s manufacturing heartland when Silicon Valley turns to China? Where do former mill and mining towns fit in when big cities shift to digital work? How does upstate New York benefit when New York City increases business with Tokyo?

The answers have social and political implications at a time when broad swaths of the country feel alienated from and resentful of “elite” cities that appear from a distance to have gone unscathed by the forces hollowing out smaller communities. To the extent that many Americans believe they’re disconnected from the prosperity in these major metros--even as they use the apps and services created there--perhaps they’re right.

“These types of urban economies need other major urban economies more than they need the standardized production economies of other cities in their country,” said Saskia Sassen, a sociologist at Columbia who has long studied the global cities that occupy interdependent nodes in the world economy. New York, in other words, needs London. But what about Bethlehem, Pa.?

Such a picture, Ms. Sassen said, “breaks a past pattern where a range of smaller, more provincial cities actually fed the rise of the major cities.” Now major cities are feeding one another, and doing so across the globe.

Ram Mudambi, a professor in the Fox School of Business at Temple University, offers an even more unnerving hypothesis, in two parts: The more globally connected a city, the more prosperous it is. And as such cities gain global ties, they may be shedding local ones to the “hinterland” communities that have lost their roles in the modern economy or lost their jobs to other countries.

Richard Longworth, a distinguished fellow with the Chicago Council on Global Affairs, fears that exactly this is happening in Chicago. The metropolitan area long sat at the center of a network of economic links crisscrossing the Midwest. They connected Chicago to Wisconsin mill towns that sent their lumber there, Iowa farmers who supplied the city’s meatpackers, Michigan ice houses that emerged along the railroads transporting that meat to New York.

“These links have been broken,” Mr. Longworth said. Of course, some remain. And antipathy toward prosperous big cities is not a new theme in history. “But this is different: This is deeper,” Mr. Longworth said. “It is also, as far as we can see, permanent, simply because the economy that supported the earlier relationships has gone away and shows no sign of coming back.”

The Rise of Global Cities. For much of the 20th century, wages in poorer parts of the country were rising faster than wages in richer places. Their differences were narrowing, a product of migration between the two and gains from manufacturing that helped lift up regions that were once deeply poor. Then around 1980, according to work by the Princeton researcher Elisa Giannone, that convergence began to stall.

Cities full of highly educated workers like Boston, San Francisco and New York began to pull away. And that pattern, Ms. Giannone finds, has been driven entirely by what’s happening with high-skilled workers: When they cluster together in these places, their wages rise even more. That widens inequality both within wealthy cities and between wealthy regions and poorer ones.

“Big changes have been happening over the last 30 years,” Ms. Giannone said. “Now we’re actually seeing the impact of them.”

Those changes have come from multiple directions--from globalization, from computerization, from the shift in the United States away from manufacturing toward a knowledge and service economy. These trends have buffeted many smaller cities and nonurban areas. The uncomfortable political truth is that they’ve also benefited places like San Francisco and New York.

“The economic base has shifted in a way that highly favors cities--and big cities--because it’s now based on knowledge, on idea exchange, on agglomeration,” said Mark Muro, the policy director of the Metropolitan Policy Program at the Brookings Institution.

Programmers benefit from having more programmers nearby, in ways different than when assembly line workers gather together. The forces of agglomeration, which big cities enable, are strongest in the kind of knowledge work that has become central to the economy.

For all of the talk of how globalization has cost America manufacturing jobs, it has created American jobs, too--but the high-paying ones have tended to go to such cities.

Ms. Sassen argues that a global economy has created new kinds of needs for companies: accountants specializing in Asian tax law, lawyers expert in European Union regulation, marketers who understand Latin America. Global cities must connect to other global cities to tap these resources, which have become more valuable to them than lumber and steel.

Inventors in these global cities are also increasingly connecting to one another. Using the addresses of patent co-inventors, Mr. Mudambi has traced a steep rise starting in the early 1990s of global connections from a few American metro areas, which are today among the most prosperous in the country.

Many American companies still create physical things, in addition to inventing digital products and ideas. But globalization has changed who benefits from their business, too, enabling firms to separate intellectual work from routine work and scatter those roles across the globe. The knowledge work has tended to stay in the United States. The routine work is what was historically performed in the hinterland. And that in large part is the work that has gone overseas.

“The hinterland for Silicon Valley is Shenzhen,” said Timothy Sturgeon, a senior researcher at the M.I.T. Industrial Performance Center.

Inventing ‘New Stuff’ Before Anyone Can Catch Up. People in Rust Belt towns where Google has no office still use the search giant. Facebook and Twitter still require physical assets in server farms. Uber, a quintessential Bay Area company that is both global and digital, operates in about 250 American cities.

But these kinds of ties aren’t truly spreading the Bay Area’s prosperity. Server farms don’t create mass middle-class employment. Using Google isn’t the same as having a hand in engineering it.

Yes, Uber’s innovation eventually reaches smaller cities in Texas and Ohio. “But the economic benefits of it are at Uber headquarters,” said Michael Storper, an economic geographer at U.C.L.A. “The people who got rich off of it are not going to be in the small area. They’re going to be where it’s invented.”

To put it more harshly, when global cities need other communities today, Ms. Sassen said, it’s often to extract value out of them. New York bankers need Middle America’s mortgages to construct securities. San Francisco start-ups need idle cars everywhere to amass billion-dollar valuations. Online retail giants need cheap land for their warehouses.

The rest of the country may receive the innovations that flow out of global cities, and the benefits to consumers are real. “But by the time that’s done, the cities have already invented something new and made themselves richer again,” Mr. Storper said. “Before anywhere else can catch up, San Francisco has already leapt ahead again with new stuff they’ve invented.”

The advantages bestowed by the global economy keep compounding from there. Research by Filipe Campante at Harvard and David Yanagizawa-Drott at the University of Zurich finds that when two cities are linked by direct flights across the globe, business links between them increase as well, such that places with more connections grow more economically. Those economic benefits, though, don’t appear to touch places more than 100 miles beyond the airport.

Harald Bathelt at the University of Toronto has found that firms in leading tech clusters in Canada tend to invest in leading tech clusters in China, and vice versa. They’re pouring resources into and linking up to places that are already similarly successful.

“The Torontos, Ottawas and Waterloos in countries like Canada and the U.S., they will link with Shenzhen in China, they will link with Munich and Stockholm in Europe,” Mr. Bathelt said. “And other places will be kind of left out.”

Greg Spencer, another researcher at the University of Toronto, has analyzed the global footprints of the world’s 500 largest firms in advanced industries like machinery, digital services and life sciences--mapping their headquarters, regional offices, manufacturing plants, warehouses, retail stores.

In the international network that emerges, global cities stand out. Other places connect to the global economy by going through them.

“I keep coming back to the idea that a lot of this is about power,” Mr. Spencer said. He means relative power--which places are gaining or losing it as the geography of the economy shifts, too. “Not only are they losing their power,” he said of the places left out, “but they’re losing their connection to the power centers as well.”

That dynamic also leaves smaller places at the mercy of global cities, where decisions are made about which plants to close or where to create new jobs. And so Tulsa, Buffalo and Tucson turn to Seattle as supplicants for a windfall of Amazon jobs. None of them have what Amazon really wants, though: an international airport with daily direct flights to Seattle, the Bay Area, New York and Washington.

[rsmp]

Cristina Freire: "Decolonize the Museum: Utopia?"

Wed, Mar 13, 2019, 12:00 pm

In the history of Brazil, the colonial wound is based on two major violences: the indigenous ethnocide and the black diaspora. As  an optical instrument at the service of modernity, the museum of modern art in Brazil has made invisible these processes of coloniality. However, some examples of past  intellectual inconformism bring to the present the defense of the popular in education and in art. They are unrealized or suspended projects, such as Lina Bo Bardi’s Museum of Popular Art, Mario Pedrosa’s critical writings concerning the Museum of Origins and the Pedagogy of Freedom by Paulo Freire. These ideas could not be fully realized in their space or time of emergence and remain as indexes of interrupted histories that reappear in the work of some contemporary artists and exhibition installation projects.

Cristina Freire is Full Professor and Curator at the Museum of Contemporary Art of the University of São Paulo (MAC USP). She was co-curator of the 27th Bienal de São Paulo (2006) and Deputy Director of the Museum of Contemporary Art of the University of São Paulo (MAC USP) from 2010-2014. She was Chair of the Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Aesthetics and Art History University of São Paulo (2015-2016), and is currently a researcher of the National Research Council (Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa. Cnpq, Brazil). Her books include Beyond maps: Monuments in the urban contemporary imaginary (São Paulo, Annablume, 1997); Poetics of Process: Conceptual art in the Museum (São Paulo: Ed. Iluminuras, 1999); Conceptual Art (Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar Editor, 2006) and Paulo Bruscky: Art, Archive and Utopia (Recife: CEPE, 2007). She has also edited Walter Zanini: Critical Writings (São Paulo, Annablume, 2013), which received the Jabuti Prize for the Best book in Art and Architecture published in 2013 in Brazil.  She currently directs two research tracks at the graduate Interdisciplinary Program on Aesthetics and Art History at the University of São Paulo (Brazil): Theory and Criticism of Contemporary Art and Latin America: Laboratory of Research. She is also the director of the GEACC, a Research Group on Conceptual Art and Conceptualisms in the Museum, of the National Council of Research (CNPq), which organizes seminars and publications and stimulates collaboration and solidarity between students and faculty. Freire teaches courses that focus on artistic practices and institutional and collective memories in Brazil and Latin America, with a focus on the 1960’s and 1970’s.

Photo: Lina Bo Bardi. Museum of Popular Art. Salvador, Bahia, 1963

Lunch provided. Free and open to the public.

Location: 216 Burr Hall

Speaker(s): Cristina Freire / Visiting Research Scholar and Visiting Professor, PLAS

Discussant: Rafael Sánchez-Mateos / Princeton

Discussant: Isabela Muci Barradas / Graduate Student, Princeton University

[we-arnold-lockshin-blog]

The Making Of Juan Guaidó: How The US Regime Change Laboratory Created Venezuela's Coup Leader (3)

Dictatorship USA – Run By A Plundering and Murderous Ruling Class  — 2019 (105)

GrayZoneProject.com, Jan 31, 2019

In 2007, right-wing students claimed credit for stymying Chavez’s constitutional referendum for a “21st century socialism” that promised “to set the legal framework for the political and social reorganization of the country, giving direct power to organized communities as a prerequisite for the development of a new economic system.”

From the protests around RCTV and the referendum, a specialized cadre of US-backed class of regime change activists was born. They were called “Generation 2007.”

The Stratfor and CIA's CANVAS identified Guaidó’s ally – a street organizer named Yon Goicoechea – as a “key factor” in defeating the constitutional referendum. The following year, Goicochea was rewarded for his efforts with the Cato Institute’s Milton Friedman Prize for Advancing Liberty, along with a $500,000 prize, which he promptly invested into building his own Liberty First (Primero Justicia) political network.

Friedman, of course, was the godfather of the notorious neoliberal Chicago Boys who were imported into Chile by dictatorial junta leader Augusto Pinochet to implement policies of radical “shock doctrine”-style fiscal austerity. And the Cato Institute is the libertarian Washington DC-based think tank founded by the Koch Brothers, two top Republican Party donors who have become aggressive supporters of the right-wing across Latin America and in the United States itself.

Wikileaks published a 2007 email from American ambassador to Venezuela William Brownfield sent to the State Department, National Security Council and Department of Defense Southern Command praising “Generation of ’07” for having “forced the Venezuelan president, accustomed to setting the political agenda, to (over)react.” Among the “emerging leaders” Brownfield identified were Freddy Guevara and Yon Goicoechea. He applauded the latter figure as “one of the students’ most articulate defenders of civil liberties.”

Flush with cash from libertarian oligarchs and the US government, the radical Venezuelan cadre took their Otpor tactics to the streets.

“Galvanizing public unrest…to take advantage of the situation and spin it against Chavez”

In 2009, the Generation 2007 youth activists staged provocative demonstrations and  mobilized against the arrest of an ally from another newfangled youth group called JAVU. This far-right group gathered funds from a variety of US government sources, which allowed it to gain notoriety quickly as the hardline wing of opposition street movements.  Many Venezuelans have identified Guaidó as one of  Generation 2007's key participants.

Guaidó exposed himself to the public in 2009 in another way, founding a political party to capture the anti-Chavez energy his Generation 2007 had cultivated. Called Popular Will, it was led by Leopoldo López, a Princeton-educated right-wing firebrand heavily involved in National Endowment for Democracy programs and elected as the mayor of a district in Caracas that was one of the wealthiest in the country.

By 2010, Popular Will and its foreign backers moved to exploit the worst drought to hit Venezuela in decades. Massive electricity shortages had struck the country due the dearth of water, which was needed to power hydroelectric plants. A global economic recession and declining oil prices compounded the crisis, driving public discontentment.

Stratfor and CANVAS – key advisors of Guaidó and his anti-government cadre – devised a shockingly cynical plan to drive a dagger through the heart of the Bolivarian revolution. The scheme hinged on a 70% collapse of the country’s electrical system by as early as April 2010.

By this point, the Venezuelan opposition was receiving a staggering $40-50 million a year from US government organizations like USAID and the National Endowment for Democracy. It also had massive wealth to draw on from its own accounts, which were mostly outside the country.  Popular Will party activists and their allies cast aside any pretense of non-violence and joined a radical plan to destabilize the country.

Towards violent destabilization

In November 2010, Guaidó, Goicoechea, and several other student activists attended a secret five-day training at the Fiesta Mexicana hotel in Mexico City. The sessions were run by Otpor, the Belgrade-based regime change trainers backed by the US government. The meeting had reportedly received the blessing of Otto Reich, a fanatically anti-Castro Cuban exile working in George W. Bush’s Department of State, and the right-wing former Colombian President Alvaro Uribe.

In the Fiesta Mexicana hotel, Guaidó and his fellow activists hatched a plan to overthrow President Hugo Chavez by generating chaos through protracted spasms of street violence.

Three petroleum industry figureheads – Gustavo Torrar, Eligio Cedeño and Pedro Burelli – allegedly covered the $52,000 tab to hold the meeting. Torrar is a self-described “human rights activist” and “intellectual” whose younger brother Reynaldo Tovar Arroyo is the representative in Venezuela of the private Mexican oil and gas company Petroquimica del Golfo.

Cedeño, for his part, is a fugitive Venezuelan businessman who claimed asylum in the United States, and Pedro Burelli a former JP Morgan executive and the former director of Venezuela’s national oil company, Petroleum of Venezuela (PDVSA). He left PDVSA in 1998 as Hugo Chavez took power and is on the advisory committeeof Georgetown University’s Latin America Leadership Program.

Today Burelli makes no secret of his desire to see Venezuela’s current president, Nicolás Maduro, deposed – and even dragged through the streets and sodomized with a bayonet, as Libyan leader Moammar Qaddafi was by NATO-backed militiamen. 

The Fiesta Mexicana plot flowed into another destabilization plan revealed in a series of documents produced by the Venezuelan government. In May 2014, Caracas released documents detailing an assassination plot against President Nicolás Maduro. The leaks identified the Miami-based Maria Corina Machado as a leader of the scheme. A hardliner with a penchant for extreme rhetoric, Machado has functioned as an international liaison for the opposition, visiting President George W. Bush in 2005.

“I think it is time to gather efforts; make the necessary calls, and obtain financing to annihilate Maduro and the rest will fall apart,” Machado wrote in an email to former Venezuelan diplomat Diego Arria in 2014.

In another email, Machado claimed that the violent plot had the blessing of US Ambassador to Colombia, Kevin Whitaker. “I have already made up my mind and this fight will continue until this regime is overthrown and we deliver to our friends in the world. Kevin Whitaker has already reconfirmed his support and he pointed out the new steps. We have a checkbook stronger than the regime’s.”

To be continued...

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Нынешние киевские власти — фашистские агенты американского империализма... Именно то, чего хотят Трамр/ США и в Венесуэле!

Перед нами -  коварный и опасный мошенник, расист, лжец и фашист Дональд Трамп, порочный Конгресс, нацистские ФБР - ЦРУ,  кровавые милитар��сты США и НАТО >>> а также и лживые, вредоносные американские СМ»И».

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Правительство США жестоко нарушало мои права человека при проведении кампании террора, которая заставила меня покинуть свою родину и получить политическое убежище в СССР. См. книгу «Безмолвный террор — История политических гонений на семью в США» - "Silent Terror: One family's history of political persecution in the United States» - http://arnoldlockshin.wordpress.com

Правительство США еще нарушает мои права, в течении 15 лет отказывается от выплаты причитающейся мне пенсии по старости.  Властители США воруют пенсию!!  

ФСБ - Федеральная служба «безопасности» России - вслед за позорным, предавшим страну предшественником КГБ, мерзко выполняет приказы секретного, кровавого хозяина (boss) - американского ЦРУ (CIA). Среди таких «задач» -  мне запретить выступать в СМИ и не пропускать большинства отправленных мне комментариев.   А это далеко не всё...

Арнольд Локшин, политэмигрант из США

BANNED – ЗАПРЕЩЕНО!!

ЦРУ - ФСБ забанили все мои посты, комментарии в Вконтакте, в Макспарке, в Medium.com... и удаляют ещё много других моих постов!

[goldeagleprice]

A Medal For “Old Ironsides”

William Bainbridge

One of the most famous ships of the American navy is the USS Constitution. Long called “Old Ironsides,” it is a major tourist attraction at its berth in Boston harbor. It is little known among the general public, however, that the United States Congress awarded her captain a gold medal for the action in which she received the famous nickname. It all began when the Emperor Napoleon went to war with the rest of Europe in the early days of the nineteenth century.

One of his most determined enemies was Britain, which was to fight until the “Corsican upstart” was defeated and driven from the French throne. There was to be no quarter given in this death struggle, and neutrals, like the United States, were caught in the middle.

A rising American merchant marine attracted foreign sailors, especially English, much to the annoyance of the London authorities, who needed every man available for the ships opposing the French fleet. British warships began stopping American merchantmen and arresting anyone thought to be a deserter from the Royal Navy.

The seizure of seamen was called “impressment” and was soon the subject of heated debate on the floors in Congress. When the British were so bold as to forcibly kidnap seamen from United States warships, war became imminent. The government of George III reluctantly rescinded the Orders in Council, the act by which all of this was done. News was sent to America, but it was too late. In June 1812, Congress voted war.

In October 1812, after a successful cruise, the Constitution received a new captain, Commodore William Bainbridge, and fresh sailing orders. She was to cruise the South Atlantic for British merchantmen and warships and seize or destroy them.

William Bainbridge was born at Princeton (New Jersey) in May 1774 and went to sea in a private vessel at the age of 16; he captained his own ship at 19. In 1798, he joined the infant United States Navy, choosing to spend the rest of his life in that service.

Bainbridge served with distinction against the French in the so-called Undeclared War during 1798-1800. He then joined in the attack on the Dey of Algiers, but was captured and spent 19 months in a foul prison until released by the American victory over these North African pirates in 1804.

Bainbridge left the Boston harbor in October 1812 and headed for his rendezvous with destiny. In addition to the Constitution with 44 guns, the commodore had under his command the Essex with 32 guns and the Hornet with 18. For the era, it was a formidable force, capable of dealing strong blows to the enemy, if that enemy could be located.

USS Constitution

Off the coast of Brazil, the American ships split up. Thirty miles from the port of Bahia, the Constitution found both her prey and eternal fame in the form of HMS Java, commanded by Captain Henry Lambert. The date was December 22, 1812, at two o’clock in the afternoon. The battle was soon joined.

At 2:30, a shot from the Java struck the wheel with such force that a copper bolt was driven into Bainbridge’s side. Despite searing pain, the commodore ordered himself lashed to the remains of the wheel to direct the battle more clearly. For the next hour, the cannonades were furious. At 3 o’clock, Captain Lambert ordered a boarding attempt, but concentrated fire from the Constitution now caused severe damage on the Java.

Captain Lambert ceased firing at four o’clock and fell back to repair some of the damage. Bainbridge thought the enemy had effectively surrendered, but the struggle resumed soon afterwards, and the Americans quickly forced the other ship to strike her colors. The battle was over.

Bainbridge sent his remaining two boats (six had been destroyed in the fighting) to carry the British sailors over to the Constitution. The British had 57 killed and the American nine, but several of the wounded on both sides, including Captain Lambert, died within a short time. After the personal effects of the British sailors and officers were removed, the ship was burned on January 1, 1813.

A surviving senior officer of the Java, First Lieutenant Chads, later wrote to the Admiralty “expressing my grateful acknowledgement thus publicly for the generous treatment Captain Lambert and his Officers have experienced from our Gallant Enemy Commodore Bainbridge.”

Many of the British shells bounced harmlessly off the sides of the American ship (though many, of course, did severe damage to the upper parts), causing the sailors to call her “Old Ironsides.” It is a name that has remained to this very day. When news of the victory reached Washington, Congress wasted little time in voting, on March 3, a gold medal to the gallant captain plus a cash award of $50,000 to his crew.

It is one thing to vote a medal but quite another to have it made. The Navy Department, as early as the summer of 1814, had taken steps to have the dies executed, but it was to be quite some time before the plans came to fruition. At first the authorities asked John Reich, who had done an earlier Naval medal (for Preble in 1804), to do the work, but he was able to finish only the dies for Isaac Hull when his eyesight failed.

The Navy Department then turned to Moritz Fürst. As a test of the artist’s skill, he was given the Bainbridge commission. He performed brilliantly on these dies, which were finished by late November 1817. For some reason, the dies were not hardened at once, and it was not until early in 1819 that the medal was struck. Bainbridge was presented his medal in a formal ceremony held in Philadelphia.

The William Bainbridge medal. (Photo courtesy of Stacks-Bowers)

It is interesting to note that Bainbridge was involved in designing the medal. The original sketch, by famed artist Thomas Sully, was shown to the commodore, and he was able to make certain changes, including the motto appearing on the reverse. Bainbridge chose the Latin word “pugnando” to symbolize his victory; he translated the word to mean “hard knocks,” an appropriate theme.

The Philadelphia Mint, which handled the striking of the medals, also produced 50 silver and 150 copper medals for the Navy to distribute to the officers and men of the Constitution. As there were more than this who served on the ship, perhaps the medals were presented in addition to the cash award (voted by Congress) in some cases.

Original silver and copper Bainbridge medals are quite rare, though restrikes could be obtained from the United States Mint until about 30 years ago. Today, the interested collector must obtain this medal on the secondary market.

Bainbridge himself survived the war and served in the Mediterranean squadron from 1816 to 1821, when he returned permanently to Philadelphia to command the Navy Yard. He died there in 1833, well remembered as the man who commanded “Old Ironsides.”

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The post A Medal For “Old Ironsides” appeared first on Numismatic News.

[hellofastestnewsfan]

Paul Volcker’s 6-foot-7-inch frame was draped over a chaise longue when I spoke with him recently in his Upper East Side apartment, in Manhattan. He is in his 91st year and very ill, and he tires easily. But his voice is still gruff, and his brain is still sharp.

We talked about his forthcoming memoir, Keeping at It: The Quest for Sound Money and Good Government—about why he wrote the book and the lessons he hopes to impart. Volcker is not a vain man, but he knows that his public life was consequential, and he wants posterity to get it right. He also does not mince words. In our conversation, he assailed the “greed and grasping” of the banks and corporate leadership, and the gross skewing of income distribution in America.

Keeping at It, written with Christine Harper, an editor at Bloomberg, is primarily the chronicle of Paul Volcker’s public life, which was spent in the thin air of global finance. After graduating from Princeton in 1949, he studied economics at Harvard and then in London, where he focused on the operations of the Bank of England. For the next 20 years, his career cycled between the U.S. Treasury and the Chase Manhattan Bank, with a particular focus on monetary affairs.

Few Americans had heard of Volcker until he was nominated, in 1979, to be chairman of the Federal Reserve Board by President Jimmy Carter, a post he held for the next eight years. During that time, he almost single-handedly pulled the nation back from a near-Weimar-scale financial collapse. If there were a Nobel Prize for government service, Paul Volcker’s name would surely be on the short list.

Volcker’s career spanned nearly the entire postwar era. World War II had ended with the United States effectively controlling the major part of the world’s wealth. In a supreme act of statesmanship, Washington offered to provide trade credits and other aid to allies and former enemies alike, so long as they adopted reasonably democratic values. The American dollar effectively became the world’s currency at its 1934 peg—$35 per ounce of gold. That worked splendidly while America’s allies were in recovery mode, but by the 1960s most industrialized countries were competitive with the United States. Swiss currency traders, the nefarious “gnomes of Zurich,” realized that America’s gold reserves could no longer support its dollar issuance. So they started testing the dollar with sudden spasms of dollar sales in the hope of forcing a devaluation.

The classic method of meeting an attack on a currency is to raise interest rates to increase the attractiveness of holding it. But this was the early 1960s, and John F. Kennedy had promised to “get this country moving again.” Higher interest rates would have scuttled that ambition. The Treasury Department hit on a temporizing solution: a tax on foreign security purchases to curb the foreign traders’ enthusiasm for holding dollars. Volcker, then a deputy undersecretary at Treasury, drafted the enabling legislation. It did not take long, however, for traders to engineer an end run around the new tax by simply keeping their dollars overseas. Thus was born the “Eurodollar,” which would proliferate wildly, quite out of the control of the Federal Reserve.

Volcker returned to Chase for several years before rejoining Treasury as undersecretary for monetary affairs in the Nixon administration. The war in Vietnam—paid for by deficit spending rather than new taxes—had triggered serious inflation. Oil imports were surging, and currency traders smelled blood. But Richard Nixon had a genius for the bold stroke. Along with John Connally, his outsize Treasury secretary, Nixon in August 1971 brought virtually his entire economics team to Camp David, where he announced that he would cut taxes, impose wage and price controls, levy a tax surcharge on all imports, and rescind the commitment to redeem dollars in gold. In his 1975 book, Before the Fall, Nixon’s über-speechwriter, William Safire, recalled, “Volcker was undergoing an especially searing experience; he was schooled in the international monetary system, almost bred to defend it.” Everyone he had worked with “trusted each other in crisis to respect the rules and cling to the few constants like the convertibility of gold.” Volcker was charged with drafting the announcement of Nixon’s new economic policies, but his moroseness showed through. Safire did the final draft, proclaiming “a triumph and a fresh start.” About Volcker himself, Safire wrote, “It was not a happy weekend for him.”

As the ’70s wound down, the dollar became a debased currency—but one that, for want of an alternative, still served as the world’s most important reserve currency. Nations might make other provisions, but that could take years. To make matters worse, an ideological cleavage between Milton Friedman’s “freshwater” Chicago monetarists and East and West Coast “saltwater” economists added an unusual testiness to the board’s discussions. Monetarists looked to the supply of money, which is the multiple of physical money—M1 in the jargon—times its velocity, or turnover rate. Friedman’s rigid version of monetarism assumed that the velocity of money was fairly stable over time, so policy makers could ignore it and steer solely by M1. (Indeed, Friedman also believed that you could eliminate the Federal Reserve Board.) Traditionalists, such as Volcker and most other saltwater economists, looked first to interest rates as a policy tool.

By the time Volcker was sworn in at the Fed, in 1979, inflation in the U.S. was running about 1 percent a month, and rising. In 1973, the OPEC countries had forsaken the hallowed $3 peg for a barrel of oil—tripling their prices and tripling them again six years later. By then, spot prices for gold were bouncing around from $235 to $578 per ounce. When the U.S. Treasury, in the early 1980s, needed to raise money, it would be forced to float bond issues in marks and yen, so far had the almighty dollar fallen.

Two months into his new job, Volcker attended a conference of central bankers in Belgrade and was shocked to find himself harangued by his peers. As he explains in his memoir, German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt, who was a friend, lectured Volcker for almost an hour “about waffling American policymakers who had let inflation run amok and undermined confidence in the dollar.” A shaken Volcker cut his trip short, got his fellow Fed members on board, and called an unusual evening press conference. Most dramatically, he stressed that he was shifting his key policy tool to monetarism. As a hedge, he also raised the Fed’s discount rate by a full point. The New York Times editorialized about the rate hike under the headline “Mr. Volcker’s Verdun,” noting that when it came to holding the line on inflation, the Fed chairman’s message echoed that of Marshal Pétain: “They shall not pass.”

At first, the experiment seemed to work. The objective was to reduce the money supply and thereby bring down prices. By January 1980, however, the numbers were going haywire. Perversely, inflation took off—it reached an annual rate of almost 15 percent. The Fed’s technical staff ruefully admitted that Friedman’s money-supply theory was not precise enough to form a basis for effective policy. The Fed board maintained its monetarist rhetoric, but Volcker shifted back to raising interest rates in order to wring inflation from the economy. This was language that all businesspeople understood. The bank prime rate eventually jumped to 21.5 percent, T-bills hit 17 percent, and prime mortgages were at 18 percent. Those rates were the highest the country had ever seen. Volcker went on a grueling speaking tour to bolster the case for what he was doing.

By the time Ronald Reagan was inaugurated, in 1981, the U.S. economy had slipped into a deep recession, one for which the Volcker Shock was largely blamed. Unemployment neared 11 percent. Volcker became a target of popular anger. One welcome ray of sunshine came from the White House, with Reagan giving full support to the continuation of Volcker’s program. (Volcker later said, “I don’t kiss men, but I was tempted.”) Another came from the American Home Builders Association, in early 1982. Its industry had been badly hit by the recession, but Volcker gave a tough speech to the association about staying the course against inflation, and was amazed to get a standing ovation.

Inflation—blessedly—broke in mid-1982. The second half of the year saw a flat consumer price index. Real GDP for 1983 was a very respectable 4.6 percent and  a blistering 7.2  in 1984. By 1986 annual inflation had come down to only 2 percent. The crisis was effectively over. After 1982, Americans enjoyed the lowest interest rates (with a blip here and there) among the major industrial countries, and interest rates are low to this day. The second half of the 1990s was one of the most prosperous periods in history—there was a twin boom in high technology and in housing. Volcker attributes the crash that came in both industries to the same “greed and grasping” he cited when we spoke.

Volcker served two terms as the chairman of the Fed, giving way to Alan Greenspan in 1987. By that time, the challenges confronting the Fed had moved to new arenas—like the reckless “oil lending” by the big American banks to Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, and a string of smaller countries. In Keeping at It, Volcker writes, “Looking back, I see Latin America today as a sad culmination of hard-fought, constructive efforts to deal with a debt crisis that, aided and abetted by reckless bank lending practices, grew out of a chronic absence of suitably disciplined economic policies.” Volcker will never escape a Fed-inflected prose style, but his assessment is spot-on.

Retirement has treated Volcker well. He did some teaching and loved it. He spent 10 contented years as the chief executive of Wolfensohn & Company, an old-fashioned investment bank, which mostly gave advice on mergers and acquisitions. When he retired, he had plenty of time for nonprofit activities and was much in demand. He chaired inquiries into the ownership of Jewish art sequestered in Swiss bank vaults; the massive theft from food and medical programs after the Iraq War; and corruption in the World Bank.

Volcker also played an important role in the cleanup after the 2008–2009 crash. His advice was widely solicited, if not always followed. In his memoir, he describes sitting at a conference and listening to bankers warn that new regulations must not inhibit trading and “innovation.” He finally exploded: “Wake up, gentlemen. I can only say that your response is inadequate. I wish that somebody would give me some shred of neutral evidence about the relationship between financial innovation recently and the growth of the economy, just one shred of information.” His lasting contribution from this period is the so-called Volcker Rule, which bars traders from taking risky positions with depositors’ funds, and which he summarizes as “Thou shall not gamble with the public’s money.”

[Read more: Wall Street has basically the same culture that led to the 2008 crash. ]

Keeping at It is not a tell-all book. Volcker’s subject matter is economic policy, and his praise or criticism is almost entirely directed at specific ideas and actions. His first wife, Barbara Bahnson, died in 1998. In 2010, he married his longtime assistant, Anke Dening. There is not much of a personal nature in the book, and yet, unwittingly, it paints an accurate personal portrait. The picture that emerges is of a man of granitic integrity, committed to what he perceives as wise policies—committed, that is, to what he calls The Verities: stable prices, sound finance, and good government.

The secret of Paul Volcker was his father. Paul Adolph Volcker Sr. was almost as tall as his son. He was an engineer, with a degree from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and he went on to become a city manager. The city he was most identified with was Teaneck, New Jersey, a municipality that had fallen prey to a corrupt political machine. It was the kind of challenge that Paul Sr. leaped at. In his son’s memoir, Paul Sr. is always working; even after a long day, he drove around his modest empire and made note of broken traffic lights, spilled garbage, and other petty violations. They were not petty to him. The city fathers once tried to can him for hiring a professional police chief. They couldn’t fire him, but they could stop paying him. Paul Sr. went to court and got his pay—and got his police chief. Exactly what his son would have done.

There are few people like Paul Volcker in the U.S. government today, or in business, for that matter—respected and trusted by everyone, whatever the disagreements, and motivated by public service. Volcker reveled in his middle-class status. He notes in his memoir that, in the 1960s and 1970s, Washington was “mostly populated by middle-class professionals, including families of civil servants and members of Congress,” and that “there wasn’t great wealth.” Now, he writes, Washington is “dominated by wealth” and by “lobbyists who are joined at the hip” with people in government, whether on the Hill or in the executive branch.

As a result, he says simply, “I stay away.”

from The Atlantic https://ift.tt/2CRHiWA

[citizentruth-blog]

Interview: The Central American Refugee Crisis and Violence Against Women in Guatemala - LATIN AMERICA

New Post has been published on https://citizentruth.org/interview-the-central-american-refugee-crisis-and-violence-against-women-in-guatemala/

Interview: The Central American Refugee Crisis and Violence Against Women in Guatemala

An interview and discussion of the extreme circumstances contributing to the Central American migration/refugee crisis. Robin Schmid provides firsthand insight into the brutal realities of legal impunity, violence against women and sexual assault she has witnessed while serving the Women’s Justice Initiative, a Guatemala based NGO.

  This transcript has been edited for clarity.

Citizen Truth: This is Citizentruth.com. I am Peter Castagno, and today I will be talking with Robin Schmid, a former Princeton in Latin America fellow from Georgetown School of Foreign Service, and the Development & Communications Coordinator with the Women’s Justice Movement, a Guatemala based NGO. Thanks so much for talking to me today, Robin.

Robin Schmid: I’m happy too. Thanks for having me.

Citizen Truth: Can you talk a bit about your background, and how you got involved with women’s rights in Guatemala? And what your specific role with the NGO you work with consists of?

Robin Schmid: Sure, so as you mentioned, I went to Georgetown University’s school of Foreign Service, and I focused my studies there on Latin American community development. I spent a lot of time working, volunteering, and taking semesters off in various communities and countries across Latin America and really got into the grassroots non-profit world about six or seven years ago.

When I graduated, I received a Princeton in Latin America Fellowship and began working with a grassroots nonprofit in a large indigenous community, in Santiago Atitlan, called Pueblo a Pueblo. There I was involved in various aspects of fundraising, monitoring and evaluation, and external relations. It was through my time there in that community where I started really building relationships both within that organization and within the community that I saw how important the need is here to focus on woman, and empowering women and their voices.

Here in Guatemala, there is a very machista society, it’s very male-dominated. There is a lot of traditional gender norms and stereotypes at play and often women are seen as; their primary function is to be a mother, and to work in the home, and that’s it. Because of that, women really aren’t given the opportunity to participate in public spaces, to be community leaders, to continue with their education beyond primary if we’re talking about rural or indigenous communities. The more time I spent in that community, and the more I found out what my passions are, and I wanted to continue professionally.

I got a job with the Women’s Justice Initiative, we are a nonprofit organization that improves the lives of indigenous Guatemalan women and girls through education, access to legal services, and gender-based violence prevention. I am the Development and Coordination Coordinator, so I’m working primarily with fundraising, grant writing, and the administrative pieces to ensuring that our programs can function and that we have enough funding to be able to support our various programs.

WJI (Women’s Justice Initiative) has a multitier aspect to how we provide access to justice, and work on breaking these cycles of gender inequality and violence. That is done both through education of women and girls, and through workshops that are centered around women’s rights and leadership development. We build local female leaders who act as activists and women’s rights defenders and mentors to women in their communities. We also provide direct services, so that women can exercise their right to live free from violence and exercise their economic rights. It’s important that we aren’t just empowering women and girls with knowledge and skills but then we aren’t providing an outlet, a way that they can exercise their rights and use their voice. I love this work and I’m inspired daily by the women who are leading this movement for gender equality.

Citizen Truth: Something that really highlights the gravity of the situation in Guatemala was the burning of a children’s shelter in the Virgin de la Asunción home, resulting in the deaths of 35 girls. The door to the girl’s room was likely locked, possibly intentionally or due to extreme negligence, and authorities have failed to thoroughly investigate the situation. What would you say this tragedy reveals about the culture and legal system in Guatemala?

Robin Schmid: That tragedy that happened last year, in March of 2017, and it really mobilized this nation. Even though there are atrocious human rights violations taking place on a daily basis, and it actually 41 girls now that were killed because of that fire. And it really sparked outrage in the nation but also reflects a complete lack of safe spaces and adequate facilities for vulnerable youth, for any vulnerable population. Let’s keep in mind that this shelter, this was basically an orphanage. These girls were not accused of any type of crime, they were sent to this shelter because their parents did not have the resources to support them in the home.

Because parents thought they would be safer in this shelter than on the streets where the mob, or local gangs were threatening them or worse. What transpired in this event, is that earlier that morning, the eighth of March, a large group of girls and boys staged a mass protest, so they were rioting and attempted to escape. They were then hunted down and brought back, and locked in this room not given anything but some old mattresses. So why were they trying to escape? Why were they protesting?

So, its come out in the aftermath that that shelter had a long history of abuse allegations. Over 40 reports of abuse were filed between 2012 and 2016, however, there was no action taken. Even in 2014, there was a contractor that was hired by the home, was convicted of raping a 17-year-old disabled girl there. Many of these, the girls that had been living at the shelter said they’d rather die than go back because they were being mistreated and they were not being fed. There were many reports that these girls were being pimped out, that the staff and guards would be prostituting out these girls.

Then what transpired is that they were locked in this room, and to protest after being in there for hours, witnesses say that one of the girls set fire to a mattress thinking that of course they would be let out. But that was not the case they were in that room for over seven minutes, and so 41 girls have died. This incident is horrendous, it’s tragic, but it is not isolated. The fact that this ended in this tragic fire is atrocious but it really shows this lack of any state-run institutions for safe spaces of survivors of domestic violence and survivors of domestic assault.

I can speak from experience, in our organization, many times families, women, and girls are afraid to come forward and speak about, and talk about what has happened to them, if they were raped, if they were a survivor of sexual assault. Because, for example with girls, parents don’t want girls to be sent to one of these state-run institutions because of the horrors that happen there. So, in many ways, they feel it would be safer for the girls to stay with them, even if for example the neighbor was the perpetrator. That girl would still be safer at home, with her assailant nearby, than at one of these state-run institutions.

So, this horrible incident has shown more and more that really the state is not appropriately protecting its citizens. The levels of impunity in Guatemala are extremely high. Guatemala’s Secretary of Social Welfare has been arrested and charged with crimes such as wrongful death and negligence in the specific case. But even when there are charges there is no sentence.

Just to give you a better idea of how bad things are in Guatemala especially when it comes to gender violence; Guatemala has the third highest rate of femicide in the world, and the third lowest rate of gender equality in Latin America. So, combine this widespread impunity with this machista society, it’s a really difficult place to be a woman, and especially a girl.

Citizen Truth: Absolutely, and I know Honduras and El Salvador are very high up on those statistics as well. That really helps lead into my last question here, regarding the caravan that is currently a major headline in the news. So, a caravan of Central American migrants is currently fighting to get past the border, into Mexico to seek refuge. Can you talk a bit about the situation and how your background gives you insight into the extreme circumstances these people are fleeing from?

Robin Schmid: So, this caravan that originated in Honduras, most of the people are Honduran although some Guatemalans and Mexicans have joined along the way. It has now moved into Mexico, and Guatemala had tried to prevent the caravan from getting into Mexico but ultimately, they stood down when it was clear that these people were committed to moving forward.

And with the caravan I want to make it clear that these are not bad people, these are not criminals as it has been portrayed by the President of the United States. Of course, I don’t know every individual person, but these are people fighting to survive. They are fighting for a better life for themselves, and for their children. These are people who are fleeing from communities where violence is rampant. Every day their lives may be threatened by gangs, where in rural areas many families cannot afford to provide food for their kids, and kids are being sent to work in fields at age five and six. Not because parents want that for their children, but because there is no better option.

So really, it is a lack of opportunity with ongoing, horrendous violence that is pushing these people to leave and search for a better life. Speaking to Guatemala’s situation, a threat by the Trump Administration that aid will be cut to Guatemala, to Honduras, to Mexico, because they have allowed these people to travel through their countries. That’s a really terrible position to put Guatemala in, because foreign aid is important to this economy. Another thing that is very important for Americans to remember, is that US involvement in central American governments is largely responsible for the instability we see today, and for military dictatorships and civil wars. For example, in Guatemala ,there was a 36-year civil war where there was a genocide against the indigenous people here. This is a post-conflict country that is still trying to get on its feet and still trying to recover from some horrendous events and really violent governments.

A nd who put those governments in place? That was in large part due to the United States and US foreign policy in central America. So when we talk about immigrants, it’s important to remember that they are people, and that we should not villainize people whose violent circumstances our government is largely accountable for. People are shocked by the idea of 3,000 people moving together in this big caravan, but they are together because it is safer. The journey from their countries to the United States is extremely dangerous.

One in three- with such underreporting that it is probably much higher- women or girls are getting raped and sexually assaulted. It’s a terrifying and dangerous journey, and there is safety in numbers. It looks like they are making a political statement. But if you look at members of this caravan, they are not doing it for the politics. They don’t even know the extent of this crisis in US politics and our divisions based on immigration policy. They don’t care. What they care about is surviving and getting themselves and their families safely to the United States. These are not bad people, generally, these are just people looking for a better future.

Citizen Truth: And like you highlighted, the US needs to recognize its foreign policy has destabilized a lot of these governments. For example, in Honduras, the US tacitly approved of the 2009 coup in which they pushed the OAS, the Organization of American States, to support new elections and sideline the ousted president, even though the actions were condemned as a coup by the UN, the EU, and the OAS. Since then, a lot of that aid goes directly to a militarized police that is widely condemned for oppressing dissidents and brutally suppressing protests. They’re directly funded by the US.

Robin Schmid: If we also looked to supporting Central American civil society, that would help so much with this idea of “no more immigrants.” These people would like to stay in their communities if they were safe, and the US played a large role in making their communities unsafe. Let’s be responsible in how we act, and how we welcome or villainize people who are fleeing this instability.

Citizen Truth: Thank you so much for coming on and sharing some of your insight and experiences about this crisis.

Robin Schmid: Yea absolutely, thanks for having me.