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Prior to domination by Rome, the Alpine region contained various populations which had a complex, obscure, and ethnically-multilayered history.
9-Euro-Ticket-Tours: Regensburg II - Castra Regina
9-Euro-Ticket-Tours: Regensburg II – Castra Regina
Castra Regina war ein römisches Legionslager. Errichtet wurde es für die dritte italische Legion im Jahr 175 als Hauptquartier, wo die obere Donau in ihrem Verlauf den nördlichsten Punkt erreicht. Castra Regina bestand aus dem Legionslager, aus der zugehörigen Zivilstadt, einem großen Friedhof und aus einigen Heiligtümern und Tempelanlagen. Die sichtbaren römischen Baureste des Lagers sowie die…
NOOOO NOT KONIG AS A SPARTAN/GREEK WARRIOR I CANNOT HAVE THAT IMAGE IN MY BRAIN I STILL NEED TO FUNCTION ON THE DAILY DAMNIT😭😭😭
I am a sucker for the warrior claims his spoils of war trope, the whole achilles/briseis from the troy movie vibes💕😫👌🏻 but with a twist 👀
König, the infamous Germanic warrior and beast of a man who has a unique station as commander in the troops of the romans (or something??? lmao don’t @me my brain rot is not historically accurate) because he possesses the perfect balanced mixture of inhuman strength and a cunning strategic mind. Hacking and slashing his way through battle after battle, some call him Ares, the God of War, because they’re convinced that whatever must be under that helmet and hood can’t be an actual human being. He seems to be living and breathing for war and the shedding of blood. That is until during one of his battles he finds himself in the raided temple of Artemis, face to face with a temple maiden who isn’t raped and pillaged by his men. Whether it’s a curse or a blessing from the Gods, he doesn’t know but he falls, and he falls hard for her. Blood is pumping to his heart, which is about to beat its way through his chest, and racing down to his dick which is even harder than after a successful battle. “An Engel” he mutters to himself, and that’s the first time the God of War takes a spoil of war, his very own temple maiden who from now on will only worship him and him alone.
König would be such a hot Spartan warrior/Greek demigod but PLEASE, you have to listen and listen carefully because… König could easily be a prominent figure in the Roman army! They had auxiliary units, Romans used “foreign” warriors all the time, Gauls and German/ic people and whatever, that’s the whole idea behind their expansion idea: to fatten their army with new recruits to push their campaigns and get more slaves to support their crazy economy etc etc
So König could be situated in say for example Germania Superior/Inferior, Raetia or Noricum auxiliary unit, I don’t know what Romans called Austria back then and if they had a separate aux. unit for them, I need to do some googling, if someone knows more about this please correct me! But *grabs you by your bra straps or shirt or whatever* you need to listen, Romans didn’t send their Auxilia to the troops’ native lands which means König would not be posted in Germania/whatever Austria was called BUT he could fight in basically any other area, and get his captive girl from some other bloody sexy violent awesome campaign!!! (Lol why am I so into this idea of him capturing some poor girl into his tent and having his way with her… I’m sorry I need to straighten my skirt and sit pretty with my knees pressed tightly together, nothing to see here, just sippin’ my tea)
No but srsly, NO, now I have to write this. Brb ->
Legio XXI Rapax was a legion of the Roman army whose name name "Rapax" means "rapacious" or "greedy". It is not clear when the legion assumed this name; it may or may not be the same 21st legion Julius Caesar (100-44 BCE) formed before his Gallic Wars and the 21st commanded by Mark Antony (83-30 BCE). Roman emperor Augustus (r. 27 BCE - 14 CE) also formed 21st.
In his Histories, the Roman historian Tacitus (l. c. 56 - c. 118 CE), who reportedly commanded the Rapax legion from 89 to 92 CE, called it "a corps of old and distinguished renown." (II. 43) Aside from its participation in a mutiny in 14 CE, the Legio XXI Rapax served with distinction at the First Battle of Bedriacum, at the Battle of Rigodulum during the Batavian Revolt, and at Vetera (Old Camp) before it was massacred by the Sarmatians in Dacia in 92 CE.
The Legion’s Formation
Early legions were identified by a number, not a name. So, the legion of both Caesar and Octavian may or may not have been the legion that later became known as XXI Rapax. There is some indication that Octavian retained a 21st that served with him at the Battle of Actium against Antony and Cleopatra in 31 BCE, and there is evidence that he later formed a 21st legion for his conquest of the Alps and the Cantabrian campaigns in Hispania (27-19 BCE).
After 15 BCE, the 21st was stationed in Raetia situated on the Danube River. In 6 CE, it was in preparation to be part of the Roman commander and future emperor Tiberius’ (r. 14-37 CE) abandoned campaign against the Marcomanni. After Publius Quinctilius Varus lost three legions in the Battle of Teutoburg Forest in 9 CE, Legio XXI Rapax was transferred to the Lower Rhine at Vetera (modern-day Xanten), sharing the fortress with Legio V Alaudae. After helping suppress the Pannonian Revolt, the 21st took part in Germanicus’ campaign against the Chatti in 14 CE.
Obviously it’s nowhere. But actually, it’s also several specific places in a specific area.
As someone who lives and has lived in several parts of Oberbayern, I'm so tickled by placing Tassing on a map. While trying to find a region it would fit in with all the clues the game gives, I also found several monasteries that probably contributed to the way Kiersau was written and created.
Names
Tassing fits a common naming scheme in Oberbayern. Places with an -ing name in Austria and Altbayern (roughly congruent with the present-day administrative districts Upper Bavaria, Lower Bavaria and Upper Palatinate) were founded in a specific time frame, the Baiuvarian Settling of the Alps. Up until the 7th century CE, the alpine landscape was inhabited by slavs, but from the 7th to 9th century, the Baiuvarii, a germanic group of people, moved into the area and ended up either displacing or integrating the slavic people into their own society.
Examples of Baiuvarian -ing names in Upper Bavaria include Pasing (With the people of Paso/Paoso/Poso/Poaso), Menzing (With the people of Menzo) or Poing (With the people of Piuwo). Tassing might have been re-settled, founded or just be associated with a man named Tasso, and should be located somewhere in Altbayern.
Kiersau is a strange name to me and finding an etymologically-based interpretation, like for Tassing, is harder. (In general, trying to find etymologies for place names is often more educated guessing than anything else.) The Bavarian meaning of Au (or Aue) is a flat piece of land with meadows and forests located near a river (also: floodplain). The problematic part is Kiers. I'm choosing to put it down as Kirsche, cherry. Why? Well, cherry trees were brought across the Alps by Romans, and the Roman past of Kiersau and Tassing is important to the story.
It might also just be a reference to Hirsau, a famous Benedictine monastery in the Black Forest.
None of the first or last names of the peasants, merchants or craftsmen in Tassing give any kind of hint as to where the place is located. Names like Bauer (farmer), Gertner (gardener) or Zimmermann (carpenter) are extremely common, and the more uncommon ones, like Alban, don't help narrowing it down either.
Area
We get one look at an Early Modern map of Europe, with a few mountain ranges, rivers, some of the most siginficant trade roads, and Tassing marked on it. We know that Tassing is part of the Prince-Bishopric of Freising in 1518 and borders directly on Tyrolia. We know it's in Bavaria, which I'm deciding to identify as the Bavarian territory of the Holy Roman Empire. I'm not getting into the true borders of Bavaria on my overly researched Pentiment post. We also learn that one of the Roman trade routes, possibly relateed to salt, was built to run past Tassing, and that Tassing is located somewhere in the province of Raetia. To identify and overlap all these areas, I have committed a horrible cartographic crime in Photoshop!
I have marked Raetia in yellow, the Roman roads in red, the Prince-Bishopric in brown and the Bavarian territory in blue. This first map shows these areas in a European context.
This one is a closer shot of the whole possible location of Tassing. Now, you might have noticed a little red dot in the lower right, outside of any of the possible areas, right there in Eastern Tyrolia?
Unfortunately, that is where the Pentiment map placed Tassing. Now, the in-game map is mirroring many a Early modern maps (I'm just glad they put a modern North-South axis on it, ngl), and is. Not Very Reliable. This part of Austria cannot be interpreted as Upper Bavaria by even the most lenient mapreaders, and I am electing to ignore it. Sorry.
I’m also locating Tassing west of Munich, not east, because I’m too familiar with the area around Rosenheim/Wasserburg and I’m just not getting Tassing vibes, even though Perchtenläufe are far more common today in the area.
Anyway, on to the last map. You'll notice there's a nice Roman road leading through the big pink area west, leading north towards Augsburg, and a second to the east that crosses into non-Freising territory and then passes (or crosses, my Roman roads map reference isn't super exact) a Freising enclave.
When I first zoned into this map, I got really excited, because there IS a Benedictine monastery on the West road! Kloster Ettal - which is unfortunately mostly famous for a sexual abuse scandal in the Catholic boarding school that's part of the monastery. Yikes.
Kloster Ettal (1)
It was founded in the 14th century, so rather late, by Emperor Ludwig IV. The sanctuary features a small marble Madonna. Ettal remained rather unimportant until the 18th century.
Pro: Right next to a Roman road, close to a small river, securely inside my possible location area and located on a hill.
Con: Founded too late and not by a person comparable to the foundress of Kiersau. Not culturally significant before or during the time of Pentiment. No reference to any strange reliquiaries.
Epfach (2)
This is a small village near Denklingen. It's not significant for having a monastery, because there is none. However, Epfach used to be called Abodiacum, and it was located at an important intersection between the Via Claudia and the salt road between Salzburg and Kempten. Since the fall of the Roman Empire, it has lost meaning, and today Epfach is a village with a rich past. The coat of arms depicts a roman lamp with the Chi Rho, emphasizing the merging and mixing of pagan Roman and Christian influences in the area. There have also been several archeological finds, among them the Venus of Epfach, and you can visit a Nymphaeum near the school.
I'm not rating this one pro and con, since Epfach doesn't have a monastery. However, I think the area may have been one of many inspiring places in Upper Bavaria that went into the creation of Tassing. I was especially tickled by the Nymphaeum and the murals that are on exhibit in the former fire station.
Beuerberg (3)
A double monastery, founded around 1120 by a local Noble, Berta von Iringsburg and her sons. It was widely known for its library and school, and it was ravaged by fire several times, which also destroyed parts of the library.
Pro: Founded by a woman, double monastery, a history of fires.
Con: Not a Benedictine monastery, not in the target area, most places burn down over the course of 800 years, and also I literally added it exclusively because my grandparents used to live here.
Wessobrunn (4)
Originally founded in 753 by Duke Tassilo III. near another Roman road, it was presumably the proprietary monastery of a family by the name of Wezzo, who according to legend led Tassilo to a spring he had dreamed of. The monastery was pillaged by Hungarians in 955 and rebuilt in 1065. A recluse, Diemut, a famous scribe, worked here after the monastery was rebuilt, although she wasn't part of an order. Wessobrunn became a double monastery in 1130 and burned down in the early 13th century, once again being rebuilt. It became known for its library, and as a local parton of art, especially stucco in the 18th century.
Pro: Double monastery of Benedictines, located on a hill, had a famous female scribe and library, history of destruction by fire. Also, Tassilo could have inspired a place name like Tassing.
Con: Never had a scriptorium, not in the target area, actual story of Tassilo founding it is considered ahistorical by most historians.
Benediktbeuern (5)
Located at the Via Raetia, this monastery was founded once again by Tassilo III. and was gifted, among other things, a salt mine in Tyrolia and several villages. It received an arm reliquiary of St. Benedict in the late 8th century, and head reliquiaries of the martyr Anastasia. Benediktbeuren was a double monastery until the 14th century, with the women's convent located north of the men's convent. Like Wessobrunn, Benediktbeuren was destroyed by Hungarians and rebuilt. Before and after this event, the monastery was home to a famous scriptorium, a famous library and it also had a parish church dedicated to Mary close to the monastery itself. The main part of the monastery was destroyed by a fire in 1490 and then rebuilt.
Pro: Double monastery of Benedictines, famous scriptorium and library, connection to Tassilo, parish church dedicated to Mary, lead by a man called Matthias in the early 16th century, destroyed by fire, a hand reliquary and ownership of a salt mine.
Con: The salt mine was days away, not in the target area, located on a plain.
Polling (6)
Founded as a Benedictine monastery in the late 8th century, once again connected to a myth of Duke Tassilo III. In this one, he's hunting and spots a doe that's scratching the ground. Digging up the spot, he finds three crosses and other treasure, and decides to build a monastery there. Polling was also destroyed by Hungarians, and was a a double monastery until 1300, when the nuns moved to Benediktbeuren. Since the early 12th century, Polling was an Augustine monastery and home to an important school. It also had lots of pilgrims coming in for the holy cross.
Pro: Double monastery, located next to one of the Roman roads, parallel name to Tassing and connection to Tassilo, the doe
Con: Not in the target area, not a Benedictine monastery, not known for a scriptorium.
Conclusio
You might ask yourself now, well! What was all that for? And the answer is, of course, to show how realistic and at the same time completely fantastic Kiersau and Tassing are. You can find something of Pentiment's locations in all of the places I've mentioned, and yet none of them are a perfect fit, because the story that Pentiment tells needs the combination of all these things to work.
There's no one place that Tassing mirrors, but I think my favorite find were the many monasteries founded by Tassilo, and the connection of Tassing via the place name - With the people of Tassilo. I love how closely the Roman history of Upper Bavaria, especially Epfach, is picked up, fractured and then condensed in Pentiment. I might write a follow-up on this about the local Pagan practices that we see from Ottilia, Sick Peter and Ursula, but I think I'm a bit too cynical to write about those in a fun way.
Sources:
Etymologies:
Senseless searches on Wikipedia and Wiktionary.
Map of Raetia:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raetia#/media/Datei:Droysens_Hist_Handatlas_S17_Germanien.jpg
Roman roads in Germany:
https://www.altwege.de/roemer-und-kelten/interaktive-karte.html (Bernhard Schwade)
Bishoprics in Germany:
https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/Lexikon/Bistumsorganisation (map by Sonja Schweiger)
Map of Europe: google babey
History of the monasteries:
https://www.hdbg.eu/kloster/ and a wide array of the monastery websites, Wikipedia and Wikimedia.
Obverse: portrait of Tiberius. Reverse: seated woman holding a sceptre and branch, possibly to be identified as Livia, wife of Augustus and mother of Tiberius, shown as a personification of Peace.
Tiberius Caesar Augustus (16 November 42 BC – 16 March AD 37) was the second Roman emperor. He reigned from AD 14 until 37, succeeding his stepfather, the first Roman emperor Augustus. Tiberius was born in Rome in 42 BC. His father was the politician Tiberius Claudius Nero and his mother was Livia Drusilla, who would eventually divorce his father, and marry the future-emperor Augustus in 38 BC. Following the untimely deaths of Augustus' two grandsons and adopted heirs, Gaius and Lucius Caesar, Tiberius was designated Augustus' successor. Prior to this, Tiberius had proved himself an able diplomat, and one of the most successful Roman generals: his conquests of Pannonia, Dalmatia, Raetia, and (temporarily) parts of Germania laid the foundations for the empire's northern frontier.
TELL US SOMETHING COOL AVOUT MEDIEVAL FARMING PLEASE!!!
GLADLY
ALSO sorry this took so long to answer. Every time I remembered I wanted to reply, I was at work and didn't have my notes in front of me.
SOME THINGS I THINK ARE COOL ABOUT MEDIEVAL FARMING (and/or historical farming because some of these are earlier)
So the Romans are usually credited with bringing the coulter (a sharp knife at the end of a plough) to the Celts, but there's evidence the Celts already had this technology due to 7th century carvings found on a rock in Val Camonica. Pliny also wrote that the Celts in Raetia invented the wheeled plough
Also! Apparently ploughs were usually shared throughout villages and were kept at the church to be rented out accordingly
The Celts also had a harvesting machine as early as the 2nd century!! The Celts called it a messor (and the Romans called it a vallus) but its essentially a cart with "teeth" on it and as it's pulled through a field (by oxen) the grain/corn would be pulled through said teeth and the ear would be torn off the stalk and fall into the cart
Another neat thing I found was how the Celts stored their grain!! They would place the harvested grain in souterrains- which were large holes dug into rock (usually chalk) and then covered and sealed with moist clay and then topped w soil. Apparently as the grain is exposed to the damp walls they germinate and use up all the oxygen while also releasing carbon dioxide which causes the grain to sit in a sort of suspended animation, keeping it preserved.
They also used small, raised granaries as a storage method, but I think the souterrain is cooler. You can also make silage with a souterrain!! (silage is fermented grass to feed your animals as a supplement to Hay)
Also Hay is just dried grass. I always thought it was a grain or something like wheat. But no, it's dried grass. Also you can't harvest hay if it rains. You need like a week of good weather so the hay can dry out before you bundle it and deposit into a barn/hut/loft
I also learned there's different farming. You can do pastoral or arable farming (or some combination of the two.) But pastoral farming is about cultivating animals and arable farming is about growing crops, and what you focused on tended to be dictated by the landscape. Steep areas are hard to grow crops on, so you'd focus on animals (especially ones that do good with unsure footing like sheep and goats.) But if you have nice weather and flatter land then you'd focus on growing crops
I'm planning to place this story in a setting similar to the Alps, and they have a fun tradition where in the spring they migrate their cattle to higher altitudes (the actual alps) so they can graze in high altitude pastures during the summer (there's also a lot of cheese making during this time,) and then during the fall the cows migrate back down to the valley before it gets too cold
Oh, and this is a silly tidbit; but apparently Julius Ceaser thought the Celts regarded chickens as holy and thought that they never ate them. The Celts did eat their chickens (waste not want not and all that.) They also used to host chicken fights
I've learned a lot more than this, but these are the best tidbits
Thank you for asking!! This was my favorite ask to get!!
...This Drusus, while holding the offices of quaestor and praetor, was in charge of the war in Raetia and later of that in Germany. He was the first of Roman generals to sail the northern Ocean, and beyond the Rhine with prodigious labour he constructed the huge canals which to this very day are called by his name. Even after he had defeated the enemy in many battles and driven them far into the wilds of the interior, he did not cease his pursuit until the apparition of a barbarian woman of greater than human size, speaking in the Latin tongue, forbade him to push his victory further. For these exploits he received the honour of an ovation with the triumphal regalia; and immediately after his praetorship he became consul and resumed his campaign, but died in his summer camp, which for that reason was given the name of "Accursed."... (Suetonius: Life of Claudius)
Ewan Horrocks as Nero Claudius Drusus in Domina Season 2
Dislikes: arguing, being ordered around (cough Rome), her brother's stubbornness
Reason of d3ath:
-histocial: fall of the Roman empire as she was made a province and got romanized, so the province didn't quite survive long on its own
-symbolized within Hetalia: After disappearing in the forests she eventually dr0wned in the danube hence Roderich's deep rooted fear of aquatic animals, deep waters etc.
Headcanons and some history stuff:
-The name Noreia was taken from the Celtic mother godess and godess of mining called "Noreia". (The historical deity "Noreia" was probably sth the Roman came up with tho) Noreia is also the name of a "possible" "capital" (difficult situation there) of Noricum. As she's a personification and one of the first that existed around this area, her people probably treated her like a deity or a queen.
-Noricum is Austria's biological mother as she was the first "country-like" political system on nowadays Austrian ground. She is Germania's sister as we found out in Hetalia Collezione that Austria is a cousin to Germany and Prussia.
-Her birthplace is Hallstatt (because Hallstatt culture) in the south of Upper Austria. She and later on Roderich (who hasn't gained a nation status/name yet, he was merely Roderich, the son of Noricum)
-She had a close friendship with Rome. They met through trading. Rome was interested in her iron and gold and Noricum found a liking in Roman luxury. They became friends personally and economically. In 170 BC they had a formal tribe alliance called "hospitium publicum". Germania was quite sceptical of Noricum's and Rome's relationship.
-Around 49 BC, after the Caesar vs Pompeius stuff, Noricum was annexed by the Romans and became a Roman province. The annexion happened without bloodshed (usually wasn't the case) and she still had some sort of autonomy within the empire. But then the Noric people started to riot as their living condition started to worsen. That means the longer Noricum was actually around Rome the more they fought with each other.
-When Rome fell, she d!ed rather quickly as well. She appeared rather silent and triste and not like the usual quite lively woman she was before.
-After her death Austria was left with the Avars, Bavarians and Slavs that settled in the area, after king Odoaker kicked the Celtic-Roman population out from the area.
-Noricum's neighbours and friends were Pannonia and Raetia, both were female provinces. Noricum also lived with Illyria sometimes as Rome partitioned her into two parts.
-Her relationship with her brother was alright but they frequently argued. Siblings. She probably adored her nephews as well and coddled them just like she coddled Austria a bit too much.
-Despite not appearing like it from the outside, she was physically quite strong and good at swordfighting. Also, she liked to drink a lot.
-She had two horses from the Noriker race with the name Epona (horse godess, also because I like The Legend of Zelda lol) and Vibes (source deity). When Roderich grew older he learnt how to ride a horse and how to treat them. Epona became his horse.
-Noreia was a rather creative person and she sang a lot to and with her son. Roderich takes after her regarding his love for music.
-Roderich fell into the danube once and almost drowned and got bitten by some aquatic animals. Yeah that's it. That's the headcanon and Noricum had to pull him out of the water.
-After her death, Austria was brought to Germania and he cared for his nephew.
-A sad hc but: Austria probably forgot his mother for a long time due to many reasons (I still need to do research, I know where the book is that I wanna use as a source but I didn't have time yet) but when he finally remembered her he felt so unbelievably miserable and guilty about it because he definitely was a mama's boy growing up.
Wir haben es tatsächlich geschafft! Wir sitzen im Flieger! Juchu! Namibia wir kommen!
Abflug ist wieder einmal ab Frankfurt, jedoch nicht mit Air Namibia, da diese wegen finanzieller Schwierigkeiten nicht mehr fliegt. Wir werden es dieses Mal mit Eurowings Discover versuchen. Wir sind gespannt!
Heute Nachmittag machten wir uns auf den Weg in Richtung Frankfurt. Wir fuhren frühzeitig los, denn bekanntlich ist die A 45 mit diversen maroden Brücken bestückt.
Seit nunmehr 2 Jahren ist die Autobahn A45 bei Lüdenscheid komplett gesperrt. Grund ist die Sperrung der Brücke Rahmede, an der im Dezember 2021 massive Schäden entdeckt wurden.
Der Verkehr der gesperrten Talbrücke Rahmede wird seit Dezember 2021 über Umleitungen durch das Stadtgebiet von Lüdenscheid geführt. Für den Verkehr und die Region hat das schwere Folgen. Entsprechend muss der Zeitbedarf auf der Strecke kalkuliert werden.
Gegen 17 Uhr kamen wir an unserer Lieblings-Raststätte Taunusblick an. Hier machen wir immer Rast, wenn nicht gerade irgend eine Pandemie die Republik lahm legt.
Wer auf der A5 in Richtung Frankfurt unterwegs ist, ist sicherlich schon an der Raststätte Taunusblick vorbeigedüst. Von der Raststätte hat man einen tollen Blick auf die Frankfurter Skyline!
Wer die Strommasten nicht ignorieren kann, der dreht sich einfach um! Denn warum heißt der Taunusblick Taunusblick? Genau! Von der anderen Seite sieht man auf den Taunus. Ein Fernrohr zum Füttern mit Münzen ist auch vorhanden.
Unten kann man ins Restaurant gehen, einen Imbiss oder Kaffee einnehmen oder einfach weiterfahren. Das Restaurant hat übrigens nicht mehr diese Monitore für die aktuelle Ankünfte und Abflüge am Frankfurter Flughafen. Sehr schade, wir wussten diesen Service immer sehr zu schätzen!
Die Raststätte wurde ursprünglich von amerikanischen Streitkräften als Tankstelle betrieben und in den 2000er Jahren zu einer zivilen Anlage umgebaut und ausgebaut.
Die Nähe zum römischen Grenzwall Limes war für die Gestaltung des Turms ausschlaggebend. Für den hohen Stahlbau stand ein römischer Limes-Turm (Beobachtungsturm) Pate.
Der Begriff Limes bedeutete ursprünglich "Grenzweg" bzw. "Schneise" und bezeichnet einen von den Römern angelegten Grenzwall an den Reichsgrenzen. In Deutschland ist mit "Limes" der obergermanische und der raetische Limes gemeint. Die beiden Limesabschnitte sind nach den angrenzenden römischen Provinzen Germania Superior (Obergermanien) und Raetia (Rätien) benannt.
Der Limes ist gegen Ende des 1. Jahrhunderts n.Chr. errichtet worden. Mit seinen knapp 550 Kilometern Länge ist er das größte Bodendenkmal Mitteleuropas und ein eindrucksvolles Beispiel römischer Besitzansprüche. Es sollte eine klare Grenzlinie zwischen den römisch kontrollierten Provinzen und den Gebieten außerhalb des Imperium Romanum gezogen werden.
Insgesamt 900 Wachtürme mit einer Besatzung von bis zu acht Mann wurden entlang der Grenze aufgestellt. Die Besatzung der in Sichtweite voneinander aufgestellten Türme hatte die Aufgabe, mögliche Einfälle frühzeitig zu beobachten und mittels Rauchzeichen zu melden. Im Hinterland der Grenze wurden im Abstand von einigen Kilometern 120 kleinere und größere Kastellanlagen errichtet.
Nach weiteren 15 Minuten kamen wir am Frankfurter Flughafen. Dort hatten wir bereits frühzeitig im Parkhaus am Terminal 1, dem Hauptterminal, einen Parkplatz zum Frühbuchertarif reserviert.
Glücklicherweise waren die Schlangen an den Schaltern beim Check-in nicht sehr lang.
Wie immer haben die Business & First Class Gäste eigene Schalter. Da ist die Lage immer deutlich entspannter. Man ist freundlich und hilfsbereit.
Die Business Class war bis auf wenige Plätze komplett ausgebucht. Da waren wir doch erstaunt.
Wir richten uns ein, machen es uns gemütlich.
Und schaffen es tatsächlich auch ein paar Stunden zu schlafen.
Frühstück gab es dann um kurz vor 8 Uhr, da waren wir noch über Angola. Gegen 10 Uhr landeten wir dann auf dem Flughafen von Windhoek.
The Merovingian dynasty was the ruling family of the Franks from the middle of the 5th century until 751. They first appear as "Kings of the Franks" in the Roman army of northern Gaul. By 509 they had united all the Franks and northern Gallo-Romans under their rule. They conquered most of Gaul, defeating the Visigoths (507) and the Burgundians (534), and also extended their rule into Raetia (537). In Germania, the Alemanni, Bavarii and Saxons accepted their lordship. The Merovingian realm was the largest and most powerful of the states of western Europe following the breaking up of the empire of Theodoric the Great. Wiki
Mein nächste Ziel führt einen grünen Lindwurm im Wappen. Der soll nämlich dort sein Unwesen getrieben haben und dort zahlreiche Schafe, Kälber und Jungfrauen verschlungen haben. Nach dem Mahle nahm er im nahen See ein Bad, trank sich am Seewasser satt und verzog sich auf seine Insel. Der Kaiser lobte eine große Belohnung für denjenigen aus, der dem Untier der Gar ausmachen könnte: zum Ritter, gar…
Fresco from a late antique villa (the so-called "House of the Deceiver") at Dura-Europos, depicting the obscure Roman emperor Marcus Gaius Lucius Titus Caesar (r. 254 CE), known to historians by his nickname "Maxipollex". Originally an army commander in the province of Raetia, Maxipollex claimed the throne during the so-called "third-century anarchy" by virtue of his exceptionally large thumbs, which made him easy to spot when signaling life or death to gladiators in the arena. Though he proved popular with Senate and people alike, Maxipollex's reign ended after just three months, when he poked his own eye out while shaving and was forced to abdicate.
The provinces Noricum, Raetia, and Dacia served as a buffer protecting Roman Empire against any possible outside threat. However, the region posed several internal problems for Rome: Pannonia and its ally Dalmatia rebelled against Roman occupancy, causing a three-year war, and Moesia was invaded by the Dacians during the reigns of both Domitian (r. 81-96 CE) and Trajan (r. 98-117 CE).
Lastly, during the 2nd and 3rd centuries CE, the region was repeatedly invaded by the Goths, Alemanni, and Marcomanni. While Noricum, Raetia, and Dacia provided a buffer between Rome and the Germanic tribes to the north, in time, they succumbed to the invaders they were supposed to keep out.
The Province of Noricum
Located in the eastern Alps between Raetia and Pannonia, its ideal location south of the Danube and rich deposits of iron ore and gold made Noricum a valuable asset to the coffers of the Roman Empire. The discovery of gold in the 2nd century BCE had drawn Roman settlers into the region only to be quickly expelled by the native Taurisci. However, Roman merchants continued to conduct business through small trading settlements. Always viewed as an ally, the region was finally conquered in 16 BCE during the reign of Roman emperor Augustus (r. 27 BCE to 14 CE). However, unlike other provinces, it did not receive a legion of its own – Legio Italica II – until the reign of Marcus Aurelius (161-180 CE). The province was later divided into two – Noricum Ripensis and Noricum Mediterranean – by Diocletian (284-305 CE). It was invaded by northern Germanic tribes and abandoned in the 5th century CE.