#Stratospheric Aerosol Injection

[skyovereuropeldkde]

A combustible composition for generating aerosols for the control and modication of weather conditions consisting of a readily oxidizable substance selected from the group consisting of aluminum, magnesium, alkalimetals and alkaline earth metals.

[gusty-wind]

CHEMTRAIL = STRATOSPHERIC AEROSOL INJECTION (SAI) A WEATHER ENGINEERING / MANIPULATION PROGRAM TO CONTROL WEATHER.

[manfrommars2049]

Stratospheric Aerosol Injection by Eric He via ImaginaryTechnology

[us-cj]

Chemtrails aka stratospheric aerosol injection

[alphaman99]

Very interesting…..

What NASA and the European Space Agency have concluded about

our current heat wave

By Thomas Lifson

The American Thinker

July 31, 2023

The current heat wave is being relentlessly blamed on increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, but there is a much more plausible explanation, one that is virtually endorsed by two of the world's leading scientific organizations. It turns out that levels of water vapor in the atmosphere have dramatically increased over the last year and a half, and water vapor is well recognized as a greenhouse gas, whose heightened presence leads to higher temperatures, a mechanism that dwarfs any effect CO2 may have.

So why has atmospheric water vapor increased so dramatically? Because of a historic, gigantic volcanic eruption last year that I — probably along with you — had never heard of. The mass media ignored it because it took place 490 feet underwater in the South Pacific. Don't take it from me; take it from NASA:

When the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcano erupted on Jan. 15, it sent a tsunami racing around the world and set off a sonic boom that circled the globe twice. The underwater eruption in the South Pacific Ocean also blasted an enormous plume of water vapor into Earth's stratosphere — enough to fill more than 58,000 Olympic-size swimming pools. The sheer amount of water vapor could be enough to temporarily affect Earth's global average temperature.

"We've never seen anything like it," said Luis Millán, an atmospheric scientist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California. He led a new study examining the amount of water vapor that the Tonga volcano injected into the stratosphere, the layer of the atmosphere between about 8 and 33 miles (12 and 53 kilometers) above the Earth's surface.

In the study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, Millán and his colleagues estimate that the Tonga eruption sent around 146 teragrams (1 teragram equals a trillion grams) of water vapor into Earth's stratosphere — equal to 10% of the water already present in that atmospheric layer. That's nearly four times the amount of water vapor that scientists estimate the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption in the Philippines lofted into the stratosphere.

NASA published the above in August 2022. Half a year later, a newer study increased the estimate of the water vapor addition to the atmosphere by 30%. From the European Space Agency:

In a recent paper published in Nature, a team of scientists showed the unprecedented increase in the global stratospheric water mass by 13% (relative to climatological levels) and a five-fold increase of stratospheric aerosol load — the highest in the last three decades.

Using a combination of satellite data, including data from ESA's Aeolus satellite, and ground-based observations, the team found that due to the extreme altitude, the volcanic plume circumnavigated the Earth in just one week and dispersed nearly pole-to-pole in three months.

Another scientific paper explains the "net warming of the climate system" on a delayed basis. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory further explains:

Volcanic eruptions rarely inject much water into the stratosphere. In the 18 years that NASA has been taking measurements, only two other eruptions — the 2008 Kasatochi event in Alaska and the 2015 Calbuco eruption in Chile — sent appreciable amounts of water vapor to such high altitudes. But those were mere blips compared to the Tonga event, and the water vapor from both previous eruptions dissipated quickly. The excess water vapor injected by the Tonga volcano, on the other hand, could remain in the stratosphere for several years.

This extra water vapor could influence atmospheric chemistry, boosting certain chemical reactions that could temporarily worsen depletion of the ozone layer. It could also influence surface temperatures. Massive volcanic eruptions like Krakatoa and Mount Pinatubo typically cool Earth's surface by ejecting gases, dust, and ash that reflect sunlight back into space. In contrast, the Tonga volcano didn't inject large amounts of aerosols into the stratosphere, and the huge amounts of water vapor from the eruption may have a small, temporary warming effect, since water vapor traps heat. The effect would dissipate when the extra water vapor cycles out of the stratosphere.

So there you have it: we are in for extra atmospheric heat "for several years" until the extra water vapor injected by this largest-ever-recorded underwater volcano eruption dissipates.

Jeff Childers, who brought these scientific data to my notice, writes:

Here's why corporate media is ignoring the most dramatic climate event in modern history: because you can't legislate underwater volcanoes. You can try, but they won't listen. So what's the fun in that? Corporate media only exists to further political ends. Since volcanoes aren't subject to politics, why bother?

See? But though scientists are baffled, corporate media and its repulsive allies are busily blaming ocean warming on carbon dioxide — a ludicrous notion.

[currentclimate]

Brightening clouds is one of several ideas to push solar energy back into space — sometimes called solar radiation modification, solar geoengineering, or climate intervention. Compared with other options, such as injecting aerosols into the stratosphere, marine cloud brightening would be localized and use relatively benign sea salt aerosols as opposed to other chemicals.

[beautiful-story]

EyesIsWatchin Podcast #122 - Catastrophic Contagion, 5G Nanotech, Stratospheric Aerosol Injection

🇨🇦👀🌍

[pabs-art]

Sorry to be so incredibly one-track minded, but does Tul get to be part of the whole Ryzaman situation as well?

This is a pretty exciting question, since I actually tied Tul's origins to the Ryzaman lore shortly after conceptualizing him. Details under the read more.

So Tul's origins need a bit of a preamble on the antagonists in the Ryzaman storyline. Ryzaman, being a hero empowered to defeat threats to the Sun's ability to shine on earth. As such, I made the antagonist organization a scientific research organization researching global dimming through stratospheric aerosol injection. To summarize the wikipedia articles I linked, the end goal is to suppress rising temperatures on earth by literally dimming the amount of light coming in. This occurs naturally sometimes; volcanic eruptions, for example, send massive quantities of sulfur into the stratosphere and achieve the same effect. Unfortunately, since Ryzaman's life force is literally tied to the sun, extensive global dimming would actually kill him, which is why he's motivated to fight.

The organization is called White Dusk. It's secret organization sponsored by the UN to produce a global dimming solution that would combat climate change in the short term, led by the mad doctor Rayhawk Bastille. Dr Rayhawk eventually created "smart" concentrations of various chemicals which would be sent to the stratosphere to dim the sun's light, eventually turning the evening sky white, hence the name of the organization. Ryzaman is unaware of their existence, at least initially.

Dr Bastille's research lead him to develop entities called Aerosats, creatures made from refractive substances that would spread themselves out naturally. However, the poor quality of the rockets used to deliver them into the stratosphere and the imperfect development of the Aerosats meant they never properly reached their targets and had limited effects on global dimming. Instead, they began to spread in urban areas, wreaking havoc. This is where Ryzaman comes in, and would defeat them. From the perspective of White Dusk, however, they simply understood their experiment had failed and had limited results, and thus tried again with more drastic materials.

Eventually, White Dusk learned of Ryzaman's existence, as well as why their research attempts were failing. After this, Dr Bastille wanted to capture Ryzaman, hoping to use Ryzaman's ability to manipulate the sun's power for the benefit of humanity. To this end, he made the Aerosats more sophisticated. Tul was developed when Dr Bastille reverse-engineered the process which animated Pabs, and gave Tul the ability to control water to reduce moisture in the stratosphere, also achieving Global Dimming. Ryzaman managed to defeat Tul after a difficult fight.

Now, Tul just hangs around and tries to find his own way in life. Tul's more sociable than his origins would suggest, although he still tries to antagonize and fight Pabs whenever they meet.

[spacetimewithstuartgary]

Earth’s Limb with a Crescent Moon An astronaut onboard the International Space Station (ISS) took this photograph of Earth’s horizon—also known as Earth’s limb—and a cross-section of atmospheric layers. With a waxing crescent moon above, the ISS was located over the southwestern Pacific Ocean about 1100 kilometers (700 miles) east of New Zealand. The lowest layer of the atmosphere, known as the troposphere, shows orange and red hues because particles of dust, smoke, and smog scatter these wavelengths of light. It is also known as the “weather layer” because it is where almost all cloud and weather systems operate. Clouds appear as dark streaks in the photo, especially on the right side. The troposphere is roughly 15 kilometers (10 miles) thick and supports most life on Earth. Astronauts and researchers use the characteristic “warm” colors, combined with its distinct upper surface, as the visual indicators of this layer. Directly above the troposphere, but less dense, is the stratosphere. This blue layer is usually cloud-free and extends as much as 50 kilometers (30 miles) above the surface of Earth. The region directly above the stratosphere is known as the mesosphere. Scientists are interested in documenting the rare occasions when aerosols and moisture penetrate the stratosphere because of the heating and cooling effects these can have for the Earth. In 1991, for example, Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines erupted with such force that it injected ash well into the stratosphere. The volcanic ash particles circled the Earth for months; astronauts were able to photograph two dark ash layers at 20–25 kilometers altitude two months after the eruption. Ash in the stratosphere can cool the Earth slightly for weeks and even months after major eruptions. Astronaut photograph ISS066-E-86970 was acquired on December 6, 2021, with a Nikon D5 digital camera using a focal length of 200 millimeters. It is provided by the ISS Crew Earth Observations Facility and the Earth Science and Remote Sensing Unit, Johnson Space Center. The image was taken by a member of the Expedition 66 crew. The image has been cropped and enhanced to improve contrast, and lens artifacts have been removed. The International Space Station Program supports the laboratory as part of the ISS National Lab to help astronauts take pictures of Earth that will be of the greatest value to scientists and the public, and to make those images freely available on the Internet. Additional images taken by astronauts and cosmonauts can be viewed at the NASA/JSC Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth. Caption by Justin Wilkinson, Texas State University, JETS Contract at NASA-JSC.

[jcmarchi]

Can ‘Super Volcanoes’ Cool the Earth in a Major Way? A New Study Suggests No. - Technology Org

New Post has been published on https://thedigitalinsider.com/can-super-volcanoes-cool-the-earth-in-a-major-way-a-new-study-suggests-no-technology-org/

Can ‘Super Volcanoes’ Cool the Earth in a Major Way? A New Study Suggests No. - Technology Org

Some 74,000 years ago, the Toba volcano in Indonesia exploded with a force 1,000 times more powerful than the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. The mystery is what happened after that.

Quizapu Volcano, Chile. Image credit: Kevin Krajick/Earth Institute

Regarding the most powerful volcanoes, researchers have long speculated how post-eruption global cooling—sometimes called volcanic winter—could potentially threaten humanity after a so-called super eruption. Previous studies have agreed that some planet-wide cooling would occur, but they have diverged on how much. Estimates have ranged from 3.6 to 14 degrees F (2 to 8 degrees C).

In a new study published in the Journal of Climate, a team from NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies, an affiliate of the Columbia Climate School, used advanced computer modelling to simulate super-eruptions like the Toba event. They found post-eruption cooling would probably not exceed 2.7 degrees F (1.5 C) for even the most powerful blasts.

“The relatively modest temperature changes we found most compatible with the evidence could explain why no single super eruption has produced firm evidence of global-scale catastrophe for humans or ecosystems,” said lead author Zachary McGraw, a postdoctoral researcher at Goddard and Columbia.

To qualify as a super eruption, a volcano must release more than 240 cubic miles (1,000 cubic kilometers) of magma. These eruptions are extremely powerful, and rare. The most recent super eruption occurred more than 22,000 years ago in New Zealand. The best-known example may be the eruption that blasted Yellowstone Crater in Wyoming about 2 million years ago.

McGraw and colleagues set out to understand what was driving the big divergence in model temperature estimates, because models are the main tool for understanding climate shifts that happened too long ago to leave clear records of their severity. They settled on a variable that can be difficult to pin down: the size of the microscopic sulfur particles that eruptions inject miles high into the atmosphere.

In the stratosphere (about 6 to 30 miles up), sulfur dioxide gas from volcanoes undergoes chemical reactions to condense into liquid sulfate particles. These particles can influence surface temperature on the Earth in two counteracting ways: by reflecting incoming sunlight (causing cooling) or by trapping outgoing heat energy (a kind of greenhouse warming effect).

Over the years, the known cooling effect has spurred questions about how humans might turn back global warming by intentionally injecting aerosol particles into the stratosphere.

The researchers in the new study showed to what extent the diameter of volcanic aerosol particles might influence post-eruption temperatures. The smaller and denser the particles, the greater their ability to block sunlight. But estimating the size of particles is challenging because previous super eruptions have not left reliable physical evidence. In the atmosphere, the size of the particles change as they coagulate and condense. Even when particles fall back to Earth and are preserved in ice cores, they don’t leave a clear-cut physical record, because of mixing and compaction.

By simulating super eruptions over a range of particle sizes, the researchers found such eruptions may not be capable of altering global temperatures much more than the largest eruptions of modern times. For instance, the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines caused a drop in global temperatures of about 1 degree F over two years.

Luis Millán, an atmospheric scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, who was not involved in the study, said that the mysteries of super-eruption cooling invite more research. He said the way forward is to conduct a comprehensive comparison of models, as well as more laboratory and model studies on the factors determining volcanic aerosol particle sizes.

Given the ongoing uncertainties, Millán added, “To me, this is another example of why geoengineering via stratospheric aerosol injection is a long, long way from being a viable option.”

Source: Columbia University

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[namastefamily]

Samedi

From ‘google’ intel agencies – note the date of 2017 “What is the largest geoengineering project? US scientists are set to send aerosol injections 20km up into the earth’s stratosphere in the world’s biggest solar geoengineering programme to date, to study the potential of a future tech-fix for global warming.Mar 24, 2017″ Then look at the : “Weather Modification Information…

[terralinkresearch]

The Potential of Stratospheric Aerosol Injection in Mitigating Ice Sheet Loss

The alarming pace of ice sheet loss driven by climate change has sparked a growing interest in developing innovative solutions to mitigate this pressing environmental issue. Recent modeling analyses have shed light on the potential of stratospheric aerosol injection in stemming ice sheet loss, offering a glimpse of hope in the battle against global warming. Ice sheets, particularly those in…

[justiceheartwatcher]

NH Representatives File Bill To Stop Solar Radiation Modification (SRM) and Other Forms of Weather Engineering Experiments such as Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI) in New Hampshire's Atmosphere

[garythingsworld]

NH Representatives File Bill To Stop Solar Radiation Modification (SRM) and Other Forms of Weather Engineering Experiments such as Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI) in New Hampshire's Atmosphere | The Gateway Pundit | by Guest Contributor