#Term 1 sample paper for class 12 | Explore Tumblr posts and blogs

carly-they-jepsen · 5 years ago

Text

RWRB Timeline

I originally worked out the timeline for Sep. 27, 2020, and when people suggested I post it on tumblr, I said fuck it and did the whole book.

Go big or go home, right?

I have spent the past 3 days working on this. It’s half summaries of the events of the days in order, and half “here’s a one sentence summary of the day”.

Whenever possible, I’ve detailed out when things happen by the hour, like the day at Wimbledon, or the email leak day, including guesstimations on flight times, and what time EST and BST Alex is taking off and landing. I often forgot to add vague things like “morning” in, so sorry about that.

I’ve bolded all the dates I’m sure of.

Bold and italics means an official date: emails, text threads, tweets, holidays, Georgetown, etc.

Two asterisks ** = official dates.

Just bold means a day I’m sure of, based off of official dates: Two weeks later, day one post lake house, “a tuesday”, etc.

One asterisk: * = something I’m sure of based on official dates.

I’ve also bolded days of the week I’m sure of, even if I’m not certain of the date.

I’ve left a few things vague. Like, October 2020 is a lot of “sometime between these days, this happened”. Feel free to pick a day in that range to your heart’s content.

If you don’t like the day I picked for little things like Bea walking in on face time, or coming out to June, feel free to change it.

I didn’t bold everything I’m certain on, as I technically don’t have textual evidence to back it up. (Things like the wedding day, Alex and Henry’s texts at in the beginning, some things during the campaign.)

I’m 100% willing to answer questions on why I chose certain days, and any other questions or comments you may have!

MAJOR SPOILERS AHEAD

**Aug. 28, 2019 (Wed.) — Alex starts classes at Georgetown, Winter Semester 2019

Sep. 7-Sep. 8, 2019 (Sat.-Sun.) (p. 5-6) — Alex and June attend an event and listen to an hour and a half of speeches about carbon emissions. June is whisked away to a star studded gala. Alex shows up to the presidential suite with a bottle of champagne. Around 4 a.m. Alex leaves after fake hooking up with Nora.

Sep. 12, 2019 (Th.) (p. 3-8) — June and Alex go over the tabloids. Alex has been working on a research paper all week

Sep. 13, 2019 (Fri.) (p. 8-12) — The US crew flies to London.

6 a.m. EST: Take off.

5 p.m. BST: Land in London. (Wiggle the take off time to your heart’s content. Flight is around 6 hours give or take for Air Force 1, plus time to and from the airport, plus the time change. The flight time is “11 hours” with the time change if that helps you calculate the landing time in London.) They potentially have 1-2 appearances that evening.

Sep. 14, 2019 (Sat.) (p. 12-20) — The royal wedding. The US crew has 1-2 appearances before arriving at the ceremony. The ceremony happens. Reception happens at a Buckingham ballroom. The White House Trio chats, Henry dances with June. Alex finds Henry hovering by the champagne fountain and they argue. Alex trips over his own foot and crashes into the $75k wedding cake, pulling Henry down with him.

Sep. 16, 2019 (Mon.) (p. 21-27) — Alex gets chewed out over the Incident by Zahra and the President in a White House briefing room. He gets told he will be leaving Saturday to make nice with Henry in England.

Sometime between Mon. Sep. 16 and Fri. Sep. 20, 2019 (p. 27-32) — Alex, Nora, and June meet in the Whitehouse and go over the HRH Prince Henry Fact Sheet. Alex bemoans the fact that he just finished his midterms.

Sep. 21, 2019 (Sat.) (p. 32-37) — Alex leaves in the early a.m. EST and arrives late afternoon/early evening in London. (11-12 hour difference in takeoff time to landing time. Note, this is just DC to Lon., not the other way round.). Meets Henry at the stable and a royal photographer takes pictures.

Sep. 22, 2019 (Sun.) (p. 37-53) — 12:00 a.m.: Alex is wide awake and goes into the kitchen for a snack. Henry stumbles in, and Alex posts a photo of them with their ice cream on Instagram.

9 a.m.: Interview with The Morning.

Afternoon meeting with cancer patients. Alex and Henry spend some time in the closet chatting after fireworks are mistaken for gunshots. Before his flight home, Alex puts his number in Henry’s phone. Likely lands around 7-8 p.m. EST.

Sep. 27, 2019 (Fri.) (p. 54-61) — Alex has a lecture on presidential sex scandals. Texts Nora about the probability of one of them having a sex scandal by the end of the second term and she replies with 94% and a link to a gifset of Henry and Alex at The Morning where someone has commented “omfg make out already”. Alex meets with Rafael Luna after his class.

Sometime between Sep. 27, 2019 (Fri.) and Oct. 6, 2019 (Sun.) (p. 61-68) — June, Alex, Leo, and Ellen have dinner together. June texts Alex to have dinner and he forgets to respond until 1.5 hours later when Ellen texts about family dinner. She offers them jobs in the campaign and June turns it down the next morning.

Oct. 9, 2019 (Wed.) (p. 68) — Henry texts Alex while Alex is in a policy lecture. His opening line is “this bloke looks like you” with a picture of the Ewok Chief Chirpa from Return of the Jedi.

Oct. 16, 2019 (Wed.) (p. 68-69) — Alex finally responds a week later after seeing a headline on the cover of People about Henry in Australia with a photo of him in a pair of minuscule navy swim trunks. “you have a lot of moles. is that a result of the inbreeding?

Oct. 18, 2019 (Fri.) (p. 69) — Henry texts Alex a screenshot of a Daily Mail tweet that says “Is Alex Claremont-Diaz going to be a father?” with the caption “But we were ever so careful, dear.” Henry texts Alex a screenshot of a Daily Mail tweet that says “Is Alex Claremont-Diaz going to be a father?” with the caption “But we were ever so careful, dear.” Alex gets ejected from Zahra’s weekly debriefing meeting with him and June.

Oct. 19-Oct. 28, 2019 (Sat.-Mon.) (p. 69-71) — Henry and Alex text regularly on a variety of topics including family, friends, beer, boats, and Hogwarts houses.

**Oct. 29, 2019 (Tue.) (p. 71-72) — Henry texts Alex about being in a meeting with Philip. Later that night Alex replies, asking what the meeting was about.

**Oct. 30, 2019 (Wed.) (p. 73) — 1:07 p.m. EST Henry and Alex text about Henry’s grey tie in his instagram post.

**Nov. 17, 2019 (Sun.) (p. 74) — 11:04 a.m. EST: Henry receives a box of Ellen Claremont campaign buttons with Alex’s face on them. Sniffer dogs were nearly called after the security theme thought it was a bomb. Alex and Henry text about it.

**Nov. 25, 2019 (Mon.) (p. 75-84) — Alex finds out that the turkeys his mom will be pardoning have been staying in the Willard Hotel on taxpayers dime. He convinces her to put them in his room.

10 p.m. EST/3 a.m. GMT: Alex regrets his decisions. He calls Henry to prove they’re as terrifying as Alex claims and they have a long conversation about the turkeys, Henry’s pets, and how Henry surprises Alex.

**Dec. 8, 2019 (Sun.) (p. 84) — 8:53 p.m. EST: Alex texts Henry about a Bond marathon happening on TV. He asks if Henry knows his dad was a total babe, which Henry replies with “I BEG YOU NOT”

*Dec. 20, 2019 (Fri.) (p. 84-85) — Ellen reads an article in the Post with the headline “Senator Oscar Diaz Returns to DC For Holidays With Ex-Wife President Claremont”. She continues to stress about decorations in the Lincoln Bedroom for Oscar.

*Dec. 21, 2019 (Sat.) (p. 85) — Oscar Diaz arrives at the White House. June nearly breaks a vase launching herself into his arms. Oscar and June disappear to the chocolate shop on the ground floor.

*Dec. 22, 2019 (Sun.) (p. 85-86) — Oscar and Alex bond over a cigar on the Truman Balcony.

*Dec. 23, 2019 (Mon.) (p. 87) — Alex catches Oscar in the kitchens with two of the cooks, laughing and dumping peppers into a pot.

*Dec. 21-23, 2019 (Sat.-Mon.) (p. 86-87) — Alex wishes it could be like this more often and misses having everyone under one roof.

**Dec. 24, 2019 (Tue.) (p. 87-95) — Christmas dinner is held on Christmas Eve so Zahra can still attend. Zahra wears a sensible red turtleneck. Alex wears a sweater covered in bright green tinsel. ‘O Christmas Tree” plays out of a speaker near his armpit when he presses a button on the inside of his sleeve. Dinner conversation moves to the election. Oscar and Ellen argue. Alex loses his temper and leaves.

9:30 p.m. EST/2:30 a.m. GMT: Alex changes into an old lacrosse shirt and calls Henry. Henry is wearing candy cane pjs. Alex tells Henry about the divorce and what happened at dinner and only realizes he’s been talking for an hour when henry says “It sounds like you did your best.) June knocks on the door and Alex hangs up after thanking Henry and wishing him a Merry Christmas.

10:30 p.m.: June and Alex talk about what happened after Alex left and then Alex tells her he was talking to Henry, not Nora.

**Dec. 26, 2019 (Th.) (p. 95-97) — Alex spends the day going over waivers for the “Legendary Balls Out Bananas White House Trio New Year’s Eve Party” aka “The Young America New Year’s Eve Gala” aka “The Millennial Correspondents Dinner”.

Dec. 27, 2019 (Fri.) (p. 96-97) — Alex discovers Henry is coming to the party and bringing Pez when he glances at the final guest list while the Trio are looking at confetti samples and eating cake samples.

**Dec. 31, 2019 (Tue.) (p. 97-103) — Pez posts a picture of him and Henry on a private jet headed to DC with the caption “USA bound! #YoungAmericaGala2019” Pez has dyed his hair pastel pink, and Henry is wearing a grey sweatshirt. Alex texts Henry that he will be wearing a burgundy suit and warns Henry to not attempt to outshine Alex, as he will fail and Alex will be embarrassed for him. Henry replies “Wouldn’t dream of it”. After that the Trio begins getting ready. Nora’s short curls are swept to the side with a matching silver pin to the geometric designs on the bodice of her black dress. June’s gown is midnight blue and perfectly compliments the navy-and-gold color palette they chose for the party.

8 p.m.: Guests begin to arrive. The first wave includes some White House interns, and the daughter of a first time Senator and her girlfriend. The second wave is the politically strategic invites chosen by the press team, and finally the fashionably late, including Minor to mid-range popstars and the children of major celebrities.

Pez and Henry show up. Pez is in a colorful floral print shiny silk bomber jacket. Henry is wearing a simple dark blue suit with a bright coppery-mustard tie in a narrow cut. Alex realizes this is the first time they’ve seen each other in person since their weekend in London and feels like he’s meeting a new person.

There's dancing and mingling, and June makes a speech about the immigration fund they’re supporting with their donations. June and Henry talk at the bar.

The live band breaks and the DJ takes over. Alex finds out Henry hasn’t ever dry humped to “Get Low”. There’s more dancing and crowd pleasers until midnight.

11:59 p.m.: They huddle together for the countdown.

**Jan. 1, 2020 (Wed.) (p. 103-108) — 12:00 a.m. Nora kisses Alex

Alex loses track of things. Alex goes looking for Henry. He eventually finds him under a tree. They talk. Henry is vague and Alex is dummy thicc. Henry calls Alex thick and kisses him. Henry pulls away and disappears from the party.

*Jan. 1-Jan. 4, 2020 (Th.-Sat.) (p. 109) — Alex tries listening in on his mom’s meeting as a distraction but can’t pay attention. Zahra bans him from the West Wing.

*Jan. 5-Jan 7, 2020 (Sun.-Tue.) (p. 109) — Alex studies bills going through Congress and considers making the rounds at the Senate or starting a rumor with Nora, but he has no enthusiasm.

**Jan. 8, 2020 (Wed.) (p. 109) — Alex begins his final semester at Georgetown.

*Jan. 9-Jan. 14, 2020 (Th.-Tue.) (p. 109) — Alex throws himself into classwork, meets with the social secretary to plan his graduation dinner. Henry doesn’t answer his texts.

*Jan. 15, 2020 (Wed.) (p. 110-114) — June is fed up with Alex’s pacing and takes him out for a run. Alex does some introspection. Alex tells his mom he wants to start his campaign job now, instead of waiting until he graduates.

*Jan. 20, 2020 (Mon.) (p. 115) — Alex starts his new job at the campaign offices.

*Jan. 20-Jan. 25, 2020 (Mon.-Fri.) (p. 115-116) — Alex puts 23 hours into his new job and Definitely Does Not Think About Henry.

*Sometime between Jan. 25 and Jan 29, 2020 (Fri.-Wed.) (p. 116-122) — Alex comes out to Nora and tells her about Henry.

*Jan. 30, 2020 (Th.) (p. 122-127) — Alex rushes from work to his lecture and review and returns to the White House in a bad mood. June has the week’s tabloids. Alex freaks out at the idea that Henry is going on a date with a girl. Alex finally realizes he’s not straight. Alex calls Liam.

*Jan. 31, 2020 (Fri.) (p. 128-146) — The state dinner. There's a hot makeout session and Alexander Hamilton watches.

10:48 p.m.: Alex paces around his room.

10:54 p.m. Henry arrives at Alex’s rooms

*Feb. 1, 2020 (Sat.) (p. 122) — Alex has a campaign event in Nebraska

Feb. 13, 2020 (Th.) (p. 146-147) — Henry informs Alex of a charity polo match in Greenwich, Connecticut. That evening, June asks why he’s bailing on the fund-raiser he’s meant to be at

**Feb. 15, 2020 (Sat.) (p. 147-152) — The polo match. Alex spends 4.5 hours driving up, stays for 3 hours, and then drives 4.5 hours back.

**March 3, 2020 (Tue.) (p. 152) — 7:32 p.m. EST: Alex sends Henry an email asking if he will be in Paris for a fundraiser that weekend.

**March 4, 2020, (Wed.) (p. 152-156) — 2:14 a.m.-2:43 a.m.: Henry replies, and eventually concedes after a brief back and forth.

*March 7-8, 2020 (Sat.-Sun.) (p. 157-158) — Henry and Alex have a clandestine hookup in Paris and spend the night together.

*March 8, 2020 (Sun.) (p. 158) — Zahra texts Alex a screenshot of a buzzfeed article about him and Henry.

*March 9-March 27, 2020 (Mon.-Fri.) (p. 158-159) — Alex and Henry continue to text.

Sometime between March 23 and 26, 2020 (Mon.-Th.) (p. 159) — Alex tells Henry about a voter drive he will be attending in NYC at the end of March and Henry re-schedules his visit to NYC for that weekend.

*March 27, 2020 (Fri.) (p. 159) — Alex and Henry celebrate their birthdays with champagne and a buttercream cupcake.

April 1, 2020 (Wed.) (p. 159) — Alex convinces Henry to download Snapchat.

April 4, 2020 (Sat.) (p. 159) — Henry sends a snap of him on a sailboat.

April 5, 2020 (Sun.) (p. 182) — Bea walks in on an after-dark FaceTime session.

April 9, 2020 (Th.) (p. 160) — Henry is right that Remus John Lupin is gay as the day is long and won’t hear a word against it.

April 10, 2020 (Fri.) (p. 161) — June notices the photo of the man with AIDS protesting pinned over Alex’s desk

*April 11, 2020 (Sat.) (p. 162) — Henry and Alex meet at a gala in Berlin. Alex ties Henry’s wrists to the bedpost.

*April 13, 2020 (Mon.) (p. 162-163) — Zahra notices the hickeys on Alex’s neck at the weekly briefing.

*April 25, 2020 (Sat.) (p. 163-173) — Someone paints “Powder Princess” on the side of Bea’s car. Late afternoon EST: Henry and Alex have a phone call largely centered around family.

April 30, 2020 (Th.) (p. 173-182) — 9:44 p.m.: Alex redraws districts in Texas and misses dinner with June. After getting back to the Residence, June reveals she’s known about Alex and Henry the whole time.

*May 2, 2020 (Sat.) (p. 183-185) — 4 a.m. EST/9 a.m. BST: Alex FaceTimes Henry and Pez at Llwynywermod.

**May 1-9, 2020 (Fri.-Sat.) (p. 185) — Georgetown finals week

**May 15, 2020 (Fri.) (p. 186-189) — Alex graduates summa cum laude from Georgetown. Jacinto drops out, making Richards the official Republican nominee. Alex eavesdrops on a conversation between Rafael Luna and Oscar Diaz.

Sometime between May 16 and May 22, 2020 (Sat.-Fri.) (p. 189) — Henry invites the Trio to a fund-raiser in LA the next weekend.

*May 30, 2020 (Sat.) (p. 189-200) — Alex gets lunch with his dad, who changes the subject every time Alex brings up the conversation with Luba. Alex attends the fund-raiser in LA followed by partying. Henry and Alex fuck.

*May 31, 2020 (Sun.) (p. 200-201) — 7:00 a.m.: Alex and Henry wake up. June, Nora, and Pez are heavily implied to have had a threesome. Alex realizes he has friends now.

**June 8, 2020 (Mon.) (p. 202-206) — 3:23 p.m.-7:21 p.m. EST: Henry and Alex exchange emails.

**June 13, 2020 (Sat.) (p. 207) — Alex misses his first DC pride while in Nevada. He “talks to his minibar about it”

*June 20, 2020 (Sat.) (p. 207) — Houston rally at Minute Maid Park.

*June 22, 2020 (Mon.) (p. 207-210) — Alex argues with WASPy Hunter about Texas. Alex looks up LSAT testing centers in DC.

*June 23, 2020 (Tue.) (p. 210-213) — Alex texts the groupchat “3 Geniuses and Alex” with Nora, Bea, and Henry asking where his speech for Milwaukee is.

Sometime between June 24 and July 3, 2020 (Wed.-Fri.) (p. 213) — Alex receives an invitation to Wimbledon

*July 5, 2020 (Sun.) (p. 213) — 10:20 p.m. EST: Alex takes off from DC for London.

**July 6, 2020 (Mon.) (p. 213-221) — Alex spends his one day off from the campaign at Wimbledon with Henry.

10:35 a.m. BST: Alex lands in London.

11:30 a.m.: Alex makes it through customs and Henry and Shaan pick him up at the airport.

12:30 p.m.: Arrival at Wimbledon

1:00 p.m.: The first game at Central Court begins

4:00 p.m.: Philip and Martha show up. Philip is an idiot that says “Morning”. Bea, like a smart person, says “Afternoon”. Henry and Philip argue, and Henry runs off.

4:10 p.m.: Alex finds Henry in the clubhouse

4:12 p.m.: Henry “shows Alex round the clubhouse”. Alex and Henry cum for the first time

After that they go to Kensington. Henry plays the piano for a while. They make out for what could be hours. They move to Henry’s room where Henry, at least, cums for the second time that day. Alex spends almost an hour making Henry cum for a third time. After that, Henry asks Alex to fuck him again, where Henry cums for the fourth time that day, and Alex cums for at least the second time, possibly a third time.

Alex takes hours to sleep.

*July 7, 2020 (Tue.) (p. 221-222) — 9:00 a.m. BST: Alex flies home to DC and lands around 9:10 a.m. EST for DNC prep.

The Richards campaign leaks they’ve tapped an independant.

*July 9, 2020 (Th.) (p. 222) — Claremont campaign releases the official platform.

*July 11, 2020 (Sun.) (p. 221-222) — Richards holds a rally at Vanderbilt University.

**July 14, 2020 (Tue.) (p. 223-224) — The gang flies to NYC on the evening of the second day of the DNC.

9:00 p.m.: The Richards campaign announces that the Independent senator joining Richards’s cabinet is Rafael Luna.

9:15 p.m.: Air Force One lands and the White House crew goes into crisis management meetings. Alex texts Luna “What the fuck”

11:00 p.m.: Luna responds “I don’t expect you to understand”.

*July 15, 2020 (Wed.) (p. 224-234) — 12:00 a.m.: Alex and June leave meetings and get harassed by a Post reporter. June goes to bed, and Alex goes to the bar where he meets Henry. They retire to Alex’s room.

6:45 a.m.: Zahra wakes Alex (and Henry) up, and discovers their relationship.

July 20, 2020 (Mon.) (p. 235-239) — 1:00 p.m.: Alex comes out to his mother.

2:00 p.m. — Ellen gives a PowerPoint presentation, then makes Alex do paperwork and kicks him off the campaign.

**Aug. 10, 2020 (Mon.) (p. 239-247) 1:04 a.m.-8:22 p.m. EST — Henry and Alex exchange emails about the complex nature of their relationship, and Alex extends an invite to the lake house.

*Aug. 22, 2020 (Sat.) (p. 247-257) — Day one of the lake house. The Trio arrive earlier, possibly on Friday. Early morning: They gas up the car before taking it to the hangar to pick up Henry in Austin. 1.5 hours — The drive to the lake. They arrive, Oscar welcomes everyone. Alex barbecues ribs. They spend the evening after dinner singing and playing guitar. Alex and Henry sleep in separate bunks

*Aug. 23, 2020 (Sun.) (p. 257-264) — Day two of the lake house. Alex makes breakfast. In the afternoon, Henry talks to Oscar about boats and outboard motors. They swim. That night, Henry and Alex go skinny dipping

*Aug. 24, 2020 (Mon.) (p. 264-265) — Alex wakes up to find that Henry has left.

*Aug. 25, 2020 (Tue.) (p. 266, 267) — Alex sends five texts to Henry. He also paces on the roof of the residence and wrecks his heels.

*Aug. 26, 2020 (Wed.) (p. 266) — Alex sends two texts to Henry.

*Aug. 27, 2020 (Thu.) (p. 266) — Alex sends no texts to Henry.

*Aug. 28, 2020 (Fri.) (p. 266) — Alex trains himself to check his phone after two hours instead of one.

Sometime between Aug. 25-28 (Tue.-Fri.) (p. 267) — Alex’s Claremont for America mug is smashed in the sink. 2.5 different dreams of Henry’s hair. An email is drafted and deleted.

*Aug. 29, 2020 (Sat.) (p. 267) — Luna makes his fifth campaign stop for Richards. Alex breaks his phone screen and it is replaced by the end of the day.

*Aug. 31, 2020 (Mon.) (p. 267-276) — Alex finds the note Henry left in the pocket of his kimono and smashes his phone.

5:45 a.m. EST/10 a.m. BST: Alex buys first class nonstop tickets for him and Cash and sends Cash a text.

7:45 a.m./12:45 p.m.: Alex and Cash’s flight begins boarding

8:00 a.m./1:00 p.m.: Alex and Cash’s flight leaves Dulles for London. Alex calls Zahra on the runways and asks her to call them a car in London

3:15 p.m./8:15 p.m.: The plane lands and they leave for Kensington

4:00 p.m./9:00 p.m.: They arrive in Kensington.

*Sep. 1, 2020 (Tue.) (p. 276-284) — Henry goes for a run. Philip eats plain toast. They have a conversation in the kitchen. Alex wakes up alone. Henry brings Alex coffee. They spend the day together.

**Sep. 2, 2020 (Wed.) (p. 284-293) — 2:00 a.m.: Henry and Alex sneak out and explore the V&A.

5:00 a.m. EST/10:00 a.m. BST: Alex and Cash’s plane departs from Heathrow to Dulles.

3:00 p.m. EST/8:00 p.m. BST: Alex arrives back home.

5:12 p.m. EST: Alex emails Henry to say he arrived back home

**Sep. 3, 2020 (Th.) (p. 294-297) — 2:49 a.m. EST: Henry replies, mentions he’s considering coming out to Philip and he may have to enlist.

6:20 a.m. EST: Alex responds, worried that Henry might have to enlist. He is supportive of Henry coming out.

**Sep. 4, 2020 (Fri.) (p. 297-304) — 7:58 p.m. EST: Henry says he came out to Philip and talks about putting memories into rooms.

8:31 p.m. EST: Alex responds and sends Henry an incomplete list.

Sep. 14, 2020 (Mon.) (p. 305-310) — Zahra shows up with a diamond ring at the breakfast weekly brief. Footage of Henry and Alex at the DNC is leaked. June posts a photo of her and Henry on instagram and it spreads within hours.

Alex takes Nora on a fake date as Henry flies to DC. Henry lands in the middle of the night.

Sep. 15, 2020 (Tue.) (310-313) — June lets Alex into her SUV in the morning on the way to her fake date with Henry. After an hour at the cafe, Henry and Alex meet in the SUV and kiss. They don’t notice when someone takes pictures

*Sep. 24, 2020 (Th.) (p. 314-318) — Alex meets with Luna and comes out to him. He returns to the residence, attempts to call Henry, and then gets drunk.

**Sep. 25, 2020 (Fri.) (p. 319-321) — 3:21 a.m. EST/8:21 a.m. BST: Alex sends a drunk email.

6:07 a.m./11:07 a.m.: Henry replies.

**Sep. 27, 2020 (Sun.) (p. 321-344) — Email Leak Day

3 a.m. EST/8 a.m. BST: News breaks.

3:23 a.m./8:23 a.m. Zahra wakes Alex up and puts him on communications lockdown. Alex meets with his mom.

6:00 a.m./11:00 a.m.: Philip arrives at Kensington

8:00 a.m./3:00 p.m.: Alex gets out of meetings, starts napping

1:00 p.m./6:00 p.m.: Zahra tells Alex to pack a bag

7:00 p.m./12:00: They arrive at Kensington

11:00 p.m./4:00 a.m.: Alex finally climbs into bed next to Henry.

*Sep. 28, 2020 (Mon.) (p. 344-358) — Philip shows up at Kensington, hair uncombed and suit askew. Philip yells at them in the kitchen about breaking the communication embargo. Henry leaves, and Alex follows and leaves Philip red in the kitchen.

6:00 a.m./11:00 a.m.: They meet with the queen.

Alex takes a photo of a mural and posts it on Twitter on his way to the airplane

**Sep. 29, 2020 (Tue.) (p. 358-367) — 9:15 p.m. Jezebel tweets about DC Dykes on Bikes chasing Westboro Baptist protesters down Pennsylvania Ave.

Alex gets back to DC. Nora comes busting in with proof.

*Sep. 30, 2020 (Wed.) (p. 367-370) — The White House leaks proof of the Richarads campaign stalking, surveilling, hacking, and outing Alex. Rafael Luna announces on twitter he has left the campaign. The podcast Bills, Bills, Bills, records an episode about it.

**Oct. 2, 2020 (Fri.) (p. 370-383) — In the morning, Alex gives his speech, which June wrote. Henry is there to support him. They make out for like 45-55 minutes before the speech. Jeffrey Richards goes on CNN. Alex sees Luna in his office. Luna tells Alex about his past with Richards.

*Oct. 3, 2020 (Sat.) (p. 375) — A crowd at the Mall. Cash, Amy, and Amy’s wife are there.

*Oct. 4, 2020 (Sun.) (p. 383-385, 409) — 7:32 a.m.: The boys wake up.

9:30 a.m.: Henry leaves back to England.

Alex goes back to the campaign trail. Liam calls.

*Oct. 4-10, 2020 (Sun.-Sat.) (p. 389) — The crown makes decisions about what to do about the emails: re Bea's addiction reveal, and Henry enlisting.

Sometime between Oct. 11-17, 2020 (Sun.-Sat.) (p. 391) — Philip has a falling out with the queen and apologizes to Henry and Bea.

Sometime between Oct. 25-31, 2020 (Sun.-Sat.) (p. 386-392) — The photoshoot in Hyde park.

*Nov. 2, 2020 (Mon.) (p. 393-399) — Day before election day. Alex struggles to pick a tie. June gets a book deal. The Trio falls asleep in the bed together.

**Nov. 3, 2020 (Tue.) (p. 400-418) — Election day

Alex votes.

6:00 p.m.: The Trio arrives at the election night event.

6:37 p.m. Henry texts Alex about plane troubles.

7:32 p.m.: Oliver Westbrook from Bills, Bills, Bills tweets about GOPers backing Richards even after everything that’s happened.

8:04 p.m.: 538 politics tweets that they’re confused about Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin being too close to call.

9:15 p.m.: NYT tweets that Claremont is at 178 and Richards is at 113

9:30 p.m.: Ellen worries about losing and asks June to write a concession speech. June refuses. Alex makes a speech. Henry finally arrives.

10:30 p.m.: Richards takes Iowa, Utah, and Montana. Claremont gets California’s 55 electoral votes.

12:00 a.m.: Claremont has the lead. Alex runs into Liam. Florida and Nevada go red.

12:30 a.m.: Texas goes blue.

1:00 a.m.: Alex unlocks the door with the key around his neck.

#rwrb #rwarb #rwrb spoilers #rwrb timeline #alex claremont diaz #prince henry of wales #this is exactly 5k #meta #i guess #long post

198 notes · View notes

sagarrachnagrp · 1 year ago

Text

CBSE Sample Paper Class 12 Economics (EAD) for best results in 2024 Board exams

Together with’ 15+1 CBSE Sample Paper Class 12 2024 Economics has been prepared as per the latest syllabus for Board Exam preparation. EAD Class 12 CBSE Sample Paper includes the Pre Board papers, latest exam paper and Mock test paper for best preparation in terms of results in 2024 board exams.

0 notes

corona-extra-newsletter · 5 years ago

Text

3/16/20 corona extra: cracking open cold covid facts

Announcements & Thank Yous

Thank you to everyone who’s messaged me or sent asks! Specific thanks go to:

@hoothootmotherf-ckers for checking my math on California

@ainwesley for sending me a source for more up to date information about Norway

@sister-cna-reader for sending me a source for Washington State and for suggesting I put closure information in here

Several people for correcting the misinformation I had about Vietnamese tests being ~1 hour, this is not true unfortunately. I apologize for the mistake and will keep you posted on testing developments as they occur.

@halcyonhowl for sending me sources and tips on North Carolina

Twitter users @molly0xFFF and @goblinartificer for helping me with the Wordpress site

Wordpress staff for support

To several other anons for suggesting I include closure/group restriction information, positive news of the day, and numbers of recovered patients. I’ve implemented all of these as much as possible.

If you have reliable information from a good source that I don’t seem to have, please shoot me a message/ask/pigeon!

Places now included in the newsletter are: Montana, Vermont, Delaware, Maryland, Washington, DC, Greece, North Carolina, South Carolina, Connecticut, Alabama, Tennessee, Arizona, Ireland, and Switzerland. Please send an ask or a message if you would like a place included!

There is now good news at the end of the newsletter because this is a lot, all the time. Please take care of your mental health. I am being one with the numbers so you don’t have to follow every minute, panic-inducing development. Also, there is good news related to the pandemic!

I have started a website for the newsletter, which I may be able to update in real-time? Uncertain. At the very least it’ll be a mirror of the tumblr content so you can skip around and not be stuck in scrolling hell since these are all mega chonky. Find it at coronaextranewsletter.com. If you know me from fandom, please be chill about my meatspace identity. Please.

Asks are now on for this blog, which should help things. Please send asks to this blog in the future, thank you!

Just The Numbers

Case numbers

Total cases: 167,511 (13,903 new)

Total deaths: 6,606 (862 new)

Mortality rate: 3.9%

China: 81,077 (29 new) cases, 3,218 deaths (14 new)

Mortality rate: 3.97%

Excluding China: 86,434 cases (13,874 new) and 3388 deaths (848 new)

151 countries/territories reporting cases, 4 are new today including: Uzbekistan (4), Uruguay (4), Rwanda (5), and Seychelles (2)

Rwanda is confirming local transmission at this time

Italy is reporting over 24,000 cases (3500 new) with over 1800 deaths

Iran is reporting approx 15,000 cases with over 800 deaths

South Korea, Spain, and Germany are reporting over 5,000 cases

SK reports 75 deaths/8236 cases

Spain reports 288 deaths/7753 cases

Germany reports 12 deaths/4838 cases

International/General News

Please stop buying toilet paper unless you are actively out of toilet paper. My butt thanks you in advance.

Vaccine testing began today in Seattle, Washington. This is the first phase of vaccine testing, where healthy volunteers take the vaccine to make sure it is safe.

The World Health Organization will stop separating Chinese cases as today is the first day that cases outside China outstripped cases inside China

France is now on lockdown

We are seeing the difference that social distancing can make in this epidemic: look at the difference between European countries that have and have not shut down.

Virology Corner

Today’s topic is recovery from COVID-19: how do we know that you’re recovered and that you’re no longer shedding the virus?

We know from Chinese studies that in people who recover clinically (i.e. when they stop feeling like death’s ass) they can shed virus for up to 20 days from the onset of symptoms. People who die shed virus until after they die.

Fortunately, we have a way of testing for active virus shedding: the same tests we use to detect viral genes at the start of an infection work to show that you are clear of infection!

This is super useful to know because we do not always test for cure in infectious diseases - for example, we don’t usually test flu patients for cure.

It’s pretty clear that when people have two negative tests separated by 24 hours, they are considered “recovered”. That’s the definition the WHO uses, and the one I will use here unless I specify otherwise.

Question Tuesday

Today’s question comes from @dasyuridae: “does the UK’s response make sense?”

HELL NO it does not

That’s the short answer

The long answer is that herd immunity works as a prevention strategy in certain types of infections, and this is not yet that kind of pandemic.

We use herd immunity to prevent against diseases when we have a vaccine for them. By immunizing everyone who can be immunized, we prevent those who cannot be immunized from getting and/or spreading the disease. This is essential to protecting people from things like measles and the flu.

If humans are the only host for a particular virus, we can even use herd immunity to totally delete the disease from planet earth. Ask smallpox. Oh wait. You can’t. We deleted it. (except for the highly secure samples in Russia and the USA, shh)

COVID-19 likely has a reservoir in animals so we can’t delete it, but once we have a vaccine, herd immunity will be awesome for preventing further outbreaks.

To have herd immunity now, likely upwards of 90% of the UK would need to get the virus and recover, thereby developing immunity. That is a bad idea because no health system can handle that.

A better way to do this is what most other countries are doing, mitigating spread by isolating affected people, offering lots of testing, and quarantining areas with lots of asymptomatic spread.

In conclusion, fuck Boris Johnson, he doesn’t understand how epidemiology works and that’s gonna hurt/kill a lot of people.

I have two elderly grandparents in the UK. Fuck Boris.

If you have questions, ask them and they’ll appear here in the next issue of corona extra!

Regional News (if you want somewhere added just let me know. Don’t be shy!! I highly recommend you just skip to your area if you don’t wanna be overwhelmed.)

Canada: last updated 3/16/20 at 9 AM EST

Total cases: 324 confirmed (+75), 17 presumed (+13), 1 death (3/9/20, no change), 5 recovered

Symptoms began for these cases between 1/15 and 3/13

13% of cases have required hospitalization (up from 12%)

74% (down from 79%) of cases are in travellers, and a further 6% in their close contacts

Affected provinces include: Alberta (56, +17), BC (73, +0), Manitoba (7, +3), New Brunswick (6, +4), Newfoundland and Labrador (1, +0), Nova Scotia (5, +2) Ontario (172, +69), PEI (1, +0), Québec (50, +9), and Saskatchewan (6, +4).

Totals here include confirmed and presumptive positives

4 cases in repatriated travellers (no change)

Restrictions/Closures:

No formal restrictions/closures at the federal level

Recommendation to avoid non-essential travel, particularly cruise ships

All international travelers directed to self-isolate for 14 days upon arrival

Alberta: last updated 3/15

56 cases, 17 new, 0 deaths

Community spread confirmed in Calgary

Restrictions/closures

K-12 schools and in-person post-secondary classes/training are closed

Licensed childcare facilities, out-of-school care programs, and preschools are closed indefinitely

British Columbia: last updated 3/14

73 cases, 9 new, 4 recovered, 1 death

Affected public health units include: Fraser, Interior, and Vancouver Coastal

Vancouver coastal has the most cases as far as I can tell

Clusters of infection have been reported at Lynn Valley Care Centre, Hollyburn House Retirement Residence, and Lions Gate Hospital (admin staff).

Manitoba: last updated 3/16 AM

7 cases, 3 new, no deaths

Visitor restrictions for hospitals are in effect

New Brunswick: last updated 3/16 1 PM

6 cases, 4 new on 3/15, no deaths

Affected areas include Zone 3

I don’t live in NB so I have no idea what this is beyond one of at least three zones

Schools are closed starting 3/16 for two weeks

Newfoundland & Labrador

1 case

Sorry that’s all the info I have

Nova Scotia

5 cases

Gatherings over 150 people are disallowed

Casinos are closed starting 3/16; VLTs are not allowed in bars

Childcare facilities are closed starting 3/17 through 4/3

Public schools are closed until 4/6

Long-term care facilities are closed to visitors until further notice

Ontario: last updated 3/16 at 10:30 AM local time

177 cases, 69 new, 5 recovered, no deaths

Affected public health units include: Durham (1), Halton (1), Hamilton (4), Niagara (1), Ottawa (3), Peel (4), Sudbury (1), Toronto (11), Wellington Dufferin Guelph (1), York (5)

Only cases from 3/16 on will be counted under here based on how the site works

P.E.I.: last updated 3/16 AM

1 case, in Queens County, connected to a cruise

Closures/restrictions

Libraries and community events are closed/canceled

Child care facilities are closed for two weeks starting 3/17

Public schools are closed until April 6

Québec: last updated 3/16 AM

50 cases, 9 new, no deaths

Affected regions include: Capitale Nationale (2, +0), Mauricie - Centre du Québec (3, +0), Estrie (3, +0), Montréal (18, +5), Chaudière-Appalaches (4, +1), Lanaudière (3, +1), Laurentides (3, +0), Montérégie (10, +1), and undetermined/outside Québec (4, +1).

State of health emergency as of 3/13

Closures/restrictions

Indoor gatherings of >250 people prohibited, many public buildings closed until further notice

Daycare/childcare facilities and all schools closed until 3/27

Elections scheduled for 3/15 have been rescheduled to after late April

Non-essential visits to hospitals and long-term care institutions are prohibited

Saskatchewan: last updated 3/15

6 cases

Sorry this is all I have right now

Greece: last updated 3/16 at 1:45 pm local time

Note: I do not speak Greek, and I therefore am struggling to find official data from somewhere more granular than the WHO. I’m sourcing most of this from the WHO and from Ekathimerini, but if you know where I can find better/more up to date info, please let me know. Thank you!

331 total cases, 141 new

4 deaths total (1 new on 3/15)

Restrictions/Closures:

All arrivals to the country are required to isolate for 14 days

Parliament has suspended all committee meetings and restricted each party to one MP in attendance at a time

Businesses are closed starting Wednesday 3/18, with the exception of gas stations, pharmacies, and groceries

Supermarkets are restricting the number of patrons to allow 1 person per 10 square meters

Ireland: last updated 3/15

169 total cases, 40 new, 2 total deaths

Deaths occurred on 3/11 and 3/14

Community transmission is confirmed

The following regional breakdown is available of the new cases: 25 eastern, 9 western, 6 southern

Restrictions/Closures

All pubs & bars are closed until March 29. House parties are strongly discouraged.

Schools, colleges, and childcare facilities are closed until March 29

Indoor gatherings of >100 people and outdoor gatherings >500 people are prohibited

State run cultural institutions are closed until further notice

The Netherlands: last updated 3/16 at 2 PM local time

I still do not speak Dutch, please please correct me if I get something wrong!

Seriously this is all run through Google Translate, I won’t take it personally

1413 confirmed cases, 24 deaths

278 new cases, 4 new deaths

Average age of decedents is 79, with a range from 59 to 94

Provinces affected include: Drenthe (16, +1), Flevoland (22, +3), Friesland (13, +3), Gelderland (135, +35), Groningen (10, +1), Limburg (149, +20), North Brabant (554, +108), North Holland (115, +25), Overijssel (36, +8), Utrecht (140, +31), South Holland (136, +26), and Zeeland (17, +1).

I think this is all of them based on a quick Wikipedia investigation?

There are 70 non-residents/unknown location patients

Restrictions/Closures

Schools, restaurants/bars, sports and fitness clubs, sex clubs, saunas, and childcare facilities are closed until April 6

Tae Bo is about to undergo a renaissance, I can feel it. Bring on the 80s outfits and the Jazzercise too!!

New Zealand: last updated 3/16 at 2 pm local time

8 confirmed cases, 2 probable cases

NO NEW CASES, YAY!!

The new patients from 3/15 are doing well and remain in quarantine; one was not hospitalized and the other has been released from hospital

Travel into and out of the country is restricted and those returning from overseas are asked to self-isolate for two weeks.

The Golden Princess has left port and the passenger in question tested negative.

Norway: last updated 3/16 at 8 pm local time

I still don’t speak Norwegian so if I screwed up lemme know

Everyone is still on lockdown, and apparently salty about being banned from their rural cabins

1332 cases, 3 deaths

53 hospitalized, 11 critical

96 new cases during the 24h of March 15

359 cases acquired in Norway, 752 acquired outside of Norway, the rest are undetermined. Community spread is confirmed.

Locations where people became infected include Austria (513), Italy (148), Switzerland (18), UK (14), Spain (14), France (10), USA (7), Iran (5), Germany (5), other countries with more than 3 cases (18), and other countries with less than 3 cases (58).

Breakdown of cases by area: Agder (87, +32), Innlandet (88, +16), Møre og Romsdal (20, +0), Nordland (11, +3), Oslo (292, +11), Rogaland (164, +37), Troms og Finnmark (23, +3), Trøndelag (74, +24), Vestfold og Telemark (69, nice, +21), Vestland (131, +13), and Viken (373, +95)

Yay no new cases in Møre og Romsdal!

Switzerland: last updated 3/16 at 5:45 pm local time

Whole country is on lockdown as of 3/16: no entry or exit until further notice (maximum of 6 months), schools are closed until 4/19, all events are canceled, and all personal service establishments are closed.

1,680 confirmed cases

14 deaths

United Kingdom in general: Last updated 3/16 at 9 AM local time

Boris is still a stupid shit, surprise surprise.

Fuck Boris

He’s ~encouraging~ people to stay home, which is kind of laughable given the severity of the pandemic and how strict other countries are having to be

1,543 total cases (+12.4%), 152 are new today

55 total deaths, 20 new today

England

1,196 total cases, 97 new

Affected UTLAs with at least 10 cases are as follows: Hampshire (55), Kensington & Chelsea (43), Westminster (37), Southwark (33), Hertfordshire (29), Lambeth (26), Barnet (25), Surrey (25), Oxfordshire (23), Camden (22), Hammersmith & Fulham (21), Brent (20), Hackney & City of London (20), Wadsworth (20), Devon (20), Essex (20), Ealing (18), Greenwich (18), Lewisham (17), Haringey (16), Sheffield (15), Birmingham (15), Leeds (14), Harrow (14), Nottinghamshire (14), Hillingdon (13), Hounslow (12), Merton (12), Tower Hamlets (12), Buckinghamshire (12), Cambridgeshire (12), Derbyshire (12), Kent (12), Northamptonshire (12), Walsall (11), Wolverhampton (11), Bromley (11), Islington (11), Sutton (11), Nottingham (10), Brighton & Hove (10), Oldham (10), Barking & Dagenham (10), Cumbria (10)

As things continue to escalate I will figure out a better way to display this

Deaths are not being reported by the PHS but I will do my best to split these out in the next few editions using news reports etc. It will hopefully be included by the 3/18 edition but no promises? If you have a good source for deaths by county/area, please let me know.

Scotland: last updated 3/16 at 2 pm local time

171 cases, 18 new, 1 death

Affected health boards are as follows: Ayrshire and Arran (7, +1), Borders (7, +0), Fife (7, +0), Forth Valley (10, +0), Grampian (12, +0), Greater Glasgow and Clyde (44, +5), Highland (2, +0), Lanarkshire (20, +4), Lothian (29, +1), Shetland (15, +4), and Tayside (17, +2)

Clearly the ones I listed yesterday were not all of them because…

Newly affected health boards are as follows: Dumfries and Galloway (1)

Wales: last updated 3/16 at 11 am local time

124 cases, 30 new

1 death (3/16)

Affected areas include: Blaenau Gwent County (5, +1), Bridgend County (1, +0), Caerphilly County (14, +3), Carmarthenshire County (7, +0), Ceredigion County (1, +0), City & County of Swansea (23, +1), City of Cardiff (11, +3), Conwy County (1, +0), Flintshire County (1, +0), Isle of Anglesey (2, +1), Monmouthshire County (7, +2), Neath Port Talbot (11, +0), Newport City (14, +7), Pembrokeshire (2, +0), Powys County (3, +0), Rhondda Cynon Taf County (2, +0), Torfaen County (2, +0), Vale of Glamorgan County (1, +0), and Wrexham County (2, +1).

Note that some of these numbers have changed more than you might see from looking at yesterday’s report; this is because residential locations of patients are being confirmed. 12 cases remain unlocalized and 2 are residents outside of Wales.

Northern Ireland: last updated 3/16 at 9 am local time

52 cases, 7 new

Health dept is not providing more detail than this at this time as far as I can tell

US in general: updated 3/16 at 4 pm local time (EST for CDC numbers)

3,487 total cases, 1,858 new with 46 states and DC reporting cases.

This is the start of the explosion of cases I’ve been expecting because of increased testing. This is a good sign that we’re catching more cases. It also indicates that there’s been spread going on for a while.

68 deaths, 27 new (1.95% mortality rate)

53 jurisdictions are reporting cases: 49 states, DC, Puerto Rico, Guam, and US Virgin Islands

Only West Virginia continues to not have cases. Impressive.

CDC is now recommending all in person gatherings with more than 50 people be canceled for the next 8 weeks. This sucks for me personally and probably a lot of you all too. Hang in there.

Trump told states that they should “try to get” ventilators and other critical supplies themselves. Fuck him too.

Not that it’s not the states’ jobs too, but also the federal aid and stockpile is like, a huge thing in disaster response (wait, oops, Trump cut that too)

Alabama: updated 3/16 at 1 PM local time

28 cases, no deaths

Affected counties include: Baldwin (1), Elmore (1), Lee (1), Jefferson (17), Limestone (1), Montgomery (1), Shelby (3), and Tuscaloosa (3).

Arizona: updated 3/16 at 11:36 AM

18 cases, no deaths

Affected counties include: Graham (1), Maricopa (8), Pima (4), and Pinal (5)

California: updated around 10 AM PST, 3/15/20

The Governor has recommended the following:

Those with chronic health conditions and those over 65 should shelter in place.

Gatherings over 250 people should be canceled.

Drinking establishments should be closed but restaurants can operate at 50% capacity.

Hospitals and long term care facilities should prohibit visitors except for end of life situations

Total cases not including the ones at Miramar (discussed below): 363, with 6 total deaths

Deaths have occurred in the following counties: Placer (1), Sacramento (2), San Mateo (1), Santa Clara (2)

The following counties report recoveries: Humboldt (1), San Benito (2)

The following counties report numbers of hospitalizations: Los Angeles (2), San Diego (8), Santa Clara (52)

Affected counties include: Alameda (18, +11), Calaveras (2, +0), Contra Costa (34, +5), Fresno (2, +0), Humboldt (1, +0), Imperial (2, +0), Los Angeles (94, +25), Madera (1, +0), Marin (9, +4), Orange (17, +3), Placer (8, +0), Riverside (15, +5), Sacramento (33, +4) San Benito (3, +0), San Diego (33, +25), San Francisco (40, +12), San Joaquin (8, +0), San Luis Obispo (3, +2), San Mateo (41, +9), Santa Clara (138, +47), Santa Cruz (9, +2), Shasta (1, +0), Solano (9, +3), Sonoma (5, +1), Stanislaus (3, +1), Tulare (2, +0), Ventura (5, +0), Yolo (2, +0)

Note regarding San Diego: The four federally quarantined people are not included in the county statistics.

Unaffected counties include: Alpine, Butte, Colusa, Del Norte, El Dorado, Glenn, Inyo, Kern, Kings, Lake, Lassen, Mariposa, Mendocino, Merced, Modoc, Mono, Monterey, Napa, Plumas, Sierra, Siskiyou, Sutter, Tehama, Trinity, Tuolumne, Yuba

Counties with confirmed community transmission include: Los Angeles, Marin, Orange, Riverside, San Francisco, San Joaquin, Santa Clara, Sonoma

Ventura County retested a possible case of community transmission and did not find evidence as of 3/16/20.

Newly affected counties include Amador (1), Nevada (1), San Bernardino (1), Santa Barbara (1)

Closures/Restrictions by County

Alameda: Shelter in Place until 4/7

Contra Costa: Shelter in Place until 4/7

Del Norte: Schools closed through 4/20

El Dorado: Schools closed through 3/20

Marin: Shelter in Place until 4/7

Mendocino: Modified schooling starting 3/17

Mono: Schools closed through 3/30, Alterra Mountain closed

Nevada: Schools are closed until 4/13, libraries closed until 4/12

Riverside: Schools & daycares are closed, gatherings >250 people prohibited

San Benito: Schools are closed

San Francisco: Shelter in Place until 4/7

San Luis Obispo: Alcohol sales on site are banned through 3/18

San Mateo: Shelter in Place until 4/7

Santa Clara: Shelter in Place until 4/7

Santa Cruz: Schools are closed until 3/20

Stanislaus: Gatherings of >1000 people are prohibited indoor and outdoor from 3/16 to 3/31

Tuolumne: Schools are closed from 3/16 to 3/30

Ventura: All schools and public libraries are closed starting 3/16 until further notice

Yolo: Many schools are closed at the local level. The County website has a list of closures: https://www.yolocounty.org/health-human-services/adults/communicable-disease-investigation-and-control/novel-coronavirus-2019

Counties with no closures/restrictions beyond those mandated by the state: Alpine, Amador, Butte, Calaveras, Colusa, Fresno, Glenn, Humboldt, Imperial, Inyo, Kern, Kings, Lake, Lassen, Los Angeles, Madera, Merced, Modoc, Monterey, Napa, Orange, Placer, Plumas, San Bernardino, San Diego, San Joaquin, Santa Barbara, Shasta, Sierra, Siskiyou, Solano, Sutter, Tehama, Trinity, Tulare, and Yuba

Drive through testing is available in Marin County

Colorado - last updated 3/15 at 145 pm local time

131 cases (+30), 1 death

Counties reporting deaths include: El Paso (1)

Affected counties include: Adams (6, +0), Arapahoe (15, +5), Denver (24, +4), Douglas (8, +4), Eagle (22, +4), El Paso (4, +1), Gunnison (8, +2), Jefferson (12, +3), Larimer (1, +0), Mesa (1, +0), Pitkin (2, +0), Pueblo (1, +0), Summit (1, +0), Weld (5, +2), with one case reassigned from Summit to unknown status

Out of state visitors who have tested positive are tallied separately, 15 in total (+0). They are located in the following counties: Pitkin (9), Eagle (2), Routt (1), Denver (1), unknown (2).

Confirmed community spread

Newly affected counties include: Boulder (3), Clear Creek (1),

Drive through testing is available in: Denver and Lowry

Residents of Gunnison, Eagle, Summit, Pitkin are recommended to minimize social contact

Anyone who visited the Colorado Springs Bridge center in late Feb-early Mar may have been exposed, call the DPH for more information

Events of >50 people are “strongly encouraged” to be canceled

Schools are closed in many places, local news is your best bet for this. I’ll try to include this eventually but it’s too much today.

Connecticut - last update 3/16 at 5 pm local time

41 cases

The following counties are affected: Fairfield (29), Hartford (4), Litchfield (4), New Haven (4)

Connecticut’s small, right? You can’t have more than 4 counties?

Restrictions/Closures

Gatherings >250 people are canceled through 4/30

No gatherings >50 people until further notice

Nursing home visits restricted

Schools closed through 3/30

Restaurants are carryout/drive through only through 4/30

Fitness/recreation centers and movie theaters closed through 4/30

Delaware: last update 3/16 at 1:40 local time

8 cases, 0 deaths

Affected counties include: New Castle (8)

Do you guys have any other counties?? This is gonna be another Rhode Island sitch, I think.

Restrictions/closures:

Events over >100 people are encouraged to cancel/reschedule

Schools closed through 3/27

District of Columbia: last update 3/16 AM

17 cases, no deaths

There’s no counties in DC, you can’t trick me

Restrictions/Closures

Food service/drinking establishments are restricted to <250 people, <6 people/table, no standing or bar seating, and tables separated by 6 feet

Nightclubs etc are closed

Florida - last updated 12:38 pm local time 3/16/20

155 (+40) cases and 4 deaths (+0)

Florida has not yet confirmed community transmission but it’s almost certainly happening. I’m no longer separating counties with and without confirmed community transmission because of that.

Affected counties include: Alachua (2, +1), Broward (39, +3), Charlotte (1, +0), Citrus (1, +0), Clay (3, +0), Collier (6, +1), Duval (5, +1), Hillsborough (5, +1), Lee (4, -1), Manatee (5, +1), Miami-Dade (23, +10), Nassau (1, +0) Okaloosa (1, +0), Orange (3, +0), Osceola (4, +2), Palm Beach (8, +3), Pasco (2, +0) Pinellas (4 +2), Santa Rosa (1, +0), Sarasota (3, +2) Seminole (4, +3), St. Johns (2, +1) Volusia (7, +2)

A case was removed from the record of Lee County. Since FLDPH changed their website, I don’t know where it was reassigned.

Newly affected counties include: Escambia (1) and Lake (1)

Georgia: last updated 3/16 at 11:21 AM

121 cases, 22 new, 1 death

Affected counties include: Bartow (9, +0), Charlton (1, +0), Cherokee (7, +1), Clayton (5, +3), Clarke (3, +1), Cobb (22, +3), Coweta (2, +0), Dekalb (10, +0), Dougherty (6, +0), Fayette (5, +0), Floyd (4, +0), Fulton (27, +7), Gordon (2, +0), Gwinnett (5, +1), Henry (2, +1), Lowndes (3, +1), Lee (2, +0), Newton (1, +0), and Polk (1, +0).

Newly affected counties include: Forsyth (1), Hall (1), Paulding (1), and Troup (1)

Illinois: last updated 3/14/20

105 confirmed cases, 16 new

Confirmed community spread

Affected counties include Champaign, Clinton, Cook, Cumberland, DuPage, Kane, Lake, McHenry, Sangamon, St. Clair, Whiteside, Winnebago, and Woodford

ILDPH is not publishing numbers per county. I will try to include this for tomorrow’s update.

Newly affected counties include: Peoria and Will

Closings/Restrictions

Bars and restaurants are closed (except for carryout and drive through) until 3/30

All gatherings >50 people prohibited

Gyms/fitness centers/clubs/theaters are closed

DMV is closed! I personally hate the IL DMV so this isn’t like, sad news in particular…..

Community colleges and public schools are closed - like in other places I will attempt to include county-by-county news soon.

Iowa: last updated 3/16

Total cases: 22, 4 new

Affected counties include: Carroll (1, +0), Dallas (1, +0), Harrison (1, +0), Johnson (15, +1), and Pottawattamie (1, +0)

Newly affected counties include: Allamakee (2) and Polk (1)

Community spread confirmed

Closures/restrictions

Schools closed for 4 weeks starting 3/16

Kansas: last updated 3/16

11 confirmed cases (+3), 1 death

Affected counties include: Johnson (8, +3), Wyandotte (1, +0), Butler (1, +0), Franklin (1, +0)

Closures/Restrictions

Schools closed through 3/23

Kentucky: last updated 3/16 at 4 pm local time

22 cases (+4), 1 death (+1)

Counties reporting deaths: Bourbon (1)

Counties reporting recoveries: Harrison (1)

Affected counties include: Bourbon (1), Clark (1), Fayette (5), Harrison (6), Jefferson (6), Montgomery (1), and Nelson (1).

Closures/Restrictions

Restaurants and bars closed to in-person service

State Capitol closed to nonessential personnel

Schools are closed statewide

Louisiana: last updated 5:30 pm 3/16

136 cases reported, 45 new

3 deaths, 1 new

Parishes affected: Bossier (1, +0), Caddo (3, +2), Jefferson (21, +9), Lafourche (2, +1), Orleans (94, +29), St. Bernard (2, +1), St. Charles (3, +1), St. John the Baptist (1, +0), St. Tammany (6, +2), and Terrebonne (2, +0)

New parishes affected: Ascension (1)

Maryland: last updated 10 AM 3/16

37 cases, 0 deaths

Counties affected: Anne Arundel (1), Baltimore (4), Baltimore City (1), Carroll (1), Charles (1), Harford (2), Howard (1), Montgomery (15), Prince George’s (10), Talbot (1)

Community spread confirmed

Exposure risk advisory for Lorien Elkridge

Closures/restrictions

Casinos, racetracks and other gambling situations are closed

Gatherings >250 people prohibited

All schools closed through 3/27

Senior centers closed until further notice

Massachusetts: last updated 4 pm 3/16

197 cases (59 new)

Affected counties include: Barnstable (1, +0), Berkshire (11, +2), Bristol (2, +1), Essex (8, +3), Middlesex (83, +18), Norfolk (36, +8), Suffolk (36, +9), and Worcester (6, +4)

Newly affected counties include: Hampden (1) and Plymouth (3)

10 cases are undetermined location

14 hospitalizations (+3)

They finally stopped making me download a goddamn word doc, thank you Massachusetts <3

Michigan: last updated 3/16 2 pm

54 cases (+21) 0 deaths

Affected counties include: Bay (1, +0), Charlevoix (1, +0), Ingham (1, +0), Kent (5, +2), Macomb (6, +4), Monroe (1, +0), Montcalm (1, +0), Oakland (14, +5), St. Clair (2, +1), Washtenaw (7, +3), and Wayne (14, +6)

Wayne County includes Detroit (6 cases)

Likely community transmission

Closures/Restrictions

Bars and restaurants are carryout/drive through only

Public spaces (casinos, theaters, etc) closed

Public offices open by appt only

Minnesota: last updated 3/16 at 12:00

54 cases (+19)

Affected counties include: Anoka, Carver, Dakota, Hennepin, Olmstead, Ramsey, Renville, Stearns, Waseca, Washington, and Wright

Newly affected counties include: Benton and Blue Earth

County numbers are not currently being provided by MN dept of health, just ranges. Hennepin county has >20 cases.

I will start working on these numbers for tomorrow’s edition

Drive through testing available in Olivia

Montana: last updated 3/15 at 7:45 pm

6 cases

Affected counties not being reported at this time, I’ll try to untangle that tomorrow

Closures/Restrictions

Public schools closed until 3/30

Many counties have closed libraries, these will be included tomorrow

Nebraska: last updated 3/16

Community transmission confirmed: many locations in Douglas County are potential places where transmission has occurred; if you live or have traveled to Douglas County (Omaha), please check the Douglas County COVID-19 monitoring site at: https://www.douglascountyhealth.com/latest-news.

There were also two exposures in Knox County on March 5, at basketball games at Lincoln Southwest HS and North Star HS.

18 cases (+1), no deaths

Affected counties include: Cass (1), Douglas (15) and Knox (1)

New Jersey : last updated 3/16 at 2 pm

178 cases (+109), 2 deaths (+1)

Affected counties include: Bergen (61, +36), Burlington (5, +2), Camden (3, +1), Essex (20, +13), Hudson (19, +14), Mercer (6, +5), Middlesex (17, +7), Monmouth (14, +6), Morris (6, +3), Ocean (3, +2), Passaic (8, +6), Somerset (5, +4), and Union (8, +7)

Newly affected counties include: Hunterdon (1)

Closures/Restrictions:

No gatherings >50 people

New York: last updated 3/16 at 3 PM

950 cases (+337), 2 deaths

Affected counties include: Albany (12, +7), Broome (1, +0), Delaware (1, +0), Dutchess (10, +6), Erie (6, +3), Herkimer (1, +0), Monroe (10, +8), Nassau (109, +30), Orange (11, +5), Rockland (16, +4), Saratoga (5, +2), Schenectady (4, +3), Suffolk (63, +22), Tioga (1, +0), Tompkins (1, +0), Ulster (7, +2), Westchester (220, +42)

NYC has 463 cases (194) as of 3/16 at 11:30 am

Areas/counties reporting deaths are: NYC - Brooklyn (1), Rockland (1)

Newly affected counties include: Allegany (2), Greene (2), Montgomery (1), Onondaga (1), Ontario (1), and Putnam (2)

Drive through testing in New Rochelle, Long Island, Staten Island, and Rockland County

Closures/Restrictions

Bars, restaurants, entertainment venues closed

No gatherings >50 people

Public schools closed until 4/1

Village elections delayed until 4/28

The governor dunked on the federal response hard in his press conference, which was great tbh

North Carolina: last updated 3/16 at 10 AM

33 cases, 0 deaths

Affected counties include: Brunswick (1), Cabarrus (1), Chatham (1), Craven (1), Durham (1), Forsyth (2), Harnett (2), Johnston (2), Mecklenburg (4), Onslow (1), Wake (14), Watauga (1), Wayne (1), and Wilson (1).

Advisory for an exposure at Raleigh convention center on March 8

Please call Wake County if you were there, they are tracking exposures

Closures/Restrictions

Schools are closed statewide until 3/30

Events >100 people canceled

Ohio: last updated 3/16 at 2 pm

50 confirmed cases, 14 new

14 hospitalizations

Affected counties include: Belmont (2, +0), Butler (6, +0), Cuyahoga (24, +10), Franklin (3, +0), Lorain (3, +1), Lucas (1, +0), Medina (2, +1), Stark (3, +1), Summit (2, +0), Trumbull (2, +0), Tuscarawas (1, +0)

Newly affected counties include: Geauga (1).

Closures/Restrictions

Bars/restaurants are closed

Gatherings >50 people canceled

Oregon: last updated 3/15 at 12 PM

39 cases (+3), 1 death

Counties reporting deaths: Multnomah (1)

13 hospitalized at time of positive test

The following counties are affected: Clackamas (1, +0), Deschutes (4, +1), Douglas (1, +0), Jackson (2, +0), Klamath (1, +0), Linn (10, +1), Marion (2, +0), Multnomah (1, +0), Polk (1, +0), Umatilla (2, +0), and Washington (13, +0).

Newly affected counties include: Yamhill (1).

Pennsylvania: last updated 3/16 at 7 pm

Gritty continues his dark work.

76 total cases (+13)

Counties affected include: Allegheny (5, +2) Bucks (5, +1), Chester (2, +0), Cumberland (5, +0), Delaware (7, +0), Lehigh (1, +0), Luzerne (1, +0), Monroe (8, +2), Montgomery (30, +6), Northampton (1, +0), Philadelphia (8, +2), Pike (1, +0), Washington (1, +0), Wayne (1, +0)

Newly affected counties include: NONE TODAY! \o/

Closures/restrictions:

Restaurants and bars are closed in the following counties until 3/30: Allegheny, Bucks, Chester, Delaware, and Montgomery

Presumably this will deter Gritty

Rhode Island: last updated 3/16

21 confirmed cases (+1), no deaths

Chanston High School West had an exposure; 1700 people are currently quarantined after this exposure

I will attempt to sort out county level data soon, since apparently y’all have counties

South Carolina: last updated 3/16 at 3:50 pm

33 cases, no deaths

Will try to find more granular data for tomorrow’s edition

South Dakota: last updated 3/16

10 confirmed cases (+1), no deaths

Affected counties include: Beadle (1, +0), Bon Homme (1, +0), Charles Mix (1, +0), Davison (1, +0), McCook (1, +0), Minnehaha (4, +1), and Pennington (1, +0)

No community transmission

Tennessee: last updated 3/16 at 2 pm

52 cases, no deaths

Affected counties include: Campbell (1), Davidson (25), Hamilton (1), Jefferson (1), Knox (1), Rutherford (1), Sevier (1), Shelby (2), Sullivan (1), and Williamson (18)

Texas: last updated 3/16

57 total cases, 1 new.

Highly likely that there has been community transmission, unconfirmed currently

Affected counties include: Bell (1, +0), Bexar (3, +2), Brazoria (2, +0), Collin (6, +1), Dallas (8, +0), El Paso (1, +0), Fort Bend (9, +0), Galveston (1, +0), Gregg (1, +0), Harris (10, +0), Hays (1, +0), Lavaca (1, +0), Matagorda (1), Montgomery (3, +0), Smith (4, +1), Tarrant (3, +0), and Travis (2, +1)

Newly affected counties include: None today!

Utah: last updated 3/16

29 total cases

Affected health districts include: Davis County (4, +1), Salt Lake county (18, +2), Southwest Utah (1, +0), Summit County (11, +9), and Weber-Morgan (2, +1)

Newly affected districts include: Tooele (1), Utah County (1), and Wasatch County (1)

First case of community spread identified on 3/14/20, in Summit County

Exposure at Wasatch High School identified

Schools: canceled

Mormons: canceled

Skiing: canceled

Public places in SLC: Canceled

Vermont

12 cases total (+4)

Affected counties include: Bennington (3), Chittenden (4), Orange (1), Springfield (1), Washington (1), and Windsor (3)

Hospitalizations are reported in the following counties: Bennington (3), Chittenden (1), Springfield (1), Washington (1), Windsor (1)

Closures/restrictions:

No gatherings >50 people or >50% capacity, whichever is lower

Schools are closed starting 3/18

Virginia: last updated 3/16

51 cases total, 6 new

Affected counties/cities include: Alexandria City (2, +1), Arlington (9, +1), Chesterfield (2, +1), Fairfax (10, +0), Hanover (1, +0), Harrisonburg City (1, +0), James City (10, +2), Loudoun (5, +0), Prince Edward (1, +0), Prince William (3, +0), Spotsylvania (1, +0), and Virginia Beach City (4, +0)

Newly affected areas include: Stafford (1) and York (1)

Washington: last updated 3/16 at 3:45 PM

Things are still super rough. Hang in there.

904 total cases (+262), 48 deaths (+8)

Current mortality rate: 5.3%

Deaths have occurred in the following counties: Grant (1, +0), King (43, +8), and Snohomish (4, +0).

Affected counties include: Clark (4, +1), Columbia (1, +0), Grant (3, +1), Grays Harbor (1, +0), Island (7, +1), Jefferson (3, +2), King (488, +101), Kitsap (7, +4), Kittitas (3, +0), Pierce (38, +12), Skagit (7, +3), Snohomish (200, +46), Spokane (3, +0), Thurston (4, +1), Whatcom (3, +1), and Yakima (4, +0).

126 cases are currently unassigned to a county. These are expected to resolve in the coming days, hopefully.

Newly affected counties include: Lewis (1) and Lincoln (1)

Closures/restrictions: widespread, will have county-by-county info soon.

Wisconsin: last updated 3/16 at 2 PM

47 total cases (+14), 0 deaths

Recovery is being reported by the following counties: Dane (1)

This is updated every Friday, next update expected 3/20

Affected counties include: Dane (10, +4), Fond du Lac (11, +0), Milwaukee (13, +6), Pierce (1, +0), Racine (1, +0), Sheboygan (3, +0), Waukesha (3, +0), and Winnebago (3, +2)

Newly affected counties include: Outagamie (1) and Wood (1)

Closures/restrictions

Schools closed starting 3/18 for minimum of two weeks

Today’s Hot Tips

Social distancing can be really crappy for people who are prone to feeling isolated. Try to schedule time to hang out virtually, especially if you’re stuck at home alone. I highly recommend the Jackbox party games to stream over Discord, or tabletop RPGs played through a service like Roll20. My friends and I have been doing all these things and it’s helping a lot!

If you have a favorite quarantine activity, let me know and I can include it in the next issue!

Everyone knows that sex is an option, there’s gonna be a lot of November, December, & January babies

That said, make sure your quarantine supplies include contraception and condoms and stuff. If you have a uterus, you can buy emergency contraception (plan B) online and it’s real handy to have around in a situation like this.

Hand washing is so hot right now

Hand Washing Song of the Day

If you hate singing happy birthday while you wash your hands, I certainly do, try Barrett’s Privateers!

Sing the first verse and chorus to feel like a pirate and follow CDC handwashing guidelines! Use soap and water for maximum virus-murdering.

Good News, Everyone!

The Shedd Aquarium took its penguins around to explore the whole aquarium since there were no people, and boy were those lil guys fascinated by everything!

Check it out here: https://twitter.com/shedd_aquarium/status/1239248971006185478?s=21

Chill Cat Corner

This one’s a classic: “where’s the babies???”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2rELs4jl64k

I wish I could summon a bunch of smol kittens to scream at me like this

About this newsletter

I’m Emily, I’m a 4th year med student w/ a degree in molecular biology. I started this because I’m an infectious disease and epidemiology nerd and also all my friends have questions & anxiety. Hi internet!

The archive/proper website is located at coronaextranewsletter.wordpress.com.

All this info is sourced from regional & national public health organizations, plus the WHO. It’s as up to date as humanly possible. I’ve been beaming information about this outbreak directly into my brain 24/7 but I still miss stuff. Please let me know if I miss something!

Most public health departments stop updating their information around 4-5 PM local time on weekdays. That means that the earliest this will come out is around 6 PM Pacific time on weekdays going forward. On weekends things update more sporadically and earlier, so who knows what I’ll do then, but I’ll do my best.

The excellent title is courtesy of @marywhal and the Wordpress site is courtesy of @molly0xFFF and @goblinartificer on Twitter, thank you all!

For More Information

JHU COVID-19 data center: https://gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6

List of peer-reviewed publications: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/publications.html

WHO daily sitrep: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200316-sitrep-56-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=9fda7db2_2

WHO FAQ: https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses

CDC cases in the US: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-in-us.html, this also has links to each state’s health dept

#corona extra #coronavirus #coronavirus pandemic #covid19 #covid corner #public health #pandemic facts #no panic #just facts

94 notes · View notes

del-uxie · 4 years ago

Text

(Log Index 0000AZ)

NOTE: Entry was made after ‘DIVERGENCE INCIDENT [TS]’. Individuals outside of this divergent timespace should take this with a grain of salt. - Calcis

LOG TYPE: SPECIMEN DESCRIPTION

AUTHOR: CALCIS

CREATION INDEX: 09K CREATION DATE: 01/02/██ SPECIMEN NUMBER: UNKNOWN, but PRESUMED 1 SPECIES NAME: VISUA INANIMUS AGE: N/A, INANIMATE. Active for 12 sweeps at time of writing.

PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION: Subject takes the form of an ARCADE CABINET, though on occasion, it has favoured other forms of communication, such as COMPUTER SCREENS, a SPEAK’N’SPELL, and GAME CONSOLES. It is not restricted to TECHNOLOGICAL DEVICES, and has been known to inhabit CRYSTAL BALLS, packs of PLAYING CARDS, and DRIED TEA LEAVES. It makes no attempt to disguise itself by selecting items that would blend in – when found, subject appears OUTSIDE OF ITS USUAL ENVIRONMENT, such as the ARCADE CABINET found in a prairie 2km west of any arcades.

When interacting with new subjects, it attempts to provide notes or posters to encourage interaction, such as ‘Play me’ or ‘See your future: Only 5 caegars a fortune!’. Once the subject has interacted with them at least once, these notes disappear. Researchers have noticed papers physically disintegrating in their hands one week after initial meeting.

Subject claims it has a physical form, but will not reveal it. It claims no subject has reached ‘far enough progression’ for this to be the case.

CREATION PROCESS: Subject was SPLICED from REMAINS of an UNKNOWN BLOOD COLOUR generously provided by the EMPIRE. Samples were solely taken from the EYES, as they had the most complete genetic tissue available. Remains were then placed under the light of ██████, and once sufficient growth was completed, it was combined with elements of circuitry, as well as other inanimate objects. Due to the sheer variety of items that were experimented with, as well as the very small sample size, 09K is classified as a 1A organism, especially due to the spontaneous generation after a blast of ████████, close to the [TS] divergence incident. Subsequently, no trace of any items used – that is, not even the original ones that samples were taken from – was found. A set of playing cards instead appeared on RS. CALCIS’ desk 8 weeks later, with a small note reading ‘Play me’.

BIO: Subject is classed as DANGEROUS, and must not be interacted with by anyone outside of the RESEARCH CENTRE under any circumstances. If such a thing occurs, said individual must remain in the facility for ONE WEEK, after which the effects of 09K generally subside. Once appearing to an individual, it remains in one place until interacted with. If it is interacted with, then ignored, it appears to grow agitated when interacted with again, and eventually disappears and reappears in a different form, refusing to speak to the individual again. For the sake of simplicity, the individual interacting with 09K will be referred to as 09K-A from now on.

Once interacted with, 09K will perform the usual function expected for ONE TURN of whatever form it takes – subsequently, it will speak directly to 09K-A. If provided with a screen, it will communicate through this – inanimate object such as cards have the writing on them altered once turned over, and words appear in the crystal ball. More detailed notes on each FORM are provided further on.

09K will claim that 09K-A has psychic visions. It will then list off various inane facts – such as the names of other INDIVIDUALS in the room, or their favourite food, prompting 09K-A to ask said individual about them. The first prediction is ALWAYS INCORRECT. Further predictions are not offered for at least 15 minutes after the first (and that is only with INCREASED INTERACTION), but once the second or third prediction is offered, it is correct. All further predictions are always correct, and 09K only moves onto further predictions once 09K-A has performed the request asked, such as the aforementioned asking of the name.

Once 09K senses that 09K-A trusts its predictions are true, it requests to be taken with 09K-A. If it is not already portable, it outlines a very clear process for making itself so. Once this request changes, the predictions become more personally relevant. Furthermore, 09K also responds to personal conversation after this stage, unless 09K-A has recently refused to enact a task. This is not recommended due to risk of real TRUST building and therefore potential ESCAPE. After about half a dozen of said predictions, the requests gradually become more sinister, as well as the predictions becoming more enticing to the individual. Requests have repeatedly been homicidal in nature. There appears to be no true end point to the requests – however, once 09K-A refuses, no further predictions are offered, and testing with 09K effectively must cease until it resets.

It appears to genuinely simply receive these ‘visions’, rather its information being derived from enhanced intuition. It cannot explain why it gets the visions – it does not attribute them to psiionics, either, as it explains that it is not a troll, but merely an ‘embodiment of your own latent abilities’. Though conversation has been VERY LIMITED, it appears to resent being contained. It will often attempt to escape through TESTERS – as such, subjects that become instances of 09K-A must be under strong observation, and constantly report each request that 09K makes of them, even if they are physically visible to other researchers. If 09K-A begins to become secretive, or protective of 09K, risk of ESCAPE increases, and 09K-A must be isolated in a comfortable environment for one week.

TESTING RESULTS:

Tester: RS. Calcis Form: Playing cards, first encountered with a note saying ‘Play me!’ Requests:

Asking name of INSPECTOR MERCER, which was incorrect

Asking name of RS. MORIBA, which was correct

Asking RS. MORIBA what her favourite food was, which was correct

...

Cooking a requested meal for 09K, which 09K-A was to consume. Meal was a plate of SPAGHETTI, the quality of which 09K was dubious of.

Typing out a copy of the novel ‘Paradise Lost’ for 10 minutes per day, for a week.

Buying and wearing a custom-tailored suit. Request denied, as this would require leaving the facility. 09K seemed mildly disgruntled, but resumed testing the next week with its mood restored. (END POINT (EP)-01)

Telling MORIBA she was a wench who would die loveless and alone if she kept 09K trapped here like this. Request denied, as this was very rude. 09K repeated testing with CALCIS very shortly afterwards, seeming pleased with itself. (EP-02)

Burning down the house uphill from the facility. Request denied due to homicidal intent. (EP-03)

Request to burn down grocery store approximately 10km away from facility. Request denied to homicidal intent. (EP-04).

...

Release from facility. Request denied due to prior violent requests. 09K became unresponsive to further testing for approximately HALF A SWEEP afterwards, refusing to reset itself, provide predictions, make requests, or otherwise be active in any way. After testing with MORIBA resumed, it became responsive again, and less talkative than before. (EP-12) Subsequently, testing responsibilities shifted to RS. MORIBA until research was complete.

Tester: RS. MORIBA Form: Crystal ball, with note laid out next to it. Requests:

...

Burning 09K-A’s labcoat.

Cutting 09k-A’s hair to a bob.

Taking out the trash.

...

Shaving 09K-A’s hair completely, until it was bald. Initially denied, but as this was further in terms of predictions than the previous attempt with RS. CALCIS (EP-05) had gotten, it was eventually obliged.

Dressing up as ████████████, apparently for 09K’s own amusement.

...

Burning down entire facility. Request denied to homicidal intent. (EP-06)

Being passed to INSPECTOR MERCER. Request denied, as he was not authorised to test at the time. (EP-07)

...

Complete destruction of 09K after (EP-12). Request denied, as testing was not yet complete.

After satisfied with her research, RS. MORIBA contained 09K in its own space, approximately 200ft. underground. According to her, it had outlived its usefulness.

Tester: INSPECTOR MERCER Form: Games console – NES. Requests:

...

Purchase of a 5x3cm LCD screen, to be fitted into the back of a controller, as well as several obscure pieces of circuitry, some of which had to be hand-engineered. In spite of this, 09K-A did not find this especially difficult, saying that 09K’s instructions were ‘more damned helpful than any fucking GrubTube rando had ever been’. 09K-A said 09K could make a living from this kind of tech stuff, to which 09K did not respond.

Request to keep its further requests secret. Any subsequent requests were uncovered after testing ceased with INSPECTOR MERCER, and it was assumed that all requests being made by 09K were mundane. Testing parameters were altered after this.

...

Request to be brought to 1B-005B (ERICUS FELIDAE, or, according to MERCER, the “catboy”). The two observed one another for 15 minutes, before 09K-A informed 09K that 005B cannot read, though it can speak. 09K-A then began reading aloud, albeit in whispers, what 09K said to 005B. The two appeared to get along.

...

Request to be brought out for a drive with 09K-A. Initially, 09K-A was apprehensive, but subject left the testing area anyway. 09K-A repeated getting more and more personally relevant visions, some that apparently ‘sincerely helped him put his life in the right direction’, though he would not say why. In the middle of one of these incredibly intense visions, which had now shifted to 09K-A’s direct consciousness, incident ██████████ occured. 09K-A then appeared in an unknown building, with what appeared to be bloodstains all over its bodies. The building appeared to be a club of some sort – the dead bodies (at least 8-9) themselves were all seared straight through the chest, resembling some kind of laser beam.

09K-A had no recollection of the incident, but seemed oddly peaceful. 09K-A was brought in for a week of testing, in which all of his vitals were far lower than usual, especially his resting heart beat and overall reaction time. It appeared he was under some form of sedative, though no strange chemicals were found in his system. It is presumed that if an EP-nature request is obliged, this effect occurs on 09K-A’s body.

Further questioning by researchers found that the bodies belonged to members of staff from an ENTERTAINMENT CLUB – or rather, a masquerade of one, the base of operations of one of the local GANGS that was notorious for its goal to TOTALLY CONTROL all aspects of the city. The only remaining member of staff on duty at the time expressed extreme remorse at the situation – it said it was supposed to be on duty, but it had left its post wrongly. It said it anticipated extreme discipline from its boss, and due to the results of (EP-09), testers for 09K must be selected far more carefully. When questioned about the incident, 09K was unresponsive. After the results of (EP-12) and onwards, it relinquished, if involuntarily, that its desire was to stop said group before it was ‘too late’. Apparently, it also knew that it had made things far worse for them. It had given visions of an individual there, and their eventual ascent into the height of the gang – pitying the individual (this pity possibly prompted by the immense level of trust 09K-A had in it), it strived to ‘save’ it. In my own opinion, this was doomed to fail. For whatever reason, 09K-A only seems to understand homicide as an end result to solve problems, and does not have the emotional intelligence to genuinely help people.

ADDENDUM: It really is a shame, isn’t it? If there were a way to embed emotional understanding into the creatures I make, I would do it within a heartbeat. Sometimes, however, they regrettably turn out like this. I wonder if I am missing something – but I suppose that answer will never again be found in 09K. It’s buried many feet underground, forever, and nobody will ever see it again. It’s not even under observation anymore – MORIBA explicitly forbade cameras down there. She doesn’t want a bad name to our organisation, or even a name at all, and I get that. But... I don’t know.

I suppose we’ll have to wait and see.

#my writing #my ocs #writing #calcis #moriba #mercer #09K #i don't know what to tag this series as... the word document doesnt have an official title or anything

1 note · View note

rachnasagargrp · 4 years ago

Link

Buy Now: https://bit.ly/3CGdDeR

#CBSE Sample Papers Term 1 #term 1 mcq sample paper #cbse sample paper class 12 #Physics sample paper class 12 #Term 1 Physics sample paper

0 notes

cardmeal9 · 4 years ago

Text

College Of Strathclyde.

Find And Buy Sarms In Canada

Content

A Bluffers Guide To Two Of Skin Cares Most Powerful Energetic Components.

Listing Of Sarms & Their Usages.

Staining Of Muscle Blood Vessels.

Fantastic Product As Well As Customer Support !!!

Due to this till a new country determines to get the torch the SARM products on the marketplace will end up being less and far between as well as may also vanish totally. The adverse effects for S4 can be thought about above the various other SARMs stated as the noteworthy noted negative effects is evening blindness and/or a yellow color to your vision throughout the day. Information on its real communications with human beings is based upon observation and story and so much, it recommends that S4 does create visible gains in LBM and strength along with significant fat loss. The S23 SARM is a SARM, created by GTx, Inc as a potential man birth control. Yes, the purpose of this is nothing to do with muscle mass as well as strength yet to do with your sperm. It binds to the AR extra highly than the older SARMs such as Anadrine. Throughout these researches no adverse effects such as testosterone suppression or estrogen conversion occurred.

What SARMs to take?

The Best SARMs in 2020 1. Ostarine MK-2866 – Best SARM Overall. Ostarine MK-2866 is also known as Ostarine, Enobosarm, or GTx-024. 2. Lingadrol LGD-4033 – Best for Women. Lingadrol, or LGD-4033, is a SARM used to combat bone and muscle loss, resulting from osteoporosis. 3. YK-11 – Best for Fast Gains. 4. Andarine S-4 – Best for Cutting Fat.

It would certainly show up that Classified Nutrition is no longer selling Neurolytes pills as well as has altered its marketing, however the business is still marketing sporting supplements. Various other athletes have actually additionally been sanctioned complying with an AAF for ostarine, despite being determined that they had not planned to cheat. Simply over the most popular of which , two triathletes suggested that their ostarine AAFs were caused by salt tablet computers utilized to combat the results of dehydration. " They did give me a nine month restriction and I obtain it, I comprehend it", he claimed. " On paper it's nine months, but they've been great to me really.

A Bluffers Guide To Two Of Skincares Most Effective Energetic Ingredients.

The professional athlete's urine sample, gathered throughout out-of-competition doping control on December 4, 2016, disclosed the presence of SARM RAD-140, a prohibited anabolic agent. ostarine was not created to be a shrewd way to replace steroids. Examining techniques have been created and also reported for these drugs, with numerous athletes having evaluated favorable for Andarine. Due to the chemical structure being very different from timeless steroids it might have been thought that they would not be discovered in doping control examples, however tests have actually been established and will certainly continue to be so for any type of future targets. Be liable, and in 99.9% of instances, users will certainly not have any kind of side effects from making use of SARMs. SARMs have extremely little adverse effects, making them very popular and promising for that reason.

youtube

Historically, the listing of athletes that have actually criticized supplements for an AAF is a very long one. Barnett has actually taken lawsuit versus Classified Nutrition, declaring that 3 different research laboratory results verified that Neurolytes pills consisted of focus of ostarine at around 150 nanograms per capsule.

Listing Of Sarms & Their Uses.

Because of the HPTA suppression a PCT is required blog post cycle for 4 weeks complied with by an equivalent or greater amount of time off after the PCT duration. The biggest downside with LGD is that it created modest to strong HPTA reductions for both total as well as cost-free testosterone. Overall testosterone lowered by simply over 50% contrasted to placebo. But hormonal agent degrees did go back to typical within 56 days after quiting with no PCT.

Does military test for SARMs?

The purchase of SARMs by a U.S. Navy Sailor does not fall under Article 112a of the UCMJ be- cause it is neither an enumerated drug nor on a schedule of the Controlled Substances Act. Further, SARMS are not currently tested for in routine Navy urinalysis.

According to the Oxford Academic Journal of Endocrinology, nonsteroidal SARMs have actually been made to affix itself to a location of the DNA responsible for skeletal muscle mass healthy protein synthesis. Until now, proof suggests subjects will certainly acquire between 3 to 15 pounds of muscle mass tissue over a 12 week duration. The amount of muscle mass hypertrophy hinges on diet, training, and the characteristics of the SARM. Other substances like GW thought about the type of endurance supplements as well as SR9009 are generally organized with SARMs, but are not the same. Nonsteroidal SARMs are created specifically for one type of lock, for that reason, it will only impact locations of the DNA that protect against muscle and also bone wastage while also advertising development in these locations. The difference between these 2 sorts of SARMs is most conveniently referred to as a lock as well as essential system, The cells in the body function as locks as well as the binding websites of the cells are are the keyholes.

Staining Of Muscle Blood Vessels.

The Sporting activity Resolutions decision in Webster's situation confirms that UKAD was unable to use him a decrease in his restriction due to the fact that, as he was keen to find the resource of the ostarine, he was not prepared to immediately admit an anti-doping rule violation. ' The Tribunal kept in mind that Mr Webster had attempted to examine the concern of contamination by sending out samples from six supplements for screening to DNA Legal', reviews the decision. ' Reports from DNA Legal outdated 30 August 2017 and 28 September 2017 confirmed that none of the examples checked included ostarine. " I had just altered 2 items in my training before that examination. I changed by BCAA amino acids, which I purchased from a store in Loughborough. I additionally got a protein pancake mix, which I have on an extremely uncommon occasion as a breakfast choice.

Research study SARMs are studied for their impacts on muscular tissue gains, bone thickness, healing time, weight loss and for any kind of unfavorable results they may create.

SARMs are similar to steroids, but they are not one and the very same.

The increase in testosterone from SARMs results in even more anabolic task, giving the body a side.

SARMs, or careful androgen receptor modulators, are a class of androgen receptor ligands discovered in the 90s, after the adverse effects of steroids had actually been far better considered.

Nonetheless, SARMs are understood for having minimal negative effects as well as no known red flags when taken within certain dosages, according to a recap of research study reported in Existing Opinion in Clinical Nourishment & Metabolic Treatment.

The Globe Anti-Doping Firm prohibits the use of SARMs in sport, no doubt as a result of their performance-enhancing impacts.

" I have actually been medication evaluated eight times and never had an issue", he explains. I had a test, after that concerning 3 or four weeks later on got an e-mail saying that I had actually failed the test as a result of ostarine. I googled it and also did my study, and after that took a seat and considered points. Biosci AbstractsBioscientifica Abstracts is the portal to a collection of products that provide a permanent, citable document of abstracts for biomedical and life science conferences. I can validate that UK SARMS is the only area you should be acquiring your PDs, why is straightforward, pure high quality item, and wonderful price, you obtain what you spend for individuals, additionally straightforward rapid following day postage. All of our items are made under good production methods in an ISO 7 medical-grade laboratory.

Great Product And Client Service !!!

In the 1940s, steroidal SARMs were used for medical usage in several illness consisting of cancer cells, hypogonadism, osteoporosis, as well as a variety of various other conditions that influence muscular tissue as well as bone wasting. Today is the last day of the month, so why not inform yourself that you are quiting using SARMs today. This most likely isn't the recommendations you truly wished to listen to, but I think that it's the very best advice for you. Very often in terms of the dosage of tablets per weight kind SARM, it is recommended to make use of one tablet each day for up to 80 kg and 2 tablet computers for greater weight. Nonetheless, this details must not be taken into consideration as a recommendation-- all the same, the dosage needs to be sensibly approximated based upon the supplier's recommendations and physician's suggestions. As a result, before taking SARMs you must believe thoroughly concerning it

Nonetheless, opinions on aware and also regulated dosage, focused on accomplishing the wanted impacts and also limiting the optimum feasible side effects are popular. SARM prep work are recommended for people with high training experience. Keep in mind that there are no magic pills that will do everything for you.

Andarine S-4 was developed to minimising muscular tissue wasting, promote stamina, and gain lean muscle mass. Ostarine was established as a therapy for muscle squandering syndromes by enhancing stamina and advertising muscle development. Cardarine was created to improve stamina, as well as increase fat loss. Ligandrol was established to enhancing lean muscle, enhance stamina, and also protect against muscle wastefulness. Contact us today for more information concerning SARMs body building supplements as well as we will be happy to assist with any kind of questions you may have for us.

Yes, I want to receive updates about items & services, promos, special deals, news & events from Killer Nutrition. The maximum number of items that can be contrasted is 3, if you want to compare this product rather than one more you have actually chosen please deselect the item as well as replace it with the item you wish to compare. We make use of cookies to boost your experience, show you products you might like and also save your cart. BPC157 Germany discloses that SARMs are "generally well-tolerated" in clinical trials, with "lower prostatic effects in men and also virilising effects in females". " Anabolic steroids are known for a whole host of undesirable negative effects." SARMS were first created totally by accident in the early 1990s.

A UKAD agent confirmed that it has taken care of simply two ostarine cases throughout the past year. This consists of Webster as well as Stephen Costello, a 60 year old amateur biker who reported several AAFs, but suggested that he had actually drank smoothies containing the supplements prepared by his partner for her very own use. USADA supplied to test the items used by Wallhead, despite him being based overseas in the UK, and also also sourced its very own supplement bathtub to verify his claims. It sustained his attempt to decrease his sanction for an ADRV he suggested was not his mistake.

They stated that although their providing me nine months, the firm and its internet site had actually been red flagged, and I must have googled the items. I simply acquired a bog-standard BCAA as well as I did check the ingredients. The varying methods of UKAD and also USADA boil down to the situations of each private situation, yet also experience.

SARMs Fitness Supplements Debate - Healthline

SARMs Fitness Supplements Debate.

Posted: Thu, 27 Sep 2018 07:00:00 GMT [source]

To make it worth taking SARMS, it is essential combine its usage with your own training and also nourishment as you can not expect to build muscle mass without placing in the job; this product merely helps the job you perform in the fitness center as well as in other places. With a routine training regular and an ideal diet plan, you must be able to accomplish your objectives, which will not only benefit you physically, yet also aid you to conquer any obstacles for you to beat your individual bests when training. We have actually consisted of "Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators" as well as SARM-like items into this group. We do not supply any kind of recommendations on the usage of these products as UK Legislation prevents this. Consumers should examine the legality of this product in their own nation before purchase. The manufacture and distribution of the raw materials to make SARMs was prohibited in China from 1st January 2020. The frustrating bulk of supplement components originate from China, with a niche like SARMs it's mosting likely to be someplace between 89-99% of basic materials.

Scientist Professor James T Dalton determined andarine - a SARM - while researching therapies for prostate cancer cells. Years later on, he developed an additional SARM - ostarine - and also while the advancement of these medicines for the cancer market discontinued, a black market became an outcome of their impacts. Male's Health joins numerous affiliate advertising programs, which implies we might make money payments on editorially picked items purchased through our web links to store websites. You ought to consult an accordingly qualified lawyer on any type of specific legal trouble or matter.

The info offered here was accurate since the day it was published; nevertheless, the legislation might have changed since that date. This details is not meant to be, and need to not be utilized as, an alternative to taking legal recommendations in any type of details situation. LawInSport is exempt for any type of activities taken or otherwise taken on the basis of this details. The Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sport revealed today that David Drouin, a biking professional athlete, obtained a four-year assent for an anti-doping rule violation.

Nevertheless, some clients did have light altitudes of liver enzymes (about 20%) as well as unfavorable modifications of lotion lipids (HDL down 27%). With the majority of the patients these degrees were still taken into consideration within typical range and not a high and even light cardiovascular risk. Ostarine is one of the most popular SARM on the planet, although it is non-steroidal it is carefully related to anabolic/androgenic in its activity. As it effectively promotes most significantly the Androgen Receptor in skeletal muscular tissue and also bone. It is much less active in "androgenic" tissues such as the prostate or sex organs.

#BPC157 EU #BPC157 Europe #information BPC157 EU #information BPC157 Europe #EU BPC157 how does it work #Europe BPC157 how does it work

1 note · View note

annieboltonworld · 4 years ago

Text

Juniper Publishers- Open Access Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources

Status of Edible Fishes of Lower Gangetic Delta In Terms of Heavy Metalss

Authored by Abhijit Mitra

Abstract

We analyzed concentrations of zinc, copper, lead and cadmium in ten commercially valuable finfish and shellfish species in the lower stretch of the River Ganga in April, 2016 using a Perkin-Elmer Sciex ELAN 5000 ICP mass spectrometer and expressed as mg kg-1 dry weight.In finfish species the concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd ranged from 2.05±0.13 - 111.55±1.38, 1.26±0.11 - 53.15±0.60, BDL - 3.05±0.21 and BDL - 1.32±0.11 respectively. Concentrations in shrimp species ranged as follows: Zn: 1.19±0.06 - 141.21±1.50, Cu: 1.02±0.05 - 92.40±0.93, Pb: BDL - 2.01±0.17 and Cd: BDL in all the sampling stations. In crab the concentrations ranged from 11.65±0.10 - 213.66±1.60 for Zn, 6.18±0.11 - 109.23±1.00 for Cu, BDL - 9.99±0.79 for Pb and BDL - 1.48±0.07 for Cd. Metals in the soft body mass of oyster ranged from 21.44±0.28 - 202.78±1.49 for Zn, 8.66±0.09 - 69.14±0.79 for Cu, BDL - 8.02±0.26 for Pb and BDL for Cd. The concentration of metals was significantly affected by the sampling site and fish species. Heavy metals in the edible parts of the investigated fish species were compared with the permissible safety levels for human uses.

Introduction

Pollution of environment represents a major problem in both developed and underdeveloped countries. Among the different categories of pollutants persistent environmental contaminants are the worst in context to human health. Emissions of harmful substances have negative effects on the natural environment and human health [1]. When the consequences of environmental pollution become visible, it is often too late to prevent and chronic toxic effects, impossible to notice at the initial stage of the process, may manifest themselves after many years [2]. That is the main reason why it is imperative to conduct periodic pollution monitoring of aquatic environments. Heavy metals are stable and persistent environmental contaminants of aquatic environments. They occur in the environment both as a result of natural processes and as pollutants from human activities [3,4]. Some metals like Zn and Cu, which are required for metabolic activity in organisms, lie in the narrow "window" between their essentiality and toxicity. Other heavy metals like Cd and Pb, may exhibit extreme toxicity even at low levels under certain conditions, thus necessitating regular monitoring of sensitive aquatic environments [5-7]. From an environmental point of view, coastal zones can be considered as the geographic space of interaction between terrestrial and marine ecosystems that is of great importance for the survival of a large variety of plants, animals and marine species [8]. The coastal zone receives a large amount of metal pollution from agricultural and industrial activity [9]. Adverse anthropogenic effects on the coastal environment include eutrophication, heavy metals, organic and microbial pollution and oil spills [10]. The discharge of these wastes without adequate treatment often contaminate the estuarine and coastal water with conservative pollutants (like heavy metals), many of which accumulate in the tissues of resident organisms like fishes, oysters, crabs, shrimps, seaweeds etc. In many parts of the world, especially in coastal areas and on smaller islands, shellfish is a major part of food, which sulies all essential elements required for life processes in a balanced manner [11]. The shellfish (particularly the shrimp) is also the major exportable item of countries like India and therefore keenly related to economy of the country. Hence, it is important to investigate the levels of heavy metals in these organisms to assess whether the concentration is within the permissible level and will not pose any hazard to the consumers [12].

In Indian sub-continent the mighty River Ganga (~ 2500 km) is the reservoir of a wide spectrum of fishes distributed in different ecological habitats. The lower stretch of the River Ganga (known as Hooghly estuary) sustains about 256 species of finfish and is the breeding ground of several commercially important shellfish like shrimps, crabs and oysters (Penaeus s., Scylla serrata, Saccostrea sp., Crassostrea sp. Etc.). The River Ganga emerges from a glacier at Gangotri, about 7010 m above mean sea level in the Himalayas and flows down to the Bay of Bengal covering a distance of 2525 km. In this length, Ganga passes along 29 class-I cities (population over 1,00,000), 23 class-II cities (population between 50,000-1,00,000) and 48 towns having less than 50,000 population. About 50% of Indian population lives in the Ganga basin, and there are about 100 urban settlements with a total population of about 120 million on its banks [13]. The delta of Ganga may be said to start from Farakka in the maritime state of West Bengal.

The Gangetic delta, at the apex of Bay of Bengal is recognized as one of the most diversified and productive ecosystems of the Tropics. The deltaic lobe is unique for its wilderness, mangrove gene pool and tiger habitat. However due to intense industrial activities in the upstream zone, and several anthropogenic factors, the western part of the deltaic complex is exposed to pollution from domestic sewage and industrial effluents leading to serious impacts on biota [14]. The presence of Haldia port- cum-industrial complex in the downstream region of the River Ganga (also known as the Hooghly River) has accelerated the pollution problem with a much greater dimension [15]. The organic and inorganic wastes released from these industries and urban units contain substantial concentrations of heavy metals. The central part of the delta (encompassing the surroundings of Matla River) is relatively less stressful in terms of industrial discharge. Due to siltation of the Bidyadhari channel the area does not receive any water suly from the Hooghly River in the western sector and is therefore tide-fed in nature receiving the tidal flux from the Bay of Bengal (average salinity = ~32 psu). The present paper aims to highlight the concentration of selective heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd) in the muscle tissue of five common finfish species namely Polynemusparadiseus, Tenualosa ilisha, Liza parsia, Liza tade and Stolephorus commersonii, two commonly edible shrimp species Penaeus monodon and Penaeus indicus, crab species Scylla serrata and soft body parts of two oyster species Saccostrea cucullata and Crassostrea madrasensis collected from four stations distributed in two sectors (western and central Indian Sundarbans) of the lower Gangetic region.

Materials and Methods

Description of the study site

Two sampling sites were selected each in the western and central sectors of Indian Sundarbans, a Gangetic delta at the apex of the Bay of Bengal. The deltaic complex has an area of 9630 sq. Km and houses 102 islands. The western sector of the deltaic lobe receives the snowmelt water of mighty Himalayan glaciers after being regulated through several barrages on the way. The central sector on the other hand, is fully deprived from such suly due to heavy siltation and clogging of the Bidyadhari channel since the late 15th century [16]. The western sector also receives wastes and effluents of complex nature from multifarious industries concentrated mainly in the upstream zone. On this background four sampling stations (two each in western and central sectors) were selected (Table 1) and (Figure 1) to analyze the concentrations of heavy metals in the common edible finfish and shellfish species inhabiting the zone.

Sampling of Specimen

Five commonly edible finfish species (Polynemus paradiseus, Tenualosa ilisha, Liza parsia, Liza tade and Stolephorus commersonii), two shrimp species (Penaeus monodon and Penaeus indicus), crab species (Scylla serrata) and two oyster species (Saccostrea cucullata and Crassostrea madrasensis) were collected during low tide condition from the selected stations (Table 1) during a rapid EIA study from 10th April to 25th April, 2016. The collected samples were stored in a container, preserved in crushed ice, and brought to the laboratory for further analysis. Similar sized specimens of each species were sorted out for analyzing the metal level in the muscle of finfish, shrimps, crabs and soft body parts of oyster.

Analysis

a) Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) is now - a - day accepted as a fast, reliable means of multi-elemental analysis for a wide variety of sample types [17]. A Perkin-Elmer Sciex ELAN 5000 ICP mass spectrometer was used for the present analysis. A standard torch for this instrument was used with an outer argon gas flow rate of 15 L/min and an intermediate gas flow of 0.9 L/min. The alied power was 1.0 kW. The ion settings were standard settings recommended, when a conventional nebulizer/spray is used with a liquid sample uptake rate of 1.0 mL/min. A Moulinex Super Crousty microwave oven of 2450 MHz frequency magnetron and 1100 Watt maximum power Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) reactor of 115 ml volume, 1 cm wall thickness with hermetic screw caps, were used for the digestion of the collected biological samples. All reagents used were of high purity available and of analytical reagent grade. High purity water was obtained with a Barnstead Nanopure II water-purification system. All glass wares were soaked in 10% (v/v) nitric acid for 24 h and washed with deionized water prior to use.

The analyses were carried out on composite samples of 10 specimens of each species having uniform size. This is a measure to reduce possible variations in metal concentrations due to size and age. 20 mg composite sample from each species of finfish and shellfish were weighed and successively treated with 4 ml aqua regia, 1.5 mL HF and 3 ml H2O2 in a hermetically sealed PIFE reactor, inside a microwave oven, at power levels between 330-550 Watt, for 12 min to obtain a clear solution. The use of microwave-assisted digestion aears to be very relevant for sample dissolution, especially because it is very fast [18-20].

After digestion, 4 ml H2BO3 was added and kept in a hot water bath for 10 min, diluted with distilled water to make up the volume to 50 ml. Taking distilled water in place of biological samples and following all the treatment steps described above the blank process was prepared. The final volume was made up to 50 ml. Finally, the samples and process blank solutions were analyzed by ICP-MS. All analyses were done in triplicate and the results were expressed with standard deviation.

The accuracy and precision of our results were checked by analyzing standard reference material (SRM, Dorm 2). The results indicated good agreement between the certified and the analytical values (Table 2).

b) Statistical analysis

A logarithmic transformation was done on the data to improve normality. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to assess whether heavy metal concentrations varied significantly between sites and species; possibilities less than 0.01 (p < 0.01) were considered statistically significant. All statistical calculations were performed with SPSS 9.0 for Windows.

Results and Discussion

Heavy Metals in Finfish

The species-wise variation was not uniform for all the metals. Zn accumulated as per the order Liza parsia > Liza tade > Tenualosa ilisha > Polynemus paradiseus > Stolephorus commersonii (Figure 2). Cu accumulated as per the order Liza parsia > Tenualosa ilisha > Polynemus paradiseus > Liza tade > Stolephorus commersonii (Figure 3). Pb accumulated as per the order Liza parsia > Tenualosa ilisha > Polynemus paradiseus > Liza tade > Stolephorus commersonii (Figure 4). In case of Cd the order was Liza parsia > Tenualosa ilisha > Liza tade (Figure 5) [21] pointed out that the affiance of metal uptake from contaminated water and food may differ in relation to ecological needs, metabolism, and the contamination gradients of water, food and sediment, as well as other factors, such a salinity, temperature and interacting agents.

The selected finfish species in the present study have different food preference and different behavioral pattern e.g., Liza parsia, Liza tade, Polynemus paradiseus, and Stolephorus commersonii are resident fish species in the study area, while Tenualosa ilisha exhibit migration from coastal region (~ salinity = 20-30 psu) to freshwater system in the upstream zone of the River Ganga for breeding. These factors may be attributed to species-wise variation of heavy metals in the study zone.

The spatial variation of bioaccumulation followed the order station 1 > station 2 > station 3 > station 4, which may be related to different degree of contamination in different location. The Zn concentration in all the finfish species (except Liza parsia in station 1) were found to be lower than the recommended maximum level allowed in food as prescribed by the World Health Organization [22]. Furthermore the selected heavy metals in finfish muscle (except Zn in Liza parsia in station 1) were also within the permissible limits for human consumption as indicated by the Food and Agricultural Organization [23]. In case of Cu, the concentration in Polynemus paradiseus (in station 1), Tenualosa ilisha (in stations 1 and 2), Liza parsia (in stations 1 and 2) were higher than the WHO (1989) limit, but the Cu concentration in all the fish samples were within the FAO (1992) limit. Pb concentration in Polynemus paradiseus, Tenualosa ilisha and Liza parsia in station 1 and Liza parsia in station 2 exceeded the WHO (1989) limit, but they were all within the limit of FAO (1992). Cd concentration in Tenualosa ilisha, Liza parsia and Liza tade in station 1 exceeded the WHO (1989) limit, but remained within the 0.05 - 5.5 m range of FAO (1992) for Cd in fish.

Heavy metals in shrimp

Zn being an essential element for normal growth and metabolism of animals, exhibited highest accumulation in the shrimp muscle when compared with the other three metals. According to the results obtained, the zinc levels in the shrimps from station 1 (Nayachar Island) facing the Haldia port-cum- industrial complex were highest, which were higher than the permissible level, i.e., 400 m in crustacean tissue [24].

These levels also exceeded the recommended maximum level of Zn allowed in food by World Health Organization which is 100 m [22]. The concentrations of Zn in shrimps from other three stations were much below the permissible limit for human consumption (Figure 6). We observed significant variations of Zn in shrimp muscle between the stations and also between the shrimp species (p < 0.01).

Levels of Coer in shrimps from the selected stations (except for station 1) ranged from 1.02±0.05 to 17.02±0.31 ng/g, far below the normal permissible range, i.e., 120 m as recommended for the crustacean tissue (Franklin, 1987). In case of station 1 the value ranged from 70.88±0.89 to 92.40±0.93 ng/g (Figure 7). These values are higher than the recommended value of Cu in food, which is 30 m as prescribed by WHO (1989).

High concentration of Pb was observed in shrimp muscle from station 1 (1.38±0.10 in Penaeus monodon and 2.01±0.17 in Penaeus indicus). Station 2 is within the navigational route of the ships and tankers in the Hooghly channel through which the wastes of the upstream region find way to Bay of Bengal. Hence shrimps sampled from this station exhibited considerable concentrations of Pb in the muscle. Stations 3 (Gosaba) and 4 (Satjelia island) are in the central sector of Gangetic delta, almost without any industrial activities which may be attributed to low concentrations of lead in the shrimp samples collected from these areas (Figure 8).

We also observed significant statistical differences in Pb concentrations in shrimp muscle between the stations and also between the selected shrimp species (p < 0.01). Except for station 1, levels of lead in shrimp muscle from three locations were below the permissible level which is 4.0 μg/g for crustacean tissue [24]. When compared with the recommended value of WHO (1989) in context to consumption of shrimp as food (2 m for Pb), the concentrations in Penaeus indicus in station 1 was above this level (Figure 4). All the shrimp species of stations 1 and 2 exhibited higher value than recommended by FAO (1992). Concentration of Cd was below detectable level (BDL) in shrimp tissue in all the sampling stations (Figure 9).

Heavy metals in crab

In Scylla serrata heavy metals accumulated as per the order Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd. The metal level in this group of crustacean is influenced by moulting as the process is known to play a major role in metal mobilization. Hence in the present study we considered marketable sized crab (aroximately 120 gm in weight) to avoid the interference of the ecdysis process. The concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd in the muscle ranged from 11.65±0.10 - 213.66±1.60 for Zn, 6.18±0.11 - 109.23±1.00 for Cu, BDL - 9.99±0.79 for Pb and BDL - 1.48±0.07 for Cd respectively. These values are much higher (except stations 3 and 4) in most cases than the recommended levels of WHO (1989) for heavy metals in food (Figure 6-9). Reports on metal concentration in crabs under natural conditions for coastal waters of India are limited [25-27] and the present data therefore can serve as a baseline figure for the species particularly in the Gangetic delta region.

Heavy metals in oyster

The trace metal in soft mass of oyster results from the net balance between the process of metal uptake and metal loss [28]. The distribution of trace metals followed the order Zn > Cu > Pb> Cd. Oyster species could not be collected from station 1 because of their absence due to low aquatic salinity (~ 6.50 psu). The low salinity of station 1 due to freshwater discharge from the Farakka barrage has made the habitat unsuitable for the survival of oysters (that normally require salinity between 10 - 32 psu).

In the present study area oyster is not consumed as food by the local inhabitant, but considering its wide use as seafood in other parts of the world the soft body tissue was examined for Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd whose values ranged from 21.44±0.28 - 202.78±1.49 mg kg-1, 8.66±0.09 - 69.14±0.79 mg kg-1, BDL - 8.02±0.26 mg kg-1 and BDL respectively. The concentrations of Zn, Cu and Pb in oysters of station 2 exceeded the permissible limits of WHO (1989).

Spatial variation of heavy metals in finfish and shellfish

Heavy metal contamination of the environment has been occurring for centuries, but its extent has increased markedly in the last fifty years due to technological developments and increased consumer use of materials containing these metals. Pollution by heavy metals is a serious problem due to their toxicity and ability to accumulate in the biota [29]. There is still a general concern about the impact of metals in the aquatic environment [30]. Heavy metals have contaminated the aquatic environment in the present century due to intense industrialization and urbanization. The Gangetic delta is no exception to this usual trend. The rapid industrialization and urbanization of the city of Kolkata (formerly known as Calcutta), Howrah and the newly emerging Haldia complex in the maritime state of West Bengal has caused considerable ecological imbalance in the adjacent coastal zone [31]. The Hooghly estuary, situated on the western sector of the Gangetic delta receives drainage from these adjacent cities, which have sewage outlets into the estuarine system. The chain of factories and industries situated on the western bank of the Hooghly estuary is a major cause behind the gradual transformation of this beautiful ecotone into stinking cesspools of the megapolis [31]. The lower part of the estuary has multifarious industries such as paper, textiles, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, plastic, shellac, food, leather, jute, tyres and cycle rims [32]. In addition to industrial discharges, proliferation of tourism units has also contaminated the environment to a great extent particularly around Digha (station 2).

These units are point sources of heavy metals in the estuarine and coastal waters. Due to toxic nature of certain heavy metals, these chemical constituents interfere with the ecology of a particular environment and on entering into the food chain they cause potential health hazards, mainly to human beings. It was reported by several workers that the discharge of heavy metals into the sea through rivers and streams results in the accumulation of pollutants in the marine environment especially within shrimps [33]. Thus shellfish and shellfish products can be used for monitoring potential risk to humans because these are directly consumed by a large population [34]. Bioaccumulation patterns of metals in shellfish muscle can be utilized as effective indicators of environmental metal contamination [35,36]. According to many researchers, some shellfishes by virtue of their mobile nature are not fair indicator of aquatic contamination, but their regular consumption by human beings makes it absolutely necessary to monitor their different organs, particularly the muscles. The present study is therefore important not only from the safety point of view of human health, but also from the quality point of view as many of these shellfish species have high export value.

Of the four metals studied in the present work, Zn and Cu are essential elements while Pb and Cd are non-essential elements for most of the living organisms. The concentrations of zinc and coer in all the finfish and shellfish species were relatively higher, compared to the concentration of other metals in same samples. It can be explained because these metals (Cu and Zn) are essential elements required by animals for metabolic process. Zinc and coer aear to diffuse passively (probably as a soluble complex) the gradients created by adsorption of membrane surfaces and are found in blood proteins metallothioneins [37] concluded that different tissues of aquatic animals provide and/or synthesize non-exchangeable binding sites resulting in different accumulation levels.

The primary sources of Zn in the present geographical locale are the galvanization units, paint manufacturing units and pharmaceutical processes, which are mainly concentrated in the Haldia industrial sector (Station 1). Reports of high concentrations of Zn were also highlighted in the same environment by earlier workers [14,15,31].

The main sources of Cu in the coastal waters are antifouling paints [38], particular type of algaecides used in different aquaculture farms, paint manufacturing units, pipe line corrosion and oil sludges (32 to 120 m). Ship bottom paint has been found to produce very high concentration of Cu is sea water and sediment in harbours of Great Britain and southern California [39,40]. In the present study area, the major source of Cu is the antifouling paints used for conditioning fishing vessels and trawlers apart from industrial discharges (that is predominant around station 1). Station 2 (Digha) is not only the site for tourism and beach recreational activities, but it is also a major fish landing station in northeast coast of India, where large number of fishing vessels and trawlers contaminate the water with Cu. This is the reason why Cu was detected in considerable quantity in the fish muscle of station 2. Traces of Cu in the samples of stations 3 and 4 (which is totally an industry- free zone) may also be related to use of antifouling paints to keep the fishing vessels and passenger boats free from biofoulers.

Pb is a toxic heavy metal, which finds its way in coastal waters through the discharge of industrial waste waters, such as from painting, dyeing, battery manufacturing units and oil refineries etc. Antifouling paints used to prevent growth of marine organisms at the bottom of the boats and trawlers also contain lead as an important component. These paints are designed to constantly leach toxic metals into the water to kill organisms that may attach to bottom of the boats, which ultimately is transported to the sediment and aquatic compartments. Lead also enters the oceans and coastal waters both from terrestrial sources and atmosphere and the atmospheric input of lead aerosols can be substantial. Station 1 is exposed to all these activities being proximal to the highly urbanized city of Kolkata, Howrah and the newly emerging Haldia port - cum - industrial complex, which may be attributed to high Pb concentrations in the finfish, shrimp and crab muscle. Because of the low salinity of station 1 (~6.5 psu during the study period) oyster could not be found in this zone.

The main sources of Cd in the present geographical locale are electroplating, manufacturing of Cd alloys, production of Ni- Cd batteries and wielding. No trace of Cd was recorded in the shrimp muscle from stations 3 and 4, which are located almost in industry-free zone surrounded by mangrove vegetation. The accumulation of Cd in the soft body parts of oyster is a cause of concern as many Government departments and NGOs have initiated pilot scale oyster culture in the lower Gangetic region as means of alternative livelihood [41].

Conclusion

Sea foods are a cheap and the most accessible source of animal protein for the coastal inhabitants. However, there is a growing amount of evidence that seafood could be potentially harmful to human health as these are contaminated from heavy metals. In the Gangetic delta region of the tropics few studies have been carried out to assess the magnitude of contamination in commercially important finfish and shellfish species. This study revealed that the commercially important marine organisms in the lower Gangetic delta, at the apex of Bay of Bengal have been contaminated by heavy metals to a greater degree and exceeds the recommended safety levels for consumption at station 1 in the western sector owing to intense industrialization. Antifouling paints used for conditioning vessels and trawlers are also the major sources of heavy metals in the system that is ultimately deposited in the organisms. Strict regulation for the usage of heavy metals and frequent monitoring and controlling programmes are needed to check heavy metal contamination of marine organisms in the area that may potentially cause greater threats to human and ecological health [42].

For more articles in Open Access Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/ijesnr/index.php

#juniper publishers journals #Juniper Publishers PubMed Indexed Journals #Ecological Validity #Oceanography #Limnology #Environmental Chemistry

1 note · View note

katewillaert · 6 years ago

Photo

My Secret Origin (Part 1): How To Fail At Comics

[Above: Art from 20 years ago, when I was in High School.]

What do you want to be when you grow up?

When I was four I said “mad scientist.” It was 1987 and I was a big fan of The Real Ghostbusters and Doc Brown. My mom insisted “mad scientist” wasn’t a profession. And weren’t those characters are inventors? What did I want to invent?

Clearly I hadn’t thought this through.

My mom also informed me that all those cartoons I watch were made by people. Those were drawings, and there are people whose job it was to draw those.

This blew my mind. From that point on I decided I was going to be an animator.

Discovering Art

I don’t remember when I first started drawing. It seems like something I always did growing up. As far as my memory is concerned, I came out of the womb holding a pencil and began drawing before I said my first words.

In reality, I probably started in preschool when I was four, just before I discovered what an animator was. I remember my favorite subject to draw was the Ecto-1 from Ghostbusters. I must’ve drawn it something like 10 or 20 times.

My mom kept almost all of my childhood art, so in theory I could figure out when I started drawing from that...except the earliest drawings were ruined when the basement flooded.

After the flooding, my mom was condensing what was left, and I saw something surprising: a box filled with Ecto-1 drawings. I hadn’t drawn it 10 or 20 times, I’d drawn it 100 or 200 times. Repetitively, over and over, without consciously thinking about what I was doing.

It was practice without realizing I was practicing. I guess that’s how my art “leveled up” so quickly?

Later I discovered other details about my early development. There was a time around age 2 where I stopped talking. There were times when I liked to line up toys. My obsession before art was Legos, building complex shapes and stairs.

Today these might be recognized as possible indicators of autism, but this was the ‘80s.

Because I was shy and lacking in social skills, a teacher suggested to my parents that I might benefit from being held back a grade. I had a summer birthday, so holding me back would make me one of the oldest rather than the youngest.

Thankfully my parents didn’t take that advice. I would’ve been miserable. Despite being the youngest in my class, I surpassed everyone in terms of scores. A CAT test says I scored “higher than 99% of all 3rd grade student in the nation in total language.” 91% in reading. 90% in math. My reading comprehension was 98% in the nation, but was brought down by my reading vocabulary which was only 72%.

Yet this new information called into question a things about myself I’d never considered. Maybe certain things suddenly made more sense? In particular, the way I don’t have interests so much as obsessions. Any time I take an interest in a topic, it leads to an obsessive amount of research.

Discovering Comics

I think the first comic I ever saw was a Chick Tract some kid showed me in Sunday School. He was surprised I’d never seen one. It must’ve hadan impact on me, because I attempted to draw a tract-style comic starring C.O.P.S. (“Fighting Crime In A Future Time”).

I didn’t discover REAL comic books until a few years later. In 1991, Terminator 2: Judgement Day marketing was in full force and I thought it looked so cool. But it was Rated R, and I was only seven. My mom spotted a couple issues of a Marvel comic adaptation (drawn by Klaus Janson), and I guess that was the compromise until it was out on video.

I attempted to illustrate a comic imitating Janson’s cram-packed panel-per-page ratio. It was an epic crossover where Michael Keaton Batman encounters a Delorean driven by a T-1000, then the Ninja Turtles show up, and maybe the Ghostbusters? I knew how to introduce characters but not how to finish a story.

At this point I was still imagining becoming an animator, even though I barely knew anything about what it involved beyond some flip books I’d done. But all that changed when I discovered the X-Men.

X-Men and Batman: The Animated Series both debuted on FOX during the fall of 1992. I was a huge fan of the Tim Burton Batman movies and I’d seen every episode of the ‘60s show when it was revived in reruns, but I didn’t know the comics existed? I didn’t even know where to find comics.

My brother and I were both really into this new X-Men thing, and my brother was given a set of X-Men comics for his birthday. I borrowed them of course, and wanted to see how the story continued. My mom showed us a book store in the mall that had comics, and then we discovered the local comic store. That started my monthly addiction.

Now age 10, I decided I no longer wanted to be an animator. Comics were my true calling. And my dream was to break in at age 16.

Learning Comics

Age 11: I went from reading just Uncanny X-Men to buying the entire X-line, thanks to and event called Age Of Apocalypse.

Age 12: I started buying Wizard magazine. The first two issues I bought included life-changing information, like that you get hired by building a portfolio and showing it to editors. There was industry news, and art tutorials by Greg Capullo. I added the magazine to my monthly buy list. An X-Men 30th anniversary special gave me the entire history of the characters, and a run-down of the key artists and writers with examples of their work. It was like a Rosetta Stone before Wikipedia.

Age 13: I started buying most of Marvel’s output thanks to an event called Heroes Reborn. I never got into the Batbooks, I guess because the art didn’t look as cool? Comics contained ads for the Joe Kubert School, which became my backup plan if I didn’t break into comics on my own. I also discovered the internet around this time.

Age 14: My first year of high school. I spent every lunch hour in the library browsing the internet, since we didn’t have a computer at home yet. I discovered several comic art forums where pros and amateurs traded tips. During the summer I attended a week long art session taught at a local college by a professor who grew up on ‘60s Marvel. There I learned I’d been using paper that was much too thin to ink on, and I learned about the importance of Jack Kirby.

Age 15: I started buying Comic Book Artist magazine. I thought it’d be about drawing tips, but instead it was filled with fascinating comics history, which became an obsession of its own.

Age 16: A year of disappointment. I knew I wasn’t at the level I needed to be to get pro work, but wasn’t sure how to get to the next level. Nowadays there are all sorts of resources I could’ve used, but back then there was no Youtube, no social media, and few books about the craft of comics.

I was now certain the Joe Kubert School was the way to go.

Changing Plans

My family took a trip to Dover, NJ to visit the Joe Kubert School campus, and it was pretty disappointing. The town didn’t feel super friendly, and the school wasn’t accredited, which raised issues in regards to getting student aid. Plus the idea of spending so much money on a non-degree.

The guy showing me around tried to sell me by pointing out that comic companies don’t care about whether you went to college, they just want to see the portfolio.

I took this to heart and decided not to go to college. I was pretty crushed at first, because I’d had this dream plan for so long, and now I was plan-less. But eventually a new plan began to form.

It was time to start doing conventions.

A startup called CrossGen had a sample script and were taking submissions at SDCC 2000, so I went there. I still felt like my work wasn’t quite ready for prime time, but i was worth a shot.

And nothing came of it, other than a cool Crossgen rejection letter in a box somewhere. None of the other publishers could be bothered to even send that.

In hindsight, I was trying to enter at maybe the worst possible time in comics history. When I first started reading comics, they were at their peak during a boom period. When the bubble burst, the industry experienced year-over-year plummeting sales with no bottom in sight. No one was hiring.

But I kept at it, hoping for a lucky break. Top Cow was impressed that I did backgrounds (lol), and suggested I send in “background samples,” but I didn’t want to go down that route. But maybe that’s what a lucky break looks like? (On the other hand, many aspiring pencillers who start as inkers or colorists get stuck there.)

The next summer I went to Chicago with a Marvel sample script. I’d just graduated from high school, so I was really hoping. This time I got a critique from an editor who had actual advice to offer, and I learned a few things. But still no one was hiring.

I thought if I just stayed home and worked on art for a year, I’d eventually come up with pages so impressive that they’d HAVE to hire me. And if it didn’t work out after a year, I’d start looking for a college.

But now I was struggling with a new problem. I suddenly hated my art. I’d heard about a few professional artists who didn’t like looking at their own art, but I was certain this was different. After all, they’re actually good.

The year passed and I accomplished nothing. Based on things I’d heard, I was nervous that college might actually price me out of comics entirely. But I didn’t know that for sure, and I was super inexperienced when it came to money, since I’d never lived on my own before.

But I kept hearing how so many people have gone to college and they all turned out okay (this was before social media and before student debt became a crisis). I was clearly having trouble moving forward on my own, and Youtube still didn’t exist, so what choice did I have?

Choosing Schools

There were only a few colleges with comic art programs back then (maybe three total?), but one of them just happened to be over here in Minnesota. Art school appealed to me because all the classes were art-focused, so I wouldn’t have to waste my time with math and other BS.

And as I humble-bragged earlier, I’m good at math. But I hated it. At one point some kids from Math League asked if I’d join the team. “‘MATH LEAGUE?’ You mean you do math for FUN??”

I hated math so much, I took harder, accelerated math courses via a local college, just so I could finish math early and spend my last years of high school wonderfully mathless. If there’d been a similar way to graduate from high school earlier, I would’ve taken it. When I realized we were all graduating regardless of how much work we put in, I stopped caring so much about grades and let an occasional B+ slip in.

When I would see classmates busy studying for their SATs or ACTs, I was so glad I didn’t have to bother with that.

But the joke was on me. Because this art school didn’t just require a portfolio review (which I was more than ready for). It also wanted ACT test results.

I remember wondering if I should study before I take it, since everyone took it so seriously in high school. But I didn’t even know how to study. It’s not a skill I’d learned, because I never needed to. So I decided to wing it.

You’ll hate me, but without studying I scored in the top 96% for English, the top 94% for Reading, the top 96% for Science...but only top 87% for Math, because I hadn’t taken a math class in three years. That brought my total down 90%..

(Later, I had to learn to study in order to pass some horrifically-taught art history classes. That teacher made me hate art history, which is ironic given how much of my own writing is focused on history.)

So I got into the school, only to discover that even structured teaching wasn’t going to solve my new art problem. During my first year I told my mom that I don’t enjoy art anymore, and she thought it might be depression. I mean, that’s plausible, losing interest in your passions?

In hindsight, I now have enough experience with real depression that I can definitively say it wasn’t that. I mean, I was occasionally depressed back then, but hating my art was unrelated. It took me years to figure out the actual problem.

Dunning Kruger

The Dunning-Kruger Effect is named after a study which found that:

1) People who aren’t knowledgeable about a skill tend to think they’re better at it than they are, because they don’t know enough to know what they don’t know.

2) Conversely, people who ARE knowledgeable about a skill tend to think they’re worse at it than they are.

My problem went one level deeper. I’d learned a shit ton about every skill related to comic art, but I hadn’t put in as much time actually practicing. And now practicing was tough, because I was hyper-aware of how bad every line was as I laid it down.

In other words, the exact reverse of when I was four and drew repetitively on auto-pilot. Back then I was oblivious that I was practicing anything at all. Now I had the benefit and detriment of a critical mind.

But this realization came later. At the time I was just miserable and didn’t know what was wrong with me.

Halfway through art school, I realized I’d likely already priced myself out of comics, and I needed a real degree that would function back-up plan. So I switched majors. Instead of a Comics major filling my electives with design classes, I became a Design major filling my electives with comics classes.

In order to change my major, I had to explain it to the head of the school. This was awkward because it partly involved explaining how the comics industry worked, and he didn’t want to believe it. He told me I was being cynical.

I tried doing comic samples one last time after college, for a convention in 2006, but couldn’t even finish a page. Then sometime around 2008, I gave up drawing entirely.

How I got started again is another story.

You can also find me on:

Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/katewillaert/?hl=en

Twitter - https://twitter.com/katewillaert

Art Patreon - https://www.patreon.com/katewillaert

History Patreon - https://www.patreon.com/acriticalhit

#comics #comic art #x-men #marvel comics

11 notes · View notes