#central_processing_unit

[phonemantra-blog]

They will be shown at CES 2024 Promotional materials have appeared on the Internet with photos of Dell and Alienware laptops, and some of them will be equipped with the latest Intel Core Ultra processors. [caption id="attachment_85043" align="aligncenter" width="780"] Intel Core Ultra processors[/caption] This is what laptops with new Intel Core Ultra processors look like. The images show the XPS 13, 14, 16, as well as the Alienware m16 R2 and m18 R2. All new products will receive a 14th generation Intel Core CPU, but we know that this same 14th generation will include both Raptor Lake Refresh and the latest Meteor Lake. But only the latter will bear the names Core Ultra. Also, some laptops will have discrete graphics cards of the GeForce RTX 40 line. There are no other technical details yet, but these are all fairly high-end laptops. They should be announced at CES 2024, like many other laptops based on the new Intel processors.

[technologitouch]

How To Overclock Ram? Step By Step Guide | Technologi Touch

[rondbaz]

https://www.rondbaz.com/news.aspx?link=352

واحد پردازش مرکزی، که با نام پردازنده یا CPU نیز شناخته می‌شود، یک مدار الکترونیکی است که می‌تواند برنامه‌های کامپیوتری را اجرا کند.

متن کامل را در لینک بالا مشاهده کنید.

#پردازنده #واحد_پردازش_مرکزی #CPU #Central_Processing_Unit #رندباز

[simplificationstationus-blog]

PC components.

Introduction

Are you new to computers? Are you wanting to build your own PC but don’t know what components there are and what they do? Do you want to learn more about computer components? If you said yes to any of those questions then this blog post is for you.

Motherboard

A motherboard is the main component to any PC. Without the motherboard PC’s wouldn't be able to function. Not even that most technology wouldn’t be able function due to the fact that motherboards are incorporated in most if not all modern technology. Your modern flat screen TV even has a motherboard! 

So what is a motherboard? A motherboard is a a fibreglass board with copper track patterns all over it to connect the computers components together via the circuitry of the board. This board is a multi layered board with copper wires inside of it to get rid of excessive wires that may be needed inside of the PC otherwise. 

A motherboard commonly has the following:

CPU socket

copper wiring 

RAM slots

PCI express slots

CPU heatsink and fan mount 

connectors for integrated peripherals 

So what is the motherboards job?

The motherboards job is to make sure that all the components of the PC are connected and are able to communicate with each other. The motherboard does this by having sockets for the components to be put in to. The copper wiring is the component of the motherboard that connects these together. This allows the components to communicate with each other for the tasks that a computer needs to do.

Not sure what a motherboard looks like? Still need more information on motherboards? Here are some links.

https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=motherboard&dcr=0&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiE75PVh7XaAhUoKMAKHcrTCWcQ_AUICigB&biw=1366&bih=588

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard

https://www.google.co.uk/search?rlz=1C1CHWA_en-GBGB616GB616&tbm=isch&q=anatomy+of+a+motherboard&chips=q:anatomy+of+a+motherboard,g_1:labeled&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjRvduai7XaAhWXOsAKHUpxCH4Q4lYIKCgA&biw=1366&bih=588&dpr=1#imgrc=-yTSyTaqrOGypM:

CPU (Central processing unit)

The CPU or central processing unit is the brain of the computer. The CPU is the component that tells the computer what to do, how to do it and how to do it in the most efficient way. The CPU is a a very complex small circuitry board. The CPU is sort of like the motherboard in the way it is made with copper wiring but down to a minuscule effect. The CPU has complex copper wiring that allows the CPU to carry data across the processor. The CPU has very specific pathways for its copper wiring due to the computer science of ION’s. This changes the way the CPU conducts electricity.

Cores!

So you may be thinking to yourself “what are cores when it comes to a CPU? are more cores better or does it not change anything?”. Well cores are parts of the CPU that handle the workload of your PC. For example imagine a really hard maths calculation. A one core CPU would be doing all of the calculation in one go, whereas a dual core (two core) CPU would be assigning one part of the calculation to one core and another part to the other core. So essentially the more cores the more powerful your CPU therefore the better your PC will be at handling the tasks thrown at it. However having a powerful CPU doesn’t mean you can run any program that requires a lot of CPU power. If your RAM is lacking your CPU wont be able to incorporate its power. So if you’re wanting to get all out of your CPU’s power you are going to need the RAM to back it up. 

Not sure what a CPU looks like? Still need more information on CPU’s? Here are some links.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLSPub4ydiM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S3I5WNHbnJ0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit

https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=CPU&dcr=0&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj_3cqulbXaAhXrAMAKHdAnCN0Q_AUICigB&biw=1366&bih=588#imgrc=_

RAM (Random access memory)

RAM is the component on the PC that stores memory for a temporary amount of time. Without ram you wouldn’t be able to run applications or even have a task bar on your PC. The CPU cant perform any actions without having the RAM’s memory to access. The CPU utilises the memory of the RAM to perform any type of action.

Not sure what the RAM looks like? Still need more information on RAM? Here are some links.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory

https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/r/ram.htm

https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=Ram&rlz=1C1CHWA_en-GBGB616GB616&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwieraupr7XaAhVVFMAKHfYVDhcQ_AUICigB&biw=1366&bih=637

GPU (Graphics processing unit)

Now if you’re a gamer this one is going to be important to you. The purpose of the GPU is to take the workload off of a CPU. What you may understand as a GPU is going to be a graphics card. But the card itself as a component isn’t the GPU, there is a chip inside of the graphics card that is the GPU. The GPU takes on the same operations as the CPU. The GPU does process 2D data but also takes on the role of rendering 3D data like animations and video. The better the graphics card the better the resolution and faster and smoother a game is going to feel.

Not sure what a GPU looks like? Still need more information on GPU’s? Here are some links.

https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/43886/gpu

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit

https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=GPU&rlz=1C1CHWA_en-GBGB616GB616&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiIu7jJr7XaAhULI8AKHWvlAv4Q_AUIDCgD&biw=1366&bih=637

 Hard drive

The hard drive is one of the most essential components of a PC. The reason for this is because the hard drive is the component that stores all of the data. For example the browser you’re using is stored on the your hard drive. Or if you are using a phone to view this it is stored in the internal storage. The hard drive is the component that stores quite literally all the data you have from saved documents to applications to video games. 

Here are the types of data. (Left is the smallest and right is biggest) 

bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, terabytes  

Not sure what a hard drive looks like? Still need more information on hard drive’s? Here are some links. 

https://www.google.co.uk/search?rlz=1C1CHWA_en-GBGB616GB616&biw=1366&bih=637&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=QKbPWrWaAuyMgAaq4KLYBw&q=hard+drive&oq=hard&gs_l=psy-ab.3.0.0i67k1j0l4j0i67k1j0l4.16866.18024.0.20533.8.6.2.0.0.0.128.482.5j1.6.0....0...1c.1.64.psy-ab..0.8.501...0i10k1.0.vTcV0RdQKaM

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive

Power supply

This is one of the basic but dangerous components to your PC. The power supply is the component that is connected to certain components via wires. Without the power supply your PC wouldn’t be able to power on. The power supply is the component that sends power all across your PC.  

Not sure what a power supply looks like? Still need more information on power supply's? Here are some links.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supply

https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=power+supply&rlz=1C1CHWA_en-GBGB616GB616&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiYvoaQsLXaAhVlKcAKHZ6RBwUQ_AUICigB&biw=1366&bih=637

[phonemantra-blog]

And so far only in one test Yesterday, the Chinese company Loongson finally released its 3A6000 processor to the market , which in a number of tests is actually not inferior to the Ryzen 3 3100 and Core i3-10100F . It turned out that it can even compete with the Core i5-14600K! True, only at the same frequency. [caption id="attachment_84905" align="aligncenter" width="780"] Core i5-14600K[/caption] Recent tests have shown that in the UnixBench test the new Chinese CPU performs at the level of the Core i3-10100, if the frequency of the latter is lowered to 2.5 GHz, like the 3A6000. And in the Spec CPU 2006 test, the same thing happens when comparing the Chinese new product with the Core i5-14600K! Moreover, in one of the modes the latter is even a little slower. The Chinese quad-core Loongson 3A6000 processor is capable of competing with the Core i5-14600K. This indicates the great potential of the Loongson architecture, but, of course, in practice the frequencies still differ by more than twice. In addition, these are separate tests and sometimes separate modes in these tests, so we still don’t have the full picture. But we can say for sure that buying a Loongson 3A6000 for a home PC in order to overclock it well and reach the performance of modern AMD and Intel CPUs is a bad idea. Apparently, the overclocking potential is either in general or is still quite weak. Regular overclocking allows you to increase the frequency from 2.5 to only 2.63 GHz, and liquid nitrogen allows you to achieve 3 GHz, but here the motherboard BIOS limitation comes into force. So perhaps extreme overclocking is possible to higher frequencies.

[phonemantra-blog]

And eight small ones While Intel Meteor Lake processors have not yet entered the market, the Arrow Lake CPU line, which is expected next year, has appeared on the Internet. [caption id="attachment_84812" align="aligncenter" width="780"] CPU Arrow Lake-H[/caption] CPU Arrow Lake-H with six large cores appeared on the Internet We are talking about the Arrow Lake-H mobile processor. It has six large and eight small cores. We don't yet know all the details about the Arrow Lake configuration, but such CPUs will have a maximum of eight large and 32 small cores. It is expected that the Arrow Lake-H line will offer up to 6 + 8 configurations, like the specified model, and Arrow Lake-HX processors will have 8 + 16 or 8 + 24 cores. [caption id="attachment_84813" align="aligncenter" width="534"] CPU Arrow Lake-H[/caption] Arrow Lake processors are expected in the second half of next year. Unlike Meteor Lake, which is focused primarily on energy efficiency, Arrow Lake will be more versatile and represented in more segments, including the most senior one.

[phonemantra-blog]

There are still a few years left before such a memory is released. HBM4 memory will appear on the market only in a few years, but it has already become known that its appearance may be associated with a small revolution in the field of semiconductor production. Hynix is ​​reportedly working with Nvidia and other manufacturers on technology that will allow HBM4 memory chips to be placed directly on the computing chip. [caption id="attachment_83411" align="aligncenter" width="600"] CPUs and GPUs[/caption] Now HBM memory is placed on the same substrate as the CPU or GPU, but next to it. Placing memory on the CPU/GPU will not only change the way logic and memory devices are typically connected, it will also change the way they are manufactured. This will change the way CPUs and GPUs are made. In fact, this is approximately the same as AMD's 3D V-Cache, only with a different type of memory. SK Hynix has now begun recruiting specialists to design logic semiconductors such as CPUs and GPUs and is discussing its HBM4 integration design method with several companies without its own manufacturing capabilities, including Nvidia. It is likely that Hynix and Nvidia will initially jointly develop a specific GPU, and then TSMC will produce this chip and immediately place HBM4 memory on top. Considering the type of memory, we are clearly talking about specialized accelerators for AI or data centers. [caption id="attachment_83412" align="aligncenter" width="385"] CPUs and GPUs[/caption] Hynix took on this idea for a reason. The thing is that HBM4 memory will use a 2048-bit interface to connect to host processors, so the latter will be extremely complex and expensive. A direct connection between memory and CPU/GPU will simply be cheaper. However, it is too early to draw any conclusions, since on the way to such implementation there is a very banal problem - heating. The consumption of the Nvidia H100 accelerator is very high, and in a few years such solutions can consume much more. Memory also consumes a lot, and when all this is placed next to each other, there are no problems with cooling. And when a “sandwich” is created, the heating increases significantly with a smaller area of ​​the final crystal. Perhaps Nvidia accelerators in a few years will initially be designed exclusively for liquid cooling.

[phonemantra-blog]

For free Bitsum has released the CoreDirector application, which allows you to optimize the performance of Intel processors with small cores.  [caption id="attachment_83317" align="aligncenter" width="780"] Intel processors[/caption] To make small cores of Intel processors work normally. It is essentially a thread scheduler that allows the user to configure the CPU to force small CPU cores to be used or not used in the selected application. Of course, we are talking about 12th generation Core processors and newer, which generally have these small cores.  The software is very simple. In fact, it has only three operating modes: small cores are forcibly disabled, forcibly enabled, or their control is given to the OS to a greater extent - this is a kind of hybrid mode.

[phonemantra-blog]

True, only server ones Samsung, it seems, can finally compete more seriously with TSMC in the semiconductor market. It is reported that the Korean giant will even receive orders for AMD processors. [caption id="attachment_82935" align="aligncenter" width="780"] AMD processors[/caption] More precisely, Samsung will allegedly produce Prometheus server processors based on Zen 5c cores. True, only low-end models, while the top ones will still be produced by TSMC, and using a 3 nm process technology, that is, apparently, they will be much more energy efficient. New AMD processors will be produced by Samsung Samsung's achievement is that it was able to achieve a die yield rate of 70%, which matches TSMC's figure, which means that there can be more production and it can be cheaper. For AMD, this is an opportunity to diversify risks, which is important given how heavily TSMC’s capacity has been loaded lately. This is also important from the point of view that the current year has shown how critical AI will be for the market in the near future, and this in turn creates a huge demand for corresponding accelerators. And it may turn out that manufacturers will opt to produce more of the corresponding chips, sacrificing consumer CPUs and/or GPUs. In this scenario, an additional manufacturer with a modern technological process will definitely not be superfluous.

[phonemantra-blog]

Gelsinger isn't shy about criticizing his company. Intel CEO Pat Gelsinger spoke about three big mistakes and failures of the company. [caption id="attachment_79812" align="aligncenter" width="600"] Intel[/caption] The head of Intel called processors for smartphones the first such failure. Recall that Intel has been releasing Atom platforms for Android smartphones for some time, and these platforms have generally been quite competitive. They never became widespread, but there were even flagships based on Atom. True, the story did not last long. The first smartphone with such a SoC was released in 2012, and the direction was closed in 2016. These are three huge mistakes and failures of Intel. Gelsinger also believes that Intel was wrong to abandon plans to create graphics processors focused on computing. More precisely, we are initially talking about the Larrabee line, which was canceled just after Gelsinger left Intel in 2010. The project later became Xeon Phi, but with much less ambition. Soon it was closed too. Gelsinger notes that Intel would not have had to subsequently buy five different AI companies if the Larrabee project had continued to be developed. The third point concerns the semiconductor business. Now Intel is actively developing it, trying to become a major market player together with TSMC and Samsung, and also promising that it will master five technical processes in four years, but the head of the company believes that it was necessary to start much earlier. However, in this case the company is at least actively working in this direction.

[phonemantra-blog]

In total, growth is promised in 17 games Intel has released another graphics driver for its Arc video cards, which once again significantly increased performance in a number of games. The increase, depending on the game, can be a modest 6%, or even 53%, as in the case of Returnal and Guild Wars 2. [caption id="attachment_79575" align="aligncenter" width="780"] Intel[/caption] Miracles of optimization from Intel. But that's nothing compared to the results for Halo: The Master Chief Collection. Intel says that when running DirectX 11 mode in Full HD resolution, performance increases by 750%! This once again shows the importance of optimization for modern video cards. In total, driver 31.0.101.4952 improves performance in 17 games, and in only two the increase is less than 10%.

[phonemantra-blog]

This is the Emerald Rapids generation The first leak has appeared on the Internet regarding the new Emerald Rapids generation Intel Xeon Scalable processors, which will be presented on December 14 along with Meteor Lake . [caption id="attachment_79561" align="aligncenter" width="780"] Intel processor[/caption] The flagship Xeon Platinum 8592+ has been revealed, which will offer 64 cores, which does not yet look particularly impressive compared to AMD’s 96-core monsters. And relative to Sapphire Rapids, this is an increase of only 4 cores. All cores, by the way, will be large. Technically, these are Raptor Cove cores, like the current Raptor Lake. The new CPU will receive 320 MB of third-level cache. The total with the L2 cache is already 448 MB. This will be one of the main improvements over the current generation Xeon Scalable. [caption id="attachment_79562" align="aligncenter" width="760"] Intel processor[/caption] The peak power of this Intel processor can reach 922W. 64-core Xeon Platinum 8592+ appeared on the Internet The test sample had frequencies of 1.9-3.9 GHz, and all cores can simultaneously operate at 2.5 GHz. The production CPU is expected to operate at frequencies of 2.0-4.0 GHz. The power limits PL1 and PL2 are 350 and 420 W, respectively. The peak reaches 764 W, but the CPU can be configured so that the value reaches 922 W. [caption id="attachment_79563" align="aligncenter" width="483"] Intel processor[/caption] The test copy in the CPU-Z benchmark scored 610 and 25,741 points in single-threaded and multi-threaded modes, respectively, but the result is not very good, which is apparently due to the unavailability of the software.

[phonemantra-blog]

It's unclear exactly which CPUs Naver uses Over the past year, Nvidia has become the undisputed leader in the artificial intelligence accelerator market. However, it is not the only one present in this market. Naver has reportedly replaced Nvidia accelerators with similar Intel solutions. [caption id="attachment_78879" align="aligncenter" width="600"] Nvidia GPU to Intel CPU[/caption] Korean company Naver switched from Nvidia GPU to Intel CPU for its artificial intelligence server Naver previously used an Nvidia GPU-based server, but has now replaced it with an Intel-based server. Naver is the largest Internet portal and the most popular search engine in South Korea. In this case, we are talking about a server that is responsible for the AI ​​for the Naver Place mapping service. Global information technology companies are reportedly becoming increasingly frustrated with rising prices for Nvidia GPUs and a global shortage of such GPUs. Analysts say the deal between Naver and Intel will likely reduce Nvidia's influence in the artificial intelligence processor market. Before putting the new server into operation, Naver tested it for about a month to understand whether, in general, Intel CPUs could compete with Nvidia GPUs in the tasks the company needed. Of course, there are no details about this, but since the deal was concluded, it means Naver were satisfied with the results. Additionally, the company says it will likely continue to use Intel's next-generation processors, such as Sapphire Rapids, to upgrade its system.

[phonemantra-blog]

6-seater cars will begin transporting passengers in central Tokyo in 2026 Honda Motor Company has announced that it plans to launch a self-driving taxi service in Japan along with Cruise and General Motors (GM). The joint venture will be created by the partners in 2024, and the driverless taxi service itself should start operating in 2026. First, driverless taxis will transport passengers in the center of Tokyo, and then beyond. [caption id="attachment_71932" align="aligncenter" width="612"] Self-driving taxis[/caption] To transport passengers, a Cruise Origin car will be used without a driver's seat and steering wheel; the interior of this vehicle can accommodate up to 6 people. At first, the service will be launched with several dozen cars, and then their number will increase to 500. Passengers will be able to order an unmanned taxi using a mobile application and pay for the service there. Honda and General Motors will launch self-driving taxis in Japan [caption id="attachment_71933" align="aligncenter" width="780"] Self-driving taxis[/caption] It is known that Cruise Origin cars have level 4 autonomy, that is, they can move without a driver if a number of conditions are met. According to international standards, there are 5 levels of car autonomy: the first involves only a little automatic assistance to the driver - this could be, for example, an autonomous emergency braking system; Level 5 is a fully self-driving car. In April of this year, a law came into force in Japan allowing the movement of driverless cars with Level 4 autonomy in some cases.

[phonemantra-blog]

New products are faster than their predecessors The first results of testing Core i5-14600 and Core i3-14100 processors have appeared on the Internet. The first includes six large cores and eight small ones, while the second has only four large ones. The frequencies in the same order are 2.7–5.2 GHz and 3.5–4.7 GHz.  [caption id="attachment_71920" align="aligncenter" width="780"] i5-14600[/caption] So far there are results only in Geekbench, but they allow you to understand the difference between the new products and the previous generation.   Core i3-14100 without small cores appeared in tests for the first time along with the Core i5-14600 Specifically, in Geekbench, the younger processor scored 2509 and 8881 points in single-threaded and multi-threaded modes, respectively, while the results of the older one were 2785 and 16,110 points.  [caption id="attachment_71921" align="aligncenter" width="686"] i5-14600[/caption] Since the results in multi-threaded mode are more important, we note that the result of the Core i5-14600 is higher than that of the Core i5-13600K and close to the Core i5-14600K. The result of the Core i3-14100 is significantly higher than that of the Core i3-13100, but still, the Core i5-13400 remains far ahead.