#demand vs. quantity demanded

[troelsenrandall]

U S Fiscal Policy: An Introduction To Our Fiscal Policy 2020

It is enacted by central banks and comes about via open market operations, reserve necessities, and setting rates of interest. The U.S. Federal Reserve employs expansionary policies each time it lowers the benchmark federal funds fee or low cost price, decreases required reserves for banks or buys Treasury bonds on the open market. Quantitative Easing, or QE, is another form of expansionary monetary policy. When the Fed lowers its low cost price, it also means that the rates of interest shall be low, and the worth of money may also be much less. The strategies of an expansionary monetary policy increase the availability of money. A lot of free cash may cause a lower in the worth of the currency, and may also trigger inflation.

When authorities expenditures exceed government tax revenues in a given year, the federal government is working a budget deficit for that 12 months.

Ultimately, choices about whether to make use of tax or spending mechanisms to implement macroeconomic policy is, partially, a political decision quite than a purely financial one.

Taken together, this additionally signifies that they cannot at all times control the money provide.

Our analysis of financial policy confirmed that developments in the bond market can affect funding and internet exports.

Each year, the financial system produces at potential GDP with solely a small inflationary increase in the value degree.

Data on the economy which are more correct and extra speedily available ought to improve the use of fiscal policy by reducing the size of the recognition lag.

The concept of money neutrality is usually interpreted as meaning that money can not affect the true economy in the lengthy term. The overarching goal of each monetary and monetary policy is often the creation of an economic environment the place progress is secure and positive and inflation is stable and low. Crucially, the goal is due to this fact to steer the underlying economy so that it does not experience economic booms which might be adopted by prolonged periods of low or negative development and high levels of unemployment. While fiscal coverage usually does have the effect of stimulating the economy, policy and stimulus are two different things.Stimulus is using both fiscal or monetary coverage to stimulate the economic system.

Expansionary And Contractionary Fiscal Policy

Expenditures for well being and education really “crowded in” non-public sector investment. These expenditures, Mr. Wang argued, represented increases in human capital. Such will increase complement returns on private sector funding and subsequently enhance it. The most necessary thing you can do is get educated about what it means, after which communicate along with your local, state and federal representatives. Sign the pledge to let local representatives know that you are involved about the nation’s fiscal future, or get entangled by learning about how you can make a distinction in your personal community. monopolistic competition graph -19 pandemic has pushed the worldwide financial system into the worst recession since World War II, with economists predicting that the global economic system will shrink by 5.2% this 12 months.

Monetary And Fiscal Coverage

For instance, a choice on the part of households to eat more and to keep away from wasting less can result in a rise in employment, investment, and ultimately profits. Equally, the funding decisions made by companies can have an necessary impression on the true financial system and on company earnings. But individual corporations can hardly ever have an result on giant economies on their own; the choices of a single family concerning consumption may have a negligible influence on the wider financial system. And the consequences of quirks within the timing of revenues and outlays, such as the receipt of funds from Desert Storm allies that arrived within the fiscal years following the warfare itself. Notable on the determine are the fiscal stimulus of the Vietnam War, the Kemp-Roth tax cuts of the early 1980s, and the program of tax cuts enacted under George W. Bush. Suppose the government reduces authorities spending to scale back the finances deficit.

One lesson the Japanese case illustrates is that prolonged departures from introduced inflation targets could prove difficult to reverse. The Japanese government announced unprecedented efforts at fiscal growth, which resulted in solely minimal implications for inflation expectations. Figure 2 displays our estimates of BEI, adjusted BEI, expected inflation, and the inflation threat premium over a 10-year horizon through the past decade, including the COVID-19 period.

Utilizing Fiscal Policy To Fight Recession, Unemployment, And Inflation

The supply-side economics principle advocates for decrease company taxes and not decrease revenue taxes to grow the economic system. Tax cuts in the corporate sector go away businesses and corporations with more cash to invest and hire new workers. In case the corporate has sufficient staff, then it might possibly use the additional cash to buy stocks, bonds, or buy new corporations.

[yildirimpeterson]

The Russian Financial System In Health, Oil, And Economic Crisis

Such a drop could be the sharpest for the rationale that early Nineties, when Russia was struggling to make the tough transition from a state-controlled economy to a free market. The United States, the European Union, and different allies have barred exports to Russia of key expertise, similar to microprocessors -- or chips -- used in the manufacturing of many manufactured goods, including cars and planes. But Russia's economy is anything however out of the woods, Elina Ribakova, deputy chief economist on the Washington-based Institute of International Finance , informed RFE/RL's Russian Service in an interview. The nation is coming into what is prone to be a really powerful interval because the influence of the sanctions progressively sets in, she says. At first look, Russia may seem to be adapting to the tough new sanctions imposed by Western countries over its unprovoked invasion of Ukraine. We provide a huge selection of economic products and technical assistance, and we assist nations share and apply innovative knowledge and options to the challenges they face.

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First Stage Of Nord Stream 2 Gasoline Pipeline Is Full, Says Putin

Around 380 million portions of fish and chips are eaten within the UK yearly. But the robust sanctions now imply that costs for white fish from Russia, cooking oil, and power are all rising. The amount of economic bank cash held in a single day with the Swiss National Bank fell by 30 billion Swiss francs ($30.07 billion) last week, data on Monday confirmed, illustrating how the central financial institution is tightening monetary policy by decreasing market liquidity. But the weaker ruble means the Russian authorities earns extra money for the oil it sells because oil is priced in dollars.

Many worldwide corporations have either suspended trading in Russia, or withdrawn altogether.

"We will do what extra we are in a position to within the days ahead," British Prime Minister Boris Johnson stated on what additional support Britain would give to Ukraine.

Ukraine, too, is probably considered one of the five biggest exporters of wheat in the world, however the struggle with Russia means it can't ship provides from its ports on the Black Sea.

A former Putin aide predicts that the number of Russians living in poverty will likely double—and maybe even triple, because the warfare continues.

Meanwhile, many Western corporations have voluntarily announced they will not do business in Russia, corresponding to suppliers of elements or providers to the manufacturing trade.

Downgrades to progress forecasts for 2023 are broad-based across EMDEs in Europe and Central Asia as the regional outlook is topic to appreciable uncertainty. Prolonged or intensified warfare may cause significantly larger economic and environmental damage and higher potential for fragmentation of worldwide trade and investment. The danger of economic stress additionally stays elevated, given high debt ranges and inflation. For some Russian entrepreneurs, sanctions have become an sudden source of opportunity. At the same time, however, the Russian financial system has so far demonstrated larger resilience than many initially expected.

Vero: Still Time To Update Tax Card

Scientific-Technical Center for Electronic Warfare, also called AO NTTs REB, engages in analysis and improvement for Russia’s Ministry of Defense. AO NTTs REB is involved in the development of an electronic warfare system used by drones in combat, which is utilized by Russia’s Armed Forces. In oligopoly examples , OFAC today designated Aleksandr Pavlovich Sarkisyan , the General Director of AO NTTs REB. Sarkisyan beforehand labored at Rosoboroneksport OAO, another designated Russian defense firm. As a half of its ongoing world efforts to focus on suppliers of Russia’s defense-industrial base, OFAC designated Open Joint Stock Company Svetlogorsk Khimvolokno , which provides crucial material to Russia’s defense industry. Sohim is a Belarusian state-owned textile and fiber manufacturer that exports to Russia. DefenseLatest news, analysis and comment on protection in Europe and beyond.

[tarplynggaard]

How To Calculate Total Revenue

Xero does not provide accounting, tax, enterprise or legal recommendation. Is what most individuals consider as profit and although it isn’t almost as important as financial revenue, it shows up on many economics exams. There are two types of costs you have to know in microeconomics. These concepts had been touched on in theopportunity price evaluation, but right here we're going to use terminology as it pertains to a firm . Graph the profit function over a site that includes each break-even factors. Add a textbox and label to establish the primary break-even level.

The second break even level goes from 14.15 million items at a worth to $6.forty five to 13.75 million at a price of $6.48. It will cost $10,000 to keep our store open earlier than we contemplate the worth of inventory. Our variable value is the value of shopping for the widgets from our wholesaler who will sell them to us for $8 a unit.

Presentation Of The Price Of Revenue

Find a perform for revenue as a perform of what quantity of units we promote. We beforehand famous that a linear demand price operate has a negative slope. If the slope of the demand curve is 0, the shoppers have a exhausting and fast value they will pay for nevertheless a lot of the product is out there. In this case the demand curve is a constant, so the income curve shall be linear. The other limiting case is the place the demand is for a fixed quantity no matter what the worth.

Net profit margin is profit minus the worth of all different bills divided by income.

Get loan presents that meet your specific enterprise needs from a number of funders through Fundid Capital.

For low volumes, there are few models to unfold the fixed price, so the common cost is very high.

Unearned income accounts for money prepaid by a buyer for items or providers that haven't been delivered.

Your objective as a business individual should always be to maximise both income and profits. Therefore, you must generate sufficient income to offset your expenses and nonetheless have revenue leftover to generate profit. Imagine that between components, lease, and salaries, your monthly bills amounted to $400. In this case, your whole revenue for the month would only be $100, although you offered $500 value of products.

1 Income, Price, And Revenue

Mixing up these phrases can lead to some pricey accounting and budgeting errors. To calculate CRR, you want to divide the total value by the whole income and multiply it by one hundred. We have to admit that the worth of income and price of goods offered ratio are very related. So, there's usually lots of misunderstanding between these two price groups. When you may have all the variables, you possibly can lastly calculate the expense ratio to your revenue. Net profit tells your creditors extra about your small business well being and available cash than gross profit does. When buyers need to put cash into your organization, they'll discuss with the web profit of your business to examine whether it's price investing their money. For a business proprietor, it is necessary to know the distinction between profit and profitability. It is an important determine when checking the profitability and monetary efficiency of a enterprise. Although each measure the efficiency of a business, margin and revenue are not the same. All margin metrics are given in percent values, and therefore take care of relative change, good for comparing things which are working on a very completely different scale. Keynesian economics is explicitly in forex terms, and so offers a extra absolute context - good for evaluating day to day operations.

[gludmarks]

How Is Russian Financial System Doing? Worse Recession State Of Affairs Seen In Inside Report

The economy contracted three.7% within the full 12 months 2015, which contrasted the meagre progress registered within the earlier 12 months. However, the contraction in the Russian economy in the second quarter of was the slowest for the explanation that recession started in late 2014. Comprehensive knowledge showed that GDP contracted 0.6% yearly in Q2, which came in above the 1.2% decrease recorded in Q1. Although industrial production shrank in September, falling on the fastest pace seen in eight months, it's expected to increase barely in 2016 after struggling the worst contraction in six years in 2015. In addition, OFAC issued new guidance that warns of the heightened sanctions risk that international actors exterior of Russia would face for offering political or financial support to Russia because of its illegal makes an attempt to vary the status of Ukrainian territory.

Congress is predicted to act swiftly to pass laws to formalize the downgrade of Moscow's commerce standing. The US revocation of Russia's long-standing most favoured trade status is just the newest in a collection of financial and monetary sanctions that have been levelled against Russia in response to its brutal war in opposition to Ukraine. By itself, the downgrade of its commerce status won't have an immediate far-reaching effect on the Russian economic system. The Kaluga area, a hundred ninety kilometres southwest of Moscow, says it has attracted more than 1.three trillion roubles ($15 billion) in funding, largely international, since 2006.

Market Information

Fast ThinkingFast Thinking When major world news breaks, the Atlantic Council’s consultants have you ever covered—delivering their sharpest fast perception and forward-looking analysis direct to your inbox. Start working with the stories utilized by the world’s major financial establishments, multinational enterprises & government businesses now. In August of 2015, Russian exports amounted to USD 25.zero billion, which marked a 39.7% contraction in annual phrases. Imports totaled USD 16.5 billion, which marked a 34.7% year-on-year contraction. Meanwhile, though hovering power costs have helped the exterior sector hold up relatively properly thus far, the EU’s determination in late May to largely ban Russian oil imports by end-2022 will hit the sector exhausting within the coming months. Meanwhile, to prop up the ailing economy, the federal government announced double digit hikes to pensions and the minimal wage, and slashed rate of interest again in May. While benefiting from a world commodity boom, he promoted state and crony capitalism. The tipping point was the arrest of Mikhail Khodorkovsky, the principle proprietor of the Yukos Oil Company, in October 2003 and the following confiscation of Yukos. Russia had steady price range and current account surpluses allowing it to minimize its public debt and accumulate large international forex reserves. Even though political relations between Moscow and the West had been typically tense, economic ties between the two remained strong. Middle-class Russians might easily guide flights to Europe or purchase the latest Western shopper products, ranging from smartphones to denims. Basic monetary operations similar to sending or receiving money overseas could be accomplished in a matter of minutes. Since Putin may not satisfy the Russian individuals with excessive economic growth and rising standard of living, he opted for small victorious wars as a substitute, first in Georgia in August 2008 and then the annexation of Crimea in March 2014. "We will do what extra we can in the days ahead," British Prime Minister Boris Johnson stated on what additional support Britain would give to Ukraine. Apple Inc late on Tuesday said it had stopped gross sales of iPhones and other products in Russia, adding that it was making modifications to its Maps app to protect civilians in Ukraine. "Our economy is experiencing a shock influence now and there are adverse consequences, they are going to be minimised," Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov informed reporters on a conference call. The broad commerce shift, which revokes the "most favored nation" status for Russia, is being taken in coordination with the European Union and Group of Seven countries. Power Moves If a green pivot is to occur, energy grids must turn into “supergrids,” continent-spanning networks that can move green energy 1000's of miles. While Keynesian economics and its Western allies have condemned the referenda in the Russian-controlled eastern and southern regions as illegitimate, the Chairwoman of the Federation Council, Valentina Matviyenko, claimed in late September that they adjust to worldwide norms and the U.N.

Us Bans Transactions With Russian Central Financial Institution

The short-term results of Russia’s financial progress have differing estimates. That is because extra sanctions could come, and the fallout from President Vladimir Putin’s warfare are unclear. What methods are in place to get inflation down, and when will the worldwide economic system really feel the results of the White House’s plans? The U.S. Treasury’s No. 2 official, Wally Adeyemo, joined Ravi Agrawal on FP Live to discuss the current challenges to the world economic system, the impact of the warfare in Ukraine, and far else. For many European countries, natural gasoline is even harder to chop off than oil, as it tends to be traded on longer-term contracts by way of fixed pipelines, and it isn’t as fungible as oil.

Over the past six months, sanctions have dramatically changed Russia’s financial relationship with the skin world.

Barely two weeks after global financial markets had started working wild because of the COVID-19 pandemic, Russia launched an oil price struggle with Saudi Arabia on March 6, which turned an additional distraction.

For now, different provides of liquefied pure gasoline, which may be transported by sea, remain restricted, particularly in Central and Eastern Europe.

He issued one single programmatic decree, which was exceedingly vague, clarifying that reforms were out of question.

Beijing seems to have an "unspoken rule" of limiting its vitality dependence on anybody country to 15 %, and Russia is already slightly above that degree, she says.

With inflation at 8.5 %, Biden’s approval score dropped to 33 p.c in a Quinnipiac University ballot taken earlier in April. Barely two weeks after international financial markets had began running wild because of the COVID-19 pandemic, Russia launched an oil worth struggle with Saudi Arabia on March 6, which grew to become an additional distraction. Oil costs collapsed, which significantly aggravated Russia’s financial crisis. The decrease oil worth will trigger a major GDP decline on prime of the coronavirus fall. The Brent oil worth has fallen from $60 per barrel initially of 2020 to round $25 per barrel at current. Low oil costs and sanctions shocks to the Russian economy resulted within the ruble shedding 46% of its value towards the us dollar in 2014, prompting insurance policies from the Bank Rossii aimed at stabilizing the financial system. Two scholars of corporate do-goodery suggest a hidden driver of corporate choices to depart Russia is the global pattern by which record numbers of staff are quitting their jobs. "Oil gross sales make up 40% of Russia's total exports, and so they are serving to greatly to fund the struggle," he says. The EU has not imposed sanctions on Russian fuel, as a outcome of it depends on it for about 40% of its gasoline wants. A new spherical of sanctions, drawn up by the European Commission, proposes a further ban on Russian imports. The US says it'll also goal organisations outside Russia which offer help for its army, or its annexation of Ukrainian territory. The US is imposing sanctions on 278 members of Russia's parliament, for enabling the referendums to annex 4 regions of Ukraine.

[briggspotts]

Price, Revenue, And Income Run-down Ap Ib College

Profit margin is an indicator of a company's pricing methods and the way properly it controls costs. Differences in aggressive technique and product mix cause the profit margin to vary among different firms. The fastened cost is $10 (the constant/fixed part of the fee function), and the variable cost is $3 per item.

For example, the cash a shoe retailer makes from selling its footwear earlier than accounting for any bills is its income. Income is not thought of revenue if the company also has income from investments or a subsidiary company. Additional revenue streams and numerous types of bills are accounted for separately. Figure 2.2 "Graph of Average Cost Function for Ice Cream Bar Venture" exhibits a graph of the average price function. Note that the common cost operate begins out very high however drops rapidly and levels off. The contribution margin solely consists of the direct costs inside the value of items bought, resulting in a excessive contribution margin.

Revenue:

Just just like the COGS ratio, the price of gross sales is calculated based mostly on the labor and material costs used to produce a specific product. Thus, not like the price of gross sales or COGS, the price of revenue provides a more complete outlook on the bills borne by the corporate. Gross revenue is the profit a enterprise makes after subtracting all the costs which are associated to manufacturing and promoting its products or services. You can calculate gross profit by deducting the value of items sold from your complete gross sales. So the difference is totally irrelevant for the purpose of our calculations - it does not matter on this case if costs include marketing or transport. Since value is greater than average cost, the agency is making a profit. In , price intersects marginal price at the minimal level of the common price curve. Since worth is equal to common cost, the agency is breaking even.

What's The Formulation For Profit?

Many companies are judged on the premise of revenues, not revenue. In the lengthy term, a enterprise that requires constant funding will fail; solely a profitable business will have the flexibility to pay back its investors. In most instances, nonetheless, only worthwhile businesses can be bought at affordable costs to new owners. Revenue is the whole amount of earnings generated by the sale of goods or providers related to the corporate's main operations. Is the demand perform for the product, so revenue is given by the product of demand and the number of units offered.

The contribution margin only contains the direct prices within the value of goods sold, resulting in a high contribution margin.

Once you get the hold of evaluating monetary statements, the differences in these numbers will be second nature.

In most cases, however, only profitable businesses may be offered at cheap prices to new homeowners.

The gross revenue margin seems nice till you see the working expenses number, which was about $3 million greater than gross profit.

In this case the demand curve is a vertical line and isn't a function, so the income curve also fails to be a operate of amount. Expansionary fiscal policy between web profit and internet revenue is the difference between your total revenues for a period of time minus all of your expenses throughout that same time. Maybe now you perceive the distinction between income and revenue, however you're feeling like these 2 terms appear a bit too conversant in earnings, too. Well, don’t worry, we’re right here to set the document straight. Here are the essential variations between revenue vs. revenue vs. revenue.

[aguirrealmeida]

Expansionary & Contractionary Monetary Policy In Plain English

There are many types of tax cuts, including taxes on earnings, capital features, dividends, small companies, payroll, and company taxes. First, the tepid response to the announced aggressive fiscal expansions could have stemmed from public pessimism about how much of the announced plan would result in precise spending. Indeed, pessimism could have been warranted as a outcome of new spending, whereas substantial, was far below the announced values of the fiscal packages. Still, as Figure 2 reveals, our estimate of anticipated inflation declines steadily all through the interval studied, so we see little proof of anticipatory effects.

We use our model estimates to measure the influence of Japanese fiscal policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic on inflation expectations.

The function of expansionary fiscal coverage is to spice up progress to a wholesome economic degree, which is required during the contractionary part of the business cycle.

Governments purpose to stimulate the financial system by directly partaking in expansionary actions by way of elevated spending.

When the Fed assigns low-interest charges on treasury bonds, people can move to different investment options, making cash circulate in different areas out there. The United States skilled one of the deepest recessions since World War II between December 2007 and June 2009. That recession has since been eclipsed by the one we are presently experiencing because of the COVID-19 pandemic, however it had a extreme effect on the U.S. economy, with a deep decline in GDP and extreme unemployment.

What Are The Consequences Of Expansionary Fiscal Coverage On Output And Employment?

He believed that the function of government in federal economic coverage must be expanded and that the employment of an expansionary fiscal policy would help pull the nation out of the despair. He applied a sequence of projects, collectively referred to as the New Deal, in the first one hundred days of his administration. These components of manufacturing determine a “natural rate” of output around which enterprise cycles and macroeconomic policies can cause only momentary fluctuations. An try to keep output above its natural fee by the use of mixture demand policies will lead solely to ever-accelerating inflation. Expansionary policies enhance the provision of funds, which, in turn, results in elevated consumption and greater financial growth. Because companies have more funds available to them, they increase manufacturing, which then will increase the demand for all components of production, together with human capital.

Expansionary coverage seeks to stimulate an financial system by boosting demand via financial and fiscal stimulus. Japan’s experience is regularly used to check the coverage challenge of raising inflation expectations after an prolonged period of falling short of the inflation target. For oligopoly examples , Ehrmann shows for a variety of inflation-targeting international locations that inflation expectations can lose their anchor after a chronic period of falling below the inflation target, particularly for Japan. More recently, Christensen and Spiegel found that numerous BOJ coverage announcements between 2013 and 2018 were generally unsuccessful in elevating inflation expectations. Reserve requirements refer to the specific sum of money that banks should have of their reserves. If private sector investment doesn't reply a lot to interest rate changes, then there might be much less crowding out when expansionary policies are undertaken. That is, the rising rates of interest that accompany expansionary fiscal policy won't reduce investment spending much, making the shift in the mixture demand curve to the proper higher than it will be in any other case. However, what is necessary when evaluating the effects of an expansionary fiscal coverage is to bear in mind the quantity of spare capability within the economy on the time. The larger the degree of spare capacity, the more practical and the less inflationary the coverage is.

Fiscal Policy And Its Influence On Potential Output

Lower unemployment means much less government spending on unemployment advantages and higher wages mean extra government revenue from progressive taxes. As GDP falls, governments enhance their spending on unemployment benefits and tax income falls . Fiscal coverage – it's the use of government expenditure and tax rates to affect combination demand. The instruments that governments use in implementing fiscal coverage are related to the way by which they increase income and the completely different types of expenditure. Governments purpose to stimulate the economic system by immediately participating in expansionary actions by way of increased spending. This animated graph of expansionary monetary policy exhibits how a reduce within the federal funds fee target triggers a decrease in the Fed’s administered rates, which leads to a decrease federal funds rate. Mr. Wang found that Canadian government expenditures for debt service, the safety of individuals and property, and for presidency and social companies had no effect on non-public sector investment. The new equilibrium is at an output degree of 206 and a worth level of 92. One more 12 months later, combination provide has once more shifted to the proper, now to AS2, and mixture demand shifts proper as well to AD2. When the government decides on the products and services it purchases, the transfer payments it distributes, or the taxes it collects, it is engaging in fiscal coverage. The primary economic impression of any change within the authorities budget is felt by particular groups—a tax minimize for families with youngsters, for instance, raises their disposable income.

Fiscal Vs Financial Coverage

It can manipulate open-market operations by influencing the buying and promoting of presidency securities. To the surprise of some, the Republican Congress largely supports Trump's restrictionist approach to immigration. Apparently Republicans are favoring their nativist base over their conventional allies in business. Volatility profiles based mostly on trailing-three-year calculations of the standard deviation of service investment returns. Lower reserve necessities imply that more funds are made available to those trying to borrow. Crsreports.congress.gov needs to evaluate the security of your connection before proceeding.

[papemccarthy]

What To Know Concerning The As Advert Model By Take A Look At Day

Where the AS curve is steep, the financial system is at or close to potential GDP. Applies to management and provide networks – examine the way production is organised. Money can leak out from the circular circulate, or be injected in by households/business/government. Explain the following and classify them as leakages or injections….. The AD-AS Model does set an interesting and useful framework for evaluation, nevertheless it should not be used as a justification of presidency interference in the economy given its monitor report with such endeavors. I put it to you that government simply does not have the required stage of competence for such things.

Aggregate demand is expressed as the whole amount of money exchanged for those items and services at a particular value degree and time limit.

Rising or falling interest rates will affect decisions made by shoppers and businesses.

The AD-AS Model is amongst the first fashions that college students of macroeconomics will come throughout.

The intersection of the aggregate provide and mixture demand curves shows the equilibrium stage of actual GDP and the equilibrium price stage within the economic system.

The graph under illustrates what a change in a determinant of mixture supply will do to the place of the mixture supply curve.

When prices are high , Consumption is low; as costs fall to P2 and P3, Consumption rises. As the Consumption function shifts upward as a outcome of falling costs, the equilibrium stage of GDP goes up from GDP1 to GDP3. This is depicted within the AD framework as a downward sloping AD curve. Aggregate equilibrium is very comparable to equilibrium with demand and provide for a person good or service. There are two forms of equilibrium once we are referring to the mixture economic system. Short-run combination equilibrium occurs when the quantity of mixture demanded is equal to the amount of mixture provide.

Modeling

Since wages can't readily modify low enough for aggregate supply to shift outward and improve whole output, the federal government should intervene to accomplish this end result. However, the Keynesian combination provide curve additionally accommodates a usually upward-sloping region the place mixture provide responds accordingly to adjustments in price stage. The upward slope is due to the legislation of diminishing returns as firms improve output, which states that it is going to become marginally dearer to accomplish the same degree of improvement in productive capability as companies grow. It can be as a outcome of scarcity of pure sources, the rarity of which causes increased production to also turn out to be more expensive.

The Eastern Economic Journal, a quarterly publication of the Eastern Economic Association, was established in 1973. The EEJ publishes papers written from every perspective, in all areas of economics and is committed to free and open intellectual inquiry from various philosophical views. Im a scholar in south africa, writing an essay on the AD-AS model with regard to the Walmart acquisition of Massmart here in SA. We are required to critically analyse the takeover with respect to the impact on South African GDP as properly has introduce and explain the AS-AD mannequin and hyperlink it to the state of affairs.. Supply-side shocks embody sudden changes within the value of inputs, particularly power, since vitality is needed to produce any product or service.

Mixture Demand Curve

Instead, the equation for mixture supply accommodates solely phrases derived from the AS-AD model. For this cause, to understand how the aggregate supply curve shifts, we must work from the AS-AD mannequin as a whole. When a recession abroad causes foreigners to buy fewer U.S. items, internet exports decline, so the aggregate-demand curve shifts to the left, as shown within the figure. In the brief run, the economic system moves from level A to level B, as output declines and the value level declines. In the lengthy term, the short-run aggregate-supply curve shifts to the right to revive equilibrium at point C, with unchanged output and a cheaper price level in comparison with point A. Now, you can argue that in a period of hyperinflation and continuously rising value ranges that there's such inefficiency within the economic system that the maximum sustainable output level would decrease at greater price ranges. AD-AS model "/>

[tangestes]

What's Keynesian Financial Theory?

These newly employed workers devour extra items and providers, and, in turn, the companies that produce those goods and companies improve their demand for inputs such as capital items and labor. During instances of recession (or “bust” cycles), the theory prompts governments to decrease rates of interest in a bid to encourage borrowing. Thus, investments in the non-public sector will help bolster output and drive the financial system out of recession. Interpretations of Keynes have emphasised his stress on the international coordination of Keynesian insurance policies, the necessity for worldwide economic institutions, and the methods by which financial forces may result in warfare or may promote peace. Later, Keynes had a written correspondence with James Meade centred on the difficulty of import restrictions. Keynes and Meade discussed the solely option between quota and tariff.

What Is The History Of Keynesian Theory?

This post-war domination by neo-Keynesian economics was damaged in the course of the stagflation of the Nineteen Seventies. If the rate of interest at which companies and customers can borrow decreases, investments that have been previously uneconomic turn out to be profitable, and enormous consumer sales normally financed by way of debt turn into extra reasonably priced. A principal operate of central banks in international locations that have them is to influence this rate of interest by way of quite a lot of mechanisms collectively referred to as financial coverage. The liquidity trap is a phenomenon that may impede the effectiveness of monetary policies in decreasing unemployment. Keynes set forward the ideas that became the premise for Keynesian economics in his major work, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money . It was written during the Great Depression, when unemployment rose to 25% in the United States and as high as 33% in some nations.

The huge U.S. tax cuts between 1981 and 1984 supplied something approximating a laboratory test of these different views. With fiscal stimulus offset by monetary contraction, real GNP growth was approximately unaffected; it grew at about the same fee because it had in the current previous. Again, this all appears extra consistent with Keynesian than with new classical theory.

What's Keynesian Economics?

It posits that increased government spending and lower taxes stimulate demand and will pull an financial system out of melancholy. However, Keynes himself was careful to separate the difficulty of combination demand from the difficulty of how nicely particular person markets worked. He argued that individual markets for goods and companies had been acceptable and helpful, but that sometimes that degree of aggregate demand was simply too low. Beginning within the late 1950s new classical macroeconomists started to disagree with the methodology employed by Keynes and his successors. Keynesians emphasized the dependence of consumption on disposable earnings and, additionally, of investment on present earnings and present cash move.

Supply-side economics advanced from the ideas of Hayek and Friedman.

In “How the Great Recession Was Brought to an End,” Alan S. market equilibrium and Mark Zandi wrote that the actions taken by today’s policymakers stand in sharp contrast to these of the early years of the Great Depression.

Keynesian economics assumes that adjustments in demand are the prime influencers of output and employment.

Deficit spending throughout the contractionary phase of the business cycle was something that Keynes advocated for.

First, he thought whatever the economic analysis, benevolent dictatorship is likely ultimately to lead to a totalitarian society.

Keynes was appropriate when he noticed that recessions are periods of lowered consumption, but that may be a result and never a trigger. I would argue (along, I suppose, with the “Austrian” economist Hayek and different financial schools) that recessions usually are not the result of inadequate consumption but rather inadequate revenue. Every main “economic miracle” because the finish of World War II has been a result of leverage. Often this leverage has been accompanied by stimulative fiscal and financial insurance policies. Keynes didn’t specify the Phillips curve, however later it was tacked onto Keynesianism. The Phillips Curve suggests the federal government faces a trade-off between unemployment and inflation – with Keynesians usually giving higher significance to lowering unemployment. The multiplier impact measures the impact that a change in investment could have on final financial output. The U.S. government additionally supplemented weekly state unemployment advantages and despatched American taxpayers direct assist in the type of three separate, tax-free stimulus checks. Interest rate manipulation might now not be sufficient to generate new financial activity if it can’t spur funding, and the attempt at generating economic recovery could stall fully.

Criticisms Of Keynesian Economics

But absolutely the broad contours of the restrictive insurance policies had been anticipated, or a minimal of correctly perceived as they unfolded. Old-fashioned Keynesian concept, which says that any financial restriction is contractionary as a result of corporations and individuals are locked into fixed-price contracts, not inflation-adjusted ones, seems extra consistent with actual events. Nearly all Keynesians and monetarists now believe that both fiscal and monetary policies affect mixture demand. A few economists, nevertheless, consider in debt neutrality—the doctrine that substitutions of presidency borrowing for taxes don't have any effects on whole demand . If done proper, expansionary monetary coverage would negate the need for deficit spending.

[larsonriddle]

Market Equilibrium In Economics: Definition & Examples Video & Lesson Transcript

In order to have consumers and sellers agree on the quantity that may be provided and purchased, the value must be a right degree. Regardless of the state of affairs, changes in equilibrium value and equilibrium quantity ensuing from two different events must be thought-about individually. If each events cause equilibrium worth or amount to maneuver in the identical direction, then clearly value or amount could be expected to maneuver in that direction. If one occasion causes price or amount to rise whereas the other causes it to fall, the extent by which every curve shifts is crucial to determining what occurs. Figure 3.20 “Simultaneous Shifts in Demand and Supply” summarizes what might happen to equilibrium worth and quantity when demand and supply both shift. In this case the new equilibrium price falls from $6 per pound to $5 per pound. In impact, if the worth is not on the equilibrium degree, sellers will detect an imbalance between provide and demand and some will be motivated to test other costs. If present market value is beneath the equilibrium worth, the supplied supply shall be inadequate to satisfy the demand. Other sellers will see that the upper worth has sufficient demand and lift their costs as properly. The market demand curve indicates the maximum worth that consumers can pay to purchase a given quantity of the market product. The market supply curve indicates the minimal worth that suppliers would settle for to be willing to offer a given provide of the market product.

Finding Economic Equilibrium

Aggregate DemandAggregate Demand is the general demand for all the goods and the services in a country and is expressed as the whole sum of money which is exchanged for such items and providers. It is a relationship between all the issues that are bought throughout the nation with their costs. RevenueRevenue is the amount of money that a business can earn in its regular course of business by promoting its goods and companies.

Lakdawalla and Philipson additional cause that a rightward shift in demand would by itself lead to an increase within the amount of meals as properly as an increase within the worth of food.

Most airports in the United States are run by native governments.

This raises price to P1, which offers the incentive for existing firms to provide more, from Q to Q1.

However, longer-term forces are also at work, which shift demand and provide over time.

Graphically, we are saying that demand contracts inwards alongside the curve and supply extends outwards along the curve. Both of those modifications are called actions alongside the demand or provide curve in response to a value change. As can be seen, this market will be in equilibrium at a value of 30p per gentle drink.

Financial Equilibrium Definition

If we are selling tens of tens of millions of models for a worth beneath a greenback, the change in worth of a penny might correspond to a change in quantity of several thousand. Make link to incorporate sufficient digits on your equation to be significant. It is the ideal market state of affairs, as a end result of there's neither wasted output due to extra supply, nor a shortage.

In this graph, the increased demand curve and elevated supply had been drawn collectively. The new intersection level is positioned on the proper hand facet of the unique intersection level. This new equilibrium point indicated an equilibrium amount which is greater than the original equilibrium amount. It is as a end result of demand has increased comparatively more than supply on this case. Equilibrium price and quantity are decided by the intersection of supply and demand. In its simplest form, the fixed interplay of consumers and sellers allows a value to emerge over time. It is commonly difficult to understand this course of because the retail prices of most manufactured items are set by the seller. While an individual client in a shopping center may haggle over the worth, this is unlikely to work, and they'll imagine they don't have any influence over value.

[blairmouritsen]

Module 10: Market Equilibrium Supply And Demand Intermediate Microeconomics

If the demand curve shifted extra, then the equilibrium amount of DVD leases will rise [Panel ]. The round move model offers an overview of demand and provide in product and factor markets and suggests how these markets are linked to at least one one other. In both case, the mannequin of demand and provide is doubtless one of the most widely used tools of economic evaluation. The model yields outcomes which are, in fact, broadly consistent with what we observe in the market.

If a market is at equilibrium, the price is not going to change until an external factor modifications the provision or demand, which outcomes in a disruption of the equilibrium. Here, given beneath is a graphical illustration of demand and supply at an equilibrium value which validates the equilibrium worth definition. This equilibrium worth instance exhibits that an equilibrium price can change the quantity of demand and provide. In the given table, the amount of demand is the same as the availability on the value of Rs. 60. If as a substitute of this worth, we take any other value from the desk, there is often a shortage or a surplus. If the supply curve shifted extra, then the equilibrium amount of DVD leases will fall [Panel ].

Equilibrium Analysis

The equilibrium of supply and demand in each market determines the value and quantity of that item. Moreover, oligopoly examples in equilibrium in one market will have an result on equilibrium in related markets. For instance, a rise in the demand for haircuts would result in a rise in demand for barbers. For some functions, will in all probability be enough to simply look at a single market, whereas at other instances we will want to have a look at what happens in related markets as well. The equilibrium is discovered where the provision and demand curves intersect. At the equilibrium value, the amount supplied equals the quantity demanded .

An increase in supply would lead to a lower cost and extra quantity bought.

Economic concept means that, in a free market there shall be a single value which brings demand and provide into stability, called equilibrium value.

Since the market is always functional, the risk of it achieving equilibrium seems a bookish idea.

Here the equilibrium worth is $2.00 per cone, and the equilibrium quantity is 7 ice-cream cones.

As may be seen, this market will be in equilibrium at a price of 30p per soft drink.

A rational seller would take this a step additional, and gather as a lot market info as attainable in an try and set a worth which achieves a given variety of gross sales on the outset. For markets to work, an efficient move of information between purchaser and seller is essential. If there was an increase in income the demand curve would shift to the proper . Therefore the value and amount provided will increase leading to a new equilibrium at Q2, P2. On the opposite hand, if market worth is below equilibrium value, buyers will bid up the price and suppliers will improve manufacturing to take benefit of increasing prices until the market reaches equilibrium. An improve in supply, all different issues unchanged, will cause the equilibrium price to fall; amount demanded will increase.

Equilibrium, Worth, And Quantity

The quantity and worth at which there is concurrence between sellers and consumers; the point on a graph the place the market demand curve and market provide curve intersect. At a price of $8, the quantity provided is 35 million pounds of espresso per month and the quantity demanded is 15 million kilos per thirty days; there is a surplus of 20 million pounds of coffee per month. Given a surplus, the price will fall rapidly toward the equilibrium stage of $6. As Apple has developed and matured over the years, they've learned the most efficient strategies of reaching this. Thus, it has become the primary U.S companyvalued at over $2 trillion. Full BioRobert Kelly is managing director of XTS Energy LLC, and has greater than three a long time of experience as a business government.

[laustenbay]

What Is Quantity Demanded? Definition Of Amount Demanded, Amount Demanded That Means

In this example, not everyone would have larger or decrease earnings and never everybody would purchase or not purchase a further automotive. Instead, a shift in a requirement curve captures a sample for the market as an entire. Demand curve motion refers to adjustments in price that have an effect on the amount demanded. In the following simulation, you will have the chance to alter the weather and/or change the price of parking so as to push up the worth of meals from a food truck. You can play the simulation a quantity of times to see how different choices result in totally different outcomes. A latest pork shortage has elevated its value by 25% on the world market.

Change In Demand Vs Change In Quantity Demanded

Effective demand is a mixture of three parts, desire, means to purchase and willingness to utilize those means for buying. A demand is not thought-about as demand if it isn't supported by the power to pay the worth of the product. The commonest method price helps work is that the government enters the market and buys up the product, including to demand to maintain costs higher than they otherwise would be. Governments can cross laws affecting market outcomes, however no law can negate these financial ideas. Rather, the principles will become apparent in sometimes sudden ways, which may undermine the intent of the federal government policy. To this level in the chapter, we've been assuming that markets are free, that is, they function with no authorities intervention.

Figure three.7 ShortageNow suppose that the worth is under its equilibrium degree at $2.00 per gallon, because the horizontal line at this value in Figure three.7 exhibits.

Similarly, modifications in the measurement of the inhabitants can have an result on the demand for housing and heaps of different items.

On the opposite hand, as the value of a great increases, then the shopping for power of individuals decreases and the quantity demanded decreases.

Hearst Newspapers participates in numerous affiliate marketing packages, which means we may receives a commission commissions on editorially chosen merchandise bought through our links to retailer websites. Understand the ideas of surpluses and shortages and the pressures on worth they generate. Quantity demanded depends on the price of a good or service in a marketplace. It is all the time expressed at a given price, in essence, different portions are demanded at different costs.

When Demand Changes However Price Remains The Worth

In such cases, we are still capable of say whether or not one of the two variables will increase or lower, however we might not be capable of say how each will change. When the shifts in demand and supply are driving worth or amount in opposite directions, we're unable to say how one of the two will change with out further data. At revenue cost profit purchased, the value the buyer pays is the identical as what they have been willing to pay . The earlier items purchased really price lower than what shoppers were prepared to pay. This distinction between the demand curve, i.e., what shoppers had been keen to pay and the value, i.e., what customers had to pay, is identified as the consumer surplus.

While it is clear that the worth of a good affects the amount demanded, it is also true that expectations concerning the future price can affect demand. For example, if people hear that a hurricane is coming, they might rush to the shop to buy flashlight batteries and bottled water. If folks learn that the worth of an excellent like coffee is likely to rise in the future, they might head for the shop to stock up on espresso now. Therefore, a shift in demand occurs when a change in some economic issue causes a special quantity to be demanded at every worth. A change in demandis represented by ashift of the demand curve. As a result of this shift, the amount demanded in any respect prices may have changed. On the opposite hand, if the worth is less than a dollar, the shopper may buy several avocados. Thus, the amount demanded goes up as the worth comes down. In a competitive market, the economic surplus which is the combined area of the consumer and producer surplus is maximized. A market brings collectively and facilitates trade between buyers and sellers of an excellent or services.

[damborgoutzen]

Monopolistic Competition

Regulation is probably not an excellent resolution to the inefficiencies of monopolistic competitors, for 2 reasons. First, the market power of a typical firm in most monopolistically competitive industries is small. Each monopolistically competitive industry has many firms that produce sufficiently substitutable merchandise to supply enough competitors to lead to comparatively low ranges of market energy. If the companies have small ranges of market power, then the deadweight loss and extra capacity inefficiencies are likely to be small. Because of consumers’ attachment to a selected model, the vendor acquires a monopolistic affect available on the market. Thus, thedemand curvefacing a firm underneath monopolistic competition is a downward sloping curve, i.e., if he wants to sell more, he has to lower his price.

It additionally signifies that producers will provide goods beneath their manufacturing capability.

Like monopolies, the suppliers in monopolistic competitive markets are price makers and will behave equally within the short-run.

But monopolistically aggressive firms will not voluntarily increase output, since for them, the marginal revenue would be less than the marginal value.

GRAPH the long-run profit of a monopolistically aggressive firm.

Due to how merchandise are priced in this market, shopper surplus decreases under the pareto optimal ranges you would discover in a perfectly competitive market, at least within the short run. The suppliers on this market will also have extra manufacturing capacity. The existence of economic earnings in a monopolistically aggressive industry will induce entry in the long term. As new corporations enter, the demand curve D1 and marginal revenue curve MR1 going through a typical firm will shift to the left, to D2 and MR2. Eventually, this shift produces a profit-maximizing resolution at zero economic profit, the place D2 is tangent to the common whole cost curve ATC . The long-run equilibrium answer right here is an output of two,000 items per week at a value of $10 per unit.

What Are The Principle Characteristics Of Perfect Competition?

Ultimately, firms in both markets will solely be in a position to break even by selling their items and services. The goal of differentiation is to develop a position that potential clients see as distinctive. Differentiation impacts efficiency primarily by decreasing direct competitors. As the product becomes more different, categorization turns into tougher, and the product draws fewer comparisons with its competitors.

From equities, fastened revenue to derivatives, the CMSA certification bridges the gap from the place you at the moment are to where you want to be — a world-class capital markets analyst. There are great site of value management, together with General Motors within the automobile trade, native banks might follow a quantity one bank’s rates of interest, and US Steel within the steel industry. Two additional fashions of pricing are value signaling and worth management. A sport may be represented as a payoff matrix, which exhibits the payoffs for every possibility of the game, as might be proven under. A recreation has players who choose strategies that lead to totally different outcomes, or payoffs. A Prisoner’s Dilemma is a well-known game concept instance where two prisoners must decide individually whether to admit or not confess to a crime. In other respects, monopolistically aggressive firms share some traits with monopolies. When a monopolistically aggressive firm is incomes a loss, the typical complete cost curve shall be positioned above the worth on the graph. The part between the value and ATC is labeled as the quantity of the loss. Product differentiation - each firm produces a unique services or products from its rivals. Since there are a small variety of corporations in an oligopoly, each firm’s revenue stage depends not only on the firm’s personal selections, but additionally on the choices of the opposite corporations in the oligopolistic business. Second, the benefit provided by monopolistic competition is product range. The gain from product diversity may be massive, as customers are keen to pay for various characteristics and qualities. Therefore, the achieve from product diversity is likely to outweigh the prices of inefficiency. Evidence for this declare may be seen in market-based economies, where there's a huge quantity of product variety.

Monopolistic Competition In The Long-run

Demand curve shifts to the left because of new companies getting into the market. A monopolistic market typically involves a single seller, and buyers wouldn't have a selection concerning where to purchase their goods or services. In terms of manufacturing and provide, the ” long-run ” is the time period when all elements of production are variable and may due to this fact be adjusted to fulfill shifts in demand. Differentiation occurs because patrons understand a distinction between merchandise. Causes of differentiation embrace practical features of the product or service, how it is distributed and marketed, and who buys it. This leads to deadweight loss and an overall decrease in economic surplus. The combinations of value and quantity at every point on the demand curve could be multiplied to calculate the total income that the agency would receive, which is shown in the third column of Table 10.1. The fourth column, marginal revenue, is calculated as the change in total income divided by the change in quantity.

Perceived Demand For A Monopolistic Competitor

One strategy is to assume how corporations in several industries may behave if they did merge. Bearing in thoughts the model of monopolistic competition doesn’t always stand as much as scrutiny too nicely in the true world. In a monopolistic market, there is simply one agency that dictates the worth and provide ranges of goods and companies. Monopolistic competitive markets are never environment friendly in any economic sense of the time period.

[racefortheironthrone]

Hello, I’ve a part asoiaf part medieval history question. So despite the strict gender roles, we know that women (at least noble women) can enjoy some “male” activities like horse riding and some kinds of hunting (Cat says Arya can have a hunting hawk). Are there any other “male” activities women can partake too without being judged about it, or even encouraged to do so (both in Westeros and real world)?

So as medievalists and historians of gender have pointed out, ASOIAF is far more restrictive for women than actual medieval Europe. I'm actually going to leave aside the situation of noblewoman for a second, because the vast majority of women were not nobles and their experience of gender would be radically different.

What counted as "male activities" for example would vary enormously by location (rural vs. urban) and thus occupation (farmer vs. artisan). Among the peasantry, while men tended to work in the fields and concentrated on cereal-crop production and women tended to do the manifold work of maintaining the home, the reality is that the irregular nature of agricultural labor meant that in times of high demand (especially spring sowing and autumn harvest) it was a matter of survival for every single member of the household to work in the fields. So women absolutely knew how to work a plow, and swing a scythe.

As for the urban worker, while there was also a high degree of gender segregation by occupation and guilds could often be quite misogynistic when it came to trying to masculinize trades (especially those involving higher rates of capital investment), it was also true that the entire household was expected to contribute their labor, so that wives, daughters, collateral female relatives, and female servants picked up the trade alongside their male counterpart. Moreover, as biased towards men as guilds could be, they were even more committed to the principle that guild businesses were family businesses, and so in situations where a master artisan had only daughters or died childless or died with underage heirs, it was absolutely routine for guilds to admit daughters and widows as guild members, indeed usually at the rank of master, all so that the business could remain in the same family. This is why medievalists can point to so many examples of women who worked in skilled trades, often at a high level.

That's what I think GRRM's portrait of medieval society is missing: an entire world of women in business, working elbow-to-elbow with men to make a living.

As for noblewomen, part of the difficulty is that a big part of being a noble was not doing stuff - not working for a living, chiefly - and instead engaging in leisure activities as much as possible. And women were very much a part of those activities (indeed, for many of them the point was to mingle with eligible people of the opposite gender), whether that's feasting, dancing, hunting, hawking, theater and other entertainments, fireworks, tourneys and jousts, etc.

However, women were also engaged in the main "occupations" of the nobility - estate management and politics - way more than GRRM really takes note of. To begin with, as even GRRM acknowledges to some extent, the lady of the house was expected to take an active role in running the house, which meant managing servants, keeping track of accounts payable and receivable, making sure the supplies arrive on time and in the right quality and quantity, keeping an eye on maintenance and repairs (with the help of servants, natch), etc.

Given that even the manor houses of the nobility were units of economic production, the lady of the house would also be responsible for oversight of how the house was doing with its pigs, goats, chickens and pigeons and geese, bees (because beeswax and honey were really important commodities), sheep, and so on, and what kind of figures they were pulling down at the mill and the weir, and so forth.

As medievalists have known for a long time, this list of duties got even longer whenever the lord of the house was away at war or on business, when the lady would be expected to pick up all his work too - which means making sure the rents and taxes get paid, deciding which fields to distribute manpower to and when, dealing with legal disputes in the manorial court, and so on. And if the war came home, the lady of the house was expected to lead the defense of the castle and there are many, many examples of noblewomen who had to organize sieges that lasted months and even years.

However, we also have to consider the impact of inheritance by birth and the inherent randomness of sex at birth - as much as they tried to avoid it, plenty of noble houses ended up with female heirs or in the hands of widows. Most of the time in most countries, women could and did inherit (or at the very least their male children and relatives could inherit through them) titles and fiefdoms, and while their husbands would often take on overlordship de jure uxoris, unmarried women and widows very much exercised their authority as the Lady or Baroness or Countess or whatever, and history is also full of women who were extremely influential in medieval politics and backed up their influence by any means necessary.

[felixcloud6288]

I've kept this analysis bottled up for over 10 years and no one here can stop me from sharing it.

When the My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic episode "The Super Speedy Cider Squeezy 6000" first aired, there were a lot of comparisons between it and the episode of Spongebob Squarepants where Spongebob competed with King Neptune in a cook-off competition.

And while there are some shallow similarities - The mass-produced method won but produced a product of such inferior quality that no one wanted - this comparison does a great disservice to the episode and ignores the true lesson to be had from it.

For anyone who's never seen it before, here's the synopsis of "The Super Speedy Cider Squeezy 6000": The Apple Family is hosting their annual Apple Cider sale. Due to their production method, they are never able to keep up with demand. Then a pair of Unicorns named the Flim-Flam Brothers show up and offer to provide their Super Speedy Cider Squeezy 6000 to help resolve the Apple Family's supply issue, but they demand a service fee that is so high that the Apple Family will ultimately lose money on the deal.

When they're refused, the Flim-Flam brothers demand a competition to see who can make the most cider and the losers would have to leave Ponyville. In the end, the Flim-Flam Brothers win, but they only won because they turned off the quality control of their machine to increase production and the residents made them leave because they all hated their cider.

Now this might sound like a "quality vs quantity" story or a "buy and support local suppliers" kind of story, but here's the thing: The Super Speedy Cider Squeezy 6000 actually makes good cider. At one point in the episode, Granny Smith is given a mug of their cider and you can tell by her face that it's good. So this is not a quality vs quantity conflict. It's "quality vs quality AND quantity". The Flim-Flam Brothers were offering an equally good product in a way that could also meet demand.

The actual lesson about the episode revolves around keeping the integrity of your product. When the competition started, both sides were producing quality cider through their own means and the Flim-Flams were winning by a large margin. But then Twilight Sparkle and the rest of the cast joined in to help the Apple family. And with the extra support, the Apple Family started winning the competition.

The Flim-Flam brothers then began trying to increase their own production and soon hit a giant bottleneck in the form of the quality control mechanism of their machine. And they did not hesitate to turn it off to increase production. And because of that, they were winning again.

Meanwhile, Rainbow Dash realized the exact same bottleneck in their production line and said they also needed to skip quality control in order to win, but Granny Smith vetoed it because she would not sacrifice the quality of their cider no matter what.

So this is a story about keeping integrity in the face of potential loss. The Apple Family refused to yield on the quality of their cider and lost the competition because of it. Meanwhile, their opponents had no such qualms and were fine with making a poor quality product if it meant greater profit.

So I guess if you want to tie the episode to anything, it's trying to say that you should support organizations that will not sacrifice quality for profit, and you should take pride in doing things the right way even if it doesn't yield the most profit.

But Applejack didn't learn anything cause she was right all along. She already knew that to begin.

[brehaaorgana]

I don't know why but art nouveau is DRASTICALLY underrated. It makes me so mad.

Like:

People get art nouveau confused with art deco CONSTANTLY but they are very clearly not the same thing

Art nouveau is luscious and sexy. It's curves and swirls and vegetal forms. Art deco is squares and diamonds. They look very different!!! Stop labeling art deco as "nouveau" ahhhhhh!!!!!

Another good example of like....famously Art Nouveau vs Art Deco is Mucha vs Erté:

Even mucha's less stylized art still doesn't look deco! You see:

People are obsessed with mid century modern and like, real MCM is good in limited quantities but frankly you only like it because neo-mcm is flat pack ready and that's all companies offer now.

🙅🏽‍♀️🙅🏽‍♀️🙅🏽‍♀️🙅🏽‍♀️ just say no to mid-centuries of things. We demand century and millennium ending aesthetics ONLY. Y2K. La Belle Epoque. The world is full of beauty in endings and beginnings!!!!

WHY DO RESTORATION AND DECOR COMPANIES NOT OFFER MORE NOUVEAU THEMED ITEMS???? AN AFFRONT TO ME PERSONALLY. I want to buy art nouveau furniture appliques and overlays to make everything amazing. No one sells good swirly nonsense. Infuriating.

I do LIKE art deco I'm just forever mad everyone mislabels it as art nouveau.

[therosefrontier]

TWST Family Lore: Heartslabyul Part 2

Continued from Heartslabyul part 1, because I forgot doing the whole dorm at once would make this huge... Again, spoiler warning for JP server content! But there isn't anything too story-specific for the events here.

Cater Diamond

And now, following our freshmen duo and their positive relationship with their families, we get to move on to Cater! Whose relationship with them is, uh, mixed at best? Anyways, we have mention of his father and mother, and he has two older sisters of unknown exact age, as well. His father is a banker for a large company, and we learn that because of his job, the family moved frequently, about once every two years, to branches all around the world (Halloween vignette). Cater's homeland is stated in his profile to be the Shaftlands, so that's probably where his family is from and it might be where they are living currently, but he seems to have lived in other countries, as well. This alone appears to have had a negative impact on Cater…with him moving so often, he felt that he was never able to make meaningful connections with anyone, so he stopped trying, instead going for quantity over quality. We also get a little story in Silver's Halloween vignette, when he remembers finally meeting a friend at school only to find out right afterwards that they were going to be moving in a month. He mentions in his birthday boy vignette as well that he "never knew" when they were going to move again, and given the one-month thing, it seems normal that it was on pretty short notice. He talks about this impact on him to his Pop Music clubmates in his Halloween vignette, saying that he met many people from around the world, but the common thread was that "I would always leave, and they would always stay."

(image credit: NightCrow)

Cater talks about his situation in a positive light, saying that it was better that he had all these connections through Magicam and could just socialize casually, on his own terms, but at the end of the vignette, the story goes a little different. Cater watches Lilia have a very family-like moment with the rest of the Diasomnia crew and feels a sense of isolation and maybe jealousy...earlier, Lilia told him he was wise for acting as he did, but Cater sees this and feels that Lilia cannot know the way he feels, because he does have these kinds of bonds, which Cater thinks he can never truly have.

But Cater's relationship with loneliness is, again, is a whole essay in itself! Back to Cater's family!

He talks some about his sisters in his birthday boy vignette, in which he describes how he felt pressed in between the two of them (seemed described a little differently in official vs. fan translations? As the official has him saying "give a guy some space" whereas the original may have been more along the lines of 'squished between them', to reference Mystery Shop), and also, how they'd give him a bunch of "cute" things as a birthday present which was more on lines of what they liked than what he liked. But, he does say that they're better about it now and will actually ask him what he wants. He also assures they didn't mean anything by it.

(translation by Otome Ayui!)

But of course, there's more! Multiple other mentions of his sisters seem to involve them asking him to do stuff...

Will do things like go shopping and leave him with the bags, or get a random craving for ice cream and ask him to go get it (birthday jacket vignette). Cater says they can be "pretty demanding," but he amends this story by saying that they will also treat him to stuff while they're out, like pocket money, food, or clothes.

Asked him for a Scalding Sands body scrub that had been "all over Magicam" since he was there for Fireworks Fest (Silk Adorned voicelines)

Cater would cook for them, making pancakes from a store-bought mix (although this might not have been a request; he could have just wanted to) (Apprentice Chef vignette)

At the start of book 4 (chapter 3), when everyone is going home for winter break, Cater says that "going home is kind of a drag for me, too," talking of how he knows his sisters will "run me ragged," so he makes a weak bid to go to Trey's house instead. When Trey lightheartedly counters that his family would put him to work too, Cater backs out of the idea.

Cater's not wanting to go home slides its way in a couple of other mentions, too... in his dorm uniform voicelines, he asks the MC if they're homesick and gets the question thrown back at him, to which he says that he isn't, citing his "annoying" older sisters as the cause. In slight contrast, in his New Year's voicelines, he says that it’s “not too bad to work during the holiday seasons once in a while” because “sure, it’s fun to go back home, but it eventually gets boring.” So this time, it's just 'boring' and not a family issue, but honestly, with Cater, the shifting story doesn't feel out of place. And definitely, it's up for interpretation...he doesn't seem to hate his sisters, but he doesn't really want to be with them, either.

Now, back to the birthday boy vignette! We get another little story, the reason why Cater doesn't like sweets so much: his mother and older sisters got really into making homemade sweets all the time, and they would feed them to him until he was sick of them. Even if he didn't want any, he felt like he had to eat it because they'd be sad if he didn't.

And then, there's his lab vignette... Cater describes the relationship his family as a whole has with "cute" things: “in the Diamond household, everything's judged by one simple question: ‘But is it cute?’ Day in and day out, no matter what I did, if it wasn't cute, it didn't cut the mustard! Drawings, handicrafts, store-bought sweets, you name it!” And thus, the instinct to make it cute was "burned" into Cater's brain.

So, you could say that "trendiness" runs in the family. But also, this does...raise some questions, I'd think? Again, it really is up for interpretation, but Cater specifically saying "no matter what I did" seems to suggest that he felt like the stuff he bought and things he did, including his own drawings and crafts, would be dismissed if they weren't "cute." Like the reason the instinct is burned into him is because that's what he had to do to earn attention. It also feels a little telling that this is the Cater-tries-to-hide-his-sadness vignette, in which one of the mandrakes he grows in the lab, which are supposed to reflect on the mage growing them, turns out gloomy, and he tries hard to deny that this means anything. But as for what all this says about his relationship to his family...I'd guess that perhaps, he feels a little invisible with them. It's not like he doesn't care about them, or that they don't care about him, necessarily (neglect but not on purpose?), but he doesn't seem to feel like his own wants are ever really seen, and the disconnect is to the point that home is not really a place he wants to be. Maybe, one day, he'll open up more about this, but with Cater, I don't think it'll come easy. But who knows...

TREY CLOVER

And now, Trey's family! He lives with his father and mother, and he has two younger siblings, a sister and brother. His sister is four years younger than him (platinum vignette), but we don't now how old his brother is. His parents run a patisserie bearing their name: Clover Patisserie. They are bakers, and likewise, Trey grew up learning how to cook from them, and in his apprentice chef vignette, he seems to imply that his siblings know their way around the kitchen, too. Also, we do have canon[?] designs for Trey's parents! We get art in the appendix of the last volume of the Heartslabyul manga:

(thanks to Honeyworks on Twitter for the image!)

The illustration is credited to Yana Toboso, whose notes, as run through Google Translate (I do not know Japanese...), describes Trey's mom as an "active woman with short cut, tall" and his dad as having "mild droopy eyes." In this appendix, we also get ages for Trey, Chenya, and Riddle at the time of the incident (that is, the big backstory as seen in book 1 of Trey inviting Riddle to try a tart at the patisserie but then they lose track of time and Riddle gets caught...that whole thing...). Trey is almost ten, Chenya is nine, and Riddle is eight, which seems to suggest that this happened in fall, in between Trey and Riddle's birthdays (Riddle on 8/24 and Trey on 10/25). Trey describes the event in more detail in his dorm vignette: he says that Riddle's mom "stormed" into his house and lectured his "whole entire family for five hours straight." (which is an insane amount of time...how did she come up with that many things to say!?) Also, to clarify, there seems to be a serious translation discrepancy with this? Because in the official English Trey says that it was his parents who lectured him for that time, but that doesn't even make sense in context... The quote I used is pulled from Mystery Shop's translation, and YuuRei has a good post on this, too. Anyways, the scene is also referenced in chapter 17 of the manga with Trey's flashback:

Which is...quite devastating, but anyways! As far as I can see, we don't really have much indication of what Trey's parents felt about all of this, but in the manga at least, they appear to be pretty stressed...maybe even cowed by Rosehearts's laying into them like that, and who can blame them?

But, moving aside to happier times! Continuing with Trey's parents, we get a little mention of what they were like as teachers through his apprentice chef vignette. Trey is doing the Culinary Crucible to better learn how to teach cooking to his dormmates, and he comes to a realization: his parents would watch him cook, but sometimes, they wouldn't correct him when he did something wrong until after he failed, because that way, through failure, he would remember, and he would learn. That was what Trey was not doing with his dormmates: he would always step in to fix things rather than let them have that experience.

Trey also talks of his really beginning cooking days in his platinum vignette: when he was four, he helped his parents bake a fairy cake after his sister was born, which they ate with family and neighbors, that being a Queendom of Roses tradition. Trey says that looking back at the pictures, the cake was pretty terrible, but he was excited about helping and thought the cake tasted great at the time, and all the adults complimented him on it, too. After that day, he would join his parents in the kitchen to help bake cakes, although he said he really just made a mess of flour and probably was a "huge bother" for his parents. That said, from the sounds of it, it seems implied that they were pretty patient with him, though?

Trey gives a different food-related story in his birthday boy vignette: his favorite food is candied violets, and he had one for the first time when he was "really young," before he started elementary school. He was amazed at the idea of flowers being edible, and his parents tell him that he "drove them nuts" via repeatedly trying to eat random flowers and weeds after that. Trey has no memory of this. But he does remember snacking on violets at home that were meant for cakes and his parents getting on his case about it. Eventually, they started setting some aside from him, and now, they send some to him at school in the occasional care package.

(image credit: NightCrow)

Trey also mentions his parents in one of his Silk Adorned card voicelines, saying that they love trying out new ingredients, and that perhaps, they should take a family trip to the Scalding Sands one day. Also, in both his birthday jacket vignette and his outdoor wear voicelines, he mentions that he's gone on camping trips with his family before, during summer vacation.

In Trey's Halloween vignette, we get a little story involving all of his family: he once tried half-rimmed glasses similar to the shape Azul wears, to mixed results. His mother and little sister said that they didn't like the glasses because they made him look "angry," and his dad and little brother said that he looked cool in them... because the glasses made him look like a "movie villain." Therefore, Trey rejected the glasses. He has also considered getting contacts, but similarly, his sister says he looks "sinister" without them.

(image credit: Songstress Studios)

Trey has several mentions of his siblings: they seem to have spent a lot of time together growing up, although also, it seems Trey did a lot of looking after them and taking care of them, too.

It was Trey's "job" to make sure his younger siblings brushed their teeth properly, as them being exposed to sweets so much via the patisserie made it a necessity (school uniform vignette)

Trey would make his siblings' costumes for Halloween. He says he's "not great" at it, but he can sew basic things (Halloween voicelines)

Trey would bake his siblings' cakes for their birthdays (birthday boy voicelines). He also mentions in Ace's school uniform vignette that his siblings would often "pester" him to bake for them, and he says in his birthday boy vignette that he would usually cook dinners for the family back at home, since his parents were busy with the patisserie. His brother and sister would ask for his hamburger steak all the time.

Trey helps his siblings with their homework when he's home (Winter Break Calendar 2023)

Trey and his siblings would often play with fireworks together (Silk Adorned vignette)

Once, Trey took his little brother to a Spelldrive game to fulfill his Starsending wish (Starsending voicelines)

In one of his labwear voicelines, Trey says "you all remind me of my younger siblings. They're always running around and giving me a hard time.” So, it does seem that they certainly tire him out. Again, going back to book 4, chapter 3, as mentioned in Cater's part, Trey responds to Cater's request by saying he's welcome to come to his house, but his family would run him "just as ragged." (but, if he was serious about that, that would suggest that Trey knew that his parents wouldn't mind Cater coming over!) It appears that, with the patisserie family business, it can be an 'all hands on deck' kind of affair, with Trey at least helping out with running things. There's also a little mention in Ace's school uniform vignette, in which Trey says that he's used to carrying heavy things because of shopping for ingredients for the patisserie.

Which is all rather interesting to me, really… both Trey and Cater describe their family as 'running them ragged' in some way and relying on them to do stuff, but with very different tones. For Trey, the 'older brother' instincts are so ingrained in him that he doesn't seem to think twice about it much of the time, such as we see in his school uniform vignette, in which he acts on those same instincts with his peers, Ace and Deuce, in insuring that their teeth are clean, and Deuce notes that he has that "kind older brother" vibe and has a "knack for looking after everyone." Which is interesting in that Trey doesn't really seem to be trying to volunteer for everything, and he certainly isn't trying to stand out, but he will take on everything in pursuit of keeping this ship running smoothly, all the same.

That said, he does seem to have a very positive relationship with his family! Although their busy lives might have led to a bit of a he-raised-his-siblings kind of dynamic. Trey seems to be usually very relaxed when talking about them, thinking back on the stories with a kind of fondness. We don't quite have too much to go on yet when it comes to actually deducing the personalities of his siblings as individuals, but from the general mentions, they do seem quite energetic, for sure! And perhaps, much like so much of the Heartslabyul dorm, will instinctively rely on Trey without a second thought...

RIDDLE ROSEHEARTS

And now, last on the Heartslabyul roster...Riddle. The ever-infamous family of Riddle. A lot of what we know comes from Book 1 of the main story: he's an only child, and both of his parents are medical mages—famous ones, too. Trey says that where they're from, everyone knew their names. Riddle's father is mentioned, but we hear little of his involvement in Riddle's life—the main player on this stage is his mother, who rigorously trained Riddle up to follow in her steps.

In chapter 18 of book 1, Trey first describes what it was like for Riddle: his mother mapped out his schedule to the minute, "from the moment Riddle woke up to when his head hit the pillow at the end of the night," and in the flashback sequence in chapter 25, Riddle describes it in much the same way: "my day was planned, down to the minute." Riddle's mom tailor-made an education program for him and appears to have implemented it herself, and Riddle, in an effort to please his parents, followed every rule they made. He became a prodigy, mastering his signature spell by age ten.

Riddle's mom was very strict with his diet, as well—she kept to very healthy foods, limited Riddle to under 600 calories per meal, and absconded sugar entirely. And thus comes the point of conflict...in the story, Riddle, who was eight at the time, was invited by Trey and Chenya to come outside to play during his one hour of independent study time (in which he was supposed to be studying alone in his room), and then, he started playing with them in secret every day, and it became his favorite part of his day. Then, one day, Trey invites Riddle to try a tart at the patisserie, and they lose track of time...and then, Riddle's mother finds him. She was furious, both at his skipping independent study time and his eating a "mountain of sugar." And then, as mentioned in Trey's section, she goes on to lecture Trey's family for five whole hours.

In this scene with Riddle and his mom, Riddle tries hard to apologize, but she cuts him off, telling him to be quiet, and then forbidding him with playing with Trey and Chenya ever again, and also taking away his independent study time in favor of keeping closer watch on him. In Trey's dorm uniform vignette, he describes Riddle's mom as being "impossible to deal with once she flew off the handle." And so, Riddle was left to just strive to follow the rules she set down, believing that she must be right, for "she was the most accomplished mother in the city, and therefore, the most correct," and he didn't want to lose anything, not again... He also quotes her in chapter 22, saying that "a man who cannot follow rules is a man who cannot achieve anything."

In book 4, chapter 3, we see that Riddle is feeling some dread over going back home for the winter break, but he also does resolve to try to talk to his mother, not that he's confident she will listen. We don't have any mention of how that talk actually went.

Interestingly enough, we don't seem to have that many mentions from Riddle about his family outside of the main story in his voicelines and vignettes, compared to some of the others. He does talk some about his upbringing in his birthday boy vignette: his parents both raised him to take up the mantle and be a medical mage like them one day, which he describes as being a "highly demanding profession." He said that they would tell him over and over "When you grow up, you'll be just like us, Riddle!" Before NRC, Riddle never questioned this path for him, but now, he says that he has developed some interest in law, so he may actually pursue that instead.

In one of his suitor suit voicelines, Riddle mentions that wearing this makes him think of the parties he used to attend with his parents. He also gives a mention in his halloween vignette that his mother taught him social dancing, so it seems like the three of them did go to formal social functions from time to time.

He also mentions his parents in another suitor suit voiceline, talking about how he reads that the Queen of Hearts had an amicable marriage, and he wishes he could share that secret to his parents, which would suggest that their marriage is not doing that great, actually.

Anyhow, social functions aside, it seems like Riddle probably has not had any "real" vacations with his family, or just fun gatherings/outings in general. In one of his Masquerade voicelines, he says "I'm not very accustomed to festivals...especially not ones in other countries. It's difficult to know how to participate and have fun.” And this comes up a lot, it seems, in the 'Lost in the Book' Stitch event, where Riddle is quite unfamiliar with the concept of a vacation at the beach. In one of his beachwear voicelines, he says “Having dinner with everyone while gazing at a sunset on the beach like this… This must be what it means to go on vacation. This is the first time I’ve experienced anything like this.” (Mystery Shop's translation)

In book 6, we get another brief mention of Riddle's mother: upon being invited by Ortho and Idia to play video games to pass the time, Riddle says that his mother told him that video games are "addictive and can hurt academic performance." They had neither a gaming console nor a TV at home. Riddle hasn't read much, if any, fiction aside from classic literature either, from the looks of it. It comes up in the second Halloween event, Spectral Soiree: Ruggie and Ortho, whom Riddle is traveling with, get excited over the prospect of this being like a treasure hunt, with so many tropes coming to life, and they quickly find out that Riddle is wholly unfamiliar with what they are talking about. He says that he has "no exposure" to comic books and video games like the rest of them.

He then goes on to say that he is missing out on absolutely nothing, has read many things, and was reading medical dictionaries by the time he was "Ortho's age." Whether that Ortho's real or perceived age is unclear, as literally, he might be about six? I think Idia finished building him when he was twelve? But Riddle may not know that—obviously, Ortho being what he is gives him a great kickstart in mental development, besides being given memories of the original Ortho, so as far as perceived age goes, he's akin to the freshmen. But saying all that to say! I also wouldn't be surprised if Riddle really was being handed a medical dictionary at age six, honestly.

So, in a general sense, you could conclude that Riddle has a great unfamiliarity with the concept of "fun," which gives a bit of a picture as to his parents and his mother specifically. It was as if everything had to have some sense of necessity; it wasn't enough for something to just be enjoyable. Riddle was put to a strict standard of performance, and in turn, he expects the same of others, in a way he seems to have to take some effort to unlearn. In his dorm vignette, for instance, we see him helping Cater, who was struggling in his practical magic class, with his studying. At first, he makes this insanely long study guide (300 pages), and he gets annoyed when Cater says that this is far too much for him to read, because this is exactly what he is used to doing, thinking that if you don't want to do something, you should just force yourself to (which I imagine is the philosophy his own childhood education took). But then, after a talk with Trey, he realizes that he can't expect everyone to learn like he does, so instead, he makes a plan to teach Cater through pictures and Magicam hashtags so that he could remember them, and it works! And then he goes right back to giving Cater a bunch of textbooks at the end, but hey, it's a start :)

That said, Riddle's development is easily a whole essay on its own! The takeaway here with his parents is that both of them put a lot of expectations on him and are probably very success-driven themselves. In a way, it 'worked' for them, because they are very successful and famous, but their general happiness may be another story. Again, we get little of Riddle's dad specifically except that his relationship with his mom is not great, but with his mom, we get the impression that she is just...very high-strung and obsessive? Her rigorous training of Riddle goes beyond just wanting him to have a good education—she obsesses over his progress in a way that seems to invoke that if anything goes in a way other than what she envisions, Riddle would be hopelessly failed. It's "care" in the worst kind of way... I think that she really does believe that everything she does is for him and his wellbeing, but doing things like that, it becomes a whole lot about herself too, I'd think. Riddle is an extension of her, and therefore, he must be perfect. We know little of what she is like outside of her relationship with Riddle, but it doesn't seem hard to believe that she would have some measure of that strictness and my-way-is-the-only-way attitude with everyone else in her life, although it may be comparatively muted, as it is with some people who will treat their children with a special kind of possessiveness, even if only subconsciously. I do wonder if anyone else ever got the equivalent of the five-hour tirade she gave to the Clover family, but of course, that's all speculation. The silver lining is that it didn't work for Riddle like she wanted it to...he's still his own person, and after he finally came to the point of admitting, at the end of book 1, that he was wrong, and that by extension, the things his mother did to him were wrong (although not so outright), he has become in a better position to grow and move on, although unfortunately, he still has to go back home at the end of the day, and his mom has not changed. It could be a difficult road for a long time yet... but still, I like to think that Riddle is on a better path now, and that, if he ever does become a parent one day, he'll be a better one than his own parents were.