#galman history

[udaberriwrites]

New fic alert!

With the author reveal date for the Temeraire Summer Exchange already here, it's time to share my entries!

Relationships: Edith Galman/Jane Roland

Genre: Documentaries, Humor, Outsider POV

Wordcount: 1.7 k

Welcome to Historical Sapphics, a website dedicated to the forgotten history of the LGBTQ+ community, and particularly the women who, long before us, were already loving and being loved by other women. As promised this month, we are going back to Regency Britain to go over the life of Admiral Jane Roland, of His Majesty's Aviator Corps.

Read full article below

[queeneliaofgalma]

House Galrose of Galma

Sister house to House of Mayfire(head house of Galma). 

Dukedom of Galma

[bloodybigwardrobe]

there is a galman footman with moss green eyes who keeps making eye contact with peter. peter has a panic attack when he realises why his heart keeps racing whenever their eyes meet and the other boy’s lips twitch into a smile. he allows himself half an hour to freak out, then decides to simply shove it all far down and never think about it again. it doesn’t work, of course. it almost feels as though his decision to ignore it makes it only harder. it doesn’t stop him from trying with growing desperation and increasing self-hatred. he is absolutely terrified.

one of the attendants of an archenlandish visitor is a young woman with a dimpled smile. she compliments susan's hair and susan blushes so fiercely that she has to excuse herself to get fresh air. it keeps happening and susan finds herself suffocating under the thought that she would really like to spend all her time with the other girl. it all comes to a head when the attendant catches her when she slips and susan flees the banquet to break down in her room. when peter comes and begs her to tell him what's wrong, susan throws caution to the wind in a desperation to get it out of her head. she doesn't know what she expects, disgust, confusion, denial, perhaps screaming. instead, peter gets quiet and holds her tighter. when he tells her about the galman footman and his own thoughts, susan cries again, but this time with relief. they cling to each other and sob through more confessions, more shared thoughts and fears. they don’t quite come to terms with it, but they feel lighter. 

peter finds edmund in the library on a rainy day. edmund slams his book close and tries to play it off. peter is ready to tease when he sees genuine fear in his brother’s face. it takes careful reassurance and promises on peter’s side for edmund to reveal a sketch of the revel in the history book, more precisely two fauns kissing. a dam breaks and edmund rambles, begging peter not to get angry. peter doesn’t know how to handle it. eventually he grabs his shaking brother and hugs him. edmund doesn’t quite break down, but eventually talks about one of the archenland knights who edmund can’t stop thinking about. his voice cracks when he asks peter if he understand, and peter’s hands shake on edmund’s back when he says that he does. that night, peter and susan sit down and decide that narnia isn’t the other place, and that it can’t be wrong. it takes a bit longer for it to sink in, but they try.

lucy falls into the parlour with a flushed face and embarassed smile and asks susan how to know when you like someone. she is full of giggles and rocks back and forth as she waits for susan’s answer. she nods excitedly at everything susan says, then covers her face with her hands and laughs. before susan has time to ask, lucy starts talking about one of the girls from the lone island delegation who she has been spending time at the beach with. susan swallows down the ball of emotion surging up inside her and encourages lucy to spend more time with her crush. she sends a breathless lucy back out to have fun. she keeps it together until she finds peter and then her tears are accompanied by unbridled joy. because lucy wasn’t worried, didn’t pause in fear or apprehension when she told susan. and neither of them remembers the other place much these days, if at all. they only remember the self-loathing and terror rooted deeply in them even now, and the thought that lucy would be unburdened by it all throws another weight off their chests.

[ara-of-erstwhile]

A Brief History: Narnia  0-180

     The earliest years of Narnian history are most commonly considered the time in between the Creation and the end of King Frank V’s reign. The actual events that occurred during this time are unclear, as historical records of the early years were destroyed in a small fire in Cair Paravel’s library in 333. This said, many of what has been passed down should be taken with a grain of salt. None the less, the stories that have been passed down are still as crucial to today’s world as those of one hundred years ago.

Those whose names appear in a circular shape are the historical figures that have the most influence on our world today, or did something significant during their rule.

     The first monarchs of Narnia were appointed and brought to Narnia by Aslan himself after he created and brought life to Narnia. King Frank I and Queen Helen I reigned from 0-50 and were known as kind and gracious monarchs. They began construction on Cair Paravel (although it was not completed until 165) and established the lower city (which is commonly called the “City of Cair Paravel”). King Frank I was known for being a fair and just King who never raised his voice and would always helped a Narnian in need. Scenes of Queen Helen I in ancient tapestries often depict her as a friend of the dryads and mer-people. However not much else is known about the first monarchs. 

      King Frank I and Queen Helen I had two known children, King Frank II, who reigned from 50-85, and Lady Helen II (or Lady Helen of Beruna). Little is known of Frank II but according to a stain glass depiction of him at the Manor of Beruna (built by his sister, Helen II) he married a dryad in the throne room of Cair Paravel. Lady Helen of Beruna obtained her tittle after establishing the city of Beruna. According to local legend, Helen II felt the City of Cair Paravel’s population was starting to out grow its resources. So she and a group of her supporters traveled to the site of a ford west of Cair and built the city of Beruna. The Manor of Beruna was intended to act as a meeting place for the public but also housed Lady Helen II and her family.

    One of Lady Helen’s children, Arron I was a seafarer who discovered the island of Galma sometime around 100. While exploring the island Arron and his men discovered a small group of sons of Adam and daughters of Eve who appeared to be stranded. Galman legends state that Arron I married one of the daughters of Eve and helped build the city, the group eventually made Arron and his wife King and Queen of Galma. The son of King Frank II, Frank III ruled over Narnia from 85-120. He was known as a jolly King who reigned in a time of piece and prosperity. Frank III married one of the daughters of Eve his cousin, Arron I found on Galma. 

     Frank III’s son, Frank IV ruled from 120-155. Frank IV was a polar opposite of his father, he was infamously pessimistic and has always been depicted in dark or muted colors in various works of art. Legend has it, the King was a sickly man and was only able to live so long because he was blessed by a dragon he saved while patrolling Lantern Waste. The daughter of Arron I, Queen Qwenivere of Galma is still considered today as the founder of Galman culture. From the artwork of her time, to the clothing, and even food, Queen Qwenivere’s impact on her Kingdom has stayed a prominent part of the Galma we know today.

      The son of Frank IV, Frank V (the last of his name), ruled from 155-180. Frank V was a noble King who restored peace in Narnia after a group of outlaws in the Western Wood took control during his father’s reign. Frank V had twins, Cara and Col, with his wife many believe to have been a star because of her “glowing” appearance pictured in multiple works of art. Queen Margery of Galma was the daughter of Queen Qwenivere and the older sister of Lady Arabella. Margery was known for being equal parts beautiful and intelligent, she introduced the importance of education to Galma and opened a library and several schools across the island. Her sister, Lady Arabella felt as though she had no purpose in Galma and at around the age of 18, sailed to Cair Paravel to prove herself worthy of knighthood to King Frank V. After a year of serving the King and training under him, Arabella was knighted and put in charge of protecting the royal family. Lady Arabella and the King’s daughter, Cara were very close, and a romantic relationship between the two was a frequent rumor at Court. One day Cara decided to take a trip to Glasswater. While they were there, Arabella decided to take a walk along the shore and never returned. Legend has it that a great lion had been sighted in that area, a group of dryads had even claimed they had seen the Knight walking with this lion. King Frank V was skeptical if this was in fact Aslan since the Lion had not returned since his Grandfather’s time. However, Lady Arabella’s remains were never found, she had left no trace thus creating one of Narnia’s greatest mysteries.                      In 179, Aslan returned to Narnia to visit the King on his deathbed and to give Prince Col his blessing to travel south of Narnia (where he would establish and rule over Archenland).

After the King’s death (180), Aslan crowned Cara, Queen of Narnia. 

Chapters of A Brief History

[thegoldenage-roleplay]

The CALORMEN EMPIRE is the southernmost nation, a rich and powerful country isolated from the rest of the world with the Great Desert and an expansive mountain range on its northern and western borders.

Centuries ago, as the population of what is presently known as Archenland began to expand considerably, several of its citizens found themselves traveling south, so as not to deplete Archenland's resources and find themselves facing starvation.

After braving the perilous journey across the Great Desert, the pilgrims discovered a land rich with resources beyond their imagination. With hope in their hearts and a now bright future on the horizon, they established several settlements and deemed the newly discovered land 'Calormen'.

Over the next hundred years, the small fledgling nation began to evolve into the mighty empire that is known today. The expansion of Calormen began in year 300 when the conqueror, known as Mahunz the Great, united his country under a single banner and established himself as the first Tisroc of the ‘Great Calormen Empire’.

The years onward soon saw the rise (and fall) of several characters in Calormen's history, both good and bad. There was Ozan the Wise, who tried to expand the realm’s territories northward, to the region presently known as Telmar, only to be driven back by the harsh climate. There was Haluk the Mighty, where, under his rule, the Calormene military boomed mightily. There was also Tahaani the Radiant. Under her guidance, Calormen flourished into the colorful culture it is today.

Then there came the dynasty that began Calormen’s darkest era: in Year 800, a man who would forever be known as Rabbar the Cruel desired to make Calormen the richest nation above all nations. He believed the best way to preserve the country’s riches was to reserve them for those that, in his mind, truly deserved it. And so he deprived those he deemed the poorest and weakest of them all of their wealth and forced them into servitude of their ‘betters’.

And thus, the era of slavery in Calormen began.

Soon his descendants carried on his legacy of greed and cruelty. Rahava the Vain raised a great army and waged war against Telmar for several years in an attempt to succeed in where he believed Ozan the Wise failed. The senseless conflict led to the deaths of thousands on both sides, and left behind a deep-seated resentment festering between Telmar and Calormen. One that persists to this day.

Rhabarb the Gluttonous’ ambitions nearly destroyed Calormen's military might as well. Rather than attempt to conquer the North like his grandfather, he set his sights eastward, to the small island nations like Galma and Terebinthia. With Calormen's armada at his back, Rhabarb began the War of Red Waters, for much blood was spilled during the naval battles of this campaign. However, Rhabarb underestimated the naval prowess of both the Terebinthian and Galman navies, and after suffering several defeats, was forced to end his campaign and withdraw to Calormen's shores.

Only when Rabadash the Peacemaker, nearly a century later, ascended to the throne, did Calormen see the end of this dark era.

(It is often heavily debated between historians the true nature of the Battle of Anvard, instigated by Rabadash in the year 1007. While some believe it was a preemptive strike under the belief that Narnia and Archenland were prepared to unite and wage war against them, others claim that Rabadash pursued Queen Susan of Narnia in a foolish attempt to subdue her as his wife. Thus many, albeit in secret, refer to the current living Tisroc as Rabadash the Foolish)

A war was waged during Rabadash’s reign, though it was not fought by him. In the year  1009, a young woman, who would famously be known as both Tamara the Treacherous and Tamara the Fearless, rallied an army of former slaves (being one herself) and instigated the Great Calormen Revolution, a civil war between the peasant and enslaved citizens and the Tarkaans and princes of Calormen. The conflict carried on for two years, with heavy losses on both sides.

Only when Rabadash intervened did the war come to an end. He summoned Tamara to his court for negotiations, and after lengthy talks, an agreement was reached. For the emancipation of the enslaved, Tamara agreed to become Rabadash’s lawful wife and queen. Upon their wedding day and Tamara's coronation, all of Calormen was united once more under the rule of their Tisroc and newly crowned Sultan.

After centuries of war and bloodshed, peace had settled onto their nation once again.

(A/N: Calormen draws inspiration from the Ottoman Empire, the Persian Empire, and Indian culture. Preferable face claims should be of South Asian, Iranian, and Turkish descent. However any middle eastern faceclaims are welcome as well!)

[splitcrown]

“I thought it would get warm in the day, but I was wrong.”

     Lips pursed as the dying Winter chill wove beneath the stone frame of window sills, something cruel lying in anticipation of the frozen bite.  Peridan rocked a little, leg folded over the other as hands clasped on An Extensive History of Calor-Galman Trade Routes, eyes wet from sleep deprivation.  “ Spring still waits in the horizon. ”  His head flickered between his friend, advisor, and reading companion to the glaze of colours stretch across the picture painted by glass panes.  “ Sit by the fireside;  keep warm.  I’ll get the made to bring you some cocoa if you find the cold unpleasant, ”  he spoke, more of an order than a suggestion.

     A foot landed on the floor as his head tilted, concern lingering inside the confinement of his expression.  The chill of snow had not bothered him since he were no older than a babe, but he was one of few raised under the harsh reign of Jadis  —  other’s never held that problem;  Lilliandil included.

     Closing and setting the book aside on his desk, Peridan raised a knowing eyebrow.  “ I can’t have you sneezing in tomorrow’s trade meeting, can I? ”

@liilliandil  ||  COLD WEATHER SENTENCE STARTERS

[magica-pseudoacademica]

Christianity - Articles

Last edited 2020-05-14

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Bailey, Michael D. “From Sorcery to Witchcraft: Clerical Conceptions of Magic in the Middle Ages.” Speculum 76, no. 4 (2001): 960-990.

* Beichtman, Philip. “Miltonic Evil as Gnostic Cabala.” Esoterica 1 (1999): 61-78.

* Blécourt, Willem de. “Witch doctors, soothsayers and priests: On cunning folk in European historiography and tradition.” Social History 19, no. 3 (1994): 285-303.

Boer, Roland. “Religion and Socialism: A. V. Lunacharsky and the God-Builders.” Political Theology 15, no. 2 (March 2014): 188-209.

Boyd, Lydia. “The gospel of self-help: Born-again musicians and the moral problem of dependency in Uganda.” American Ethnologist 45, no. 2 (May 2018): 241-252.

* Bylina, Stanisław. “The Church and Folk Culture in Late Medieval Poland.” Acta Poloniae HIstorica 68 (1993): 27-42.

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* Chakraborty, Suman. “Women, Serpent and Devil: Female Devilry in Hindu and Biblical Myth and its Cultural Representation: A Comparative Study.” Journal of International Women’s Studies 18, no. 2 (January 2017): 156-165.

Chatman, Michele Coghill. “Talking About Tally’s Corner: Church Elders Reflect on Race, Place, and Removal in Washington, DC.” Transforming Anthropology 25, no. 1 (April 2017): 35-49.

* Cianci, Eleonora. “Maria lactans and the Three Good Brothers: The German Tradition of the Charm and Its Cultural Context.” Incantatio 2 (2012): 55-70.

Collins, David J. “Albertus, Magnus or Magus? Magic, Natural Philosophy, and Religious Reform in the Late Middle Ages.” Renaissance Quarterly 63, no. 1 (2010): 1-44.

* Daǧ‎taş, Seçil. “The Civilizations Choir of Antakya: The Politics of Religious Tolerance and Minority Representation at the National Margins of Turkey.” Cultural Anthropology 35, no. 1 (2020): 167-195.

* Díaz, Mónica. “Native American Women and Religion in the American Colonies: Textual and Visual Traces of an Imagined Community.” Legacy: A Journal of American Women Writers 28, no. 2 (2011): 205-231.

* Draper, Scott and Joseph O. Baker. “Angelic Belief as American Folk Religion.” Sociological Forum 26, no. 3 (September 2011): 624-643.

* Elder, D. R. “’Es Sind Zween Weg’: Singing Amish Children into the Faith Community.” Cultural Analysis 2 (2001).

Elisha, Omri. “Dancing the Word: Techniques of embodied authority among Christian praise dancers in New York City.” American Ethnologist 45, no.3 (August 2018): 380-391.

* Fanger, Claire. “Things Done Wisely by a Wise Enchanter: Negotiating the Power of Words in the Thirteenth Century.” Esoterica 1 (1999): 97-132.

Friedner, Michele Ilana. “Vessel of God/Access to God: American Sign Language Interpreting in American Evangelical Churches.” American Anthropologist 120, no. 4 (December 2018): 659-670.

* Galman, Sally Campbell. “Un/Covering: Female Religious Converts Learning the Problems and Pragmatics of Physical Observance in the Secular World.” Anthropology & Education Quarterly 44, no. 4 (December 2013): 423-441.

* Henderson, Frances B. and Bertin M. Louis, Jr. “Black Rural Lives Matters: Ethnographic Research about an Anti-Racist Interfaith Organization in the United States.” Transforming Anthropology 25, no. 1 (April 2017): 50-67.

* Herzig, Tamar. “The Demons and the Friars: Illicit Magic and Mendicant Rivalry in Renaissance Bologna.” Renaissance Quarterly 64, no. 4 (2011): 1026-1058.

* –. “Witches, Saints, and Heretics: Heinrich Kramer’s Ties with Italian Women Mystics.” Magic, Ritual, and Witchcraft 1, no. 1 (2006): 24-55.

* Hobgood-Oster, Laura. “Another Eve: A Case Study in the Earliest Manifestations of Christian Esotericism.” Esoterica 1 (1999): 48-60.

* Jakobsson, Sverrir. “Mission Miscarried: The Narrators of the Ninth Century Missions to Scandinavia and Central Europe.” Bulgaria Medievalis 2 (2011): 49-69.

* Johanson, Kristiina. “The Changing Meaning of “Thunderbolts.” Folklore 42 (2009): 129-174.

* Kulik, Alexander. “How the Devil Got His Hooves and Horns: The Origin of the Motif and the Implied Demonology of 3 Baruch.” Numen 60 (2013): 195-229.

* Láng, Benedek. “Characters and Magic Signs in the Picatrix and Other Medieval Magic Texts.” Acta Classica Universitatis Scientiarum Debreceniensis 47 (2011): 69-77.

* Nelide, Romeo, Olivier Gallo, and Giuseppe Tagarelli. “From Disease to Holiness: Religious-based health remedies of Italian folk medicine (XIX-XX century).” Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 11, no. 50 (June 2015).

* Oak, Sung-Deuk. “Competing Chinese Names for God: The Chinese Term Question and Its Influence upon Korea.” Journal of Korean Religions 3, no. 2 (October 2012): 89-115.

* Ostling, Michael. “The Wide Woman: A Neglected Epithet in the Malleus Maleficarum.” Magic, Ritual, and Witchcraft 8, no. 2 (Winter 2013): 162-170.

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* –. “The Madonna and the Cuckoo: An Exploration in European Symbolic Conceptions.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 46, no. 2 (2004): 273-299.

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* Yamauchi, Edwin M. “Magic in the Biblical World.” Tyndale Bulletin (1983): 169-200.

[oculis-grp]

Alexis’ Work I

The Darkest Chapter of the Philippines

Former President Ferdinand Marcos announced that he had placed the Philippines under martial law on September 23, 1972 at 7:17 pm.

There are some who justified Marcos’ declaration of Martial Law as a way to instill discipline and quell the communist rebellion. A presidential spokesperson once said in a statement  that martial law “ instilled discipline among the citizenry at its inception” and reaped “ success in dismanting the then spreading communist insurgency in the country”. These people are who agreed to what Marcos considered the best years of the Philippines. Among the myths: that the Philippines enjoyed a golden age under the Marcoses. Various reports and historical accounts debunk this; while it may be true that infrastructure spending increased during that period, it also came at a staggering cost: plunging the Philippines in billions of dollars in debt.

Through martial law Marcos has put the entire power of governance over the country under his ruling. He sent armed forces all over the country to suppress all acts of rebellion. He enforced curfews, banned group assemblies and shuttered media facilities. The media became a threat to Marcos which is why he shut it down, arrested those who were a threat and spoke ill of him and his ruling. Many Filipinos were enslaved, about 70,000 people were imprisoned and 34,000 were tortured. According to Amnesty International, while 3,240 were killed from 1972 to 1981. These people were subjected to various forms of torture such as: electrocution among prisoners, beaten up, strangled, there are some that was burned with flat iron or cigarettes, water poured down their throats, women were stripped naked and raped, various objects forced inside their genitals. Aside from physically harming his people Marcos also put the Filipinos under psychological torture and humiliation. Those that have been under these forms of torture still haven’t recovered from the torture and pain Marcos has put under the Filipinos.

Control over media was one of the first that was established when Marcos declared Martial Law. Editors and journalists were one of the first that was arrested and incarcerated in military prison camps. Media became a threat to Marcos as it can reach, connect and inform millions of viewers, listeners, readers, and audiences in a small period of time. Under Marcos’ governance, he manipulated the media, made a different image, made every appear neutral, that nothings wrong with the government, only showed what was appealing for him making the people ignorant to the real situation of the country, pure deception.

 We may haven’t been around during the darkest period of the Philippines and for that we are thankful, although we would like to address the Martial Law as a crutiating period of the Philippines, through the experiences of those before us that was able to experience Martial Law. We strongly disagree to Pro-Marcos demonstrators of addressing the Martial Law period as our country’s Golden years. As stated above some may believe that it really was Philippines Golden years because the media was manipulated. We know people have opinions, and expressing them is not a crime, although ignorance over the pain and torture many Filipinos faced during Marcos’ regime might as well be. After reading many articles of the experiences of Filipinos during the Marcos regime we have come to say that there is no way moving past that traumatic period. To all the youth believing that Philippines was at its finest during the era, do your research. We once believed that it was the Philippines’ years but those golden years caused us in deep debts. The discipline you say Filipinos were during that period was caused by fear. There was no freedom of speech, resources was limited to the people, Filipinos were enslaved to work hard not to earn but to survive and to live, they work hard for their lives because their lives were their debt to the government. Filipinos were tortured, imprisoned and worst killed without any reason to be punished for. No justice was served to all those that were traumatized. And now youth are protesting upon transferring Marcos’ body in the grave for heroes.

The country exists with parallel histories at odds with each other as number of youths are yearning for a glorious throwback to an age of discipline and supporting Marcos’ son who was nearly elected to the vice-presidency. This reality of Ignorance among the youth are almost as scary as the days leading up to Martial Law.

People snatched from their homes in the dead of the night and battalions of armed men pierced through once busy districts. Curfews were enforced, all media content was screened by the state, all opposition organization were criminalized, publication companies were shut down, anyone who posed as a threat to the government was rounded up and tossed in jails with no warrant of arrests that eventually became a norm over the regime. Even the slightest violation of any sort of regulation could merit the harshest of punishments from the authorities. The entire bureaucracy and military force and absolute bending upon Marcos’ will.

There was growing repression of political opponents, rampant corruption, and a surge in the prices of basic necessities. Protests had also reached unprecedented numbers and militancy in the two years prior.

The Aquino assassination, Benigno ‘Ninoy’ Aquino Jr. is a former Philippine senator who was considered as one of the opponents of the then president Ferdinand Marcos. Aquino was one of the first individuals arrested after Marcos’ proclamation of Martial Law. Aquino was placed under a military trial after he was accused of murder, illegal possession of firearms, and subversion. He protested to the charges against him by going on a hunger strike for 40 days from April 4 to May 13, 1975. After 2 years the military tribunal sentenced him to die which was never carried out. Marcos allowed Aquino to have bypass surgery in the United States after 7 years of imprisonment. The family of Aquino then settled in Boston after his operation. Before he flew back to the country using a passport name under “Marcial Bonifacio”, he quoted “ I cannot allow myself to be petrified by the fear of assassination and spend my life in a corner”.  On August 21, 1983 he arrived at the Manila International Airport which is now known as the Ninoy Aquino International Airport. He was escorted by soldiers from his seat to a waiting military vehicle that was supposed to take him to Fort Bonifacio. Only few seconds after he exited the airplane, gunshots were heard. Moments after the firing a bloodied Aquino was lying on the ground along with another body that was later identified as Rolando Galman.  Aquino’s death sparked outrage from his supporters throughout the Philippines. The convicts of the assassination  filed an appeal to have their sentences reduced after 22 years, claiming that the assassination was ordered by Marcos crony and business partner Eduardo Cojuangco Jr. This is one part of the Philippines dark chapter that we should remember and reflect on as a man who stood up against the dictator former president Marcos was assassinated without proper reason.

The Manila Film Center. First lady, Imelda Marcos wanted to stage an annual film festival that would rival Cannes and put Manila on the International cultural map. There was a grand plan for the building, but iwa was eventually redesigned to house only an auditorium, a film lab, and film archives. The scheduled event was only 3 months away with a budget of 25million. Around 4,000 laborers were hired and they rotated among three shifts across 24 hours. With only a small amount of time, the grand lobby needed six weeks to finish. For the center, a thousand workers finished it in 72 hours. At around 3 a.m. on November 17, 1981 a scaffolding on the fourth floor collapsed and workers were trapped in the quick-drying cement. The start of the problem was when quick drying cements were poured on each floor without waiting for the layers to dry first. Because of the rush and endless hours of working, too much cements were poured which resulted to the disaster. Nena Benigno was a public relation officer at that time who was sent by her father, Teddy Benign to the site as he wanted to write a story about the incident. In an interview she said  “ from a distance I could see people in stretchers being carried out, frozen in cement. When o got there, they were still digging out people; the cement was not completely hard. And there was a guy that they were trying to keep from going into shock” she added with “ Half of his body was buried. He was alive, but half buried. I don’t know what it was, but to keep him awake, alert, not go into coma or shock, they kept him singing Christmas songs. I was watching this”. There was a media blackout for fear that the accident would cause a scandal. Nine hours after the incident the only ones that were allowed to access the site was the responders. NINE HOURS??!?!?!?! After the accident, to all the youth who justified the Marcoses’ actions, they only allowed respondents and for your information there were at least 168 workers that were already dead and if not, buried under the hardened cement. And a few more hours later they employed jackhammers. There was a gruesome view of bodies sticking out of the pavement. The exposed parts had to be tampered off and built over. The rule was they had to meet the deadline, no matter what happened. They let the construction go on as if nothing has happened, as if there were no workers that died in the making of the film center, there were no justice served for those who died as there were too many workers and they weren’t able to keep track of the 4000 construction workers names because most were poor labourers from the provinces and there weren’t able to keep records of their names. The centre was completed in 1982, some say with still the dead workers entombed inside. My question to those pro-Marcoses how are you able to sleep at night knowing the people you support initiated these mass deaths? How are you able to justifies their doings? If discipline is what you look for then why not do it by yourself, within yourself, discipline among oneself needs to leader. Why participate in supporting one who took part in this many death of your fellow Filipinos? Couldn’t all of you just teach and impose upon your fellow Filipinos discipline? Does protesting and making rally’s to support a son of a dictator really show discipline?

To those who supports the Marcoses are we to forget the amount of Human Rights violation during the Martial Law?

Some of you may ask, “What is wrong with having a dictator’s son as a vice president?”. Many. All of us treasure our freedom. So let us remember how freedom was very limited during the Marcos reign. Many died, Many sacrificed to achieve the freedom we have today. Filipinos who fought for their freedom during the martial law died, tortured not only physically but also mentally in the most gruesome and unspeakable ways, women were raped.

Have you ever considered our ancestors sacrifices in order for us to be free? Shouldn’t we, as the future of our country, cherish, live and improve within the lessons our ancestors taught us? Yet, instead of learning from our past mistakes here we are fighting against each other over a history that brought doom over our country. Here we are still continually electing people who plunder our wealth and stifle dissent.

Some of you may say, “ why dwell upon pasts remorse?”. Recalling history is a way to teach us a lesson, a lesson we must live by.

As discussed above during the Marcos regime Human Rights Violation in the Philippines increased. Some of the violations are: Death in evacuations, Violent Dispersals, Salvaging, Physical assault, Massacres, Harassment, Hamletting, Faked or forced surrender, Disappearances and many more.

Indeed we must all move on and forgive. There are some of the victims or the people that were traumatized during the Marcos regime that have been able to find it in their hearts to forgive Marcos and move on with their lives. But acknowledging Marcos as a hero is a whole different story to some.

Years of torment for the Filipinos. Years of suffering under the hand of the Marcoses. It is heart breaking to see them back in power. Many years may have passed since the torment, many may have forgiven them, but the Martial Law under Ferdinand Marcos inflicted our history deeply. Why do we younger generations fight for those who inflicted such deep tragic history of slavery and suffering support those who once was part of inflicting scars among our people, our ancestors when first of all none of us has experienced it, we weren’t there to justify such horrifying journey like our ancestors have.

To remind us the torment our people has endured, here is one of the experiences among the many that suffered: Roberto Verzola was imprisoned for years. “ Then they brought in the machine. Two lengths of wire extended from it, both ending with wire, the insulation stripped. One end was tied around the handle of a spoon. The machine is a field telephone generator. It has a wheel with a handle. The wheel turns a dynamo, which generates electricity that causes a distant telephone ring. The field generator probably generates forty to sixty volts and is turned really fast may give as high as ninety volts or more. My interrogators tied the end of one wire around my right index finger and inserted the spoon into my pants, on my right waist, until it rested where the leg meets the lower abdomen near the crotch. When I was young, I used to watch my uncle and older cousins whenever they slaughtered a pig. As soon as the pig realized something bad was going to happen, it would shriek for dear life. It was a grating shriek of helplessness, desperation and terror… it was that kind of scream that issued from my throat every time my torturers spun the wheel around.”  There are one of the reason that no matter how much we forgive them the scar of what they have done among our people is and will be hard to be forgotten.

Those stories weve seen floating or roaming around online about the discipline and peace of the Philippines during the martial law. There are many misleading lies or fake news roaming online. Do you honestly think Marcos did the Philippines, the Filipinos a favor by proclaiming Martial law? Then let us be aware of the truth. The Philippines has been in depth during that time. Infrastructures? The economy rising? Have you ever thought of it as greed? Look at the riches the Marcoses are still swimming deep in until now.

Let us consider our selves lucky we werent born during that era. Let us be considerate of those that was able to experience the torment under the ruling of the dictator Marcos. We ourselves have seen our parents argue about the son of Marcos setting their foot upon power again. In their eyes we see them reliving the kind of life they lived back then, during the era. Upon hearing our parents, grandparents talk about their life during the marcos regime our hearts are breaking. They are the symbol of strength, sleeping at night with fear and waking up with wonder if anybody you know have disappeared. If your family is safe or thinking more ways to keep your family safe.

President Ferdinand Marcos could’ve been a great leader as he brought our country somewhat good. During his time there was almost no crime. He was able to establish the Philippines as the top exporter of rice in the whole world. If only he wasn’t too power hungry, driven by greed and steal from the country. Under his command the military arrested opposition figures, journalists, student and labor activist, and criminal elements. About 30,000 detainees were kept at military compounds run by the army and the Philippine Constabulary. Weapons were confiscated, and “private armies” connected with prominent politicians and other figures were broken up. Newspapers were shut down, and the mass media were brought under tight control. With a stroke of  a pen, he was able to close the Philippine congress and assumed its legislative responsibilities. Like much else connected with him, the declaration of martial law had a theatrical, smoke and mirrors quality. The incident that precipitated the Proclamation of Martial Law was an attempt, allegedly by communists, to assassinate Minister of National Defense Enrile. As Enrile himself admitted after Marcos’ downfall in 1986, his unoccupied car had been riddled by machinegun bullets fired by his own men on the night that the Proclamation of Martial Law was signed. After the proclamation Marcos claimed that martial law was the prelude to creating a “ New Society’ based on new social and political values. He argued that certain aspects of personal behavior, attributed to a colonial mentality, were obstacles to an effective modernization. These included the primacy of personal connections, as reflected in the ethic of utang na loob, and the importance of maintaining in-group harmony and coherence, even at the cost to the national community. Despite Marcos’ often perceptive criticisms of the old society, him, his wife, and a small circle of close associates, the crony group, now felt free to practice corruption on an awe-inspiring scale. The Marcos self proclaimed “ revolution from the top” deprived significant portions of the old elite of power and patronage. For example, the powerful Lopez family, who had fallen out of Marcos’ favor, was stripped of most of its political and economic assets. Although always influential, during the martial law years, Imelda Marcos built her own power base, with her husbands support. Under the provisions of martial law, Marcos shut down Congress and most newspaper, jailed his major political opponents, assumed dictatotial powers, and ruled by presidential decree. During this era, the Philippines had one Asia’s worst human rights records. The army and police were notorious for their use of torture. Victims which included political dissidents and suspected drug dealers were beaten, flogged, given electric shocks. He also muzzled the press, and banned strikes.

EDSA People Power Revolution. The Philippines was praised worldwide in 1986 when the so called bloodless revolution erupted. February 25, 1986 marked a significant national event that has been engraved in the hearts and minds of every Filipino. This part of Philippine history gives us a strong sense of pride especially that other nations had attempted to emulate what we have shown the world of the true power of democracy. he true empowerment of democracy was exhibited in EDSA by its successful efforts to oust a tyrant by a demonstration without tolerance for violence and bloodshed. Prayers and rosaries strengthened by faith were the only weapons that the Filipinos used to recover their freedom from President Ferdinand Marcos’s iron hands. The Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA) stretches 54 kilometers, where the peaceful demonstration was held on that fateful day. It was a day that gathered all Filipinos in unity with courage and faith to prevail democracy in the country. It was the power of the people, who assembled in EDSA, that restored the democratic Philippines, ending the oppressive Marcos regime. Hence, it came to be known as the EDSA People Power’s Revolution.

 Former President Ferdinand Marcos & Imelda Romualdez-MarcosThe revolution was a result of the long oppressed freedom and the life threatening abuses executed by the Marcos government to cite several events like human rights violation since the tyrannical Martial Law Proclamation in 1972. Former Senator Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino, Jr.In the years that followed Martial Law started the suppressive and abusive years–incidents of assassination were rampant, particularly those who opposed the government, individuals and companies alike were subdued. The Filipinos reached the height of their patience when former Senator Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino, Sr. was shot and killed at the airport in August 21, 1983, upon his return to the Philippines from exile in the United States. Aquino’s death marked the day that Filipinos learned to fight. His grieving wife, Corazon Cojuangco-Aquino showed the Filipinos and the world the strength and courage to claim back the democracy that Ferdinand Marcos arrested for his personal caprice. Considering the depressing economy of the country, Ninoy’s death further intensified the contained resentment of the Filipinos. In the efforts to win back his popularity among the people, Marcos held a snap presidential election in February 7, 1986, where he was confronted with a strong and potent opposition, Corazon Aquino. It was the most corrupt and deceitful election held in the Philippine history. There was an evident trace of electoral fraud as the tally of votes were declared with discrepancy between the official count by the COMELEC (Commission on Elections) and the count of NAMFREL (National Movement for Free Elections). Such blatant corruption in that election was the final straw of tolerance by the Filipinos of the Marcos regime. Former Defense Minister Juan Ponce EnrileThe Fidel V. Ramosdemonstration started to break in the cry for democracy and the demand to oust Marcos from his seat at Malacañang Palace. The revolt commenced when Marcos' Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile and the Armed Forces Vice-Chief of Staff command of Fidel V. Ramos, both withdrew their support from the government and called upon the resignation of then President Marcos. They responsibly barricaded Camp Crame and Camp Aguinaldo and had their troops ready to combat against possible armed attack organized by Marcos and his troops. The Catholic Church represented by Archbishop Jaime Cardinal Sin along with the priests and nuns called for the support of all Filipinos who believed in democracy. Radyo Veritas aired the message of Cardinal Sin that summoned thousands of Filipinos to march the street of EDSA. It was an empowering demonstration that aimed to succeed peacefully with the intervention of faith. Nuns kneeled in front of tanks with rosaries in their hands and uttering their prayers.

 Former President Corazon Cojuangco-Aquino. With the power of prayers, the armed marine troops under the command of Marcos withdrew from the site. Celebrities expressed their support putting up a presentation to showcase the injustices and the anomalies carried out by the Marcos administration. Finally, in the morning of February 25, 1986, Corazon Aquino took the presidential oath of office, administered by the Supreme Court Associate Justice Claudio Teehankee at Club Filipino located in San Juan. Aquino was proclaimed as the 11th President of the Republic of the Philippines. She was the first lady president of the country. People rejoiced over their victory proving the success of the EDSA People’s Power Revolution, the historic peaceful demonstration. Although in 2001, there was an attempt to revive People Power in the efforts to oust then President Joseph Estrada, it was not as strong as the glorifying demonstration in 1986. The bloodless, People Power Revolution in EDSA renewed the power of the people, strengthened the meaning of democracy and restored the democratic institutions of government. Continue to the 5th Republic (1986) up to the Present Time.

The people power revolution not only became a great impact on us Filipinos but also to the rest of the world.

 “The triumph of EDSA people power revolution has been a manifestation of how peaceful protest can change the status quo. For 20 years of enduring the autocratic regime of Ferdinand Marcos it has finally come to an end. After the successful revolution many social changes has prospered, most especially the restoration of democracy where Filipinos are not anymore reprimanded and can fully exercise their freedom of expression. And it is something we, the millennials, should continuously embody. As we commemorate the 34th anniversary of the EDSA revolution we may continue to be critical thinkers to challenge the current administration. Let us always remember that the fight our fellow Filipinos has started and it should not end in ousting the dictator Marcos but should always continue to protect the welfare of the people and of the generations to come.” – Marnell Sularan, Editor-in-Chief, Pagbutlak, Official Student Publication of the College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas

“EDSA will always be a reminder to us that dictatorship and leaders who don’t deserve to be in their position will not always stay long in power as long as we always make noise, criticize, and voice out our disdain towards evil regimes. The same revolution may not happen again but there will always be other ways to stand up against an oppressive leadership. Now that we are seeing again an impending threat to our freedom, we must remember that EDSA revolution was not only an uprising on streets. It was sparked by songs, poems, films, and artworks that spoke for people who can’t speak for themselves, and who were hungry for peace. As artists and writers today, it is always our responsibility to safeguard our freedom from oppressive regimes and EDSA will always be our inspiration.” – Michael Caesar Tubal, Instructor, College of Education, West Visayas State University

May all these serve as a lesson to all of us, especially the young people. Through this paper may we realize  and think of ourselves to be in the shoes of those people who shared their experiences during the Marcos regime. Let us rethink our decisions.

Sources for this paper are:

· https://www.panaynews.net/an-ageless-encounter-edsa-people-power-revolution-remembered/

·  https://www.philippine-history.org/edsa-people-power-revolution.htm?fbclid=IwAR38rmSdvm7fvESWWeO7y1WwOXb-Spn851wZCCIg24rjN76LjMgogPTXPNE

· https://www.bworldonline.com/tales-of-the-dark-days/?fbclid=IwAR17aQiZeU0k4Uvoi_WQdLrn4qRfXk57LOlYfxe6TfWDCxkhkpgbM8DmKFE

· https://peacebuilderscommunity.org/2019/02/remembering-the-violence-and-horror-of-the-marcos-dictatorial-rule/?fbclid=IwAR09ebVAzIWC4C9kvSiucOJRuq4hr4KL9AVBzeukz8me_YoP7reIgKCvUrk

· https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-reads/features/manila-film-center-haunted-a1729-20191107-lfrm2?fbclid=IwAR3oHdgS93v62TYyg_1Df-zDZcKWOOHcQu347gJRES-6z3LB9Bdz1EjfcF4

· https://prezi.com/775g4onbsdso/philippine-media-during-martial-law/?fbclid=IwAR2wwIA763iNTgF3Ll1k0dKw8eC2YGV7hrOkWlXECxr-toTZqN-mEo6Z0H4

https://www.nytimes.com/1972/09/24/archives/mass-arrests-and-curfew-announced-in-philippines-mass-arrests.html?fbclid=IwAR0MYdI3hECBW9TpXAt8-RB0EqdOd7_OGis9ueG2KxZdTUF0GZty_hdVZcc

[ara-of-erstwhile]

A Brief History: Narnia 180-345

     The following time period in Narnian history is considered the Early Time of Expansion as a number of countries and kingdoms where formed during this time. This includes Archenland, Calormen, Telmar, the Kingdoms of the Seven Isles, and the Lone Islands under Narnian rule.

Those whose names appear in a circular shape are the historical figures that have the most influence on our world today, or did something significant during their rule.

    As mentioned in the previous chapter, Queen Cara I was crowned by Aslan after her father’s death in 180. Shortly after the coronation, her brother (Col I) left Narnia with a group of his supporters to explore and establish the country of Archenland. Col’s departure caused a great riff in the siblings relationship as they had been incredibly close before their father’s death. Because of this the two were said to have not spoken with each other for a number of years. When the siblings finally reconnected, it was because of a group of outlaws in Archenland. These outlaws were attempting to overtake Anvard (which at the time was a small city where the majority of the original settlers lived). After multiple raids on Anvard, Col finally requested his his sister’s help. Together, they were able to push the outlaws out of Archenland to the Great Dessert south of Archenland. In 204, this group would go on to found Calormen (the original capitol of Calormen was located next to a great river to the west of the country that dried up in a great drought around the year 300). From that point on, Cara and Col remained close and would often go on hunting trips throughout Archenland.  It should be mentioned that Col was not officially the king of Archenland. The first of Archenland’s monarchy is commonly considered Col’s daughter Cara II (who would later begin construction on the castle of Anvard). Queen Margery of Galma’s son, Arron II became King of Galma after her death.

     Queen Cara I’s daughter Queen Hellen III reigned over Narnia from 215-240. Hellen III was close friends with Queen Edwy I of Galma, who married Queen Cara II (of Archenland)’s youngest son, Col II. Around the year 225, the two are credited as establishing the Kingdoms of the Seven Isles as a way to bring order to the islands that were previously inhabited by pirates. After Queen Hellen III’s death her son, Corr was crowned King. However his reign did not last long as Corr died abruptly around five years later. Since Corr had no heirs to the throne, Queen Edwy I and King Col II were crowned the King and Queen of Narnia and Galma (247-268). 

    Their oldest child, Darren I reigned over Narnia until the year 300 (one of their other children ruled over Galma). During the year of the King’s death, a group of Calormens colonized the land now known as Telmar. This was an attempt of expanding the Calormen kingdom after a disastrous drought that weakened the old Capitol. At some point around the year 302, it is said that the colonists in Telmar were behaving so wickedly that Aslan returned to Narnia to turn them into dumb beasts. Queen Swanwhite I (King Darren’s oldest sister) reigned for only two years before her death in 302. She was known for her great beauty, legend says that if she looked into a pool, her image would remain for days on end. She has since become a famous legend in Narnian culture.

      Swanwhite I’s son, Gale (born Princess Gail) was crowned King after his mother’s death and reigned until 325. Five years before this, the then princess proclaimed his right to identify as a man. Which Aslan famously supported saying, “It does not matter if you are a daughter of Eve or a Son of Adam, you are still my child.” During the first year of his reign, Gale is credited as delivers the Lone Islands from a dragon that was terrorizing the area and was named Emperor, which has remained a role of the Narnian monarchy since. 

      Gale’s son, Darren II (325-345) was said to have been a very private king who reigned during a peaceful time in Narnia. The biggest event that took place during his reign was a fire in Cair Paravel’s library (333) that destroyed the historical records of early Narnian history. Darren II’s sister, Edwy II, is known for re-writing these manuscripts after their destruction. Edwy II was able to record the complete Narnian monarchy, as well as major historical events that would have been lost to time without her influence. Although the exact date is unknown, early into Darren II’s reign, Edwy II the second married a Galman lady in a ceremony supported by Darren II.

      Darren II’s reign is considered the end of the Early Time of Expansion because around this time was the completion of the establishment of major Kingdoms we know today. Such as, Archenland, Calormen, Telmar, the Kingdoms of the Seven Isles, and the Lone Islands under Narnian rule. 

Chapters of A Brief History

[ara-of-erstwhile]

A Brief History: Narnia 345-490

       The years 345-490 were overall a prosperous time in Narnia. Peace and civil rights were at the forefront of Narnian culture and its monarchy as multiple civil issues arose throughout this time period.

Those whose names appear in a circular shape are the historical figures that have the most influence on our world today, or did something significant during their rule.

      Darren III reigned from 345-360 in which he continued his Aunt’s legacy of historical recording and education as a whole. This also had a great influence on the style of Narnian literature that we now know today, as the great author, Galaden, published his first philosophical novel in 353.

       After her father’s death, Nora I (360-385), was crowned Queen. During her reign, Calormen threatened war with Narnia because of trade disputes that had been debated since her grandfather’s time. Because of this, Nora I was pushed to form an alliance with Calormen by marrying one of the Princes, Atashan. She also compromised with the Calormen government on the long disputed trade agreements. This gave the Calormen passage to the Seven Isles through the Galman Channel and to the Lone Islands. However all Calormen ships were required to stop at a Checkpoint in Galma (for the Seven Isles), and a Narnian embassy checkpoint in Teribinthia (for passage to the Lone Islands), to examine the goods being transported. This policy stayed in place until the fall of Cair in 900. 

      Nora II ruled until the year 410. Queen Nora II was known to do anything to ensure the safety of Narnia. Rumors of the queen practicing magic began to spread after a dwarf accused of murdering his brother was found tuned to stone in his prison cell. This was shortly after the queen requested a private conversation with the dwarf. During the end of her reign, giants from the north began to revolt. Starting in 400, the northern giants started to slowly make their way down from the Northern boarders in the direction of Cair Paravel. Much of the Northern Marshes where destroyed in their campaign south. Nora II’s army was able to direct the giants away from Cair, near Dancing Lawn. There, Narnian forces were met with assistance from Olvin, the King of Archenland. Together, the armies were able to push the remaining giants to the mountains at the Narnia-Archenland border. There they destroyed the army. King Olvin then used a magic staff (supposedly given to him by Nora II) to turn their leader, the two-headed giant Pire, into solid stone. Thus creating Mt. Pire. 

      Darren IV (410-436) reigned in peace after the battles against the Giants. 

      Darren V reigned from 436 to 452 during a relatively peaceful time. However, around the year 443, the Calormen slave trade was established. This greatly disgusted the King and he spent the remainder of his Kingship fighting against slavery in all forms. In 447 he officially outlawed slavery in Narnia as the slave trade worked its way North. From 447-449 Darren V worked with Olvin II of Archenland to ban the trade of slaves outside of Calormen. 

      Winifred ruled until the year 490. Although the majority of her reign was peaceful, the year 460 brought forth a turbulent time in the surrounding countries. In 460, pirates from beyond the Western Sea landed in the Calormen controlled Telmar. The pirates destroyed the Calormen remnants and took over the Kingdom. As tensions rose between Telmar and Calormen, Winifred decided to create an assembly of Kingdoms that would mediate various international issues. That midsummer, the General Assembly was officially formed. Monarchs and political officials from Archenland, Calormen, Telmar, Galma, and the Seven Isles came to Cair to reach an agreement between Telmar and Calormen. This agreement gave the pirates control over Telmar and a new trade agreement with Calormen. The General Assembly, which lasted three weeks, remained an important political event until 915, when it was dissolved after a small war between Archenland and Telmar. The General Assembly would be hosted by different Kingdoms, alternating every year, and would include multiple feasts, a ball at the start of the three weeks, different cultural events based on the host Kingdom, and of course daily meetings to attempt to solve different world problems. 

Chapters of A Brief History

[ara-of-erstwhile]

A Brief History: Narnia 490-627

    The time period of 490-627 is known as a peaceful time and a Renaissance of culture in Narnia. The Renaissance is considered to have ended around the reign of Edward III. 

Those whose names appear in a circular shape are the historical figures that have the most influence on our world today, or did something significant during their rule.

     Queen Helena’s reign (490-533) is seen as the start of modern Narnian culture. With the establishment of the General Assembly during her mother’s reign, relationships with surrounding lands were civil, if not completely peaceful. This meant for the first time in over a century, foreign relations were not at the forefront of Narnia’s interests. Throughout Queen Helena’s reign a culture, that was distinctly Narnian, began to arise. Narnian music at this time was composed with flutes, harps, horns, and/or lutes; the lyrics of songs were traditionally ancient prophecies, hyms about Aslan, or different historical events and legends. It should be noted that Narnian lullabies where traditionally only instramental. Traditional Narnian dances also began to arise at this time; one of the most popular dances called the Dryad’s Waltz, involved a three step pattern. To start off, the dancing pair would face each other with ones right hand, pointing upwards, holding the other’s left. The two would start to walk, clockwise, around each other in beat with the music; which would slowly speed up as a song progressed. As the beat began to speed up, the pair would move to face each other head on; the dancers collectively would begin to spin in a counterclockwise fashion. This would become faster and switch directions as the song continued to proceed faster. Another of these dances, the Star’s Promenade, is a large group dance where the dancers would link arms in a circle and dance in alternating directions (clockwise, counterclockwise, in, and out). Slower Waltzes were also common for slower paced songs. Great dances and balls were held across Narnia during this time. Dancing Lawn was obviously one of the most popular places for midsummer dances, Harvest celebrations, and Christmas feasts. Cair Paravel was also known to have hosted numerous balls and galas at this time, including one during the General Assembly. Art and literature also once again became important aspects in Narnian culture at this time. 

      Jenn I (533-561) reigned in a peaceful and joyful time in Narnia. In the year 554 Galma came under Narnian rule after a revolt by the Galman’s against the King, Luca III. This occurred because Luca III grossly abused his duties as King and taxed the people to death. Under Narnian rule, Galmans were able to vote for a Governor to represent the Kingdom. This role served as an “at home monarchy” of sorts that would regulate and mandate laws as well as command the Galman Navy. This has remained in practice in Galma since Narnia’s fall.

      Edward I ruled from 557-580. During the time of his reign, Edward I shifted Narnia’s focus back primarily towards Aslan when he commissioned the famous poet Oranthea to officially record every story about Aslan that had been passed down throughout Narnian history. The holy book was named “The Lessons and Parables of The Great Lion” and was published by by the King in 573 after the ten years of it being wrote.

    Edward II, 580-603, was crowned King after his father’s death. His coronation was very controversial because he was not actually next in line; Edward II’s twin sister, Liana II, was the oldest of King Edward I’s children. Liana was not crowned Queen because her brother claimed she was becoming insane with grief from their father’s death. Because of this Edward II sent her away from Narnia to marry The Galman Lord. Although it has never been officially proved, Liana II showed no signs of insanity during her time in Galma and it has been long thought that her brother made up her insanity to become King.

      Edward III (603-627) continued the abuse of power his father had demonstrated and began to tax Narnians, which had never been used in the Kingdom before. This caused many Narnians to loose most of their possessions as the Narnian economy was largely barter-based and currency was only used in emergencies. The General Assembly became worried of another revolt occurring in Narnia. So, at the 620 General Assembly, the world leaders brought Liana II’s daughter, Liana III, back to Narnia to advise the King. Although it took a few years, Liana III had convinced her cousin to get rid of the tax in 625. 

Chapters of A Brief History

[queeneliaofgalma]

Hyde Park Corner|| Drabble

Edith, the servant to Queen Cornelia was making her way to the Queen’s chambers, to awake her. For Queen Cornelia for sometime was ill, but was making a slow recovery. Edith walked in and said “Good morning, your majesty.”, as usual, and opened the curtains up. She turned and looked at the lying Queen. “Your majesty?” Edith, then walked over to the bed and noticed the Queen was laying there, looking lifeless. Edith sat down, and felt the Queen’s wrist for a pulse, and realized that the Queen was dead. Edith leaned forward and kissed the now passed Queen’s hand. She placed both hands on top of of each other on the torso, and got up and quickly left the room, and began running, to notify the rest of the family. The palace began to go into commotion, servants and palace officials running all over the place, and Elia’s aunt the Duchess Ida running to the chambers in tears with her husband the Duke Bjorn. Helga and her siblings lingered outside in confusion, wondering where her twin brother Tulle was, but mostly...the new Queen. 

Inside the chambers, the Duke looked at Cornelia’s private secretary, Charles. “Has the Princess been informed yet?” asked Bjorn. 

“If you mean the new Queen, no she is on a hunting trip a few kilometers away..” responded Charles. 

“Tell Sebastian to go with. Tell him Hyde Park Corner, he’ll know what that means.” 

“Yes, your grace.” 

As the arrow hit the animal, Elia smiled as her friends were clapping. “Marvelous, your royal highness.” said Catherine, a courtier who was working to be a Galman historian. Someone...close and dear to Elia. Elia smiled at her and nodded. The servants picked up the animal, and everyone got on their horse. 

As they were all in the estate, eating dinner and drinking,  Catherine leaned and nuzzled Elia, and Tulle was next to them on the floor. All the friends dancing, drinking and being merry. However, their fun was interrupted when Elia saw a familiar face of Sebastian from the royal palace, whom was speaking to Tulle. Sebastian nodded at Elia, and left to pour himself some wine, as Tulle looked back at Elia. The two looked at each other, and Elia knew by his look what it meant. 

Hyde Park Corner. 

“Everyone, leave.” said Elia. “Out! Please.” As the room was being quickly emptied, Elia looked at Catherine before she left, and Tulle walked over to his cousin, embracing her. “I’m so sorry.” She began to cry into his arms-not over the death of her Grandmother. But the fact that she was not ready. Elia then went into the bath chambers, and closed the door behind her, crying. 

A few moments passed, and Sebastian knocked on the door. “Your majesty, I would like to speak to you.” 

Elia got up, and opened the door, wiping her last tears, and walked over to the couch sitting down. Her dog running to her feet, and Sebastian sitting in the other chair. 

“Your servant Margaret forgot to pack you a black dress, but I brought one for you. But I think it’s best here and now to decide your name.” began Sebastian. 

“My name?” pondered Elia. 

“Yes, your Reginald name. The name that you will take as Queen. As you know, your Grandmother’s name was Mary but when ascending the throne she took the name Cornelia. If your father did not die years ago, he would’ve taken the name Edward, though his name was Alfred.” 

“What’s wrong with my name?” 

“Nothing, your grace!” 

Elia sighed and looked down. “Well then, let’s not overcomplicate matters unnecessary. My name is Elia.” 

She got up and began to walk away. Sebastian rose and nodded. “Then Long LIve, Queen Elia.” 

Elia stopped, and looked down, then continued walking. 

The next morning, Elia was being dressed in a black gown, and shortly was taken to the carriages when Sebastian handed her a letter. “From the late Queen, she wanted wrote this for you for when you take the throne, your majesty.” 

As the carriage was moving and approaching the palace, Elia was reading the letter, written by her grandmother. 

My dearest Elia, 

I know how you we grew closer and that you loved me. And I know you will be as devastated by this loss. But you must put those sentiments to one side now, for duty calls. The grief for my death will be felt far and wide. Your people will need your strength and leadership. In history there have monarchies that were weak through their failure to separate personal indulgences from duty. You must not allow yourself to make similar mistakes. And while you mourn my death, you must also mourn someone else. Elia Mayfire. For she has now been replaced by another person, Elia Regina. The two Elias will frequently be in conflict with one another. The fact is, the crown must win. Must always win.

Cornelia Regina.

As they approached the palace, the carriage door was open. And Elia handed the letter back to Sebastian. “The people know, your grace.” said Sebastian. Elia nodded and gave him a small smile, and left the carriage, and made her way inside to see her Grandmother. 

Elia noticed everyone was bowing and keeping their eyes to the ground, and Elia went inside the chambers. Her Grandmother, dressed in black, with funeral regalia. Elia began to cry, her back turned and sat on the bed. For she never expected it to be like this, but was at ease that it was a peaceful death. 

Moments passed, and Elia got up and left the chambers. Her family there. They all gave her a kiss on the cheek and bowed to her, and Elia responded with a stoic look. She then began walking, Sterling next to her to meet with the small council of lords and dukes and discuss funeral preparations. Tulle and Helga were about to follow her right away until heir mother said, “wait”, and they stopped in their tracks. The Sebastian followed who was now her private secretary, and then her ladies in waiting, and then her family. 

Elia went inside the room to meet with the dukes. She sat on the throne at the table, and they all sat as well, and said in unison Long Live the Queen.

[magica-pseudoacademica]

United States - Articles

Last edited 2019-08-15

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* Woodward, Walter W. “New England’s Other Witch-Hunt: The Hartford Witch-Hunt of the 1660s and Changing Patterns in Witchcraft Prosecution.” OAH Magazine of History 17, no. 4 (July 2003): 16-20.