#hyperspectral constellation

[pixxelspace]

[pradeep]

Pixxel will provide technical hyperspectral imagery (HSI) remote sensing capabilities via modeling and simulation and data evaluation. Using its currently on-orbit pathfinder systems and future HSI constellations, Pixxel will demonstrate its capabilities through end-to-end tasking, collection, and product dissemination and respond to ad-hoc product ordering and delivery requests from the NRO and its partners.

National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) Awards Pixxel with 5-year Hyperspectral Data Contract

[atomxmedia]

SkyServe: Revolutionizing Satellite Data Processing With Real-Time Analytics To Speed Up Decision Making Across Industries

Space Age Innovation: Processing Data on the Fly

Many different businesses are undergoing radical change as a result of the increasing usage of satellite constellations. These circling wonders are supplying priceless data for a wide range of uses, from smart city planning and telecommunications to national defense and agriculture. However, the process of gleaning useful insights from this raw data has historically been time-consuming and costly.

This is the area where Vinay Simha, Vishesh Vatsal, and Adithya Kothandhapani’s spacetech business, SkyServe, based in Bengaluru, is making waves. The company was launched in 2020. Their creative approach upends the long-standing custom of returning satellite data to Earth for processing. SkyServe’s response? STORM is an AI-driven edge computing platform that processes data directly on satellites and provides users on the ground with real-time analytics.

India’s Thriving SpaceTech Market: A Breeding Ground for Innovation

India’s space sector is experiencing a boom, fueled by a collaborative environment between private and public entities, along with government incentives. This fertile ground has given rise to over 150 spacetech startups, and the future looks even brighter. According to Inc42, India’s spacetech market is projected to reach a staggering $77 billion by 2030, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 26%. Notably, the downstream market, which focuses on utilizing space-derived data for various applications, holds a significant two-thirds share of this potential.

With its state-of-the-art technological stack, SkyServe is well-positioned to become a significant player in this rapidly expanding downstream sector, with the goal of revolutionizing the use of data in a variety of industries. Prominent individuals like Vijay Rayapati, the CEO and co-founder of AtomicWorks, and Baskar Subramanian, the co-founder and CEO of Amagi Media Labs, along with angel investors and institutional investment institutions, have already contributed over $1 million in seed capital to the venture. SkyServe hopes to raise $8 million to $10 million in a Series A fundraising round later this year to support their ambitious objectives.

Overcoming Challenges: The Genesis of SkyServe

Vinay Simha, co-founder and CEO of SkyServe, pinpoints the core challenge SkyServe tackles: traditional satellites lack the computational power to process captured data or images directly. This limitation stems from the high costs associated with launching satellites and the complexities of integrating additional components. Further constraints include potential risks of failure, dependence on reliable power sources, and the harsh space environment, making ground-based processing the default approach.

“The launch costs are becoming more affordable, and miniaturization of electronics is paving the way for a new generation of smart satellites,” says Simha. “This shift in the space landscape prompted us to reimagine the way Earth observation data is captured, assimilated, and processed, ultimately leading to the foundation of SkyServe.”

STORM: The Powerhouse of On-Orbit Processing

Realizing that a paradigm change was required, Simha started working on STORM in 2022. This AI-driven edge computing platform makes use of state-of-the-art technologies to solve the problems that plague conventional approaches. With its ability to interpret data from several sensors, such as hyperspectral and synthetic aperture radar (SAR), STORM can be used in a wide range of sectors.

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[jcmarchi]

AEROS CubeSat launches to study ocean health

New Post has been published on https://thedigitalinsider.com/aeros-cubesat-launches-to-study-ocean-health/

AEROS CubeSat launches to study ocean health

A new CubeSat orbiting Earth represents a multinational research-industry collaboration and an important milestone in Portugal’s space program, marking the country’s return to space after its first satellite launch 30 years ago. The small satellite, called AEROS-MH1, was developed entirely in Portugal through a four-year collaboration with the MIT Portugal Program and numerous private companies in Portugal.

Professors Dava Newman, Kerri Cahoy, and Richard Linares served as co-principal investigators on the project at MIT, and grad students Madeline Anderson, Cadence Payne, and Annika Thomas served as key contributors along with researchers from University of Minho, CEiiA, Edisoft, and more. AEROS Constellation’s objectives support the multinational “Atlantic interactions” research efforts and are aligned with the U.N.’s Sustainable Development Goals.

Launched in March, AEROS-MH1 is now orbiting Earth every 90 minutes at an altitude of almost 137 miles. AEROS will apply spectroscopic techniques to measure and monitor ocean health while using a software-defined radio to bridge connectivity between the spacecraft, aerial drones, and bio-logged marine life such as sharks and rays. The satellite will collect hyperspectral imaging data of the coastline and oceans around Portugal, and collect information from the software-defined radio from tags to help understand biodiversity and the environment around Portugal. The satellite’s command center is at the Santa Maria Island Teleport in the Azores, where the spectroscopic imagery will be recorded, and then processed in Matosinhos.

“AEROS was a tremendously valuable experience for our students, both in terms of the research and technical elements and the collaboration itself,” says Cahoy. “The full team had weekly meetings virtually, and it did get interesting when there were changes in the time zones for daylight savings that were different in each country, along with understanding holidays and special event times of the year, as well as when the academic team members would have a higher workload due to projects and exams. The students really enjoyed that MIT Portugal regularly provided opportunities to get together and present their work in Portugal.”

The project’s development process began in 2020 with the mission concept, focused on maritime priorities and ocean characterization around Portugal. The research team selected instruments like the hyperspectral visible imager to characterize the ocean’s colors, and software-defined radio to flexibly support collecting data from small transmitters on the Earth for sensing environment and monitoring biodiversity. The team worked for years to make sure these instruments were fully functional in hardware and software, as well as with a spacecraft platform that supported the mission power and communication needs.

The MIT students supported the project with analyses and simulations to help understand if the mission would meet requirements. Annika Thomas focused on thermal management; Cadence Payne focused on the hyperspectral imager instrument performance; and Madi Anderson worked on using AI for both change detection in the instrument data and to help identify any anomalies in the onboard telemetry. Other MIT Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics students who supported AEROS include Miles Lifson, Patrick McKeen, Joey Murphy, and Alvin Harvey.

“The partnership between the Portuguese institutions and our international universities such as MIT must be maintained. It results in high-quality training, new jobs, and a new generation of students who are multidisciplinary systems leaders of our space future and our future here on Earth,” said Newman in a congratulatory video. “We’re educating these future leaders in important sectors such as climate, space, oceans, urban mobility, and energy.”

[digitalwibe]

Germany Commercial Satellite Imaging Market Research : Global Economy, By Penetration, Forecast, 2024-2032.

Germany's commercial satellite imaging market reflects the nation's commitment to innovation, precision, and technological advancement. With a robust aerospace industry and a strong emphasis on research and development, Germany stands as a key player in the global satellite imaging market.

Key players in the German commercial satellite imaging market include companies such as OHB SE, Airbus Defence and Space GmbH, and BlackBridge (now part of Planet Labs), each contributing their expertise to satellite constellation development, remote sensing technology, and data analytics.

A driving force behind the growth of the German market is the nation's investment in high-resolution satellite constellations and advanced imaging sensors capable of capturing detailed imagery for a wide range of applications. German satellite imaging providers leverage innovative technologies such as synthetic aperture radar (SAR), multispectral imaging, and hyperspectral imaging to deliver actionable geospatial intelligence to their customers.

Request Free Sample Report - Receive a free sample report to preview the valuable insights and data we offer.

Moreover, Germany's strategic partnerships and collaborations with international space agencies and commercial entities drive innovation and technology transfer in the commercial satellite imaging market, enabling German companies to remain competitive on the global stage.

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[pixxelspace]

Enhancing Coastal Ecosystem Monitoring with Hyperspectral Imaging

Hyperspectral imaging is revolutionising coastal ecosystem monitoring by providing detailed spectral data across a wide range of wavelengths. This rich dataset enables scientists to uncover hidden patterns, identify subtle variations, and gain a comprehensive understanding of environmental dynamics.

Healthy marine and freshwater ecosystems are vital for sustaining life on Earth and supporting interconnected ecosystems, human well-being, and economies. However, they are facing unprecedented threats such as climate change, habitat loss, contamination, and overfishing. Recent research indicates that only 15% of coastal areas worldwide remain intact, underscoring the urgent need for global coastal rehabilitation and conservation.

Increasing demands on the world's aquatic resources and services due to population growth and climate change are driving the development of innovative surveying technologies. Traditional monitoring methods involving collecting water samples from stations and boats along the coast, are costly and time-consuming, leading to infrequent monitoring.

Much like in numerous other applications, satellite-based Earth observation has emerged as an indispensable complement to traditional in-situ measurements in the monitoring of coastal ecosystems, providing an overview of water quality over a broader area, and offering valuable insights for better management. But again, traditional multispectral imagery (MSI) has limitations such as lower spatial resolution and an inability to distinguish certain contaminants effectively. This is because MSI captures imagery in only a few broad spectral bands, which may not offer adequate spectral information for tasks like differentiating between various contaminants or types of vegetation.

In recent years, hyperspectral imaging has gained prominence due to its ability to capture imagery across the entire spectrum of visible and infrared light. Hyperspectral imagery provides a wealth of environmentally significant data, holding promise for introducing innovative applications in coastal zone monitoring, ecosystem assessment, and the evaluation of aquatic biodiversity, habitats, water quality, and natural and human-induced hazards.

What is Hyperspectral Imaging?

Hyperspectral imaging is an advanced technology that captures imagery across various wavelengths, from visible light to near-infrared and beyond. Unlike traditional imaging methods that use just a few broad spectral bands, hyperspectral imaging generates detailed spectral data for each pixel in an image. This rich dataset allows scientists to identify and analyse specific features with remarkable precision.

What sets hyperspectral imaging apart is its ability to split the electromagnetic spectrum into numerous narrow wavelength bands, unlike the 5-15 bands captured by current multispectral satellites.

Source: Pixxel

Previously confined to government agencies and research domains, advancements in sensor technology and reduced processing costs, driven by emerging commercial enterprises, have made hyperspectral imaging more accessible. A notable example is Pixxel's upcoming constellation of hyperspectral earth imaging satellites designed to provide unparalleled global coverage with exceptional spatial and spectral resolution at regular intervals.

Hyperspectral Imaging Applications in Monitoring Coastal Ecosystems

Hyperspectral imaging technology holds great promise for enhancing coastal ecosystem monitoring and conservation efforts. By providing detailed spectral data across a wide range of wavelengths, hyperspectral imagery allows scientists to study coastal ecosystems with unprecedented precision and accuracy.

A study conducted by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) evaluated the benefits of the Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO), an instrument installed aboard the International Space Station. The study concluded that HICO effectively provides water quality data for environmental monitoring and assessments of biological conditions in coastal and estuarine systems.

Further, utilising space-based remote sensing data enhances our understanding of global water quality conditions. Hyperspectral imaging not only aids in assessing water quality on regional scales but also supports smaller sustainable practices to maintain or improve environmental conditions worldwide.

Pixxel’s hyperspectral image of Senegal's Saloum Delta (2022) vividly captures coastal habitats, providing essential insights into habitat classification, water quality parameters, and biodiversity mapping. This rich data aids conservationists in understanding and preserving delicate ecosystems, supporting efforts to mitigate degradation.

Water Quality Monitoring with Hyperspectral Imagery

Hyperspectral imaging is revolutionary in water quality monitoring, with its capability to detect and predict low water quality conditions in surface waters. Hyperspectral imagery offers unparalleled accuracy in detecting pollutants, emerging contaminants, and debris in surface waters, enabling effective and timely warnings and mitigation measures. Additionally, hyperspectral imagery can track various parameters serving as proxies for water quality conditions, including chlorophyll levels, watercolour, and oxygen levels.

The familiar RGB picture paints a recognizable picture (left), and hyperspectral imaging reveals previously unseen intricacies (right), providing a wealth of detailed data. Source Pixxel whitepaper

Detecting Harmful Algal Blooms

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) pose a growing threat to coastal ecosystems, causing environmental damage, economic losses, and public health risks. Hyperspectral imagery can detect and monitor HABs by analysing the spectral signatures of different algae species, allowing for tracking their growth and movement in near-real-time and helping in managing and mitigating their impacts.

By using HICO, scientists can observe and monitor harmful algal blooms, enabling insights across 90 wavelengths of data that the naked eye cannot visualise.

HICO image of a massive Microcystis bloom in Western Lake Erie, Sept. 3, 2011. Image Credit: NASA

Assessing Coastal Vegetation

Coastal vegetation, such as mangroves and seagrasses, plays a crucial role in coastal ecosystem health, providing habitat for marine life, protecting shorelines from erosion, and storing carbon. Hyperspectral imagery can assess the health and distribution of coastal vegetation by analysing their spectral signatures, helping scientists understand the impacts of climate change, pollution, and habitat loss on coastal ecosystems.

Monitoring Coastal Pollution

Coastal ecosystems are vulnerable to pollution from various sources such as industrial runoff, agricultural runoff, and oil spills. Analysing the spectral signatures of different pollutants with hyperspectral imagery helps identify sources of contamination, track movement, and assess impact on coastal ecosystems, allowing for targeted remediation efforts.

Benefits of Hyperspectral Imaging

Unprecedented Precision: Detailed, high-resolution data for studying coastal ecosystems with unparalleled precision.

Wide-Scale Monitoring: Large-scale monitoring over vast areas for comprehensive insights into ecosystem dynamics.

Versatile Applications: Multi-purpose functionality in water quality assessment, habitat mapping, pollution detection, and species identification.

Reduced Dependency: Less reliance on costly ground infrastructure for more efficient monitoring practices.

Enhanced Accuracy: Highly accurate and precise data for better-informed decision-making in resource management.

Early Detection: Timely intervention to prevent irreversible damage is crucial for proactive conservation efforts.

Pixxel’s Hyperspectral Imaging for Monitoring Coastal Ecosystems

The urgency for global coastal rehabilitation and conservation efforts in the face of mounting threats such as climate change and habitat loss needs urgent action. Hyperspectral imaging provides invaluable insights, empowering informed decision-making and effective conservation strategies.

Pixxel's upcoming hyperspectral imaging satellite constellation is set to transform coastal ecosystem monitoring. With high-resolution imagery, precise spatial accuracy, and regular revisits, these satellites will offer unmatched global coverage. This will equip researchers and environmental agencies with valuable insights, enabling them to optimise conservation efforts and bolster ecosystem resilience. Through Pixxel's innovative technology, organisations can seize new opportunities to enhance coastal ecosystem management and tackle environmental challenges worldwide.

Connect with the Pixxel sales team for a deeper insight into the potential benefits of Pixxel's cutting-edge technology for your organisation.

FAQs

What is hyperspectral Imaging, and how does it differ from traditional methods?

Hyperspectral imaging is an advanced remote sensing technology capturing imagery across a wide range of wavelengths, from visible light to near-infrared and beyond. Unlike traditional methods like RGB or multispectral imaging, hyperspectral imaging divides the electromagnetic spectrum into numerous narrow bands, allowing for detailed spectral data collection for each pixel in an image. This enables unparalleled precision in identifying and analysing specific features of interest.

How does hyperspectral imaging benefit coastal ecosystem monitoring?

By providing detailed spectral data across a wide range of wavelengths, hyperspectral imagery enables coastal monitoring with unprecedented precision and accuracy.

Such applications include:

Water Quality Monitoring

Detection of Harmful Algal Blooms

Assessment of Coastal Vegetation

Monitoring Coastal Pollution

What are the benefits of hyperspectral imaging in coast coastal ecosystem monitoring?

Hyperspectral imaging offers several advantages for coastal ecosystem monitoring, including:

Unprecedented precision

Wide-area coverage

Versatile applications

Reduced dependency on ground infrastructure

Enhanced accuracy

Early detection

What role does Hyperspectral Imaging play in assessing coastal vegetation and monitoring pollution in coastal ecosystems?

Hyperspectral imaging plays a crucial role in assessing the health and distribution of coastal vegetation through their spectral signatures. This detailed information helps scientists understand the impacts of climate change, pollution, and habitat loss on coastal ecosystems. Additionally, hyperspectral imaging aids in monitoring pollution in coastal ecosystems by identifying the spectral signatures of different pollutants, tracking their movement, and assessing their impact on the environment. This enables targeted remediation efforts to mitigate pollution and preserve coastal ecosystem health.

How does Hyperspectral Imaging contribute to the detection and monitoring of harmful algal blooms (HABs)?

Hyperspectral imaging enables scientists to detect and monitor harmful algal blooms by analysing the spectral signatures of different algae species. This technology allows for near-real-time tracking of HAB growth and movement, facilitating effective management and mitigation strategies.

[indoorverticalfarmingnews]

Kuva Space Secures €16.6M For Earth Observation Microsatellite

Key Takeaways: Kuva Space has raised €16.6M to advance its hyperspectral camera technology and AI analytics platform. The funding will also support the launch of Kuva Space’s microsatellite constellation for Earth observation. The company’s technology can monitor the molecular composition of materials on Earth, aiding various sectors, including agriculture. Kuva Space’s business model revolves…

[dotengine]

Hyperspectral startup Wyvern signs on to fly with Loft Orbital next year

Hyperspectral imagery startup Wyvern has booked space on a Loft Orbital satellite bus that will launch next year, a move that the company says will boost the capacity of its Dragonette satellite constellation. Wyvern, which graduated from Y Combinator’s Winter 2022 cohort, has launched two hyperspectral imagery satellites since it was founded in 2018. But launching and operating a dedicated…

[techrookies]

Hyperspectral startup Wyvern signs on to fly with Loft Orbital next year

Hyperspectral imagery startup Wyvern has booked space on a Loft Orbital satellite bus that will launch next year, a move that the company says will boost the capacity of its Dragonette satellite constellation. Wyvern, which graduated from Y Combinator’s Winter 2022 cohort, has launched two hyperspectral imagery satellites since it was founded in 2018. But […] Go to Source Aria Alamalhodaei

[highpowerrocketryspace]

SAN FRANCISCO — Hyperspectral imaging startup Orbital Sidekick has raised $10 million in an investment round led by Energy Innovation Capital. "This round is a massive validation of our technology by the energy industry," said Dan Katz, CEO and co-founder of Orbital Sidekick. SpaceNews by email. “We look forward to helping our customers use the insights from our intelligence platform to minimize their emissions, meet regulatory requirements, and reduce their carbon footprint as part of our collective transition to more sustainable energy systems. » Energy companies Williams and ONEOK, the University of Minnesota Endowment, 11.2 Capital, Syndicate 708 and In-Q-Tel, the US intelligence community strategic investor, participated in the funding round. Williams and ONEOK are Orbital Sidekick customers. 11.2 Capital, Syndicate 708 and In-Q-Tel also participated in the announced Orbital Sidekick Series A in 2021. The additional funding comes as Orbital Sidekick prepares to launch its constellation of six global hyperspectral observing satellites, known as GHOST. “Our first two GHOST satellites are scheduled to launch this spring aboard a SpaceX Rideshare (Transporter-7), with the broader goal of having a six-satellite GHOST constellation in orbit by the end of 2023,” Katz said. Katz called GHOST "the most advanced hyperspectral imaging satellites in existence today, capturing more than 500 bands of light with 20 times the sensitivity of traditional surveillance." To meet the growing demand for hyperspectral data, Orbital Sidekick intends "to expand the GHOST constellation to at least 14 satellites and continue to grow from there," Katz said. "The overall goal is to have the ability to map every square inch of the globe several times a week." Using GHOST imaging, Orbital Sidekick customers can observe critical infrastructure like gas and oil pipelines to detect leaks, contamination and other events. Data and imagery from Orbital Sidekick will help companies "minimize emissions, exceed regulatory requirements and reduce their carbon footprint," according to the Jan. 31 press release. Orbital Sidekick launched its first satellite in 2021. Data from the company's satellites powers Orbital Sidekick's Sigma platform. Customers have used Sigma "to monitor over 12,000 miles of pipeline and report 100 suspected methane leaks, 200 suspicious liquid hydrocarbon leaks" in addition to other notable incidents, according to the press release.

[swastikholidays]

Space tourism | New Adventure for Super Wealthy Travelers

Space Tourism is human space travel for recreational purposes. There are several different types of space tourism, including orbital, suborbital and lunar space tourism. Orbital space tourism has been performed only by Roscosmos.

Space Tourism  is human travel to space just see earth with 0 gravity. Mow very easy and some private company enter in this field recently successfully launch Space taxi  by Virgin Galactic in orbit with his staff shortly they can start for commercial sale tickets per seat base this race two other players also have  Blue origin & Space X there also getting approval  from Government shortly launch  there space taxi trail shortly announce for prices and taking booking coming year  that very easy for person  who’s interested travel to space also compition price also low & discounted  for people. Space is the next frontier where billionaires turned space barons will vie for a pie of the paying customer's wallet. Many billionaires are competing to usher in a new era of private commercial space travel for the rich.

WHAT IS THIS FAD FOR SPACE TOURISM?

Space travel first space tourist American millionaire Dennis Tito in 2001 paid $20 million to ride on a Russian Soyuz spacecraft to visit the International Space station and spent eight days there.

just now  other private citizens travelled to space until 2009. less than 600 astronauts and global citizens have gone into space so far

HOW MUCH SPEND TO BOOK A SEAT?

Virgin Galactic claims over 600 advance bookings prices at approximately $250000 per seat but only 150 may travel on board VSS Unity in 2022 and eventually reduce tickets price around $40000 according to Reuters.

Blue Origin charge passengers  around $200000 not official but reports indicate that this could go up post new recent campaign .

SpeceX hasn't disclosed any specifics but 10 days flight to the International space station would entail $350000 per person with NASA getting $35000 per person .

FIRST INDIAN SPACE TOURIST?

In India first space tourist aboard Virgin Galactic from Kerala traveller Santosh George Kulangara to explore space  is also  nearing fulfilment, he is first Indian space tourist selected by Virgin Galactic said that with the company getting all mandatory permissions to fly to space and the first carrier taking of the preparations for tourist were also  expected to begin soon.

He was selected for the flight after rigorous training including zero gravity training at Kennedy spaces centre and more is expected to begin soon. he also  did a travelogue of his initial training sessions.

ONGOING PROJECTS

The Boeing Starliner capsule

Bigelow Aerospace

SpaceX Axiom Space-1 (AX-1)

Space Adventures Crew Dragon mission

Aurora Space Station make a hotel in space for commercial person stay there and see the Galaxy in floating hotel explored  universe.

CONTOURS OF VISIT AND PREPARATION FOR TRAVELLERS

Space traveller  need physically and mentally fit, Start preparing at least a year before and do your stretches and eat nutritious meals. Space travellers can also try scuba-diving (at least 12 metres underwater) for weightlessness training. Space travellers will get packaged modified food but allergen-free formats are not available. Fresh fruits and vegetables have to be eaten.

INDIA START-UP FOR SPACE INDUSTRY

1. Pixxel

It’s Indian space technology start up   launching the world highest resolution hyperspectral satellite constellation.

2. Skyroot Aerospace

Skyroot first privately owned Indian firm to demonstrate the cabability to build a homegrown rocket engine. It develops small satellite launch vehicles. This company first launch vehicle vikram-I expected to launched by December 2021.

3. Bellatrix Aerospace

It works on advanced in space propulsion systems and rocket propulsion technologies and it is currently developing a space taxi an orbital transfer vehicle to be launched in 2024 this company will also  launching rocket Chetak by 2023.

4. Agnikul Cosmos

This company had fired world first fully 3 d rocket engine  the semi cryogenic rocket  engine Agnilet, it aims to develop and launch its small lift launch vehicle namely Agnibaan by 2022

5. Dhruva Space

It works small satellites for the government, commercial and academic markets.

OUR FUTURE PLAN

We also think about working in space tourism and collaborate with space company. Now a common person can travel to space & see beyond the earth. how’s the expertises these we need sponsor for this, if any sponsor help me, we can do in our mind. Another thing also we can make a before space travel available training for passenger in India also do our Indian space agency ISRO or Private agency can help for space travel than cost also very low.  Common person easily travel to space.

More contact us :- info@swastikholiday.com & holidayswastik@gmail.com

[lupinepublishers]

Lupine Publishers | Remote Sensing Techniques in Olive-Growing: A Review

Lupine Publishers | Agriculture Open Access Journal

Abstract

The evolution of remote sensing techniques, the rising availability of increasingly accurate and reliable technologies and the widening provision of precise and detailed data constitute the framework within which more and more specific sectors use remote sensing. Agriculture is one of the sectors where different applications of remote sensing can prove their effectiveness as they offer the possibility of gaining new perspectives, detecting phenomena not visible from the ground and in replacing man when inspecting territories dangerous, contaminated or difficult to access is necessary. Present paper aims to illustrate remote sensing techniques currently available in olive growing, highlighting their advantages in terms of optimisation of production processes and natural resources exploitation, environmental footprint, traceability of final products and monitoring of yield.

Keywords: Olive growing; Remote sensing; Satellite data; Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)

Introduction

Remote sensing is a set of techniques that allows the exploitation of different way in which natural surfaces interact with electromagnetic energy from a source to obtain information about their characteristics. Until a few years ago, data and images could be acquired just by aircraft equipped with special cameras whose use had to be designed in detail with considerable expenses and difficult replicability of acquisition. In recent years, data acquired by satellites have become available and later continuous technological evolution has made it possible to perform the same service at even higher resolution through unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), allowing considerable cost savings and, most importantly, making this technology no longer an exclusive prerogative of scientific community. At present the choice of instrument depends essentially on the costs and on the level of detail desired. Using UAV, increasingly common and executable with different resolutions, still has a price justified only by large-scale projects; satellite data have a spatial resolution ranging from 10 m to 30 centimetres, suffer from interference such as the presence of the atmosphere and cloud cover but, at lower resolutions, are available free of charge. At present, the satellite constellations from which data and images can be drawn are different. Optical satellite images may have spatial resolutions (i.e., pixel size) of kilometres or even centimetres. In the case of free data, the spatial resolution is 20 to 30 meters on the ground and the most common are Landsat, Aster and Sentinel 2 and 3. Multispectral sensors such as Landsat, Spot, Quickbird, Aster, etc., have low spectral resolutions and therefore have bands of considerable amplitude; this does not allow good discrimination of spectral characteristics.

Instead, hyperspectral sensors (Mivis, Aviris, HyMap, etc.) have a better spectral resolution and allow to obtain a satisfactory discrimination of some absorption bands. In contrast, hyperspectral sensors do not have a wide coverage of the Earth’s surface and this is one of the reasons why multispectral sensors are preferred for different territorial applications. Remote sensing data with a high spatial resolution allow a considerable increase in investigation scale, with performances in terms of accuracy, comparable to those obtained with traditional aerial photogrammetric techniques. Increasing spatial resolution makes the detail of the object’s shape grow, but implies an increment of the parameters needed to describe classes (Figure 1). Normally, high spatial resolution with current satellite surveying technologies corresponds to a reduced spectral resolution, which prevents a detailed description of a surface based on energy measurements reflected. Moreover, satellite data with high or very high spatial resolution are hardly free of charge and for the case studies dealt with, which concern large scale areas, data with a wider spectral resolution (to the detriment of spatial resolution) were considered. Different data collection methods differ in terms of acquisition frequency, processing times and delivery timeliness. Although UAV acquisition can be programmed as desired while satellite images are acquired at regular intervals, the latters allow more complex elaborations based on the analysis of the available historical series. The utilization of UAV is not only limited to diagnostic context but also to practical applications: in Italy they have already been successfully tested in the biological treatment of maize against some kinds of lepidoptera; in Japan, instead, a large part of spraying with herbicides and fertilizers is carried out on rice paddies by means of small tanks implanted on drones which, depending on the parameters measured, dose their concentrations (Figure 2).

Figure 1:  Spectral Signature.

Figure 2:  Remote Sensing.

The increasing availability of powerful tools to improve the efficiency of agronomic practices and the increasing sensitivity to the environmental footprint of the agricultural sector are having an important impact in different parts of the world.In the European context, for example, the Dutch government has budgeted up to €1.4 million for the purchase of satellite data to improve sustainability and efficiency of agriculture. These data will include detailed information on soil characteristics, atmosphere and crop development. Specialised farms will be able to analyse them to provide farmers with targeted advice on irrigation, fertilisation and pesticide spraying activities. Satellite data will be open and starting from next seasonon dedicated platform (http://satellietdataportaal. nl), allowing everyone to have free access to the database. Dutch agricultural and horticultural sector enjoys a strong international reputation so the government wants to support this leading position by investing in innovation. Satellite data allow farmers to monitor crop progress very closely and take corrective action exactly where it is needed, resulting in greater efficiency and sustainability. Data purchased by the government will be analysed and processed by scientific institutes and specialised companies and then converted into information directly accessible to farmers, for example on the state of health of the vegetation (http://www.groenmonitor.nl) or on fertilisation and irrigation (http://www.akkerweb.nl). Smart methods and technologies will be able to generate significant savings for farmers in terms of fuel, seeds, artificial fertilisers, crop protection agents and water. Also FAO has recently developed software called Collect Earth that exploits the databases of Google Earth Engine, the portal thanks to which you can access millions of images taken by U.S. and European satellites, completely free and open source, in order to bring more and more users to satellite data to monitor territory, observe land and visualize their evolution.

Moreover it is not by chance that remote sensing techniques have significantly contributed to the creation of the Information System and the Territorial Database currently managed by AGEA, the Agency for Agricultural Disbursements, which since 1982 has started to acquire first aerial data for the establishment of the olive cultivation register (Reg. n°2276/79). This impressive and structured data collection is today one of the most important sources of information not only on the agricultural and forestry sectors but also on the definition of the evolution of land use and consequently the identification of land degradation phenomena.

Remote sensing and olive growing

More than 11 million hectares of olives are grown in the world, spread across the five continents, two hemispheres and 47 countries [1]. At present, olive oil is consumed in over 160 countries registering a production amounting in more than 2500 thousands tonnes2. These numbers are an indication of how important olive sector is for the economy of the 47 producer countries, and how much an efficiency of the production cycle and a reduction in its environmental footprint can benefit the entire terrestrial ecosystem. The application of remote-sensing techniques in olive growing may to contribute significantly to the increase in olive grove productivity and to the contextual reduction of the environmental impact of farming practices. They allow more specific and differentiated intervention according to the variability within an olive grove, thus allowing advantages to be obtained in terms of: a) Monitoring and optimization of fertilization and plant health protection operations on the basis of site-specific surveys. b) The most appropriate choice of irrigation method and quantity of water to be supplied depending on specific water demand; c) Evaluation of the morphological characteristics of the plants and planning of the most appropriate pruning operations; d) The estimation of olive productivity and subsequent oil yield. Once the purely cultivation phase is over, monitoring activities carried out with the support of remote sensing can also be useful for the traceability of final products (table olives and/or olive oil) and the consequent possibility of guaranteeing and certifying origin, cultivation regime (biologic, sod seeding, minimum tillage, etc.) and other information useful to make the consumer’s choice as aware as possible.

First high resolution applications have been made by integrating satellite images and probabilistic techniques for counting olive trees with the purpose to provide a support in surveying and inventorying forests and areas covered with other kinds of arboreal crops and, in particular for olive trees, in assessing estimates of the production of plantations [2]. With the same purpose of reducing considerably the effort of manual tree counting and providing a useful instrument for environmental applications of fruit orchard, plantation and open forest population monitoring, project called Arbor Crown Enumerator (ACE) was developed for tree crown detection from multispectral Very High-resolution (VHR) satellite imagery [3]. Using a combination of the Red band and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) thresholding, and the Laplacian of the Gaussian (LOG) blob detection method, this methodology is intended to replace the previous OLICOUNT software and to broaden its scope of application. OLICOUNT, a tool launched by the European Commission with the specific goal to estimate the number of olive trees in France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Greece, has automated this counting process to some extent and it has been an important reference in agricultural policies. It has been used, for example, to develop an olive tree registration in the framework of the database accession process to the European Union by the Turkish Government [4].

Reliable methods for the estimation of crown architecture is another key issue for the quantitative evaluation of tree crop adaptation to environment conditions as for an accurate 3D model of the tree crowns can provide information about critical aspects of plant growth and development and, therefore, about its suitability for some specific training systems. This is especially important in olive breeding programs aimed at developing new cultivars suitable either to discontinuous (open vase configuration) or continuous (hedgerow) canopy. Results from studies conducted acquiring data by means of consumer-grade cameras on board a UAV [5], show a high agreement between remote sensing estimation and field measurements of crown parameters. Torres [6] have carried out several tests to estimate exact volume of canopies through threedimensional processing of images acquired by drone on different kinds of olive grove (traditional and very high density). Results obtained, later compared with on the ground measurements, have highlighted some differences attributable to the in-field method of calculating volume. The equation conventionally used, in fact, considers trees as forms ellipsoidal, leading to inaccurate estimates due to excessive geometric simplification. This work, in addition to confirming the potential application of survey techniques by UAV, also provides an alternative methodology that can fill in application gaps belonging to traditional procedures.

Some remote sensing applications have been tested on large olive groves in order to determine the foliar area by indirect measurements and, on the basis of these, to evaluate presumed yield and to estimate exact volumes of plant protection products to be sprayed according to the foliar surface capable of intercepting the product itself (directly proportional to the foliar surface) and defining a correct pruning management strategy, in terms of intensity and rotation. A further interesting application by CNR and University of Florence’s researchers intended to simulate the olive-growing productivity through the integration of remote sensing and in-field data [7]. Multi-step methodology combines olive NDVI values with meteorological data within a parametric model that allows the estimation of primary productivity daily gross weight (GPP). Further elaborations and the use of a specific biogeochemical model allow them to estimate olive yield expressed in terms of quintals per hectare. This value, relative to the years in which the simulation was carried out, was then compared with data collected in provincial statistics showing the quality of the method developed and reproducing with satisfactory accuracy the inter-annual variation in olive yield throughout the whole region. Current climate change suggests that in many European countries, as in other parts all over the world, lack of adequate rainfall may be one of the major factors limiting agricultural production in general. For this reason, some applications have been developed with the specific aim of monitoring the water stress of crops and optimizing the use of water resources. One of these studies was conducted in Chile [8] and led to the design of a real Geo-Informatics System for Irrigation Management aimed to increase water productivity (kg/ m3) and to adapt agricultural systems to water scarcity. Water demand of olive trees as well as biomass production and, therefore, crop yield are directly related to the ability of plants to absorb and convert solar radiation.

In this framework, stand all the researches aimed at establishing two-way relations between the fraction of Intercepted Photo synthetically Active Radiation (fIPAR) and some kind of satellite index. Just for example, scientific studies carried out in Spain [9] investigated on the relationship between fIPAR and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) using radiative transfer modelling methods and field measurements. In the field of disease detection some remote sensing-based efficient methods were developed for detecting eventual disease in early stages and for discriminating among severity levels in order to adequately calibrate the kind of intervention. Calderon [10], for example, assessed the potential of using vegetation indices for the early detection of the soil-borne fungus Verticillium wilt in olive orchards using indicators based on crown temperature (CWSI), visible ratios (B, BG, BR), and chlorophyll fluorescence estimates FLD3 to detect disease in earlier stages and structural multispectral indices such as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), PRI, chlorophyll and carotenoid indices for the detection of the presence of moderate to severe damage [11]. Ultimately it seems appropriate to present the case of an application conducted by the USDA Forest Service to detect and to evaluate the spread of Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) throughout the Fishlake National Forest [12]. This plant, a thorny shrub or tree, was intentionally introduced and planted for windbreaks, erosion control, wildlife habitat, and other horticultural purposes but during the 20th century, it escaped cultivation and spread notably invading riparian environments in semiarid regions of the western United States. Remote sensing has been used to map weed infestations from Russian olive trees and other invasive weeds and occurring in dense stands.

Conclusion

Ever more frequent evidences of climate change and growing environmental awareness impose a reflection on methodologies and techniques that can effectively contribute to make more efficient and less impactful the agricultural sector, which is one of the largest productive sectors in the world and, on the other hand, is responsible for a series of negative impacts on global ecosystem. For the whole agricultural compartment, this work specifically analyses the olive sector for which priorities have emerged from many parts of the world to make cultivation and production cycle more sustainable, reducing costs for farmers and ensuring greater transparency for consumers on the origin and agronomic and processing techniques. Remote sensing is one of the tools that best serves as a support in all the issues mentioned by proposing methodologies and elaborations adaptable to the most disparate purposes and replicable at any scale and in any territory. Listed applications are useful to give an idea of how wide is the repertoire of the results that can be obtained in order to compose a very detailed cognitive framework, to support farmers in the management of their olive groves or to support administrators and political decision makers in the choice of the most appropriate agricultural policies.

https://lupinepublishers.com/agriculture-journal/pdf/CIACR.MS.ID.000138.pdf

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[sciencespies]

Satellogic launches 10 satellites to provide high-resolution imagery

https://sciencespies.com/space/satellogic-launches-10-satellites-to-provide-high-resolution-imagery/

Satellogic launches 10 satellites to provide high-resolution imagery

WASHINGTON — With the successful launch of 10 satellites, Earth observation company Satellogic says it can now move ahead of its rivals in providing high-resolution imagery.

A Long March 6 rocket lifted off from the Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center at 10:19 p.m. Eastern Nov. 5 and successfully deployed 13 satellites into a sun-synchronous orbit. The primary payload on the launch was a set of 10 ÑuSat imaging satellites for Buenos Aires-based Satellogic.

The 10 satellites bring the company’s constellation to 21 satellites, 14 of which provide high-resolution imagery. That constellation, the company said, can provide four million square kilometers of high-resolution images per day at resolutions as sharp as 70 centimeters, including the ability to revisit locations up to four times per day.

“We’ll have essentially more capacity for high-resolution data collection in orbit than any other company in the planet,” claimed Emiliano Kargieman, chief executive of Satellogic, in an interview, putting the company ahead of Maxar and Planet.

Satellogic sees significant demand, particularly from government customers, for that imagery. “There is already a lot of unsatisfied demand for high-resolution imagery,” he said. “The capacity for data collection today that exists in orbit is not enough to supply the needs of current customers. It’s a supply-limited market.”

The pandemic has stimulated additional demand for that imagery from governments, he said, using it to monitor activities that previously involved sending people. “It will probably accelerate the growth of the high-resolution Earth observation market by a few years,” he said. “Overall, it’s a great time to be bringing this capacity online.”

Demand from commercial customers is not growing as fast, he argued, because such customers have traditionally used lower resolution imagery. “We are in a mission to change that,” he said.

The new satellites, like existing Satellogic spacecraft, also carry a hyperspectral imager. Interest in that imagery, though, has been slow to develop, Kargieman acknowledged. “We know there’s a lot of value in hyperspectral data. We just don’t think the end customers are yet in a position to make use and leverage it,” he said. Satellogic will continue to pursue hyperspectral imagery, though, he said, believing the demand for it will grow over time.

Satellogic raised $50 million in December 2019 and Kargieman said the company has enough funding from that round, as well as cash flow from operations, to continue growing its constellation using satellites it builds in house. He didn’t set a goal for the size of the constellation beyond saying the company won’t stop at the 90 satellites it previously said was needed to provide weekly “remapping” of the globe.

Satellogic plans to shift those future launches from China to SpaceX. Kargieman said the company chose the Long March 6 for this launch because it had the “best combination of price and availability” for its satellites. However, “the launch market has been changing significantly, and when it comes to cost per kilogram to orbit and availability, the options have been shifting a little bit, and SpaceX has a really appealing and disruptive model now with the rideshares.”

#Space

[spaceexp]

Long March-11 launches two hyperspectral imaging satellites

CASC - China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation logo. Jan. 21, 2019

A Long March-11 launch vehicle launched Jilin-1 Spectrum 01/02, Lingque-1A and Xiaoxiang-1 03 satellites from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, China, on 21 January 2019, at 05:42 UTC (13:42 local time).

Long March-11 launches Jilin-1 Spectrum 01/02, Lingque-1A and Xiaoxiang-1 03 satellites

The Jilin-1 (吉林一号) payload includes Spectral 01 (光谱01) and Spectral 02 (光谱01), two multispectral imaging satellites, along with Lingque-1A (灵鹊-1A), the first verifying satellite for the Lingque Constellation planned by Beijing ZeroG Technology Co., Ltd, and Xiaoxiang-1 03 (潇湘一号03), a technology test satellite developed by Spacety Co., Ltd.

Jilin-1 (吉林一号)

A Chinese Long March 11 rocket launches two hyperspectral imaging satellites for Chang Guang Satellite Technology Co. Ltd. For more information about China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC), visit: http://english.spacechina.com/n16421/index.html Images, Video, Text, Credits: Credits: China Central Television (CCTV)/China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC)/SciNews. Greetings, Orbiter.ch Full article

[libr-tumbl-alternative]

"A total of 30 small satellites flew as secondary payloads with the Indian Space Research Organisation’s HysIS hyperspectral imaging satellite when it launched Nov. 29 from the Satish Dhawan Space Center on the Indian island of Sriharikota at 11:28 p.m. Eastern". Reblog with caption 🙃

[shanaebrandonaek74]

NorthStar Receives RF Spectrum License Approval for its Planned Satellite Constellation

NorthStar Receives RF Spectrum License Approval for its Planned Satellite Constellation NorthStar Earth & Space (NorthStar) has received approval in principle from Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada (ISED) authorizing NorthStar to use all of the company's requested radio frequency spectrum allocation for its planned 52-satellite constellation that will deliver a suite of information services related to Earth and space sustainability.

Specifically, ISED has authorized use for all NorthStar requested Ka-band and X-band radio-frequency ranges, ensuring that NorthStar will have the bandwidth required to deliver millions of images per day of highly detailed, information-rich imagery from multiple sensor types. The ISED approval in principle confirms NorthStar's Canadian spectrum application is in full compliance with the Radio Regulations of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), an agency of the United Nations.

The full NorthStar 52-satellite constellation will be deployed in two segments. The initial 12-satellite constellation, named "Skylark", is designed with optical sensors directed to near-Earth space and will deliver services to enhance Space Situational Awareness (SSA) and the safety of the space environment. NorthStar will launch a further forty satellites to enhance Skylark with additional optical sensors while deploying a combination of hyperspectral and infrared (IR) sensors to provide unique and valuable Earth observation capabilities.

Stewart Bain, CEO of NorthStar Earth & Space said that as they are advancing towards the launch of the first three Skylark satellites, this authorization from ISED to operate NorthStar’s planned 52-satellite constellation with the radio-frequency spectrum that they’ll need is an important milestone.

NorthStar's Skylark satellites will enable the delivery of near real-time high-fidelity SSA (Space Situational Awareness) information services, elevating traditional SSA to the level of Space Information & Intelligence (Si2). With a comprehensive view of all near-earth orbits (LEO, MEO, GEO & beyond), Skylark's space-based sensors will deliver precise observations of more space objects with higher revisit frequency per object than any current system. Skylark will deliver a suite of decision-quality information services derived from its unparalleled coverage, object custody, and enhanced predictive capabilities.

Following the full operating capability of NorthStar's debut Skylark SSA constellation, the follow-on forty satellite constellation will deploy a combination of hyperspectral and IR sensors to provide exceptional Earth observation capabilities, generating information-rich content enabling unique and valuable Earth Information and Intelligence (Ei2) services for a wide range of industry, government and military customers.