The First Circle is a novel by Russian writer Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn...
The novel depicts the lives of the occupants of a sharashka (a research and development bureau made of Gulag inmates) located in the Moscow suburbs...
The title is an allusion to Dante's first circle, or limbo of Hell in The Divine Comedy, wherein the philosophers of Greece, and other virtuous pagans, live in a walled green garden. They are unable to enter Heaven, as they were born before Christ, but enjoy a small space of relative freedom in the heart of Hell...
The novel addresses numerous philosophical themes, and through multiple narratives is a powerful argument both for a stoic integrity and humanism. Like other Solzhenitsyn works, the book illustrates the difficulty of maintaining dignity within a system designed to strip its inhabitants of it.
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Purgatory Canto 12, The Soul of Arachne (detail) - Gustave Doré, 1867.
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Gustave Doré - Dante and Virgil before Farinata, c. 1861
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Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri illustrated by Moebius
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Dante and Virgil Encounter Paolo and Francesca, Giuseppe Fraschieri, 1846
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