#indian henry meadows

[mountrainiernps]

Subalpine meadows around the park are shining with numerous blooming wildflowers. Some common wildflowers, seen in this photo from Indian Henry’s Hunting Ground, are lupine, Sitka valerian, rosy spirea and more. However you don’t have to go far to view wildflowers. Paradise Valley Road, for example, has excellent displays along the roadway. Where are you finding wildflowers?

Remember, please stay on trail! There are plenty of opportunities for the perfect mountain + wildflower photo from the trails! No need to step off trail and crush other flowers in your quest for the perfect shot. 

For updates on what’s blooming where visit https://go.nps.gov/RainierWildflower

Unfamiliar with Mount Rainier’s wildflower species? Check out the wildflower guide at https://go.nps.gov/RainierWildflowerGuide

NPS Photo of wildflowers at Indian Henry’s Hunting Ground, 7/24/23. ~kl

[forestduck]

Jun 23, 2021 - Mount Rainier from Indian Henry Meadows

[writerfae]

OC name meanings

@treesandwords tagged me, thanks so much! Doing it for the more important Knights of the Alder characters!

tagging @vampywriter and leaving an open tag as well!

I’ll have you know that all those names I chose cause I somehow connected them all to the oc in question so I collected all of them VERY aware of their meanings (I literally can’t name characters just out of the blue without checking on the meaning first)

Also I researched all of these origins so if they’re wrong I’m not to blame, google is at fault xD

Aiden - “little fire” (Gaelic / Irish origin)

Halea - “(hay) meadow” (Old English origin)

Maya - “dream” or “illusion” alternatively “good mother” (Indian / Greek origin)

Talon - this one is actually self-explanatory, isn’t it? (English origin)

Henry - "house ruler” (Old German origin)

Callan - "battle", "rock" or just “ruler” (Gaelic / Scottish origin)

Morena - “brown (haired)” or “dark” (Italian / Spanish origin)

Nyx - “Night” (Greek origin)

Cameron - "crooked nose" or "crooked river" (Gaelic origin)

Milan - “kind”, “loving” or “gracious” (Slavic origin)

Ranva - “pleasant”, “delightful” or my favorite: “beautiful raven” (Norse origin)

Kian - “ancient” or “God is gracious” (Irish origin)

Kara (Aiden’s crow) - "beloved" or "dear"

[ortodelmondo]

(𝐈𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐞: 𝐈𝐬𝐡𝐢, 𝐃𝐞𝐞𝐫 𝐂𝐫𝐞𝐞𝐤 𝐈𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐧 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐖𝐢𝐥𝐝 𝐌𝐚𝐧)

(𝐒𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞: 𝐈𝐬𝐡𝐢 𝐢𝐧 𝐓𝐰𝐨 𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐥𝐝𝐬: 𝐀 𝐁𝐢𝐨𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐋𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐖𝐢𝐥𝐝 𝐈𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐍𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐡 𝐀𝐦𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚 & 𝐖𝐢𝐤𝐢)

Ishi (c1861 – March 25, 1916) was the last known member of the Native American Yahi people from the present-day state of California in the United States. The rest of the Yahi (as well as many members of their parent tribe, the Yana) were killed in the California genocide in the 19th century. Ishi, who was widely acclaimed as the "last wild Indian" in the United States, lived most of his life isolated from modern North American culture. In 1911, aged 50, he emerged at a barn and corral, 2 mi (3.2 km) from downtown Oroville, California.

Ishi, which means "man" in the Yana language, is an adopted name. The anthropologist Alfred Kroeber gave him this name because, in the Yahi culture, tradition demanded that he not speak his own name until formally introduced by another Yahi. When asked his name, he said: "I have none, because there were no people to name me," meaning that there was no other Yahi to speak his name on his behalf.

Ishi was taken in by anthropologists at the University of California, Berkeley, who both studied him and hired him as a janitor. He lived most of his remaining five years in a university building in San Francisco. His life was depicted and discussed in multiple films and books, notably the biographical account Ishi in Two Worlds published by Theodora Kroeber in 1961.

𝐄𝐚𝐫𝐥𝐲 𝐥𝐢𝐟𝐞

In 1865, Ishi and his family were attacked in the Three Knolls Massacre, in which 40 of their tribesmen were killed. Although 33 Yahi survived to escape, cattlemen killed about half of the survivors. The last survivors, including Ishi and his family, went into hiding for the next 44 years. Their tribe was popularly believed to be extinct. Prior to the California Gold Rush of 1848–1855, the Yahi population numbered 404 in California, but the total Yana in the larger region numbered 2,997.

The gold rush brought tens of thousands of miners and settlers to northern California, putting pressure on native populations. Gold mining damaged water supplies and killed fish; the deer left the area. The settlers brought new infectious diseases such as smallpox and measles. The northern Yana group became extinct while the central and southern groups (who later became part of Redding Rancheria) and Yahi populations dropped dramatically. Searching for food, they came into conflict with settlers, who set bounties of 50 cents per scalp and 5 dollars per head on the natives. In 1865, the settlers attacked the Yahi while they were still asleep.

𝐑𝐢𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐁𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐰𝐫𝐨𝐭𝐞, 𝐢𝐧 𝐈𝐬𝐡𝐢 𝐑𝐞𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐝:

"In 1865, near the Yahi's special place, Black Rock, the waters of Mill Creek turned red at the Three Knolls Massacre. 'Sixteen' or 'seventeen' Indian fighters killed about forty Yahi, as part of a retaliatory attack for two white women and a man killed at the Workman's household on Lower Concow Creek near Oroville. Eleven of the Indian fighters that day were Robert A. Anderson, Harmon (Hi) Good, Sim Moak, Hardy Thomasson, Jack Houser, Henry Curtis, his brother Frank Curtis, as well as Tom Gore, Bill Matthews, and William Merithew. W. J. Seagraves visited the site, too, but some time after the battle had been fought.

Robert Anderson wrote, "Into the stream they leapt, but few got out alive. Instead many dead bodies floated down the rapid current." One captive Indian woman named Mariah from Big Meadows (Lake Almanor today), was one of those who did escape. The Three Knolls massacre is also described in Theodora Kroeber's Ishi in Two Worlds.

Since then more has been learned. It is estimated that with this massacre, Ishi's entire cultural group, the Yana/Yahi, may have been reduced to about sixty individuals. From 1859 to 1911, Ishi's remote band became more and more infiltrated by non-Yahi Indian representatives, such as Wintun, Nomlaki, and Pit River individuals.

In 1879, the federal government started Indian boarding schools in California. Some men from the reservations became renegades in the hills. Volunteers among the settlers and military troops carried out additional campaigns against the northern California Indian tribes during that period.

In late 1908, a group of surveyors came across the camp inhabited by two men, a middle-aged woman, and an elderly woman. These were Ishi, his uncle, his younger sister, and his mother, respectively. The former three fled while the latter hid in blankets to avoid detection, as she was sick and unable to flee. The surveyors ransacked the camp, and Ishi's mother died soon after his return. His sister and uncle never returned, possibly drowning in a nearby river.

𝐀𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐚𝐥 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐄𝐮𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐚𝐧 𝐀𝐦𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐧 𝐒𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐭𝐲

After the 1908 encounter, Ishi spent three more years alone in the wilderness. Starving and with nowhere to go, Ishi, at around the age of 50, emerged on August 29, 1911, at the Charles Ward slaughterhouse back corral near Oroville, California, after forest fires in the area. He was found pre-sunset by Floyd Hefner, son of the next-door dairy owner (who was in town), who was "hanging out", and who went to harness the horses to the wagon for the ride back to Oroville, for the workers and meat deliveries. Witnessing slaughterhouse workers included Lewis "Diamond Dick" Cassings, a "drugstore cowboy". Later, after Sheriff J.B. Webber arrived, the Sheriff directed Adolph Kessler, a nineteen-year-old slaughterhouse worker, to handcuff Ishi, who smiled and complied.

The "wild man" caught the imagination and attention of thousands of onlookers and curiosity seekers. University of California, Berkeley anthropology professors read about him and "brought him" to the Affiliated Colleges Museum (1903—1931), in an old law school building on the University of California's Affiliated Colleges campus on Parnassus Heights, San Francisco. Studied at the university, Ishi also worked as a janitor and lived at the museum for most of the remaining five years of his life.

In October 1911, Ishi, Sam Batwi, T. T. Waterman, and A. L. Kroeber, went to the Orpheum Opera House in San Francisco to see Lily Lena (Alice Mary Ann Mathilda Archer, born 1877) the "London Songbird," known for "kaleidoscopic" costume changes. Lena gave Ishi a piece of gum as a token.

On May 13, 1914, Ishi, T. T. Waterman, A.L. Kroeber, Dr Saxton Pope, and Saxton Pope Jr. (11 years old), took Southern Pacific's Cascade Limited overnight train, from the Oakland Mole and Pier to Vina, California, on a trek in the homelands of the Deer Creek area of Tehama county, researching and mapping for the University of California, fleeing on May 30, 1914, during the Lassen Peak volcano eruption.

In February 1915, during Panama–Pacific International Exposition, Ishi was filmed in the Sutro Forest with the actress Grace Darling for Hearst-Selig News Pictorial, No. 30.

𝐃𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐡

Lacking acquired immunity to common diseases, Ishi was often ill. He was treated by Saxton T. Pope, a professor of medicine at UCSF. Pope became a close friend of Ishi and learned from him how to make bows and arrows in the Yahi way. He and Ishi often hunted together. Ishi died of tuberculosis on March 25, 1916. It is said that his last words were, "You stay. I go." His friends at the university tried to prevent an autopsy on Ishi's body since Yahi tradition called for the body to remain intact. However, the doctors at the University of California medical school performed an autopsy before Waterman could prevent it.

Ishi's brain was preserved and his body was cremated. His friends placed grave goods with his remains before cremation: "one of his bows, five arrows, a basket of acorn meal, a box full of shell bead money, a purse full of tobacco, three rings, and some obsidian flakes." Ishi's remains were interred at Mount Olivet Cemetery in Colma, California, near San Francisco. Kroeber put Ishi's preserved brain in a deerskin-wrapped Pueblo Indian pottery jar and sent it to the Smithsonian Institution in 1917. It was held there until August 10, 2000, when the Smithsonian repatriated it to the descendants of the Redding Rancheria and Pit River tribes. This was in accordance with the National Museum of the American Indian Act of 1989 (NMAI). According to Robert Fri, director of the National Museum of Natural History, "Contrary to commonly-held belief, Ishi was not the last of his kind. In carrying out the repatriation process, we learned that as a Yahi–Yana Indian his closest living descendants are the Yana people of northern California." His remains were also returned from Colma, and the tribal members intended to bury them in a secret place.

from Historypedia on fb

[dawnmarsgeorgiathompson]

George Rogers Clark

At 26, George Rogers Clark was a confident frontiersman with a vision that would nearly double the size of his country in one stroke. A red-haired six-footer, Clark was a knowledgeable frontiersman, an outstanding field commander, and extremely confident of his abilities to move and persuade anyone to do what was necessary to succeed against formidable odds of time, money, and manpower.

Kentucky was a rich wilderness before the American Revolution. The abundant game, meadows and virgin forests attracted both Native Americans from the North and frontiersmen from the East, such as George Rogers Clark. By 1776, a few isolated settlements had sprung up, as settlers refused to heed England’s proclamation of 1763 that forbade such westward settlement.

When the Revolutionary War broke out, the settlers found themselves caught without protection from Indian raids that were backed and encouraged by the British army. Ever concerned about the safety of settlers, Clark persuaded Virginia to declare Kentucky a county of Virginia, which entitled it to an identity, a government and supplies. Clark then convinced Virginia’s governor, Patrick Henry, to send him with a small army to the areas north of the Ohio River to capture British outposts there, thus reducing the Indian threat for Kentuckians.

He has a memorial in Kentucky.

[vintagecamping]

Setting up camp in Indian Henry's Meadows Mt. Rainier, Washington

1977

[unicorntwinkie]

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[blueiscoool]

Ancient Coins Found in New England Orchard Linked to 1600s Pirate Mystery

A handful of coins unearthed from a pick-your-own-fruit orchard in the US state of Rhode Island and other random corners of New England may help solve a centuries-old cold case.

The villain in this tale: a murderous English pirate who became the world’s most-wanted criminal after plundering a ship carrying Muslim pilgrims home to India from Mecca, then eluded capture by posing as a slave trader.

Jim Bailey, an amateur historian and metal detectorist, found the first intact 17th-century Arabian coin in a meadow in Middletown.

That ancient pocket change – the oldest ever found in North America – could explain how pirate Capt Henry Every vanished.

On 7 September 1695, the pirate ship Fancy, commanded by Every, ambushed and captured the Ganj-i-Sawai, a royal vessel owned by the Indian emperor Aurangzeb, then one of the world’s most powerful men. Onboard were not only the worshippers returning from their pilgrimage but tens of millions of dollars’ worth of gold and silver.

What followed was one of the most lucrative and heinous robberies of all time. Historical accounts say Every’s band tortured and killed the men onboard the Indian ship and raped the women before escaping to the Bahamas.

Word of their crimes spread quickly, and King William III of England – under enormous pressure from a scandalised India and the East India Company trading giant – put a large bounty on their heads. “Everybody was looking for these guys,” said Bailey

Until now, historians knew only that Every eventually sailed to Ireland in 1696, where the trail went cold. But Bailey says the coins he and others have found are evidence that the notorious pirate first made his way to the American colonies, where he and his crew used the plunder for day-to-day expenses while on the run.

The first complete coin surfaced in 2014 at Sweet Berry farm in Middletown, a spot that had piqued Bailey’s curiosity two years earlier after he found old colonial coins, an 18th-century shoe buckle and some musket balls.

Waving a metal detector over the soil, he got a signal, dug down and found a darkened silver coin he initially assumed was either Spanish or money minted by the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Peering closer, the Arabic text on the coin got his pulse racing.

Research confirmed that the exotic coin was minted in 1693 in Yemen. That raised questions, Bailey said, since there was no evidence that American colonists struggling to eke out a living in the New World travelled to anywhere in the Middle East to trade until decades later.

Since then, other detectorists have unearthed 15 additional Arabian coins from the same era – 10 in Massachusetts, three in Rhode Island and two in Connecticut. Another was found in North Carolina, where records show some of Every’s men first came ashore.

“It seems like some of his crew were able to settle in New England and integrate,” said Sarah Sportman, the state archaeologist for Connecticut, where one of the coins was found in 2018 in the ongoing excavation of a 17th-century farm site. “It was almost like a money laundering scheme,” she said.

Although it sounds unthinkable now, Every was able to hide in plain sight by posing as a slave trader – an emerging profession in 1690s New England. On his way to the Bahamas, he even stopped at the French island of Réunion to get some Black captives so he would look the part, Bailey said.

Obscure records show that a ship called the Sea Flower, used by the pirates after they ditched the Fancy, sailed along the eastern seaboard. It arrived with nearly four dozen slaves in 1696 in Newport, Rhode Island, which became a major hub of the North American slave trade in the 18th century.

“There’s extensive primary source documentation to show the American colonies were bases of operation for pirates,” said Bailey, 53, who holds a degree in anthropology from the University of Rhode Island and worked as an archaeological assistant on explorations of the Wydah Gally pirate ship wreck off Cape Cod in the late 1980s.

[newstfionline]

Sunday, August 15, 2021

Canada to require air travelers to be vaccinated (AP) The Canadian government will soon require all air travelers and passengers on interprovincial trains to be vaccinated against COVID-19. Transport Minister Omar Alghabra said Friday that includes all commercial air travelers, passengers on trains between provinces and cruise ship passengers. “As soon as possible in the Fall and no later than the end of October, the Government of Canada will require employees in the federally regulated air, rail, and marine transportation sectors to be vaccinated. The vaccination requirement will also extend to certain travelers. This includes all commercial air travelers,” his office said in a statement. France announced this week that it will require people have a special virus pass before they can travel by plane, train or bus across the country.

Debt: So long to the savings glut (The Week) “Americans are borrowing again,” said AnnaMaria Andriotis at The Wall Street Journal. After a year in which many consumers reduced spending, stashed savings, and used stimulus checks to pay down debt, more people have gone back to “splurging on cars, vacations, and eating out”—and seeking loans to pay for it. “Lenders originated some 3 million auto loans and leases in March, the highest monthly figure on record,” with the balances for those new originations topping a record $73 billion. A record 6 million new general-purpose credit cards were also issued the same month. The balances on our cards are still “about $140 billion lower than at the end of 2019,” said Alexandre Tanzi and Katia Dmitrieva at Bloomberg. But household debt—which includes mortgages, credit cards, and other consumer loans—rose in the second quarter “at the fastest pace since 2013.” Much of that was driven by the hot housing market—and Americans scrambling to refinance while mortgage rates remained low.

More US cities requiring proof of vaccination to go places (AP) Hold on to that vaccination card. A rapidly growing number of places across the U.S. are requiring people to show proof they have been inoculated against COVID-19 to teach school, work at a hospital, see a concert or eat inside a restaurant. Following New York City’s lead, New Orleans and San Francisco will impose such rules at many businesses starting next week, while Los Angeles is looking into the idea. The new measures are an attempt to stem the rising tide of COVID-19 cases that has pushed hospitals to the breaking point, including in the Dallas area, where top officials warned they are running out of beds in their pediatric intensive care units.

Western fires threaten thousands of homes, strain resources (AP) A month-old wildfire burning through forestlands in Northern California lurched toward a small lumber town as blazes across the U.S. Western states strained resources and threatened thousands of homes with destruction. Crews were cutting back brush and using bulldozers to build lines to keep the Dixie Fire from reaching Westwood east of Lake Almanor, not far from where the lightning-caused blaze destroyed much of the town of Greenville last week. To the northwest, the Monument Fire continued to grow after destroying a dozen homes and threatened about 2,500 homes in a sparsely populated region. They were among more than 100 large wildfires burning in a dozen Western states seared by drought and hot, bone-dry weather that has turned forests, brushlands, meadows and pastures into tinder. The U.S. Forest Service said Friday it’s operating in crisis mode, fully deploying firefighters and maxing out its support system.

500 years later, Mexico recalls Spanish conquest (Los Angeles Times) The final resting place of one of Mexico’s signature historical figures is easy to miss. A simple red plaque—just a name and the years he lived—marks the spot where his tomb is embedded in a wall to the side of the altar in a dilapidated downtown church. The name alone, however, recalls centuries of conflict and a never-ending debate about the essential identity of Mexico: HERNAN CORTES 1485-1547. The legendary Spanish military commander may be hidden away in death, but a few blocks away, authorities are readying a remembrance of his momentous triumph—the conquest of the Aztec Empire. Friday marks the 500th anniversary of the fall in 1521 of the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlán, now the site of Mexico City. The bloody siege culminating in its surrender launched three centuries of Spanish dominion in Mexico. “We were all born from the conquest, no longer Aztecs, no longer Spanish, but Indian-Hispanic-Americans, mestizos,” wrote Carlos Fuentes, the late Mexican author. “We are what we are because Hernán Cortés, for good or for bad, did what he did.”

7.2 magnitude earthquake hits Haiti; at least 304 killed (AP) A powerful magnitude 7.2 earthquake struck southwestern Haiti on Saturday, killing at least 304 people and injuring at least 1,800 others as buildings tumbled into rubble. Prime Minister Ariel Henry said he was rushing aid to areas where towns were destroyed and hospitals overwhelmed with incoming patients. The epicenter of the quake was about 125 kilometers (78 miles) west of the capital of Port-au-Prince, the U.S. Geological Survey said, and widespread damage was reported in the hemisphere's poorest nations as a tropical storm also bore down. Henry declared a one-month state of emergency for the whole country and said some towns were almost completely razed.

Belarus floods the European Union with migrants (CNN) Desperate, frightened and begging for help, they emerge from the darkness: a group of Yazidi migrants, lost in the forests of eastern Europe. It’s a surreal sight—and one that has been repeated over many recent nights. Having survived persecution by ISIS at home in Iraq, here on the Belarus-Lithuania border the Yazidis find themselves caught up in a breathtakingly cynical plot. Belarus’s authoritarian leader, Alexander Lukashenko, has been accused of using these desperate souls as pawns in his high-stakes game with the European Union. Over the course of 24 hours from July 27 to 28, a record 171 people were caught on the border—many of them Iraqis. A total of more than 4,000 have been caught so far this year. European officials say Lukashenko’s bureaucracy is extracting thousands of euros from each traveler then “weaponizing” them—according to Lithuanian Foreign Minister Gabrielius Landsbergis—in order to burden Belarus’s neighbor Lithuania. Officials say the migrants are flown from the Middle East to Minsk, and then guided to the Belarus-Lithuania border by unspecified facilitators, where they are allowed to cross, unimpeded by Belarusian border police. Lithuania has called it “petty”—“mass revenge” for sanctions imposed by the EU after Belarus forced a Ryanair plane to land in Minsk so they could arrest an opposition blogger on board. A Western intelligence official told CNN the scheme could not function without the permission of the Belarusian state, and that Lukashenko was likely using the migrants as a way to pressurize the EU into negotiations on lifting the sanctions against him.

Heat wave edges higher in southern Europe (AP) Intense heat baking Italy pushed northward towards the popular tourist destination of Florence Friday while wildfires charred the country’s south, and Spain appeared headed for an all-time record high temperature as a heat wave kept southern Europe in a fiery hold. Italy saw temperatures in places upwards of 40 C (104 F), and Rome broiled. By late afternoon Friday, the heat in Florence reached 39 C (102 F). That city and Bologna also were issued alerts for Saturday by the health ministry. Many southern European countries have suffered days of intense heat, accompanied by deadly wildfires in Algeria, Turkey, Italy and Greece. Wildfires on the Italian island of Sardinia were reported largely contained, but a blaze early Friday near Tivoli in the countryside east of Rome forced the evacuation of 25 families.

At least 40 killed in Turkey flood as search for missing continues (Reuters) Families of those missing after Turkey’s worst floods in years anxiously watched rescue teams search buildings on Saturday, fearing the death toll from the raging torrents could rise further. At least 40 people have died from the floods in the northern Black Sea region, the second natural disaster to strike the country this month. Drone footage by Reuters showed massive damage in the flood-hit Black Sea town of Bozkurt, where emergency workers were searching demolished buildings.

Marine vanguard lands in Kabul as US speeds up evacuations (AP) The first forces of a Marine battalion arrived in Kabul at week’s end to stand guard as the U.S. speeds up evacuation flights for some American diplomats and thousands of Afghans, spurred by a lightning Taliban offensive that increasingly is isolating Afghanistan’s capital. Pentagon spokesman John Kirby said “elements” of a battalion were now in Kabul, the vanguard of three Marine and Army battalions that the U.S. was sending to the city by the end of the weekend to help more Americans and their Afghan colleagues get out quickly. The Taliban, emboldened by the imminent end of the U.S. combat mission in the country, took four more provincial capitals Friday, heightening fears they would move soon on the capital, which is home to millions of Afghans.

‘Why did my friend get blown up? For what?’ (Washington Post) After enlisting in the U.S. military against his family’s wishes, Chicago native Tom Amenta said he found himself in “middle-of-nowhere,” Afghanistan, in 2002 as an Army Ranger in a remote area some 15 minutes from the border with Pakistan. He was fighting the initial battles of a war that few knew would stretch on for 20 years. Now 40 and retired from the military, he felt anger foam inside as he watched the evening news. Headline after headline broadcast the latest gains by Taliban fighters, who have seized control of more than a dozen of the country’s provincial capitals as the Afghan government inches closer to collapse in the final days of the U.S. withdrawal. Friends who had been killed there came to mind, including NFL star Pat Tillman. Fond memories of former Afghan colleagues, such as interpreters, who remained in the country and whose fates he didn’t know, also resurfaced. “It makes me angry, really angry,” Amenta said of the U.S. withdrawal, lamenting the billions upon billions of dollars spent on the war effort—not to mention the emotional, financial and human toll suffered by thousands of Americans who served or sent their loved ones to fight in Afghanistan. “I mean, why did my friend get blown up? For what?” said Amenta. “No one’s saying, ‘Hey, you know, at least we did something.’ There’s just nothing to really show for it,” former Army medic Frank Scott Novak said. “And so, everyone’s kind of angry and wondering, why? Why were we even there?”

Nobody running Lebanon, says central bank boss (Reuters) Lebanon’s central bank governor said nobody was running the country as he defended his decision to halt fuel subsidies that have drained currency reserves, saying the government could resolve the problem by passing necessary legislation. In an interview broadcast on Saturday, governor Riad Salameh pressed back against government accusations that he had acted alone in declaring an end to the subsidies on Wednesday, saying everyone knew the decision was coming. The move is the latest turn in a crippling financial crisis that has sunk the Lebanese pound by 90% in less than two years and pushed more than half the population into poverty. Salameh said Lebanon could recover but it was not possible to say how many years that would take. “So far you have nobody running the country,” he said in the interview with Radio Free Lebanon. Lebanon’s sectarian politicians have failed to agree on a new government since Prime Minister Hassan Diab quit last August after the catastrophic Beirut port blast.

[auntynationalsblog]

Good Father or Godfather?

Why ‘The Sopranos’ is the best possible shit you could watch this quarantine.

NO SPOILERS. 

Okay, so as the picture depicts, The Sopranos is a male-dominated show. It definitely is, there is absolutely no denying that. While there are a few crucial female characters, out of which some are really, REALLY important to the series, the spotlights mostly belong to the men, like Tony, Chris, Paulie or Silvio (from right to left in the above image). It is also set in a time and space where most women are treated as objects and servants. The wives and girlfriends are expected to stay home and cook dinner while the men do the business. They’re expected to look pretty and accompany the men to important events, like the welcome party of a new member of the mob, or a funeral. 

But despite carrying such a high level of toxic masculinity, The Sopranos has often been cited as one of the best TV shows of all time, if not the best. I’d like to write about my perspective on why The Sopranos does indeed deserve all the credit.

The Many Lives of Tony Soprano  

The title of the blog, “Good Father or Godfather”, is inspired by the two main themes of The Sopranos. The first theme is his mob life. The story begins with Tony Soprano’s (played by the great James Gandolfini) quest for power as the skipper of the DiMeo crime family based in New Jersey. His most immediate rival is his deceased father’s (a former boss himself) brother, Corrado John “Junior” Soprano Jr. Uncle Jun and Tony’s rivalry forms the crux of the first season, as Jun battles old age and Tony’s rising influence. Technically, Tony’s job is that of a solid-waste management consultant, but we can all guess that’s not where his money comes from. 

The second theme and some would argue that it is more important than the first theme, is his family. The Sopranos is a brilliant depiction of how a mobster with unlimited money and influence, struggles at the face of familial issues like his marriage, or the upbringing and education of his two kids, and making sure that they develop enough self-sufficiency to not follow their father’s footsteps into the mafia life. The picture below shows Anthony “A.J.” Junior Soprano, Tony, Meadow Soprano and Tony’s wife Carmela Soprano. 

The third crucial theme is Tony’s battles with his own demons. This theme is presented through Tony’s therapy sessions with a psychiatrist, who is, in my opinion, the most indispensable character of the show - Dr. Jennifer Melfi - portrayed by Lorraine Bracco (you might remember her from the superhit mafia film Goodfellas). Tony’s relationship with the psychiatrist is arguably the most interesting relationship between any two people throughout the series, as Dr. Melfi herself struggles to come to terms with the fact that she is psychologically helping a man whose food on the table comes from gambling, prostitution, and murder. 

The Intensity of the Characters 

The only other television show that can match the intensity and diversity of the character line-up of The Sopranos is Game of Thrones. It is hard not to develop a certain attachment to every major character of The Sopranos, and this attachment is not necessarily one of admiration and respect. The amount of contempt I have for Ralph Cifaretto (played by the bald guy from Baby’s Day Out) is unparalleled to my hatred for any other character from any other show (Ramsay Bolton and Dodd Gerhardt come close). The point being, the characters are so beautifully developed throughout the show, that there is not a single dull moment in any episode, simply because of the director’s (David Henry Chase) ability to connect us to every character. 

While an analysis of characters, or ranking them, deserve blogs of their own, my point is that the characters are so well made, that we are likely to identify each character with someone we personally know. Silvio and Paulie might be your funny old uncles, while Christopher might be you yourself during some stage of your life. While getting arrested in the finale of season three, Silvio tells the officer that in the previous year he made bail so fast that his soup was still warm when he got home. We’ve all been in Meadow’s shoes at some point in our lives, and Tony, well, he’s a complicated guy. I’m sure you’ll see some part of yourself in the man. 

Just the Right Amount of Violence    

You might have an apprehension of dismissing The Sopranos as an ordinary action-packed TV show with guns, blood and a lot of kicks and punches. While the show obviously consists of violent scenes, it really does not overkill. 

The only drawback might be the sound effects. The punches, to some ears, may not sound as...punches. But I am willing to let that slip because the plot keeps my mind too engaged with questions related to the story of the episode, like why the guy is being beaten up, or why was Tony betrayed, you get what I mean. 

Dramatic, but not Overdramatic 

Lastly, one of the many reasons why The Sopranos is one of the greatest television shows ever is that it does justice to good old-fashioned TV drama. It maintains its realistic narrative. It does not spice up the plot, because the spice was never necessary for a plot which was already so deep and meaningful. It is very well-paced. It is neither too slow (the description which Breaking Bad haters use for Breaking Bad), nor does one episode cover a massive portion of the plot. The plot is not huge, it is not complicated but it is covered patiently enough, for viewers to immerse themselves in it. It does not depict unnecessary violence, or unnecessary screaming or crying like we see on Indian television. That is why this show keeps its viewers glued to the television. It just seems so real. 

James Gandolfini’s performance as Tony Soprano is said to have redefined the world of television. But it would be fair to say that he may not have managed it without a cast that has often been branded as legendary. There are six seasons and eighty-six episodes. If you pace yourself, then your quarantine would fly by. Don’t binge one season a day, there’s no pleasure in that. It’s not that type of a show. 

You can thank me later. Trust me on this recommendation. 

[mountrainiernps]

97% of the land that makes up Mount Rainier National Park is wilderness. Places that do not bear the permanent mark of humans. But also places that call strongly to us. Wild places where we long to experience nature in all her glory.

And while wilderness can be our temporary home, it’s the permanent home of many animals. It’s their neighborhood and we’re just passing through. Pitching a tent, making breakfast, hiking. But oh, how tasty that human food can be. The scent attracts many critters. Which explains this strange tool; the bear pole. Wielded by the park’s wilderness rangers, it appears in the late spring and disappears in the fall. Throughout the summer, it’s how wilderness rangers and we the public can keep our food and smelly stuff high and out of the reach of many a bear. And maybe some raccoons. Or maybe a pine marten.

Regardless, it’s an important ranger tool in trying to keep wild places and animals wild. Have you used one of the bear poles at a backcountry campsite?~ams

NPS/C. Roundtree Photo (top). Wonderland trail going up a ridge looking up to Mount Rainier. July, 2018. NPS/C. Meleedy Photo (middle). Wonderland trail going through Indian Henry’s sub-alpine meadow with wild flowers. 2016. NPS/V. Hughes Photo (bottom). Bear pole with bags in forest at Klapatche backcountry camp sites.

[forestduck]

Jun 23, 2021 - Mount Rainier from Indian Henry Meadows

[jfpisadearqueerdeer]

People of Color in HP

Fleamont Potter is a first generation Indian British immigrant. His father, Henry moved there right before Fleamont's older brother, Charlus, was born, an advocated for muggleborn rights. Charlus eventually moved to India, but Fleamont lived & died in Britain. Pomona Sprout is African British, I'm thinking West African heritage, but if you want a pinpointed country, probably Nigeria. Aster Parkinson (née Rosier) is biracial, her mother (the second wife of her father) being a pureblood from East Asia.

James Potter is biracial; he's Indian on his father's side and Greek on his mother's. He got the gene for green eyes from his mother which is how Harry got green eyes. Dorcas Meadowes is African British, maybe from South Africa. Kingsley Shacklebolt is, again, African British, another one with West African heritage, but I'm unsure of what country exactly.

Rowan Khanna is Indian British, though her family probably has some history in Germany as well. Tulip Karasu is Japanese, though it was probably her grandparents, or maybe even great grandparents, who immigrated to Britain, as she has red hair. Liz Tuttle is African British, I like to think she's from East Africa. Andre Egwu is also African British, I have no idea what part of Africa though. Talbott Winger is Israeli, his parents probably moved to Britain after World War 2. Jae Kim is Korean, Badeea Ali is Muslim, and Diego Caplan is Hispanic.

Lee Jordan and Angelina Johnson are both African British, and both are probably from West Africa. Alicia Spinnet is Portugese and hates when people call her Spanish. Katie Bell's mother is Turkish and her father is Scottish, and she is always wondering if she can be considered Asian if she's white-passing (the part of Turkey her mother is from is considered to be in Asia, but everyone sees her as European). Cho Chang is Chinese, and I headcanon that her full name is actually Chū Huā Chang (Translates to "First Flower" or Chrysanthemum), but she goes by Cho (her mother's maiden name) because it's easier to pronounce.

Harry Potter is multiracial, with Desi and Greek and British roots. Hermione Granger and Dean Thomas are both African British, Hermione's family is from East Africa and Dean Thomas's father is from South Africa, but he (Dean) lived in Australia until he was eight. Lavender Brown's family is from Haiti, her grandparents moved their family to the United States and eventually Britain after the 1953 earthquake. Padma and Parvati Patil's parents immigrated to Britain (from India) right before their births. They haven't been in India since they were in the womb. Pansy Parkinson is multiracial, but claims her East Asian roots more than her European roots. Blaise Zabini has both African and Italian roots, though with all the stepfathers he's had, it's easy to forget his true roots.

[tipsycad147]

Herbs and Their Witchy Names

original graphic by: LorelainW

One of the things you might notice when working with spells is they call for some different ingredients. For example, eye of newt, wool of bat, toe of frog. To some who happen across these spells it can help lend to some of the fear surrounding witches because some of the ingredients may seem a bit bizarre. However, you will often find that seldom will those ingredients be literal. For example, if you see eye of newt in a spell, you are not going go out and get an actual eye from a newt. It actually refers to mustard seed.

The reason we have these names, stems from ancient times when it was not safe to keep spells about. So to protect the craft these names would be used instead. Some of them are just Old English, and some even date back to ancient China. A lot of times, you will find that the name is based on what the herb resembles. You will also find that many witches still use these names to this day. The more you work with magick and spell work the more familiar with these names you will become. I wanted to provide you with a basic list that you can use to work with as you are becoming familiar with working with them. As you find more you can add more to it.

A Bone of an Ibis: Buckthorn A Titan’s Blood: Wild Lettuce A Lion’s Hairs: Tongue of a Turnip (the leaves of the taproot) A Man’s Bile: Turnip Sap A Pig’s Tail: Leopard’s Bane A Hawk’s Heart: Heart of Wormwood Aaron’s Rod: Goldenrod, Mullein Absinthe: Wormwood Achillea: yarrow Adders Tongue: Dogstooth Violet African Ginger: Ginger Aftator Pear: Avocado All Heal: Mistletoe, Valerian American Dittany: Basil Aneton: Dill An Eagle: Wild Garlic Aquifolius – Holly Archangel – Angelica Armstrong – Knotweed Arrowroot – Yarrow Assear: Comfrey Ass’s Foot or Bull’s Foot: Coltsfoot Ava – Kava Kava Bad Man’s Plaything: Yarrow Bairnwort – Daisy Bat’s Wings: Holly Battree – Elder Bear’s Foot: Lady’s Mantle Bee Balm – Lemon Balm Beer Flower – Hops Beggar’s Buttons – Burdock Beggarweed – Dodder Bereza – Birch Bindweed – Morning Glory Bird’s Eye – Pansy, Germander Bird’s Foot – Feunugreek Bird’s Nest – Carrot Biscuits – Tomentil Bitter Greass – Ague Root Bitter Root – Gentian Black Cherry – Belladonna Black Maidenhair: Black Spleenwort Black Sampson: Echinacea Black Wort – Comfrey Blessed Herb – Avens, Pimpernel Blind Buff – Poppy Blood: Elder sap or another tree sap Blood of Hephaistos: Wormwood Blood from a Head – Lupine Blue Buttons – Periwinkle Blue Eyes – Potato Blood of Ares: Purslane Blood of a Goose: Mulberry Tree’s Milk Bloodwort: Yarrow Blood of Hestia: Chamomile Blood of an Eye: Tamarisk Gall Blood from a Shoulder: Bear’s Breach Bottle Brush: Horse Tail Brain Thief: Mandrake Bread and Cheese Tree – Hawthorne Bride of the Meadow – Meadowsweet Bride of the Sun: Marigold Braisewort – Comfrey, Daisy Bull’s Blood or Seed of Horus: Horehound Burning Bush: White Dittany Calendula: Marigold Calf’s Snout: Snapdragon Cankerwort: Dandelion, Ragwort Candlemas Maiden: Snowdrop Candlewick Plant: Mullein Cape Gum: Acacia Capon’s Tail: Valerian Carpenter’s Weed: Yarrow Catmint: Catnip Cat’s Foot: Canada Snake Root and/or Ground Ivy Cat’s Wort: Catnip Cheeses: Marsh Mallow Cherry Pie: Heliotrope Chewing John: Glangal China Root: Galangal Chinese Parsley: Coriander Chocolate: Carob Chocolate Flower: Wild Geranium Christ’s Eye: Vervain Sage Christ’s Ladder: Centaury Christ’s Thorn: Holly Church Steeple: Agrimony Clear-eye: Clary Sage Click: Goosegrass Clot: Great Mullein Clove Root: Avens Corpse Plant: Indian Pipe Couch Grass: Witch’s Grass Cowgrass: Knotweed Crowdy Kit: Figwort Crow Corn: Ague Root Crow’s Foot: Cranesbill Crown for a King: Wormwood Crown of Thorns: Euphorbia Cuckoo’s Bread: Common Planatin Cuddy’s Lungs: Great Mullein Cucumber Tree: Magnolia Cupids Car: Wolf’s Bane Daphne: Bay Laurel Death Angel: Agaric Death Flower: Yarrow Death’s Herb: Belladonna Delight of the Eye: Rowan Devil’ Apple – Datura Devil’s Cherries: Belladonna Devils Dung: Asafoetida Devil’s’ Eye: Henbane, Periwinkle Devil’s Flower: Bachelor’s Buttons Devil’s Plaything: Yarrow Dew of the Sea: Rosemary Dog’s Mouth: Snap Dragon Dollar: Meadowsweet Dove’s Foot: Wild Geranium Dragon’s Blood: Calamus Dragon Wort: Bistort Dumbledore’s Delight: Wolf’s Bane Earth Smoke: Fumitory Elf Leaf: Lavender, Rosemary Elf’s Wort: Elecampane Enchanter’s Plant: Vervain English Cowslip: Primrose Englishman’s Foot: Common Plantain Erba Santa Maria: Spearmint Everlasting Friendship: Goosegrass Eye Balm: Goldenseal Eye of Christ: Germander Speedwell Eye of the Day: Common Daisy Eye of Newt: Mustard Seed Eye of the Star: Horehound Eye Root: Goldenseal Eyes: Aster, Daisy, Eyebright Fairies Horses: Ragwort Fair Lady: Belladonna Fairy Bells: Sorrell, Wood Fairy Cup: Cow Slip Fairy Fingers: Foxglove Fairy Smoke: Indian Pipe Fairy Petticoats: Foxglove Fairy Weed: Foxglove False Wintergreen: Pipsissewa Fat from a Head: Spurge Felon Herb: Mugwort Field Hops: Yarrow Five Fingers: Cinquefoil Flute Plant: Meadow Rue Folk’s Gloves: Foxglove Fox Bells: Foxglove Foxtail: Club Moss French Wheat: Buckwheat Frog’s Foot: Bulbous Buttercup From the Belly: Earth-apple From the Foot: Houseleek From the Loins: Chamomile Frozen Roses: Wood Rose Fruit of the Gods: Apple Fruit of the Underworld: Apple Gagroot: Lobelia Gallowsgrass: Hemp Garden Heliotrope: Valerian Ghost Flower: Datura Gillies: Carnation Gin Plant: Juniper Giver of Life: Corn Goat’s Foot: Ash Weed Goat’s Leaf: Honeysuckle Goat’s Weed: St John’s Wort God’s Hair: Hart’s Tongue Fern Golden Bough: Mistletoe Golden Star: Avens Goldes: Marigold Gosling Wing: Goosegrass Graveyard Dust: Mullein Graveeyard Flowers: Plumeria Ground Apple: Chamomile Ground Raspberry: Golden Seal Great Ox-eye: Ox-eye Daisy Hairs of a Hamadryas Baboon: Dill Seed Hair of Venus: Maidenhair Fern Hag’s Taper: Great Mullein Hagthorn: Hawthorn Happy Major: Burdock Harebell: Bluebell Hare’s Beard: Great Mullein Headache: Poppy Healing Herb: Comfrey Helmet Flower: Scullcap Herb of Enchantment: Vervain Herb of Grace: Rue, Vervain Hind’s Tongue: Hart’s Tongue Fern Holy Herb: Yerba Santa Holy Rope: Hemp Agrimony Honey Stalks: Clove Hook and Arn: Yerba Santa Horse Tongue: Hart’s Tongue Fern Horse Hoof: Coltsfoot Horse Violet: Pansy Hundred Eyes: Periwinkle Hundred Leaved Grass Indian Dye: Golden Seal Indian God Tree: Banyon Indian Paint: Golden Seal Indian Root: Trillium Indian Sage – Bonesset Indian Tobacco – Lobelia Innocense: Bluets Jacob’s Ladder – Lily of the Valley Jacob’s Staff: Great Mullein Jaundice R Joy of the Mountain: Marjoram Joy on the Ground: Periwinkle Jupiter’s Staff: Great Mullein Juno’s Tears – Vervain King’s Crown: Black Haw Knight’s Milfoil: Yarrow Klamath Weed – St Johns Wort Knight’s Milfoil – Yarrow Knitback – Comfrey Kronos’ Blood: sap of Cedar Ladder to Heaven – Lily of the Valley Lady’s Glove: Foxglove Lady’s Meat: Hawthorn Lad’s Love: Southernwood Lamb’s Ears: Betony Lamb Mint: Spearmint Lion’s Herb: Columbine Lion’s Mouth: Foxglove Lion’s Tooth: Dandelion Little Dragon: Tarragon Love Fruit: Orange Love Herbs: Lovage Love Idol: Pansy Love in Idleness: Pansy Love Leaves: Burdock Love Lies Bleeding: Amaranth/Anemone Love Man: Goosegrass Love Parsley: Lovage Love Root: Orris Root Mackeral Mint: Spearmint Maiden’s Ruin: Southernwood Man’s Health: Ginseng Master of the Woods: Woodruff May: Black Haw May Lily: Lily of the Valley May Rose: Black Haw Mayflower: Hawthorne Maypops: Passion Flower Military Herb: Yarrow Miracle Herb: Comfrey Mistress of the Night: Tuberose Mosquito Plant: Pennyroyal Mutton Chops: Goosegrass Naughty Man’s Cherries: Belladonna Nine Hooks: Lady’s Mantle Nine Joints: Knotweed Nose Bleed: Yarrow Obeah Wood: Ebony Old-Maid’s-Nightcap: Wild Geranium Old Man’s Flannel: Great Mullein Old Man Fennel: Mullein Old Man’s Pepper: Yarrow Old Uncle Henry: Mugwort Old Woman: Wormwood Oliver: Olive Organ Tea: Pennyroyal Paddock Pipes: Horsetail Password: Primrose Pearl Moss: Irish Moss Peter’s Staff: Great Mullein Priest’s Crown: Dandelion leaves Poor Man’s Treacle: Garlic Pucha-Pat: Patchouli Queen of the Night: Vanilla Cactus Queen of the Meadow: Meadowsweet Queen of the Meadow Root: Gravelroot Queen’s Root: Stillengia Quick: Hawthorn Quickbane: Rowan Quick Grass: Witch Grass Rabbits: Toadflax Ram’s Head: American Valerian Red Cockscomb: Amaranth Ring-o-bells: Bluebells Robin-run-in-the-grass: Goosegrass Run by the ground: Pennyroyal Sacred Bark: Cascara Sagrada Sacred Herb: Yerba Santa Sacred Mother: Corn Sacred Mushroom: Agaric Sailor’s Tobacco: Mugwort Scaldhead: Blackberry See Bright: Clary Sage Seed of Horus: Horehound Semen of Ammon: Houseleek Semen of Ares: Clover Semen of Helios: White Hellebore Semen of Herakles: Mustard-rocket Semen of Hermes: Dill Semen of Hephaistos: Fleabane Seven Year’s Love: Yarrow Shameface: Wild Geranium Shepherd’s Heart: Shepherd’s Purse Silver Bells: Black Haw Silver Dollar: Honesty Snake’s Grass: Yarrow Soapwort: Comfrey or Daisy Soldier’s Tea: Horehound Sorcerer’s Berry: Belladonna Sorcerer’s Herb: Datura Sorcerer’s Violet: Periwinkle Sparrow’s Tongue: Knotweed St. John’s Herb: Hemp Agrimony St. John’s Plant: Mugwort Star Flower: Borage Star of the Earth: Avens Starweed: Chickweed Storm Hat: Wolf’s Bane Summer’s Bride: Marigold Sweethearts: Goosegrass Swine’s Snout: Dandelion Leaves Tanner’s Bark: Toadflax Tarragon: Mugwort Tartar Root: Ginseng Tears of a Hamadryas Baboon: Dill Juice Thousand Weed: Yarrow Thunder Plant: House Leek Tongue of Dog: Houndstongue Torches: Great Mullein Unicorn Root: Ague Root Wax Dolls: Fumitory Weazel Snout: Yellow Archangel White: Ox-eye Daisy White Man’s Foot: Common Plantain White Wood: White Cinnamon Witch’s Asprin: White Willow Bark Witch’s Brier: Brier Hips Weasel Snout: Yellow Archangel Wolf Claw: Club Moss Wolf Foot: Bugle Weed Wolf’s Milk: Euphorbia

Have a magickal day!

Much Love and Many Blessings,

Jasmeine Moonsong

http://jasmeinemoonsong.com/herbs-and-their-witchy-names-3/

[club78-blog]

Alexander Jenner, Artur Balsam * MacDowell

Alexander Jenner, Artur Balsam * MacDowell

MACDOWELL – Concerto No. 2 In D Minor, Opus 23 For Piano And Orchestra I.(Larghetto Calmato) II.(Presto Giacoso) III.Largo-Molto Allegro Alexander Jenner, Orchestra Of The Vienna State Opera, Henry Swoboda MACDOWELL – Woodland Sketches To A Wild Rose Will O’The Wisp In Autumn-From An Indian Lodge To A Water-Lily By A Meadow Brook Told At Sunset Artur Balsam – piano CONCERT HALL SOCIETY ‎– CHS…

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 9.11

9 – Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends, where the Roman Empire suffers the greatest defeat of its history and the Rhine being established as the border between the Empire and the so-called barbarians for the next four hundred years. 1185 – Isaac II Angelos kills Stephen Hagiochristophorites and then appeals to the people, resulting in the revolt that deposes Andronikos I Komnenos and places Isaac on the throne of the Byzantine Empire. 1226 – The first recorded instance of the Catholic practice of perpetual Eucharistic adoration formally begins in Avignon, France. 1297 – Battle of Stirling Bridge: Scots jointly led by William Wallace and Andrew Moray defeat the English. 1390 – Lithuanian Civil War (1389–92): The Teutonic Knights begin a five-week siege of Vilnius. 1541 – Santiago, Chile, is besieged by indigenous warriors, led by Michimalonco, to free eight indigenous chiefs held captive by the Spaniards. However, the Spaniards decapitated them and rolled their heads on the main square, horrifying the indigenous warriors, and subsequently ending the attack. 1565 – Ottoman forces retreat from Malta ending the Great Siege of Malta. 1609 – Henry Hudson arrives on Manhattan Island and meets the indigenous people living there. 1649 – Siege of Drogheda ends: Oliver Cromwell's Parliamentarian troops take the town and execute its garrison. 1683 – Battle of Vienna: Coalition forces, including the famous winged Hussars, led by Polish King John III Sobieski lift the siege laid by Ottoman forces. 1697 – Battle of Zenta: a major engagement in the Great Turkish War (1683–1699) and one of the most decisive defeats in Ottoman history. 1708 – Charles XII of Sweden stops his march to conquer Moscow outside Smolensk, marking the turning point in the Great Northern War. The army is defeated nine months later in the Battle of Poltava, and the Swedish Empire ceases to be a major power. 1709 – Battle of Malplaquet: Great Britain, Netherlands, and Austria fight against France. 1714 – Siege of Barcelona: Barcelona, capital city of Catalonia, surrenders to Spanish and French Bourbon armies in the War of the Spanish Succession. 1758 – Battle of Saint Cast: France repels British invasion during the Seven Years' War. 1775 – Benedict Arnold's expedition to Quebec leaves Cambridge, Massachusetts. 1776 – British–American peace conference on Staten Island fails to stop nascent American Revolutionary War. 1777 – American Revolutionary War: Battle of Brandywine: The British celebrate a major victory in Chester County, Pennsylvania. 1780 – American Revolutionary War: Sugarloaf Massacre: A small detachment of militia from Northampton County are attacked by Native Americans and Loyalists near Little Nescopeck Creek. 1786 – The beginning of the Annapolis Convention. 1789 – Alexander Hamilton is appointed the first United States Secretary of the Treasury. 1792 – The Hope Diamond is stolen along with other French crown jewels when six men break into the house where they are stored. 1800 – The Maltese National Congress Battalions are disbanded by British Civil Commissioner Alexander Ball. 1802 – France annexes the Kingdom of Piedmont. 1803 – Battle of Delhi, during the Second Anglo-Maratha War, between British troops under General Lake, and Marathas of Scindia's army under General Louis Bourquin. 1813 – War of 1812: British troops arrive in Mount Vernon and prepare to march to and invade Washington, D.C. 1814 – War of 1812: The climax of the Battle of Plattsburgh, a major United States victory in the war. 1826 – Captain William Morgan, an ex-freemason is arrested in Batavia, New York for debt after declaring that he would publish The Mysteries of Free Masonry, a book against Freemasonry. This sets into motion the events that led to his mysterious disappearance. 1829 – An expedition led by Isidro Barradas at Tampico, sent by the Spanish crown to retake Mexico, surrenders at the Battle of Tampico, marking the effective end of Mexico's campaign for independence. 1830 – Anti-Masonic Party convention; one of the first American political party conventions. 1836 – The Riograndense Republic is proclaimed by rebels after defeating Empire of Brazil's troops in the Battle of Seival, during the Ragamuffin War. 1851 – Christiana Resistance: Escaped slaves led by William Parker fight off and kill a slave owner who, with a federal marshal and an armed party, sought to seize three of his former slaves in Christiana, Pennsylvania, thereby creating a cause célèbre between slavery proponents and abolitionists. 1852 – Outbreak of Revolution of September 11 resulting in the State of Buenos Aires declaring independence as a Republic. 1857 – The Mountain Meadows massacre: Mormon settlers and Paiutes massacre 120 pioneers at Mountain Meadows, Utah. 1881 – In the Swiss state of Glarus, a rockslide buries parts of the village of Elm, destroying 83 buildings and killing 115 people. 1897 – After months of pursuit, generals of Menelik II of Ethiopia capture Gaki Sherocho, the last king of the Kaffa. 1903 – The first race at the Milwaukee Mile in West Allis, Wisconsin is held. It is the oldest major speedway in the world. 1905 – The Ninth Avenue derailment occurs in New York City, killing 13. 1914 – World War I: Australia invades German New Guinea, defeating a German contingent at the Battle of Bita Paka. 1914 – The Second Period of Russification: The teaching of the Russian language and Russian history in Finnish schools was ordered to be considerably increased as part of the forced Russification program in Finland run by Tsar Nicholas II. 1916 – The Quebec Bridge's central span collapses, killing 11 men. The bridge previously collapsed completely on August 29, 1907. 1919 – United States Marine Corps invades Honduras. 1921 – Nahalal, the first moshav in Palestine, is settled as part of a Zionist plan of creating a Jewish state, later to be Israel. 1922 – The Treaty of Kars is ratified in Yerevan, Armenia. 1941 – Construction begins on The Pentagon. 1941 – Charles Lindbergh's Des Moines Speech accusing the British, Jews and FDR's administration of pressing for war with Germany. 1943 – World War II: German troops occupy Corsica and Kosovo-Metohija ending the Italian occupation of Corsica. 1944 – World War II: The Western Allied invasion of Germany begins near the city of Aachen. 1944 – World War II: RAF bombing raid on Darmstadt and the following firestorm kill 11,500. 1945 – World War II: Australian 9th Division forces liberate the Japanese-run Batu Lintang camp, a POW and civilian internment camp on the island of Borneo. 1954 – Hurricane Edna hits New England (United States) as a Category 2 hurricane, causing significant damage and 29 deaths. 1961 – Hurricane Carla strikes the Texas coast as a Category 4 hurricane, the second strongest storm ever to hit the state. 1965 – Indo-Pakistani War: The Indian Army captures the town of Burki, just southeast of Lahore. 1967 – China's People's Liberation Army (PLA) launched an attack on Indian posts at Nathu La, Sikkim, India, which resulted in military clashes. 1968 – Air France Flight 1611 crashes off Nice, France, killing 89 passengers and six crew. 1970 – The Dawson's Field hijackers release 88 of their hostages. The remaining hostages, mostly Jews and Israeli citizens, are held until September 25. 1971 – The Egyptian Constitution becomes official. 1972 – The San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit system begins passenger service. 1973 – A coup in Chile, headed by General Augusto Pinochet, topples the democratically elected president Salvador Allende. Pinochet exercises dictatorial power until ousted in a referendum in 1988, staying in power until 1990. 1973 – JAT Airways Flight 769 crashes into the Maganik mountain range while on approach to Titograd Airport, killing 35 passengers and six crew. 1974 – Eastern Air Lines Flight 212 crashes in Charlotte, North Carolina, killing 69 passengers and two crew. 1976 – A bomb planted by a Croatian terrorist, Zvonko Bušić, is found at New York's Grand Central Terminal; one NYPD officer is killed trying to defuse it. 1980 – A new constitution of Chile is established under the influence of then Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet, which is subject to controversy in Chile today. 1982 – The international forces that were guaranteeing the safety of Palestinian refugees following Israel's 1982 Invasion of Lebanon leave Beirut. Five days later, several thousand refugees are massacred in the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps by Phalange forces. 1989 – Hungary announces that the East German refugees who had been housed in temporary camps were free to leave for West Germany. 1991 – Continental Express Flight 2574 crashes in Colorado County, Texas, near Eagle Lake, killing 11 passengers and three crew. 1992 – Hurricane Iniki, one of the most damaging hurricanes in United States history, devastates the Hawaiian Islands of Kauai and Oahu. 1997 – NASA's Mars Global Surveyor reaches Mars. 1997 – After a nationwide referendum, Scotland votes to establish a devolved parliament within the United Kingdom. 2001 – The September 11 attacks, a series of coordinated terrorist attacks killing 2,977 people using four aircraft hijacked by 19 members of al-Qaeda. Two aircraft crash into the World Trade Center in New York City, a third crashes into The Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia, and a fourth into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania. 2007 – Russia tests the largest conventional weapon ever, the Father of All Bombs. 2008 – A major Channel Tunnel fire breaks out on a freight train, resulting in the closure of part of the tunnel for six months. 2011 – The National September 11 Memorial & Museum opens on the 10th anniversary of the September 11 attacks. 2012 – A total of 315 people are killed in two garment factory fires in Pakistan. 2012 – The U.S. embassy in Benghazi, Libya is attacked, resulting in four deaths. 2015 – A crane collapses onto the Masjid al-Haram mosque in Saudi Arabia, killing 111 people and injuring 394 others.