#inverse AGONISTS not antagonists

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Acadia: Breaking Down Earnings; Trofinetide Approval Shot (NASDAQ:ACAD)

[ad_1] MF3d Investment Thesis The last time I covered Acadia Pharmaceuticals (NASDAQ:ACAD) for Seeking Alpha was back in November last year after the company had released its Q322 earnings, guiding for FY22 revenues of $510 – $520m from its only commercialized drug NUPLAZID (pimavanserin) – a selective serotonin inverse agonist/antagonist, preferentially targeting 5-HT2A receptors, that is the…

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Acadia: Breaking Down Earnings; Trofinetide Approval Shot (NASDAQ:ACAD)

MF3d Investment Thesis The last time I covered Acadia Pharmaceuticals (NASDAQ:ACAD) for Seeking Alpha was back in November last year after the company had released its Q322 earnings, guiding for FY22 revenues of $510 – $520m from its only commercialized drug NUPLAZID (pimavanserin) – a selective serotonin inverse agonist/antagonist, preferentially targeting 5-HT2A receptors, that is the sole…

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Welcome buy ADB-FUBINACA from us , ADB-FUBINACA is a  designer chemical or research chemical. ADB-FUBINACA research chemicals for 5 years. by purchasing at our online shop site you will get a safe and easy shopping experience , and this is where to buy best and cheap china research chemical, the usa europe uk nederland canada research chemical sources. please feel free buy ADB-FUBINACA from us .ADB-FUBINACA is intended for research purposes only and is NOT intended for human or animal consumption.

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CAS: 1445583-51-6 Formula: C21H23FN4O2 Molecular weight: 382.430 Compound purity: > 99.7% Appearance: Powder

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ADB-FUBINACA official designation within the IUPAC product is defined N-[(1S)-1-(aminocarbonyl)-2-methylpropyl]-1-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide , and straightforward chemical formula from the substance is summarized as ,C20H21FN4O2 using the molecular weight going to be 368.4 g/mol. The physiological and toxicological qualities of the compound aren’t known. The product is meant for forensic and research applications.

ADB-FUBINACA seems is the product of rational drug design, because it is different from Abdominal-FUBINACA only through the substitute from the isopropyl group having a tert-butyl group. In 2013, ADB-FUBINACA was identi erectile dysfunction in recreational products by Japanese forensic scientists.In Europe, it was initially reported on 28 November 2013, in Poultry and Germany. ADB-FUBINACA is really a study chemical that functions like a potent agonist for that cannabinoid receptors which first is discovered in 2013 in Japan inside a smoking mixture. The enantiomer of the substancewas initially produced by Pfizer in ’09 being an analgesic medication, but never was went after for human use.

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ADB-FUBINACA is generally sprayed on botanical material and smoked or vaporized to attain a fast start of effects and rapid offset. ADB-FUBINACA is orally active when dissolved inside a fat, which could boost the duration considerably. Like other cannabinoids, it’s insoluble in water but dissolves in ethanol and lipids. ADB-FUBINACA binds towards the same brain receptor as THC, the ingredient of marijuana, and it has been proven to create similar medicinal effects.

On-line ADB-FUBINACA is offered like a white-colored powder or very, packaged in aluminum foil bag. The compound wholesomeness is 99.5%-99.7%. The precise dose isn’t known, but ADB FUBINACA is slightly less potent compared to CHMINACA be substances. It should be in small increments from about .5 mg to at least one-2mg, when effect starts. This describes inhaled consumption.Whether dental consumption (or any other application) can be done, is unknown. 4F-PHP

ADB-FUMINACA has the capacity to, dose-dependently, decrease body’s temperature and heartbeat at doses of 3 mg. One dying through coronary arterial thrombosis continues to be associated with ADB-FUBINACA intoxication. The hypothermic e ects of ADB-FUBINACA seems to become mediated through CB1 receptors and is reversed by pretreatment with CB1 antagonist rimonabant (an anorectic antiobesity drug that’s been withdrawn in the market because of costly negative effects) although not CB2 antagonist SR144528(a medication that functions like a potent and highly selective CB2 receptor inverse agonist).

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Improved (Expert)renin Receptor Term by simply Anti-Cancer Medicines, Carboplatin and also Bleomycin, throughout Cultured Cancer malignancy Tissue: Possible Effort associated with Apoptosis and also Autophagy

Appearance amounts of ZEB1 were modulated within kidney carcinoma cell lines CUBIII as well as UM-UC-3 following pushed appearance as well as shRNA knockdown, respectively. Health proteins expression quantities had been determined making use of american soak up analysis along with transfectants have been considered regarding migration along with invasion possible in common within vitro assays. RESULTS Nuclear ZEB1 phrase has been recorded in Twenty-two.8% regarding non-muscle-invasive UCBs as well as 21 years old.7% regarding muscle-invasive UCBs, such as All day and.1% quality I/II and 21.1% grade Three tumours, along with lacking inside regular bladder mucosa. Simply no substantial correlation has been observed regarding tumour point as well as quality, nodal participation, vascular invasion, metastasis along with all round or perhaps cancer-specific emergency. The particular release as well as knockdown associated with ZEB1 expression inside bladder carcinoma mobile lines demonstrated enhanced or perhaps diminished migration as well as invasive potential, correspondingly. Changes in ZEB1 appearance were together with changed microRNA (miRNA) phrase main situations connected to epithelial-mesenchymal changeover (Emergency medical technician). CONCLUSION The results in the actual examine confirmed #Link# novel term involving ZEB1 throughout vesica cancers even without #Link# a web link to clinical parameters associated with modify, including metastasis as well as emergency. Even so, inside vitro assays showed enhanced or perhaps reduced migration as well as attack as soon as the intro or even lowering of ZEB1, respectively, in transfected vesica mobile lines. Modulation in expression of ZEB1 was strongly related to alterations in your miR-200 family along with option known prognostic signs regarding vesica tumour advancement.To be able to construct muscle exercise occasion series #Link# from electroencephalography (EEG) can result in severe changes inside brain-machine connections (BMIs) by providing a method pertaining to reasonable steady imitation of dexterous motions within human beings. However, it really is regarded as tough to identify signals in connection with individual muscle actions via EEG since EEG sensors report an assortment of indicators originating from several cortical regions. Right here, many of us concern this particular presumption by simply rebuilding agonist along with antagonist muscle pursuits (we.elizabeth. strained electromyography (EMC) signals) through EEG cortical currents believed utilizing a hierarchical Bayesian EEG inverse technique. Link between 5 you are not selected subjects performing isometric right arm flexion and also expansion tasks showed that particular person muscle tissue exercise time sequence, in addition to muscle mass actions in diverse force ranges, were well reconstructed utilizing EEG cortical voltages along with substantially higher precision when compared with whenever right rebuilding via EEG sensing unit indicators. Additionally, spatial syndication regarding fat valuations with regard to recouvrement designs said that extremely adding to cortical sources to be able to flexion as well as file format responsibilities were mutually unique, whilst they had been mapped onto the identical cortical region.

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Antipsychotics work by blocking the postsynaptic D2 receptor. Aripiprazole (aka Abilify) and brexpiprazole (aka Rixulti) are partial D2 receptor agonists. Cariprazine (aka Vraylar) is a D2/D3 receptor partial agonist, with preference for the D3 receptor. Pimavanserin (aka Nuplazid) is a serotonin 5HT2A inverse agonist and antagonist with no dopamine D2 affinity.

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Although research is still underway, researchers hold the view that CBD can be a promising therapeutic aid for osteoporosis. Here are some of the things that scientists have established so far: 

 🌱Cannabinoid receptors are present in the bone cells. These are CB1, CB2, and orphan receptor GPR55. Studies show that endocannabinoids and these receptors play a role in osteoporosis development. 

🌱Researchers suppressed the resorption of bones by blocking these receptors in adult mice. The effect was increased bone mass and protection of the mice against further bone loss. As such, they suggest the use of inverse antagonists/agonists of the receptors like CBD to combat osteoporosis. 

🌱In another study, blocking GPR55 effect led to an increase in trabecular, or spongy bone, and cortical or outer surface. The mice who had their GPR55 receptors knocked out, became fatter and had better protection against bone loss that relates to age. Therefore, scientists are concluding that administering CBD can be beneficial for patients with osteoporosis. https://cbdoilsandedibles.com/cbd-for-osteoporosis/

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The difference between an agonist, partial agonist, antagonist, and inverse agonist?

The difference between an agonist, partial agonist, antagonist, and inverse agonist?

  What is the difference between an agonist, partial agonist, antagonist, and inverse agonist? Agonist Partial Agonist Antagonist Inverse Agonist Use an example of a psychiatric drug from each category (agonist, partial agonist, antagonist, and inverse agonist), explaining the mechanism of action.

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Facts About CBD You May Not Know

Facts about CBD there is no doubt that the CBD industry is growing at an exceptionally rapid rate. A report by Grand View Research estimates that the CBD global market is expected to reach $13.4 billion by 2028. In 2021, it is already a multi-billion-dollar industry.

Not bad for a market best described as niche only a few years ago. A troubling thing about the industry is the prevalence of misinformation. With so many people using products like CBD oil, it’s essential to learn the facts. Yet, we still see many websites getting the basics wrong.

For example, CBD isn’t non-psychoactive and non-intoxicating. This means that it doesn’t cause the high associated with marijuana. Also, CBD may be illegal in some states. This is because it isn’t yet federally legal. Indeed, there are still some aspects of CBD you may not know.

So, Let’s Go Over Some Facts About CBD.

1. CBD potentially counteracts the intoxicating effects of THC

CBD and THC are the best-known cannabinoids in the cannabis plant. Both are psychoactive because they change the nervous system’s function. This results in potential alterations in mood, behavior, cognition, perception, or consciousness.

Moreover, CBD could counter THC effects, which include paranoia and anxiety. Most THC-induced effects occur due to its activity on the endocannabinoid system’s (ECS) CB1 and CB2 receptors. However, CBD has a much weaker affinity for these cannabinoid receptors. Instead, it is a partial antagonist of CB1 receptors and a weak inverse CB2 agonist.

A study published in Frontiers in Psychiatry in 2013 looked into whether CBD counteracted THC’s intoxicating effects. The researchers found that CBD was potentially neuroprotective. As a result, it helped reduce the effects of THC.

Another study published in the Journal of Psychopharmacology in 2012 also analyzed the combination of THC and CBD. It found that CBD possibly inhibited memory impairment and paranoia associated with THC.

A growing number of people are using a combination of CBD and THC. There are numerous famous cannabis strains with a 1:1 THC to CBD ratio. These include Dancehall, Argyle, Pennywise, Sweet and Sour Widow, and Cannatonic. If you choose a 1:2 THC to CBD ratio, you will still experience a mild high but are unlikely to feel intoxicated.

2. The CBD for pets market is huge

According to a report created by Nielsen and Headset, the CBD pet product market represents an excellent opportunity for entrepreneurs. It discovered that a remarkable 74% of CBD users have pets. Moreover, around one-quarter of American dog owners use hemp-derived CBD products. Half of these individuals say the product is for their canine friend.

Dogs, cats, horses, and other mammals all have an endocannabinoid system, just like we do. Therefore, CBD could theoretically work in the same way it does on us. At the moment, research into CBD for pets is limited. However, a report by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2017 suggested that CBD was safe and well-tolerated by animals.

Another study published in Frontiers in Veterinary Science in 2018 made an exciting discovery. It found that CBD helped increased activity and comfort in dogs with osteoarthritis. A follow-up study, published in The Journal of the American Veterinary Association in 2018, also produced interesting results. It was discovered that CBD potentially helped reduce the frequency of seizures in dogs with epilepsy.

Both studies were peer-reviewed and well-designed. However, they were also preliminary with small sample sizes. In both studies, the dogs experienced an increase in the liver enzyme alkaline phosphatase (ALP) when using CBD.

3. CBD can interact with certain pharmaceutical drugs

Stephanie McGrath, author of both canine studies we’ve mentioned above, recommends that pet owners avoid giving CBD to animals with liver issues. This is because the liver likely metabolizes CBD.

The CYP3A4 enzyme performs the task of metabolizing the CBD in your body. It also metabolizes around 60% of all prescription drugs. If you use CBD and one of these drugs, you will unknowingly affect how the drug works.

Read More

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Histamine H3 receptor antagonism modulates autism-like hyperactivity but not repetitive behaviors in BTBR T+Itpr3tf/J inbred mice

Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2021 Nov 29:173304. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173304. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a group of neurodevelopmental conditions defined by behavioral deficits in social communication and interactions, mental inflexibility and repetitive behaviors. Converging evidence from observational and preclinical studies suggest that excessive repetitive behaviors in people with ASD may be due to elevated histaminergic H3 receptor signaling in the striatum. We hypothesized that systemic administration of pharmacological histamine H3 receptor antagonists would attenuate the expression of repetitive behaviors in the BTBR T+Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mouse inbred strain, an established mouse model presenting autism-like repetitive behaviors and novelty-induced hyperactivity. We further aimed to investigate whether agonism of the histamine H3 receptor would be sufficient to induce repetitive behaviors in the C57BL/6J control mouse strain. Different doses of H3 receptor agonists (i.e., (R)-α-methylhistamine and immethridine) and H3 receptor antagonists/inverse agonists (i.e., ciproxifan and pitolisant) were administered via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection in male mice to characterize the acute effects of these compounds on ASD-related behavioral readouts. The highly selective H3 receptor agonist immethridine significantly increased the time spent in stereotypic patterns in C57BL/6J mice, but this effect appeared to be driven by general sedative properties of the compound. High doses of pitolisant significantly decreased locomotor hyperactivity in novel environments in BTBR mice, without significant effects on repetitive behaviors. Based on our findings, we conclude that acute H3 receptor manipulation mainly affected general motor activity levels in novel environments. Small changes in stereotyped behaviors were observed but appeared to be driven by altered general activity levels.

PMID:34856309 | DOI:10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173304

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1‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‍‍‌‍‍. Compare and contrast the two different major classes of i

1‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‍‍‌‍‍. Compare and contrast the two different major classes of i

1‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‍‍‌‍‍. Compare and contrast the two different major classes of ion channels. 2. Explain the difference between full agonists, partial agonists, antagonists, inverse agonists. Responses need to address all components of the question, demonstrate critical thinking and analysis‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‍‍‌‍‍, and include peer-reviewed journal evidence to support the student’s position. Please…

[mcatmemoranda]

Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs), also known as atypical antipsychotics, generally have lower risk of extrapyramidal side effects and tardive dyskinesia compared with first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs).

FGAs and SGAs have comparable efficacy. The SGA, clozapine, has the best efficacy, but due to its adverse effects, it is used for schizophrenia that is treatment- refractory.

Antipsychotics work by blocking the postsynaptic D2 receptor. Aripiprazole and brexpiprazole are partial D2 receptor agonists. Cariprazine is a D2/D3 receptor partial agonist, with preference for D3. Pimavanserin is a serotonin 5HT2A inverse agonist and antagonist with no dopamine D2 affinity. Antipsychotics have to bind 65% of dopamine receptors to have antipsychotic efficacy in functional imaging studies.

Unlike FGAs, SGAs also bind 5HT2 receptors, which may be part of the reason why SGAs have lower risk for EPS. SGAs may also bind more loosely to D2 receptors and preferentially block receptors in the limbic and cortical regions rather than in the striatal areas. SGAs also bind muscarinic, alpha-adrenergic, and histaminic receptors, which causes their side effects.

In urgent situations, rapidly absorbed antipsychotics are used. Sublingual asenapine is the most rapidly absorbed, with a one-hour time to peak serum concentration, followed closely by lurasidone and the immediate-release formulation of quetiapine.

Drugs that are absorbed more slowly such as olanzepine, ziprasidone, and extended release quetiapine, are better tolerated. Lurasidone and ziprasidone should be taken with a meal, as this enhances bioavailability. A high fat meal increases absorption of quetiapine by 50%. It’s recommended not to take quetiapine with a high fat meal.

Most antipsychotics are metabolized through the cytochrome P450 system in the liver. Paliperidone (the active metabolite of risperidone) is mostly excreted unchanged by the kidneys, so dose adjustment is not required in pts with liver impairment. But of course, dose adjustment of paliperidone is required in pts with kidney dysfunction; and palliperidone is C/I in pts with renal impairment.

People with CYP2D6 polymorphisms may be slow or fast metabolizers of certain antipsychotics, which is why serum levels of drugs are assessed if poor or extensive metabolism is suspected.

In poor metabolizers, dose reductions of 50 percent have been recommended for aripiprazole, brexpiprazole, and iloperidone; dose reduction is also recommended for poor metabolizers of clozapine.

Because aripiprazole is a partial agonist of D2 receptors, it may counteract the effects of other SGAs that primarily block the D2 receptor. So you may see a paradoxical decrease in antipsychotic effect as the dose of aripiprazole is increased when switching from an antipsychotic with D2 receptor blockade effect. Abilify is metabolized by CYP 2D6 and 3A4. So dose adjustments should be made when the pt is concurrently taking drugs that either inhibit or increase activity of these enzymes. The manufacturer recommends a twofold dose increase of Abilify in the presence of metabolic inducers such as carbamazepine and a 50 percent reduction in dose with inhibitors such as fluoxetine, quinidine, or ketoconazole.

CYP3A4 inducers, such as rifampin, decrease the levels of brexpiprazole and aripiprazole.

Clozapine is metabolized via CYP1A2, 2D6, and 3A4. Fluvoxamine and ciprofloxacin inhibit CYP1A2 and thus require reduced dosing of clozapine if the pt is on these medications concurrently.

Clozapine can cause agranulocytosis. It also causes strong anticholinergic, sedative, cardiac, and hypotensive effects, so drugs with the same side effects should not be combined with clozapine.

Olanzepine is metabolized by CYP 1A2 and has fewer drug-drug interactions, but of course drugs that induce or inhibit CYP1A2 should be avoided with olanzepine use.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tobacco smoke may induce CYP1A2, so olanzepine dose may need to be adjusted in smokers when they’re in non-smoking facilities and when they are outpatient.

Pimavanserin is metabolized by CYP3A4 and should be avoided with drugs that prolong the QT interval.

Quetiapine is metabolized by CYP 3A4, and the manufacturer recommends up to a fivefold increase in dose with inducers such as carbamazepine and a reduction to one-sixth the dose with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors such as voriconazole or ritonavir.

Side effects may worsen when the drug is combined with other agents that cause sedation, anticholinergic effects, hypotension, or weight gain.

Risperidone serum levels are increased by strong CYP2D6 inhibitors such as fluoxetine and paroxetine, and to a lesser degree by bupropion.

Ziprasidone is metabolized via glutathione and aldehyde oxidase, with a minor contribution from CYP 3A4. It can cause prolonged QT interval, especially when combined with other medications that prolong the QT interval.

Aripiprazole, asenapine, clozapine, olanzapine, and risperidone are available in oral disintegrating tablets, which are useful in pts who cheek their medications or in those with dysphagia.

For emergent situations, rapid release olanzepine and ziprasidone can be given intramuscularly. No SGAs can be given intravenously. In a previous presentation on antipsychotics, I think there was a question about that. So remember that olanzepine and ziprasidone can be given IM.

Long-acting, injectable antipsychotics are used to treat patients unable to adhere to daily regimens. Long-acting versions of aripiprazole, olanzapine, paliperidone, and risperidone may be administered by injection at two-week to three-month intervals.

Oral dosing of SGAs with standard or orally disintegrating tablets is the preferred route of administration in most patients. These formulations have equivalent dosing, absorption, and clearance.

Dosing at bedtime is generally preferred because of the sedation associated with many of these drugs, but exceptions are common and the medications work equally well irrespective of the time of the dose.

Common side effects associated with second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) include weight gain and related metabolic effects, hypotension, sedation, anticholinergic symptoms, hyperprolactinemia, extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), cardiac effects, cardiomyopathies, cataracts, and sexual dysfunction.

Take into account pt medical conditions when choosing an antipsychotic to use. For example:

●A patient whose symptoms include insomnia may benefit from a sedating antipsychotic. What antipsychotic causes sedation? Answer: quetiapine (seroquel).

●A patient with diabetes should avoid medications with a high risk of weight gain and metabolic effects. What antipsychotic is known for causing metabolic syndrome? Answer: olanzepine.

●A patient with a known cardiac problem or taking medications that prolong QT interval should preferentially receive an antipsychotic with a more favorable cardiac profile. What antipsychotic prolongs the QT interval? Answer: ziprasidone.

●A patient with essential hypertension may do well with an antipsychotic with hypotensive effects.

Rare but serious side effects include tardive dyskinesia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, seizures, agranulocytosis, hypersensitivity reactions, and an increased risk of mortality from all causes, especially in older adult patients with dementia-related psychosis.

Weight gain, diabetes, and dyslipidemia are the components of metabolic syndrome usually associated with SGAs, along with the consequent risks of diabetic ketoacidosis and cardiovascular disease.

Clozapine and olanzapine carry significantly higher risk for metabolic syndrome than other antipsychotics, whereas aripiprazole, lurasidone, pimavanserin, and ziprasidone are associated with the lowest risk.

The potential morbidity of these symptoms has led to recommendations for routine short- and long-term monitoring of weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting glucose, and lipid profile of patients taking any of the antipsychotic drugs.

Anticholinergic effects of antipsychotics include dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, and urinary retention. Clozapine causes sialorrhea. Otherwise, it has the strongest anticholinergic effects.

regular inquiries regarding urinary retention, blurred vision, and especially constipation should be made. Aggressive treatment of constipation, often including prophylactic agents, may be required to avoid serious side effects, such as fecal impaction or bowel perforation.

Sources:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10427467

https://www.uptodate.com/contents/second-generation-antipsychotic-medications-pharmacology-administration-and-side-effects?search=antipsychotics&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1

[isabellacbd]

Facts About CBD You May Not Know

Facts about CBD there is no doubt that the CBD industry is growing at an exceptionally rapid rate. A report by Grand View Research estimates that the CBD global market is expected to reach $13.4 billion by 2028. In 2021, it is already a multi-billion-dollar industry.

Not bad for a market best described as niche only a few years ago. A troubling thing about the industry is the prevalence of misinformation. With so many people using products like CBD oil, it’s essential to learn the facts. Yet, we still see many websites getting the basics wrong.

For example, CBD isn’t non-psychoactive and non-intoxicating. This means that it doesn’t cause the high associated with marijuana. Also, CBD may be illegal in some states. This is because it isn’t yet federally legal. Indeed, there are still some aspects of CBD you may not know.

So, Let’s Go Over Some Facts About CBD.

1. CBD potentially counteracts the intoxicating effects of THC

CBD and THC are the best-known cannabinoids in the cannabis plant. Both are psychoactive because they change the nervous system’s function. This results in potential alterations in mood, behavior, cognition, perception, or consciousness.

Moreover, CBD could counter THC effects, which include paranoia and anxiety. Most THC-induced effects occur due to its activity on the endocannabinoid system’s (ECS) CB1 and CB2 receptors. However, CBD has a much weaker affinity for these cannabinoid receptors. Instead, it is a partial antagonist of CB1 receptors and a weak inverse CB2 agonist.

A study published in Frontiers in Psychiatry in 2013 looked into whether CBD counteracted THC’s intoxicating effects. The researchers found that CBD was potentially neuroprotective. As a result, it helped reduce the effects of THC.

Another study published in the Journal of Psychopharmacology in 2012 also analyzed the combination of THC and CBD. It found that CBD possibly inhibited memory impairment and paranoia associated with THC.

A growing number of people are using a combination of CBD and THC. There are numerous famous cannabis strains with a 1:1 THC to CBD ratio. These include Dancehall, Argyle, Pennywise, Sweet and Sour Widow, and Cannatonic. If you choose a 1:2 THC to CBD ratio, you will still experience a mild high but are unlikely to feel intoxicated.

2. The CBD for pets market is huge

According to a report created by Nielsen and Headset, the CBD pet product market represents an excellent opportunity for entrepreneurs. It discovered that a remarkable 74% of CBD users have pets. Moreover, around one-quarter of American dog owners use hemp-derived CBD products. Half of these individuals say the product is for their canine friend.

Dogs, cats, horses, and other mammals all have an endocannabinoid system, just like we do. Therefore, CBD could theoretically work in the same way it does on us. At the moment, research into CBD for pets is limited. However, a report by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2017 suggested that CBD was safe and well-tolerated by animals.

Another study published in Frontiers in Veterinary Science in 2018 made an exciting discovery. It found that CBD helped increased activity and comfort in dogs with osteoarthritis. A follow-up study, published in The Journal of the American Veterinary Association in 2018, also produced interesting results. It was discovered that CBD potentially helped reduce the frequency of seizures in dogs with epilepsy.

Both studies were peer-reviewed and well-designed. However, they were also preliminary with small sample sizes. In both studies, the dogs experienced an increase in the liver enzyme alkaline phosphatase (ALP) when using CBD.

Read More

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1‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‍‍‌‍‍. Compare and contrast the two different major classes of i

1‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‍‍‌‍‍. Compare and contrast the two different major classes of i

1‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‍‍‌‍‍. Compare and contrast the two different major classes of ion channels. 2. Explain the difference between full agonists, partial agonists, antagonists, inverse agonists. Responses need to address all components of the question, demonstrate critical thinking and analysis‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‍‍‌‍‍, and include peer-reviewed journal evidence to support the student’s position. Please…

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1‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‍‍‌‍‍. Compare and contrast the two different major classes of i

1‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‍‍‌‍‍. Compare and contrast the two different major classes of i

1‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‍‍‌‍‍. Compare and contrast the two different major classes of ion channels. 2. Explain the difference between full agonists, partial agonists, antagonists, inverse agonists. Responses need to address all components of the question, demonstrate critical thinking and analysis‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‍‍‌‍‍, and include peer-reviewed journal evidence to support the student’s position. Please…