#java plantations

[fatehbaz]

“Dutch King apologizes for Netherlands’ role in slavery.”

The Dutch/Netherlands abducted slaves from West Africa; hosted the Dutch West India Company; operated an extensive profitable sugar plantation industry built on slave labor; and established colonies in the greater Caribbean region including sites at Aruba, Curaçao, Sint Maarten, Bonaire, and the adjacent “Wild Coast” (land between the Orinoco and Amazon rivers, including Guyana and Suriname). Many of these places remained official colonies until between the 1950s and 1990s.

---

Scholarship on resistance to Dutch practices of slavery, colonialism, and imperialism in the Caribbean:

“Decolonization, Otherness, and the Neglect of the Dutch Caribbean in Caribbean Studies.” Margo Groenewoud. Small Axe. 2021.

“Women’s mobilizations in the Dutch Antilles (Curaçao and Aruba, 1946-1993).” Margo Groenewoud. Clio. Women, Gender, History No. 50. 2019.

“Black Power, Popular Revolt, and Decolonization in the Dutch Caribbean.” Gert Oostindie. In: Black Power in the Caribbean. Edited by Kate Quinn. 2014.

“History Brought Home: Postcolonial Migrations and the Dutch Rediscovery of Slavery.” Gert Oostindie. In: Post-Colonial Immigrants and Identity Formations in the Netherlands. Edited by Ulbe Bosma. 2012.

“Other Radicals: Anton de Kom and the Caribbean Intellectual Tradition.” Wayne Modest and Susan Legene. Small Axe. 2023.

Di ki manera? A Social History of Afro-Curaçaoans, 1863-1917. Rosemary Allen. 2007.

Creolization and Contraband: Curaçao in the Early Modern Atlantic World. Linda Rupert. 2012.

“The Empire Writes Back: David Nassy and Jewish Creole Historiography in Colonial Suriname.” Sina Rauschenbach. The Sephardic Atlantic: Colonial Histories and Postcolonial Perspectives. 2018.

“The Scholarly Atlantic: Circuits of Knowledge Between Britain, the Dutch Republic and the Americas in the Eighteenth Century.” Karel Davids. 2014. And: “Paramaribo as Dutch and Atlantic Nodal Point, 1640-1795.” Karwan Fatah-Black. 2014. And: Dutch Atlantic Connections, 1680-1800: Linking Empires, Bridging Borders. Edited by Gert Oostindie and Jessica V. Roitman. 2014.

Decolonising the Caribbean: Dutch Policies in a Comparative Perspective. Gert Oostindie and Inge Klinkers. 2003. And: “Head versus heart: The ambiguities of non-sovereignties in the Dutch Caribbean.” Wouter Veenendaal and Gert Oostindie. Regional & Federal Studies 28(4). August 2017.

Tambú: Curaçao’s African-Caribbean Ritual and the Politics of Memory. Nanette de Jong. 2012.

“More Relevant Than Ever: We Slaves of Suriname Today.” Mitchell Esajas. Small Axe. 2023.

“The Forgotten Colonies of Essequibo and Demerara, 1700-1814.” Eric Willem van der Oest. In: Riches from Atlantic Commerce: Dutch Transatlantic Trade and Shipping, 1585-1817. 2003.

“Conjuring Futures: Culture and Decolonization in the Dutch Caribbean, 1948-1975.” Chelsea Shields. Historical Reflections / Reflexions Historiques Vol. 45 No. 2. Summer 2019.

“’A Mass of Mestiezen, Castiezen, and Mulatten’: Fear, Freedom, and People of Color in the Dutch Antilles, 1750-1850.” Jessica Vance Roitman. Atlantic Studies 14, no. 3. 2017.

---

This list only covers the Caribbean.

But outside of the region, there is also the legacy of the Dutch East India Company; over 250 years of Dutch slavers and merchants in Gold Coast and wider West Africa; about 200 years of Dutch control in Bengal (the same region which would later become an engine of the British Empire’s colonial wealth extraction); over a century of Dutch control in Sri Lanka/Ceylon; Dutch operation of the so-called “Cultivation System” (”Cultuurstelsei”) in the nineteenth century; Dutch enforcement of brutal forced labor regimes at sugar plantations in Java, which relied on de facto indentured laborers who were forced to sign contracts or obligated to pay off debt and were “shipped in” from other islands and elsewhere in Southeast Asia (a system existing into the twentieth century); the “Coolie Ordinance” (”Koelieordonnanties”) laws of 1880 which allowed plantation owners to administer punishments against disobedient workers, resulting in whippings, electrocutions, and other cruel tortures (and this penal code was in effect until 1931); and colonization of Indonesian islands including Sumatra and Borneo, which remained official colonies of the Netherlands until the 1940s.

[postcard-from-the-past]

Tea plantation of the Malabar Estate in West Java, Indonesia

Dutch vintage postcard

[reasonsforhope]

"A 2019 sighting by five witnesses indicates that the long-extinct Javan tiger may still be alive, a new study suggests.

A single strand of hair recovered from that encounter is a close genetic match to hair from a Javan tiger pelt from 1930 kept at a museum, the study shows.

“Through this research, we have determined that the Javan tiger still exists in the wild,” says Wirdateti, a government researcher and lead author of the study.

The Javan tiger was believed to have gone extinct in the 1980s but only officially declared as such in 2008...

Ripi Yanuar Fajar and his four friends say they’ll never forget that evening after Indonesia’s Independence Day celebration in 2019 when they encountered a big cat roaming a community plantation in Sukabumi, West Java province.

Immediately after the brief encounter, Ripi, who happens to be a local conservationist, reached out to Kalih Raksasewu, a researcher at the country’s National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), saying he and his friends had seen either a Javan leopard (Panthera pardus melas), a critically endangered animal, or a Javan tiger (Panthera tigris sondaica), a subspecies believed to have gone extinct in the 1980s but only officially declared so in 2008.

About 10 days later, Kalih visited the site of the encounter with Ripi and his friends. There, Kalih found a strand of hair snagged on a plantation fence that the unknown creature was believed to have jumped over. She also recorded footprints and claw marks that she thought resembled those of a tiger.

Kalih then sent the hair sample and other records to the West Java provincial conservation agency, or BKSDA, for further investigation. She also sent a formal letter to the provincial government to follow up on the investigation request. The matter eventually landed at BRIN, where a team of researchers ran genetic analyses to compare the single strand of hair with known samples of other tiger subspecies, such as the Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) and a nearly century-old Javan tiger pelt kept at a museum in the West Java city of Bogor.

“After going through various process of laboratory tests, the results showed that the hair sample had 97.8% similarities to the Javan tiger,” Wirdateti, a researcher with BRIN’s Biosystemic and Evolutionary Research Center, said at an online discussion hosted by Mongabay Indonesia on March 28.

The discussion centered on a study published March 21 in the journal Oryx in which Wirdateti and colleagues presented their findings that suggested that the long-extinct Javan tiger may somehow — miraculously — still be prowling parts of one of the most densely populated islands on Earth.

Their testing compared the Sukabumi hair sample with hair from the museum specimen collected in 1930, as well as with other tigers, Javan leopards and several sequences from GenBank, a publicly accessible database of genetic sequences overseen by the U.S. National Institutes of Health.

The study noted that the supposed tiger hair had a sequence similarity of 97.06% with Sumatran tigers and 96.87% with Bengal tigers. Wirdateti also conducted additional interviews with Ripi and his friends about the encounter they’d had.

“I wanted to emphasize that this wasn’t just about finding a strand of hair, but an encounter with the Javan tiger in which five people saw it,” Kalih said.

“There’s still a possibility that the Javan tiger is in the Sukabumi forest,” she added. “If it’s coming down to the village or community plantation, it could be because its habitat has been disturbed. In 2019, when the hair was found, the Sukabumi region had been affected by drought for almost a year.” ...

Didik Raharyono, a Javan tiger expert who wasn’t involved in the study but has conducted voluntary expeditions with local wildlife awareness groups since 1997, said the number of previous reported sightings coupled with the new scientific findings must be taken seriously. He called on the environment ministry to draft and issue a policy on measures to find and conserve the Javan tiger.

“What’s most important is the next steps that we take in the future,” Didik said."

-via Mongabay, April 4, 2024

[rinusuarez]

A new animal was unveiled: the Javan Tiger. This is great news. The Javan Tiger was declared extinct in 2008, and there has been no sight of the animal since 1975. However, a single hair found near a plantation in Java matches 96% with a pelt of a Javan Tiger held in a museum, giving us hope that this population might not be extinct.

More here

[reddest-flower]

The Soviet intervention in Hungary and the Khrushchev revelations produced in Europe a process that led – gradually – to the Eurocommunism of the Communist Party of Spain’s leader Santiago Carrillo, who said, in 1976, ‘once Moscow was our Rome, but no more. Now we acknowledge no guiding centre, no international discipline’. This was a communism that no longer believed in revolution but was quite satisfied with an evolutionary dynamic. The European parties, correct in their desire for the right to develop their own strategies and tactics, nonetheless, threw themselves onto a self-destructive path. Few remained standing after the USSR collapsed in 1991. They campaigned for polycentrism but, in the end, achieved only a return to social democracy.

Amongst the Third World communist parties, a different orientation became clear after 1956. While the Western European parties seemed eager to denigrate the USSR and its contributions, the parties in the Third World acknowledged the importance of the USSR but sought some distance from its political orientation. During their visits to Moscow in the 1960s, champions of ‘African socialism’ such as Modibo Keïta of Mali and Mamadou Dia of Senegal announced the necessity of non-alignment and the importance of nationally developed processes of socialist construction. Marshal Lin Biao spoke of the need for a ‘creative application’ of Marxism in the Chinese context. The young leader of the Indonesian Communist Party – Dipa Nusantara Aidit – moved his party towards a firm grounding in both Marxism-Leninism and the peculiarities of Indonesian history. [...]

In the Third World, where Communism was a dynamic movement, it was not treated as a religion that was incapable of error. ‘Socialism is young’, Che Guevara wrote in 1965, ‘and has its mistakes.’ Socialism required ceaseless criticism in order to strengthen it. Such an attitude was missing in Cold War Europe and North America [...] After 1956, Communism was penalized by the Cold Warriors for the Soviet intervention in Hungary. This played some role in the Third World, but it was not decisive. In India, in 1957 the Communists won an election in Kerala to become the ruling party in that state. In 1959, the Cuban revolution overthrew a dictatorship and adopted Marxism-Leninism as its general theory. In Vietnam, from 1954, the Communists took charge of the north of the country and valiantly fought to liberate the rest of their country. These were communist victories despite the intervention in Hungary.

[...]

Much the same history propelled the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) forward from 1951, when it had merely 5,000 members, to 1964, when it had two million party members and an additional fifteen million members in its mass organizations (half of them in the Indonesian Peasants’ Front). The party had deep roots in the heavily populated sections of east and central Java but had – in the decade after 1951 – begun to make gains in the outer islands, such as Sumatra. A viciously anti-communist military was unable to stop the growth of the party. The new leadership from the 1953 Party Central Committee meeting were all in their thirties, with the new Secretary General – Aidit – merely thirty-one years old. These communists were committed to mass struggles and to mass campaigns, to building up the party base in rural Indonesia. The Indonesian Peasants’ Front and the Plantation Workers’ Union – both PKI mass organizations – fought against forced labour (romusha) and encouraged land seizures (aksi sepihak). These campaigns became more and more radical. In February 1965, the Plantation Workers’ Union occupied land held by the US Rubber Company in North Sumatra. US Rubber and Goodyear Tires saw this as a direct threat to their interests in Indonesia. Such audacity would not be tolerated. Three multinational oil companies (Caltex, Stanvac and Shell) watched this with alarm. US diplomat George Ball wrote to US National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy that in ‘the long run’ events in Indonesia such as these land seizures ‘may be more important than South Vietnam’. Ball would know. He oversaw the 1963 coup in South Vietnam against the US ally Ngô Đình Diệm. The West felt it could not stand by as the PKI got more aggressive.

By 1965, the PKI had three million party members – adding a million members in the year. It had emerged as a serious political force in Indonesia, despite the anti-communist military’s attempts to squelch its growth. Membership in its mass organizations went up to 18 million. A strange incident – the killing of three generals in Jakarta – set off a massive campaign, helped along by the CIA and Australian intelligence, to excise the communists from Indonesia. Mass murder was the order of the day. The worst killings were in East Java and in Bali. Colonel Sarwo Edhie’s forces, for instance, trained militia squads to kill communists. ‘We gave them two or three days’ training,’ Sarwo Edhie told journalist John Hughes, ‘then sent them out to kill the communists.’ In East Java, one eyewitness recounted, the prisoners were forced to dig a grave, then ‘one by one, they were beaten with bamboo clubs, their throats slit, and they were pushed into the mass grave’. By the end of the massacre, a million Indonesian men and women of the left were sent to these graves. Many millions more were isolated, without work and friends. Aidit was arrested by Colonel Yasir Hadibroto, brought to Boyolali (in Central Java) and executed. He was 42.

There was no way for the world communist movement to protect their Indonesian comrades. The USSR’s reaction was tepid. The Chinese called it a ‘heinous and diabolical’ crime. But neither the USSR nor China could do anything. The United Nations stayed silent. The PKI had decided to take a path that was without the guns. Its cadre could not defend themselves. They were not able to fight the military and the anti-communist gangs. It was a bloodbath.

[...]

There was little mention in Havana of the Soviet Union. It had slowed down its support for national liberation movements, eager for detente and conciliation with the West by the mid-1960s. In 1963, Aidit had chastised the Soviets, saying, ‘Socialist states are not genuine if they fail to really give assistance to the national liberation struggle’. The reason why parties such as the PKI held fast to ‘Stalin’ was not because they defended the purges or collectivization in the USSR. It was because ‘Stalin’ in the debate around militancy had come to stand in for revolutionary idealism and for the anti-fascist struggle. Aidit had agreed that the Soviets could have any interpretation of Stalin in terms of domestic policy (‘criticize him, remove his remains from the mausoleum, rename Stalingrad’), but other Communist Parties had the right to assess his role on the international level. He was a ‘lighthouse’, Aidit said in 1961, whose work was ‘still useful to Eastern countries’. This was a statement against the conciliation towards imperialism of the Khrushchev era. It was a position shared across many of the Communist Parties of the Third World.

Many Communist parties, frustrated with the pace of change and with the brutality of the attacks on them, would take to the gun in this period – from Peru to the Philippines. The massacre in Indonesia hung heavily on the world communist movement. But this move to the gun had its limitations, for many of these parties would mistake the tactics of armed revolution for a strategy of violence. The violence worked most effectively the other way. The communists were massacred in Indonesia – as we have seen – and they were butchered in Iraq and Sudan, in Central Asia and South America. The image of communists being thrown from helicopters off the coast of Chile is far less known than any cliché about the USSR.

Red Star Over the Third World, Vijay Prashad, 2019

[zenia62]

Aftermath of Daendels Death

In February 1818, Van Barnevelt returns with Daendels’ son Constant to Elmina. He has succeeded in Holland in defending the reputation of the governor-general. Constant is appointed (!) director of the Orange-daybreak plantation enterprise.

After Daendels’ death, the first resident, Van Barnevelt, continued handling business—both private and official—with little success, until in 1820 Constant Daendels returned and took over what little remained of value. Constant remained longer and settled after Java, where he did well in the sugar industry. In the preceding two years, Van Barnevelt had been mainly involved in liquidating the firm Daendels en Co. From the assets, Madame Daendels received 71/91 gulden—but there were no real profits. Van Barnevelt, who writes somewhat plaintively, says: “Out of loyalty to Daendels, I did not follow the other officials who turned against him. I hope the family will recognize this and at least grant me what is rightly mine and that I will not be ungratefully left unrewarded.” But the family is in great difficulty themselves!

Well, idk I should consider this as an angst 🙃 I'm wondering; Did Constant Daendels actually came back to the Gold Coast to deal w the firm or he js remained longer there until 1820 n then went back to the Netherlands later? 🧐 The first paragraph mentioned that Van Barnevelt brings Constant on February 1818, but why isn't Burchard Daendels mentioned tho 🤨 Tbh it could've been bcs Burchard Daendels didn't play a big role after Daendels death perhaps

Idk why but Van Barnevelt in the last paragraph kinda like 😬 He should try to understand Daendels family situation rather than saying that imo. Anyway, that's all for now, thank you n have a great day, stay safe 🌙

[i-should-have-studied]

IA Prep: Botany (sem 4)

Anomalous Secondary Growth ---

What is it?

Anomalous Secondary Growth is the growth resulting

Boerhaavia

A transverse section shows epidermis, collenchymatous hypodermis, parenchymatous cortex, endodermis and single layered pericycle.

The primary vascular bundle are conjoint collateral, endarch, and open.

These bundles occur in 3 concentric rings.

Inner most ring consists of 2 large vascular bundles present in the pith, opposite to each other.

Middle ring consists of 6-14 small vascular bundles.

The outer ring consists of 15-20 smaller vascular bundles, these are the normal vascular bundles.

Middle and inner rings of bundles are considered medullary bundles.

Secondary Growth

During secondary growth, the two central bundles and the middle ring of bundles increase in size due to the activity of fasicular cambium.

Inter-fasicular cambium do not develop.

The outer ring of vascular bundles are involved in the secondary growth.

The intra and interfasicular cambial strips join to form complete cambial ring.

This complete cambial ring forms the secondary xylem to the inner side and secondary phloem to towards the outside only in fasicualar region.

In between the bundles the cambium produces parenchymatous cells (thick walled) called conjuctive tissue.

After sometime this cambium ring stops activity.

Then a new cambial ring is formed external to the secondary phloem.

The cells in pericycle is involved in the formation of second cambial ring. This is called as accessory cambium.

This also produces secondary xylem to the inner side and secondary phloem to the outer side.

After a period of activity this cambium also stops its function. Another ring of cambium arises outside which behaves in the same pattern.

In this way 4-5 rings are produced and embedded in the conjuctive tissue.

Periderm- protective covering in outer stelar region.

Bignonia

Bignonia is a woody climber

A young stem shows ridges and furrows.

Epidermis is the outermost layer with thick cuticle.

Collenchyma is prominent below the ridges.

The cortex is made up of layer of parenchyma cells.

Endodermis is not very distinct

Pericycle is in the form of sclerenchymatous patches.

The vascular bundles are conjoint, collateral, endarch and open.

They are arranged in the form of ring around the periphery of the

pith.

Secondary Growth:

The inter and intra fasicular cambial strips become active to form a normal ring of cambium.

In the initial stages, the cambial behavior is normal, it makes more of secondary xylem and less secondary phloem.

Subsequently, at four corner points the cambium begins to produce more of secondary phloem and relatively small amount of secondary xylem.

Resulting in the formation of 4 deep wedges of phloem projecting into secondary xylem.

Initially the number of phloem furrows are 4 in number, but later additional furrows may be formed in older stems.

In this way, the xylem cylinder is broken into vertical plates, separated by furrows of secondary phloem.

Periderm is produced in cortex region due to the activity of phellogen.

---

Wood Structure

Teak

Scientific: Tectona grandis

Telugu: Adaviteeku

Hindi: Sagun

Family: Verbenaceae

One of the most important timber plants in the world, well known for both durability and strength

Occurrence:

- Native to India, Java, Sumatra, and Indonesia

- In India, teak forests mostly found in M.P, Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Karnataka.

- Other states include A.P, Rajasthan, U.P, Tamil Nadu, and Orissa.

Morphology:

- Tree height: 30m

- Girth: 2-4m

- Leaves: Opposite, simple, elliptical to obovate, 25-50cm long.

- Flowers: Small, arranged in panicles.

- Bractiate, Bisexual, and Hypogynous.

- Fruit: Hard, 4 lobed nut, 1-2 seeds.

Cultivation:

- Quick growing, temp requirement: 26-30˚C, annual rainfall: 130-300 cm.

- Growth is stunted in nitrogen deficient soil.

- Plantation time of seedlings: April-May.

- Good quality timber obtained from: 80 years old trees.

Prop of wood:

- Scented oil in wood acts as its preservative.

- Sapwood white in color, susceptible to termites and fungi

- Heartwood is golden yellow -(air)-> dark brown and resistant to fungal attacks.

- Ring is porous, presence of vessels.

- Tyloses are present.

Uses of Teak:

- Timber is durable, hard and resists decay, used in furniture and plywood.

- Used to make agricultural implements.

- Wood waste is raw material for paper pulp.

- Wood oil: used to treat eczema

- Flowers: relieves kidney problems

- Root bark: used for coloring mats.

Red Sanders

Scientific: Pterocarpus santalinus

Telugu: Erra chandanamu

Hindi: Lal chandan

Family: Fabaceae

This tree is valued for the rich red color of its wood, not aromatic.

Occurrence:

- Grows in southern India.

- Common in Cuddapah, Nellore and southern Kurnool districts.

Morphology:

- Grows in height to 10-11m.

- Leaves imparipinnate, leaflets pulvinous, 3 or rarely 5.

- Flowers bright yellow in short racemes.

- Pedicellate, Bisexual, and Zygomorphic.

- Flowering occurs during April-June

- Pods are winged with 1-2 seeds.

Props of wood:

- Bark is blackish-brown, wood is hard close grained.

- Differentiated into sap wood and heart wood. Sap wood is white and heart wood is black in color.

- Pores are medium sized and scattered

- Medullary rays are numerous and equidistant.

Uses of wood:

- Used in making agricultural implements.

- Gives a blood red colored die on distillation.

- Extensively used in carvings, statues, and picture frames.

Neem

Scientific: Azadirachta indica

Telugu: Yepa

Tamil: Vepa

Family: Meliaceae

Occurrence:

- Native to India, grows wildly.

- Also grows in Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.

Morphology:

- A fast growing tree which can reach a height of 15-20m.

- Evergreen, but in severe drought it may shed most or all of its leaves.

- Leaves: opposite pinnate with 20-30 medium dark green leaflets.

- White and fragrant flowers, arranged in more-or-less drooping axillary panicles.

- Each inflorescence has 150-250 flowers, they are protandrous and bisexual.

- Fruit: smooth olive-like drupe, it encloses one, rarely two or three,

elongated seeds (kernels)

Properties of wood:

- Bark: grey with numerous scattered tubercles.

- Sapwood is grey while heartwood is red.

- Pores are large/moderate sized and oval shaped; medium to coarse textured.

- Medullary rays are numerous and prominent.

- Wood is scented.

Uses of wood:

- Construction of cart axles and wheels, agricultural implements, and furniture.

- Bark contains tannins which are used in tanning, dyeing etc.

- Compounds extracted from the bark are used in production of some dental-care products like toothpaste.

- The bark acts as an insect repellent and it also has anti-bacterial

properties.

- Wood has been used as firewood and charcoal for a long time.

-------------------------------------------------

Stomatal Types ---

Stomata are minute pores which occur in the epidermis.

Stomata are used for the exchange of gases from the plant and the atmosphere, each stoma opens into a sub-stomatal chamber or a respiratory cavity to facilitate this function.

Evaporation of water takes place through the stomata.

Each stoma is surrounded by two kidneys shaped guard cells.

The stomata may occur on any part of a plant except the roots.

The epidermal cells bordering the guard cells are called accessory cells or subsidiary cells

There are 4 types of stomata based on the accessory cells and their arrangements:

- Anomocytic

- Anisocytic

- Paracytic

- Diacytic

Anomocytic Stomata:

Also called Type-A, Ranunculaceous type, or irregular-celled type stomata

No accessory cells are present

The stoma remains surrounded by ordinary epidermal cells which are arranged irregularly

Commonly found in dicotyledons such as Tridax.

picture

Anisocytic Stomata:

Also called Type-B, Cruciferous type, or unequal-celled type stomata.

The stomata is surrounded by three accessory cells.

Of the three accessory cells, one of them is distinctly smaller than the other two cells.

Commonly found in genera such as Brassica.

picture

Paracytic Stomata:

Also called Type-C, Rubiaceous type, or parallel-celled type stomata.

At least two accessory cells are present.

The accessory cells lie parallel to the long axis of the pore and guard cells

Commonly found in the members of Rubiaceae.

picture

Diacytic Stomata:

Also called Type-D, Caryophyllaceous type, or cross-celled type.

Each stoma is surrounded by a pair of accessory cells.

The common walls of each accessory cell remains at a right angle to the long axis of the guard cell.

Commonly found in Ocimum.

picture

There are two more types of stomata:

- Gramineous

- Coniferous

Gramineous Stomata:

The stoma have guard cells where in which the middle portions are much narrower than the ends, making the cell appear to be dumb-bell shaped

Commonly found in Gramineae

pic?

Coniferous Stomata:

The stomata are sunken and appear as if the accessory cells are suspended and arching over them.

In the median parts, the guard cells are have narrow lumina and the section is elliptical in shape.

At the ends, they lumina is wider and the section is triangular.

The walls of these guard cells and the accessory cells are partly lignified and partly non-lignified.

---

Simple Tissues ---

Simple permanent tissues are tissues which are composed of identical cells which together perform a common function.

Simple tissues can be divided into three groups:

- Parenchyma

- Collenchyma

- and Sclerenchyma.

=====

Parenchyma is made up of living cells.

Each cell is either spherical, ovular, rectangular, polygonal, elongated, or irregular in shape.

The cell wall is thin, made up of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin.

Young parenchyma cells are loosely arranged

There is intercellular space present in parenchyma

Parenchymatous cells can store reserve food material

Parenchymatous cells are found in all parts of plant such as cortex, pith, palisade, mesophyll, flower, seed, etc.

Parenchyma is also found in vascular tissues.

-

There are three types of parenchyma based on structural modifications and specialized functions:

- Prosenchyma

- Aerenchyma

- Chlorenchyma

Prosenchyma are thick-walled fiber-like elongated cells which provide rigidity and strength to the plant, ex: pericycle

Aerenchyma have large intercellular spaces filled with air, it helps in the buoyancy of the plant, ex: cortex of hydrophytes

Chlorenchyma are cells which have chloroplasts and perform photosynthesis, ex: palisade of leaves

-

Functions of parenchyma:

Photosynthesis - chlorenchyma has chloroplasts which perform photosynthesis

Storage - parenchyma can store food in the form of starch, proteins, oils, and fats

Buoyancy - aerenchyma helps aquatic plants float

Transportation - Parenchyma of xylem and phloem helps in the transport of nutrition and water

Mechanical support - prosenchyma provides mechanic support

diagram

=====

Collenchyma is a living tissue

The shape of each collenchyma cell is somewhat elongated

Collenchyma cells have a thick wall due to the deposition of hemicellulose and pectin in intercellular spaces

Intercellular spaces may or may not be present in collenchyma

-

There are three types of collenchyma based on the deposition of hemicellulose and pectin:

- Angular collenchyma

- Lacunar collenchyma

- Plate or lamellar collenchyma

Angular collenchyma have a thick cell wall at the corner of the cell, does not have intercellular space.

Lacunar collenchyma have a thick cell wall at the border of the cell, has intercellular space.

Plate or Lamellar Collenchyma have a thick cell wall at tangential wall, does not have intercellular space.

-

Functions of collenchyma:

Collenchyma provides mechanical support and elasticity to the stems of dicots.

Collenchyma has chloroplasts, therefore it can carry out photosynthesis.

Provides strength and flexibility to the plant body.

diagram

=====

Sclerenchyma is made up of dead cells.

The shape of sclerenchyma cells are elongated and pointed at both ends.

The cell wall of sclerenchyma is thick and lignified, it encloses an empty cavity called 'Lumen'

Sclerenchyma cells lack protoplasm.

Sclerenchyma provides strength and rigidity to the plant body.

-

There are two types of sclerenchyma:

- Fibers

- Sclereids

Fibers are thick walled, elongates, spindle shaped dead cells with pointed ends.

Cell walls enclose narrow lumen with simple round pits and lignified secondary wall.

Present in xylem, phloem, cortex and pericycle.

They made up the covering of fruits.

Fibers provide mechanical support.

There are three types of fibers:

- Surface Fibers: On fruit wall + seed coat (ex: coconut)

- Wood fibers: associated w xylem

- Bast fibers: associated w phloem, cortex, and pericycle.

Sclereids are very thick walled cells with either spherical, ovular, or dumbbell shape.

They are also called stone cells.

Sclereid cell wall has simple pits.

Present in hard part of plants and the pulp of fruit.

Provide local mechanical support.

5 Types based on shape:

- Stone cells: Isodiametric, similar to parenchyma in shape.

- Macrosclereids: Rod like shape

- Osteo sclereids: Bone like shape

- Astro sclereids: Star like shape

- Filiform sclereids: Hair like elongated cell with branches

-

Functions of Sclerenchyma:

Sclerenchyma is made up of dead and lignified cells which provides mechanical support.

Provides hardness to stony fruits like nuts, coconut, almond etc.

---

Complex Tissues ---

Complex permanent tissues are composed of 2 or more types of cells

All the cells contribute to a common function.

They are aka vascular tissues.

Vascular tissues are primarily associated with conduction of water, minerals, and food in plants.

There are 2 types of vascular tissues: xylem and phloem

===

Xylem

Primary function of xylem is to conduct water and minerals from the roots to leaves.

Additional function involves providing mechanical support. (secondary xylem)

-

Two types of xylem: primary and secondary.

Primary xylem:

- Xylem in primary plant body

- Developed from pro-cambium

- Organized as bundles along with phloem

- Main function: water and mineral conduction

- 2 types: protoxylem + metaxylem

Secondary xylem:

- Xylem in secondary plant body

- Developed from vascular cambium

- Main function is the same

- Additional function: provide mechanical support.

-

Elements of Xylem: Tracheids, Vessels, Xylem fibers, and Xylem parenchyma.

Tracheids:

- Elongated tube like cells occurring along the long axis of the plant.

- Cells are devoid of protoplast, and hence is a dead component.

- Has a cavity, an empty lumen, and tapering ends.

- Round or polyhedral in cross-section.

- Average cell length is 5-6mm

- The most primitive and fundamental element in xylem element, found in the fossils of seed-plants.

- In modern plants they occur predominately in lower vascular plants, pteridophytes and gymnosperms

- Has secondary cell wall which is hard, thick and extremely lignified.

- Secondary walls are deposited in different patterns:

- annular: rings, most primitive

- spiral: helical spirals

- scalariform: ladder like

- reticulate: net like

- pitted: pits evenly distributed all over

Vessels:

- Aka trachea

- short dead cells devoid of protoplast

- have hard and lignified cell-wall

- forms a row of cylindrical cells arranged in longitudinal series like a tube.

- Each cell has perforation at the end walls, rarely occur on the lateral walls

- Distinct ‘perforate’ bodies makes translocation of solutes easy.

- Perforations remain either mostly in parallel series like bars called scalariform perforation, or in a network known as reticulate perforation, or even may form a group of circular holes called foraminate perforation.

- The perforation occurs in form of a single large circle, referred to as simple perforation

- Has various types of secondary thickenings such as:

- annular, spiral, scalariform, reticulate or pitted.

- The pits are mostly of bordered types.

- Present in angiosperms, usually absent in pteridophytes and gymnosperms.

- Does not occur in some parasitic and aquatic plants.

Xylem Fibers:

- Also called xylary fibers

- Fibers are very much elongated, dead cells with thick lignified cell walls.

- Primarily give mechanical support.

- Two types: fiber traeheids and libriform fibers.

- Fiber tracheids are intermediate forms between fibers and tracheids, have bordered pits.

- Libriform fibers are narrow with highly thickened secondary wall, have simple pits.

- Gelatinous fibers in tension wood are a type of xylem fiber.

Xylem Parenchyma:

- Living cells w cytoplasm + prominent nucleus

- Cells are thin-walled, lignified secondary wall absent.

- Parenchyma in secondary xylem rarely undergoes secondary growth.

- Two types: Axial parenchyma + Ray parenchyma

- Meant for storage of starch and fatty food, tannins, crystals, etc.

- They are involved in conduction of water and solutes and mechanical support.

===

Phloem

Primary function is to transport food to the different parts of the plant body

2 types of phloem: Primary (dev from pro-cambium during 1' growth) + secondary (dev from vascular cambium during 2' growth).

4 elements: Sieve elements, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, phloem fibers and sclereids.

-

Sieve Elements: divides into sieve tubes and sieve cells.

Sieve Cells:

- Less specialized and more primitive than tubes

- Occur in lower vascular plants and gymnosperms

- Narrow elongated cells with steeply inclined end walls

- Sieve areas are located on the lateral walls and very rarely at the end walls.

Sieve Tubes:

- More specialized and advanced than cells.

- Occurs in angiosperms

- Long tube-like structures formed arranged in longitudinal series.

- end-walls of Sieve tube are perforated in a sieve-like manner.

- The perforated end-walls are called the sieve plates.

- Through sieve plates, cytoplasm connections are established between adjacent cells.

Companion Cells:

- Occurs abundantly in angiosperms, particularly in the monocotyledons, absent in some primitive dicotyledons.

- Pro-cambial mother cell divides longitudinally into two daughter cells, one of which serves as the sieve element and the other one becomes the companion cell.

- Hence companion cell is considered as sister cell to sieve tube.

- Companion cells remains associated with the sieve tubes of angiosperms

- These are smaller cells, having dense cytoplasm and prominent nuclei without starch grains.

- The wall between the sieve tube and companion cell is thin and provided with primary pit fields.

- Function: controls the activity of sieve tube.

Phloem Parenchyma:

- Occurs in both primary and secondary phloem

- Thin walled living cells

- Have primary pit fields

- Some parenchyma cells store starch.

- Two types: Axial and Ray parenchyma

Phloem Sclerenchyma:

- Aka Phloem fibers or Bast fibers

- Sclerenchyma of phloem

- Dead cells with lignified cell wall

- Have simple or slightly bordered pits.

- Septate fibers occurs in Vitis

- In some plants, phloem fibers are very long.

- rare in pteridophytes and some spermatophytes

- Provides mechanical strength to the plant.

- Used for the manufacture of ropes and cords.

[selamat-linting]

related to last rb but a few years ago i was reading a book about an indonesian anarchist's analysis on indigenous cultures here and there is this bit of a thread that interests me.

its about how ethnic groupings and cultural traditions slowly become incorporated with the capitalist state the moment people and the communities pursue friendly relations or try to live with the government to the point that their identity is eventually homogenized and reduced to be synonymous with the state with a bunch of sanitized and hollow cultural signifiers of their ancestors' ethnic group.

to tell you the truth, i actually have a little issue with this. a lot of ethnic identities are tied to the monarchies that stood before colonization. theyre already friendly with the state. not every ethnic groups are like dayak where you can argue they're principally anarchist (plus it kind of has the unfortunate implications that there is no way to preserve your culture in a way that matters if you intermix and mingle with people outside of your ethnicity). but also, as a disparate bunch of islands and regions, it was dutch colonialism that forcibly tied everything together to give it a national identity.

but i don't think the concerns were stupid. its true that the indonesian state as it is now, uses indigenous cultural symbols and do token lip service about diversity between ethnic and religious groups while oppressing and stealing lands to be used as projects like food estate or mining sites or palm oil plantations. and its not just a matter of corruption, food estate farms usually plant rice in places where the climates are bad for it and where the people living around it doesn't even consume rice as their primary staple foods. and when the projects fail, the farmers sometimes default on palm oil because there is a national and international market for it, then indigenous communities suffer because their source of livelihood and food are gone. and in the case of mining sites, most of the goods and profits aren't even landing to the pockets to the national bourgeoise lol. yes theyre still rich beyond imagining and oppress people but its the people (and i mean people as a whole, including the poor ones) of the imperial core that gets cheap phones and electronics and building materials.

there's also certain regions where the relationship to the indonesian state are downright colonial. like west papua, horribly militarized and exploited for resources with barely any government spending given for the people and "transmigration" programs sending non-papuans to live in the "unused lands" there (fyi transmigration programs isnt a new thing).

interestingly, i also read in another book about the history of communist movements here that notes that we were actually developing a shared national identity organically during 1945-1955, as we were fresh off independence and were spearheading non-block movements and there was widespread literacy programs and multiple party-affiliated recreation clubs. there was an anecdote that a lot of people were given "revolutionary" sounding names, and when people do small talk, they asked of your party affiliation instead of whats your ethnic group. it wasnt until suharto rose to power that he began the campaign of rewriting a revisionist history where the anti colonial movement was mostly a win from military defense with barely any political or ideological battles occuring, and somewhat reviving the concept of ethnic groups being important to the national identity of indonesians (see the troubled development of taman mini indonesia), even though said concept is horrifically outdated since it was mostly politically relevant before dutch colonialism. and of course we have to mention that suharto's time as president is noted even in civics class textbooks as "java-centric", which probably explains why some javanese people are Weird™ about other ethnic groups, if you know what i mean?

but eh, whatever, im just yapping. im tired man i have to like, write this article to my org about the election and it has to be done soon and i had to explain for the 90th time to people who is not even a good prospect for the org about how uu perampasan aset is just a stupid distraction to make ppl believe prabowo is handling corruption but those damn pesky legislative government bodies are just too damn corrupt (implying that the president should have more power here with no checks and balances)

[reasoningdaily]

King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa

King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa

In the late 1890s, Edmund Dene Morel, a young British shipping company agent, noticed something strange about the cargoes of his company's ships as they arrived from and departed for the Congo, Leopold II's vast new African colony. Incoming ships were crammed with valuable ivory and rubber. Outbound ships carried little more than soldiers and firearms.

Correctly concluding that only slave labor on a vast scale could account for these cargoes, Morel resigned from his company and almost singlehandedly made Leopold's slave-labor regime the premier human rights story in the world. Thousands of people packed hundreds of meetings throughout the United States and Europe to learn about Congo atrocities. Two courageous black Americans - George Washington Williams and William Sheppard - risked much to bring evidence to the outside world. Roger Casement, later hanged by Britain as a traitor, conducted an eye-opening investigation of the Congo River stations.

Sailing into the middle of the story was a young steamboat officer named Joseph Conrad. And looming over all was Leopold II, King of the Belgians, sole owner of the only private colony in the world.

Reviewer Comment:

This is a tragic history of the Belgian Congo at the turn of the 19th century as the Scramble for Africa began. Adam Hochschild is an American writer and journalist for the New Yorker, NY Times, NY Review of Books and Times Literary Supplement. His work has combined history with human rights advocacy. The events in this book are a shameful chapter in the era of colonialism, of which there were many. It is portrait of Leopold likely to inspire loathing in any who reads it. Beside an account of a colony, it archives the lives of activists who fought to free it. In 1482 Portuguese sailors braved the ocean beyond the Canary Islands and discovered a fresh water flow off the coast of Central Africa. Following a silt trail, fighting a fast current, they found the mouth of a vast river. Nine years later priests and emissaries arrived and began the first European settlement in a black African kingdom. Small scale slavery existed but a booming slave trade developed with the Americas to grow cotton and cane. During the 19th century slavery was abolished in Britain and America yet continued in Afro-Arab commerce. Leopold II (1835-1909) was the King of the Belgians and obsessed with obtaining colonies. He studied records of conquistadores in Seville, sailed to India, Ceylon, Burma and Java noting lucrative concerns. Plantations depended on forced labor to lift profits and civilize the lazy natives. He looked at land in Brazil, Argentina, Phillipines and Taiwan. Frustrated in these attempts he focused his sights on Africa. Humanitarian pretenses of freeing Africa from slavery and bringing enlightenment to the Dark Continent disguised his dreams of ivory and rubber.

Henry Morton Stanley led a Dickensonian life. Abandoned to a poorhouse as a child he sailed to America and became a soldier in the Civil War, first for the Confederacy and then for the Union. He became a newspaper correspondent and tracked down explorer David Livingstone during his search for the source of the Nile. Returning to Africa in 1874 to map the waterways of the interior he discovered the source of the Congo River. Upon reaching the Atlantic he was hired by Leopold to establish trading posts and railroads and force tribal leaders to cede land. King Leopold and an American ambassador formed fake philanthropic associations for evangelism and scientific study of the region. In 1884 he lobbied the US to recognize the Congo Free State, in reality a colony owned by himself. Post-Civil War politicians were interested in sending freed slaves back to Africa. The area annexed was as large as the land east of the Mississippi while Belgium was half the size of West Virginia. In diplomatic deals France and Germany fell into line and Britain became invested. The challenge was to carry steamboats over the falls. By 1890 trading stations had been secured. Elephants were hunted by conscripted natives or their ivory simply seized. Vacant land was leased to private companies with shares of the profit retained. Legions of Africans were used as porters through jungles chained by the neck. So many were needed agents began to purchase them from the slave traders they purported to abolish. Security officers of the Free State were Europeans, half from Belgium, with soldiers drawn from the Congo. They chose to join the conquerors, their spears and muskets no match for machine guns. Leopold's agents set up orphanages run by Catholic missions to train future troops. Captured women were kept in harems by agents or held hostage to coerce their men to harvest rubber. Discipline was enforced with the whip and counted in severed hands of dead rebels. To exact penalties entire villages were often burned down. The human toll over a quarter century is not known for certain but is estimated at 10 million, or half of the population. The causes included murder, starvation and disease (due to inhuman working conditions) and lowered birth rates. Joseph Conrad was briefly a steamboat pilot on the Congo, his novel 'Heart of Darkness' a depiction of what he saw. Displays of decapitated heads were not only a metaphorical critique of colonialism. Black Americans G.W. Williams, a polymath, and W.H. Sheppard, a missionary, exposed the conditions in 1890. Few voices of natives were recorded but are included where possible. In 1898 British shipping clerk E. D. Morel and Irish diplomat R. Casement suspected forced labor and began campaigns. Mark Twain and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle wrote exposés on Leopold. As opinion turned Leopold waged propaganda wars. Self-appointed commission reports criticized his regime. The only option was to sell Congo to Belgium; self rule was unthinkable. In 1908 Leopold was given a billion dollar bonus and billions remained in his name. Wild rubber was replaced with farms. Atrocities declined but forced labor persisted. Head taxes kept people in plantations and mines before independence in 1960. PM Lumumba, seen as hostile to business, was shot with Belgian and US assistance and replaced by kleptocrat Mobuto until 1997.

CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD THIS BOOK FROM THE BLACK TRUEBRARY

[salantami]

Lombok, Indonesia

living in Lombok Island

Lombok is an Indonesian island east of Bali and west of Sumbawa, part of the Lesser Sunda Island chain. 

Lombok is a treasure trove of natural wonders and unique wildlife. The island is home to the second highest volcano in Indonesia, Mount Rinjani, boasting a stunning crater lake called Segara Anak at its summit. Trekking up this majestic mountain is a must for nature enthusiast

Lombok island is relatively safe. While economically less thriving compared to Java or Bali, Lombok offers unique island atmosphere, the western and middle part which closer to Bali has sizeable Hindu population, and some sites along Mountain Riniani offers fantastic hiking and trekking over the weekend.

The eastern part is dominantly Muslims and home to stretches of tobacco plantation

[fatehbaz]

There is a direct connection between the expansion of [...] new [coffee] consumer culture in Europe [...] and the expansion of plantation slavery in the Caribbean. [...] [S]lave-based coffee was more important to the Dutch [Netherlands] economy than previously [acknowledged] [...]. [T]he phenomenal growth of [plantation slavery in] Saint Domingue [the French colony of Haiti] was partly made possible by the export market along the Rhine that was opened up by the Dutch Republic. [...] [E]arly in the eighteenth century, the Dutch and French began production in their respective West Indian colonies [...]. [C]offee was still a very exclusive product in Europe. [...] From the late 1720s, [...] in the Netherlands [...] coffee was especially widespread [...]. From the late 1750s the volume of Atlantic coffee production [...] increased significantly. It was at that time that the habit of drinking coffee spread further inland [...] [especially] in Rhineland Germany [...] [and] inland Germany [due to Dutch shipments via the river].

Although its consumption may not have been as widespread as the tea-sugar complex in Britain, there certainly was a similar ‘coffee-sugar complex’ in continental Europe [...] spread during the eighteenth century [...]. The total amount of coffee imported to Europe (excluding the Italian [...] trade) was less than 4 million pounds per year during 1723–7 and rose to almost 100 million pounds per year around 1788 [...]. In 1790 [...] almost half of the value of [Dutch] exports over the Rhine [to Germany] was coffee. [...]

---

The rising prices in the 1760s encouraged more investment in coffee in Dutch Guiana and the start of new plantations in Saint Domingue [Haiti]. Production in Saint Domingue skyrocketed and surpassed all the others, so that this colony provided 60% of all the coffee in the world by 1789. [Necessitating more slave labor. The Haitian revolution would manifest about a decade later.] [...]

In French historiography, the ‘Dutch problems’ are considered to be the slave revolts (the Boni-maroon wars) [at Dutch plantations]. [...] France made use of the Dutch ‘troubles’ to expand its market share and coffee production in Saint Domingue [Haiti], which accelerated at an exponential rate. [...]

---

[T]he Dutch Guianas [were] producing over a third of the coffee consumed in Europe [...] [by] 1767. [...] The Dutch flooded the Rhine region with coffee and sugar, creating a lasting demand for both commodities, as the two are typically consumed together. [...] [T]he history of the slave-based coffee production in Surinam and Saint Domingue [Haiti] was pivotal in starting the mass consumption of coffee in Europe. [...] Slave-based coffee production was also crucial [...] in Brazil during the 'second slavery', where slavery existed on an enormous scale and was reshaped in the world's biggest coffee producing country [later] during the nineteenth century. [...] The Dutch merchant-bankers organised coffee investment, enslavement, and planting and selling; [all] while not leaving the town of Amsterdam [...].

[This market] expansion ends in crisis [...] - a crisis caused by uprisings and revolutions, most notably, the Haitian one. Yet Germans still liked coffee. And the Dutch colonial merchant-banker[s] [...] learned something about [...] production, and perhaps also something about the role of the state in labour control: as soon as they could, they sent Johannes van der Bosch [Dutch governor-general of the East Indies] to Surinam and Java in order to solve the labour issues and expand the colonial production of coffee [by imposing in Java the notoriously brutal cultuurstelsel "enforced planting" regime, followed later by the "Coolie Ordinance" laws allowing plantation owners to discipline "disobedient" workers, with millions of workers on Java plantations, lasting into the twentieth century].

---

Text above by: Tamira Combrink. "Slave-based coffee in the eighteenth-century and the role of the Dutch in global commodity chains". Slavery & Abolition Volume 42 (2021), Issue 1: Europe and Slavery: Revisiting the Impact of Slave-Based Activities on European Economies, 1500-1850, Guest Editors: Tamira Combrik and Matthias van Rossum, pages 15-42. Published online 28 February 2021. DOI at: doi dot org slash 10.1080/0144039X . 2020 . 1860465 [Bold emphasis and some paragraph breaks/contractions added by me. All of that italicized text within brackets was added by me for clarity and context; apologies to Combrink. Presented here for commentary, teaching, criticism.]

[postcard-from-the-past]

Javanese women on a coffee plantation, Java, Indonesia

Dutch vintage postcard

[reelkopi]

Kawisari Coffee Plantation: Exploring Indonesia’s Oldest Coffee Heritage  

 Introduction   Nestled in the lush highlands of East Java, Kawisari Coffee Plantation holds a significant place in Indonesia’s coffee history. Kawisari is recognized as one of the oldest coffee plantations in the country. It has been cultivating coffee since the Dutch colonial era. This makes it a living testament to Indonesia’s rich coffee heritage.   Women picking at a coffee plantation,…

[dhuripraful]

Planning a Chikmagalur Trip? These Resorts Will Make It Unforgettable

Nestled in the heart of Karnataka, Chikmagalur is a serene hill station known for its rolling coffee plantations, misty hills, and tranquil landscapes. Whether you're seeking a quiet retreat, a romantic weekend, or an adventure-packed holiday, Chikmagalur offers the perfect setting. What makes the experience truly unforgettable is choosing the right place to stay. From luxurious resorts to rustic homestays, this destination has something for every kind of traveler.

If you're planning a Chikmagalur trip soon, here are some of the best Chikmagalur resorts that promise comfort, charm, and a taste of nature like nowhere else.

1. The Serai Chikmagalur – Luxury Amidst Coffee Plantations

The Serai is one of the most popular luxury resorts in Chikmagalur. Set within a private coffee estate, this property offers a blend of opulence and serenity. Private villas with plunge pools, fine dining experiences, and spa treatments make this resort ideal for honeymooners or couples looking for a pampered stay. The views of lush greenery and the aroma of coffee all around add to the unforgettable experience.

2. Trivik Resorts – A Hilltop Haven

If you’re after panoramic views of the Western Ghats, Trivik Resorts is your go-to choice. Situated atop a hill, the resort offers spacious rooms with floor-to-ceiling windows, private balconies, and luxurious interiors. With gourmet dining and nature trails, it's perfect for families and couples alike. Its location makes it one of the best Chikmagalur resorts for travelers looking to unwind in nature’s lap.

3. Java Rain Resort – Where Nature Meets Modern Design

Java Rain combines modern aesthetics with raw nature. Located close to Mullayanagiri – the highest peak in Karnataka – this resort boasts villa-style accommodation with breathtaking views. The infinity pool overlooking the valley is a favorite among guests. Whether you're sipping locally brewed coffee or enjoying a candlelit dinner under the stars, your stay here will be nothing short of magical.

4. River Tern Lodge – For the Wildlife Enthusiast

Located on the edge of the Bhadra Tiger Reserve, River Tern Lodge is ideal for nature and wildlife lovers. The cottages offer scenic views of the Bhadra backwaters, and guests can enjoy activities like birdwatching, kayaking, and wildlife safaris. This eco-resort is an excellent option for travelers seeking adventure without compromising on comfort.

5. Coffee Grove Resort – A Budget-Friendly Gem

For those who want a great experience without breaking the bank, Best Homestays in Karnataka Coffee Grove Resort is a fantastic choice. Surrounded by greenery and offering basic yet comfortable amenities, this resort is family-friendly and perfect for short weekend getaways. Guests can explore nearby attractions like Hirekolale Lake and coffee plantations.

[artisanteseo]

Brew Like a Pro: Discover the Best Coffee Beans in India with Artisante

Coffee isn’t just a beverage — it’s a ritual, a mood-setter, and for many, the fuel that powers daily ambition. But every rich cup starts with one essential ingredient: exceptional coffee beans. At Artisante, we believe that the journey to a perfect brew begins with the best coffee beans in India, handpicked from farms that know how to cultivate quality, not just quantity.

The Secret’s in the Source : Artisante partners with local plantations nestled in the coffee-rich regions of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, where altitude, soil, and shade-grown practices blend together to create a bean like no other. These beans are harvested with care, sorted with precision, and roasted in small batches to ensure freshness and depth in every sip.

Why Artisante’s Coffee Beans Stand Out : Single-Origin Goodness: No blends that dilute the experience. We offer beans sourced from single estates to preserve the integrity of flavor.Hand-Roasted Freshness: Each batch is artisan-roasted, bringing out complex notes of chocolate, citrus, or spice—depending on the variant you choose.Sustainably Sourced: Our farmers are paid fair prices, and our beans are grown with respect for the environment.Brew Like a Barista at Home : Whether you’re a pour-over purist, a French press fan, or a moka pot maven, Artisante’s coffee beans are made to shine through any method. With medium to dark roasts, they deliver a full-bodied experience, striking the perfect balance between boldness and smoothness.From the Hills to Your Cup : When you choose Artisante, you're not just buying coffee — you're investing in a story. A story that begins in misty hill farms, journeys through meticulous roasting, and ends in a warm mug between your hands.

Explore our curated collection of premium Indian coffee beans at Artisante.in and take your brewing game to the next level. Because good mornings start with great beans.

Best Healthy Hot Chocolate Options You Can Explore From Artisante’s Collection :

Are you a hot chocolate fan, then below are the healthy hot chocolate options you can explore of Artisante which are as follows :

Java City Blend Coffee

Crafted for true coffee lovers, this aromatic blend offers a rich, full-bodied flavor with smooth, chocolatey notes and a hint of nuttiness. Perfect for your morning ritual or a midday pick-me-up, Java City Blend promises a café-style experience right at home. Freshly roasted and packed with care, it's a must-try for anyone who craves quality in every cup. And if you wish to try Artisante’s Java City Coffee Blend then you can find it at best coffee beans in india.      

Monsoon Malabar

Renowned for its bold, earthy flavor and low acidity, this unique coffee is monsoon-aged to perfection, giving it a rich, mellow profile with hints of spice and chocolate. Ideal for those who love a deep, intense brew, Monsoon Malabar offers a taste of tradition with every aromatic cup. Freshly roasted and packed for true coffee connoisseurs. And if you wish to try Artisante’s Monsoon Malabar then you can find it at best coffee beans in india.           

Mysore Nuggets

Sourced from the finest estates of Karnataka, this premium Arabica brew is celebrated for its large beans, smooth body, and rich, chocolatey flavor with floral notes. Crafted for true coffee enthusiasts, Mysore Nuggets promises a luxurious and aromatic coffee experience in every sip. And if you wish to try Artisante’s Mysore Nuggests then you can find it at best coffee beans in india.     

Apart from the above best coffee beans in india, there are many other options in terms of almond butter dark chocolate. And when it comes to chocolates there are only some fine brands who cater your demands in a right way. And Artisante is a one-stop solution when it comes to best dark chocolate in india online, buy chocolate gift boxes, buy vegan chocolate online india & artisante chocolates that you can explore on their website.

To Know More: https://artisante.in/collections/buy-best-coffee-beans-powder-online-india

[iisuniversityiisuniversity]

How Students Can Build a Strong Resume During College Life

Building a strong resume is one of the most important things for students who dream of getting a good job or going for higher studies. A resume is like a mirror that shows who you are – your skills, qualifications, and achievements. In today’s competitive world, just having a degree is not enough. Students must focus on improving their personality, gaining skills, and getting experiences that make their resume strong and attractive.

In this blog, we will discuss how students can build a strong resume during their college life with the help of smart planning and hard work. These tips are useful for everyone, especially girls who are studying in top institutions like the Best Girls University in Jaipur or even in colleges across India. Let’s explore how you can make your resume stand out.

1. Focus on Academic Excellence

The first thing that employers or admission officers notice is your academic record. So, it is important to keep your marks and grades high from the beginning. Regular study, attending lectures, and participating in class can help improve your knowledge and performance. Students in the Top Girls University in Jaipur often score well because they take their academics seriously. A strong academic background shows that you are hardworking and disciplined.

2. Learn Communication Skills

Good communication is one of the most powerful skills you can have. Whether it's writing emails, giving presentations, or participating in group discussions, your ability to speak and write clearly matters a lot. You can join English speaking classes, take part in debates or write for your school or college magazine. Strong communication skills not only help in interviews but also improve your confidence.

3. Do Internships and Training Programs

Doing internships while studying is very helpful. Internships give you real-life experience in working with professionals. They also show that you are serious about your career. Choose internships in fields related to your interest – it could be in marketing, teaching, science labs, media, or even IT. Many students from the Best University in Jaipur take internships seriously, and it helps them build a resume full of practical experience.

4. Participate in Extracurricular Activities

A strong resume is not just about academics. You also need to show that you are a well-rounded person. Join clubs, sports, music, dance, or drama activities. Taking part in such activities helps you develop leadership, teamwork, and time management skills. Students from the Top University in Jaipur often have a good balance between studies and extracurriculars, which gives their resumes a positive touch.

5. Develop Technical and Soft Skills

Today’s job market needs people who have both technical and soft skills. Technical skills depend on your subject. For example, if you are from a computer background, learn programming languages like Python or Java. If you are from commerce, learn Excel, Tally, or accounting software. Along with this, soft skills like teamwork, problem-solving, leadership, and emotional intelligence are equally important.

You can learn these skills through online courses, workshops, or by attending special training programs. Many top colleges including the Best Girls University in India offer such training to their students so that they are job-ready.

6. Volunteer or Do Social Work

Social work adds great value to your resume. It shows that you care about society and have a responsible nature. You can work with NGOs, take part in cleanliness drives, teach poor children, or help in tree plantation. These small steps show that you are active in community work and have a kind heart. Many employers and universities respect students who do social work.

7. Write Your Achievements and Projects Clearly

When you make your resume, don’t forget to include your school and college achievements. This can be awards, certificates, or recognitions you received. Also mention any group or individual projects you have completed. For example, a science exhibition project, research work, or presentations.

Make sure you write your projects and achievements in simple words and highlight the result. For example, if your team won first prize in a business model competition, write it proudly.

8. Create a Professional Resume Format

Presentation matters. A clean and simple format always looks better. Use bullet points, clear headings, and easy-to-read fonts. Don’t use too many colours or designs. Keep the resume short – one or two pages. Also, always keep your contact details like phone number and email updated.

Many students take help from college workshops or career counsellors to learn how to make resumes. Colleges like the Top Girls University in India often hold resume-building sessions to help students prepare better.

9. Take Certifications and Online Courses

Today, there are many free and paid online courses available on websites like Coursera, Udemy, and Skillshare. You can take short courses in digital marketing, data science, AI, graphic design, and many more subjects.

These certificates improve your knowledge and also look impressive on your resume. It shows that you are curious to learn more and use your time productively. Students from the Best Girls University in India regularly take such courses to gain extra knowledge and get an edge over others.

10. Get Guidance from Mentors or Seniors

Lastly, talk to your teachers, seniors, or professionals in your field to get guidance. They can help you understand what to include in your resume and how to present yourself better. A mentor can also help you choose the right career path and prepare you for interviews.

Learning from someone who has experience always gives you better clarity. Don’t hesitate to ask for help – it's a smart move, not a weak one.

Conclusion

Building a resume is not something you do at the last moment. It starts from your very first year in college. Everything you do – from learning, exploring, participating, to volunteering – becomes a part of your resume. So, make every moment count.

Students studying in top institutions like the Top Girls University in Jaipur or the Best University in Jaipur already get the environment and guidance to do well. But even if you are studying anywhere in India, you can still build a strong resume by following these steps. Remember, your resume is your story – make it impressive, meaningful, and full of potential.

Whether you are studying in the Best Girls University in Jaipur or aiming to be a part of the Top Girls University in India, these tips will help you grow into a confident and career-ready individual.