#lahar flow

[ricisidro]

Kanlaon Volcano in Negros Occidental, Philippines spewed thick plume at the height of 3,000 meters on December 9, 2024.

It's now the most active volcano in the country under Alert Level 3.

The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology

(PHIVOLCS) advised residents to stay away from the volcano and evacuate within the 6-kilometer radius of the volcano.

Stay Safe.

[aconcernedgp]

Fun volcano fact

Did you know?

Although Lava is the most notable part of a Volcanic Eruption, they're usually the least deadly part.

Other Less notable (but way more deadly things) that come from Volcanoes are:

Pyroclastic Flows, massive rolling mixtures of Ash, Tephra, Rocks and Boulders that move extremely fast and will kill you

Volcanic Bombs, the term given to Boulders that are violently thrown off the sides of Volcanoes that weigh in tons and can crush literally anything they land on (very unpredictable)

Ash itself, which, although it doesn't seem threatening, they can suffocate you if you're outdoors, cover hundreds of square miles, suffocate all life in their area, and even if you're inside, your building's roof can collapse because only 5cm of buildup on a roof is equivalent to a massive slab of rock

Lahars, which are flash floods mixed with ash and sharp rocks that come from melted ice. they happen extremely quickly, can drown you, are like a massive attack of shiny knives, destroy tons of infrastructure and contaminate water supplies

Don't fuck around with volcanoes they will kill you and you wont expect it

[medievalmintbark]

Pyroclastic flow guy from earlier is kinda wrong, Mt. St. Helens wasn't very deadly and most of the damage wasn't caused by pyroclastic flow. Only 57 people died, and most of those were from the mountain exploding directly sideways. The pyroclastic flow barely impacted the area compared to the lateral blast. The reason so few people died is because everyone left before the mountain blew up :)

why didn't they just leave pompeii when the volcano erupted? were they stupid?

[tinylongwing]

1, 2: Balancing rocks formed by two separate lava flows - a cooler flow below, a hotter lahar above. The hot lahar layer erodes more slowly than the layer below, leaving pillars carved by millions of years of erosion with little capstones on top that have protected the softer rock below them.

3. Frozen waterfall found in the stand of ponderosa pines at the base of the lake in photos 1 and 2.

[bettergeology]

As seems to happen fairly regularly, I found myself in the John Day Fossil Beds again, leading and helping out with geology hikes through the hills.

The particular topics I wanted people to get out of this hike was the relationship between rock strength and landscape shape. See the round, symmetric hill in the center of the above photo? It is made of almost unconsolidated (soft) clay and silt with very low strength. Below it is a cliff ledge of much harder rock, an ancient lahar (volcanic mudflow) which turned to concrete-like stone after flowing down an ancient river valley. This harder rock sits directly below the soft clay, holding it up.

Even in places where rocks and hills all look roughly the same, as in this part of Oregon, there is often incredible nuance to be found within the landscape.

[beardedmrbean]

A volcano in eastern Indonesia spewed a colossal ash tower into the sky on Tuesday, after officials raised the alert level to the highest of a four-tiered system.

Mount Lewotobi Laki-Laki, a 1,584-metre-high twin-peaked volcano on the tourist island of Flores, erupted at 5:35 pm local time (0935 GMT), the volcanology agency said in a statement.

"The height of the eruption column was observed at approximately 10,000 metres above the summit. The ash column was observed to be grey with thick intensity," it said, after the alert level was raised.

There were no immediate reports of damages or casualties.

Geology agency head Muhammad Wafid said residents and tourists should avoid carrying out any activities within at least seven kilometres of the volcano's crater.

But he warned of the possibility of hazardous lahar floods –- a type of mud or debris flow of volcanic materials –- if heavy rain occurs, particularly for communities near to rivers.

He also urged residents to wear face masks to protect themselves from volcanic ash.

National Disaster Mitigation Agency (BNPB) spokesman Abdul Muhari said in a statement late Tuesday that at least one village had to evacuate, without providing numbers, and ash rain was reported in several villages outside the exclusion zone.

The spokesman called on residents around the volcano "to evacuate to safe locations" as tremors were still being detected, which indicated ongoing volcanic activity.

Mount Lewotobi Laki-Laki erupted multiple times in November, killing nine people and forcing thousands to evacuate, as well as the cancellation of scores of international flights to Bali.

There were no immediate reports of cancelled flights after Tuesday's eruption.

Laki-Laki, which means man in Indonesian, is twinned with the calmer but taller 1,703-metre (5,587-foot) volcano named Perempuan, after the Indonesian word for woman.

Indonesia, a vast archipelago nation, experiences frequent seismic and volcanic activity due to its position on the Pacific "Ring of Fire".

[24worldnewsnet]

Bali flights cancelled after Indonesia volcano eruptsLewotobi Laki-Laki began spewing volcanic materials on TuesdaySeveral flights to and from the Indonesian resort island of Bali have been cancelled or delayed after one of country's most active volcanoes erupted.Mount Lewotobi Laki-Laki on the island of Flores spewed an ash tower more than 11 km (6.8mi) into the sky at 17:35 local time (10:35 BST) on Tuesday, the country's volcanology agency said.There have not been any reports of casualties. Authorities have raised the highest alert level and advised residents to avoid activities within a 7km radius around the crater.Air India, Air New Zealand, Jetstar, Juneyao Airlines, Singapore Airlines and Virgin Australia were among those that have cancelled flights to and from Bali, located west of Flores.Another view of the eruptionFlight data from I Gusti Ngurah Rai International Airport at noon on Wednesday showed that over 20 flights have been cancelled due to the volcano.Several domestic AirAsia flights leaving for Flores have also been cancelled. The twin-peaked volcano erupted multiple times in November, killing nine people and forcing thousands to flee. Geology agency head Muhammad Wafid warned of potential lahar floods - a type of mud or debris flow of volcanic materials - if heavy rain occurs.Residents were also urged to wear face masks to protect themselves from volcanic ash.The National Disaster Mitigation Agency said that at least one village had been evacuated, and ash rain was reported in several others outside the exclusion zone.A spokesman called on residents around the volcano "to evacuate to safe locations" as tremors were still being detected, which indicated ongoing volcanic activity.Indonesia sits on the Pacific "Ring of Fire" where tectonic plates collide, causing frequent volcanic activity as well as earthquakes.Lewotobi Laki-laki's last eruption was in May, when authorities also raised the level to the most severe.Laki-Laki, which means "man" in Indonesian, is twinned with the calmer but taller 1,703m named Perempuan, the Indonesian word for "woman".

[mineralsrocksandfossiltalks]

Wordplay Wednesday: Conglomerate

What is a conglomerate? It is a type of sedimentary rock that is characterized by it's rounded gravel, pebble, or cobble-sized grains cemented together by silica, calcite, or iron oxide.

There are many ways in which a conglomerate can be formed. Turbidites are deep marine conglomerates created by turbidity currents.

Many are fluvial in nature and occur in rivers with a high flow rate (immature river systems) such as the Buckhorn Conglomerate of the Cedar Mountain Formation in Utah, USA.

Alluvial fans along mountain fronts tend to make the thickest conglomerates. These are often called fanglomerates.

Debris flows also deposit conglomerates such as the Clarno Formation in John Day National Monument which was deposited by a lahar or volcanic mudslide.

Glaciers create tillites, a very poorly sorted type of conglomerate (no discernable pattern to size or shape of grains).

[zelphafrost]

My pain becomes 

an angry volcano

erupting outward 

pain of being unwanted 

clashing with desire

simmers under the surface 

Old. Sagging face 

sagging everywhere 

Nothing perky. 

Outliving my usefulness

 in a society

 that values youth

 and beauty for women 

Your stares at me 

are dead earth. 

No fire. 

And I feel the conflict 

of still BURNING

for something 

banging against 

the knowledge that 

it is expected 

to not be desired

 in my current form 

The lahar flows

I struggle against 

the boiling river 

to build myself up

But I am drowning 

in scorching water

~ Zelpha Frost 2023 - Birthday Poem

[nature-wants-you-dead]

Lahars

My mind is still on Volcanoes obviously because there is a lot of potential danger, a lot of different dangers. Lava, pyroclastic flows, ash and pumice that can collapse roofs and ground planes.

Volcanoes can throw heavy debris in the air, produce deadly gasses, and burning steam.

Then there are Lahars, volcanic mud flows. Sometimes a snow or glacier covered volcano will erupt and all that melting water goes on a rushing rampage down hill.

How deadly can these get? In 1985 in Colombia the volcano Nevado del Ruiz erupted, sending a lahar careening downhill toward the town of Armero.

20,000 people were killed.

Lava might be flashier, gasses harder to detect, but lahars can really mess things up.

[allthegeopolitics]

Heavy rains and torrents of cold lava and mud flowing down a volcano's slopes on Indonesia’s Sumatra island triggered flash floods that killed at least 37 people and more than a dozen others were missing, officials said Sunday Monsoon rains and a major mudslide from a cold lava flow on Mount Marapi caused a river to breach its banks and tear through mountainside villages in four districts in West Sumatra province just before midnight on Saturday. The floods swept away people and submerged more than 100 houses and buildings, National Disaster Management Agency spokesperson Abdul Muhari said. Cold lava, also known as lahar, is a mixture of volcanic material and pebbles that flow down a volcano’s slopes in the rain.

Continue Reading.

[getblackout503]

Snowflake and Ashes

A Fragora Fic

A Lahar is when ash and snow mix together, typically when a volcano erupts and the ashes mix in with water or mud. But there are other ways to create lahar, such as a harsh battle in the snow. And for the residents of a small village of Clover, this was sadly the case. A group of criminals was tracked down to this village, where their headquarters was found and raided. But these thugs didn’t go without a fight, and soon the whole village was a battlefield. Luckily there were no fatalities and only minor injuries, still the village itself was ruined. Home destroyed, lives possibly ruined. If it weren’t for the magic knights, who shortly after the battle immediately began to rebuild and offer food, temporary housing, and medical help to those in need. And as for Zora, he felt a great duty to help out. Since this village reminded him so much of his home village, and it’s what his father would have done. So currently he was scanning the area, seeing if there was anyone caught under the rubble.

So imagine Zora's surprise when he found a young girl, who could not be any younger than ten, on the ground crying with a scraped knee. It was obvious she had gotten caught in the middle of the battle, and the poor thing was frightened. Zora did what any good knight would do, and went to make sure the kid was alright before taking her to the medical mages.

“Hey kid, you okay?” Zora kneels down, he knew his appearance wasn’t exactly the friendly looking type. So he made sure to talk in a calm tone, so as to not scare the girl.

“M-My knee i-it hurts.” The girl sniffled, she had a bad scrape on her knee. And by the looks of it, it could get infected if he doesn’t take her to the medic in time.

“Alright, I’m going to take you to some nice people. They’ll heal you up.” He went to grab the girl, but she flinched back and Zora couldn’t blame her. Again, he wasn’t the most friendly looking person, and after the whole criminal fiasco, she was probably traumatized. Nonetheless Zora was set on getting this girl some help.

“Hey kid, I know I might seem scary. But see this robe?” Zora pointed to the Black Bull design on his robe. “This means I’m not one of those mean guys, I’m here to help.”

The girl, while still hesitant at first, soon allowed him to gently pick her up, and soon they were making their way to where the camp was set up.

“Once we get there you’ll be seen by a medic, and then they’ll find your parents.” Zora told the girl in an effort to comfort her. They’d been spending a lot of time reuniting families that had been split up in all the chaos, and so far they’ve been very successful.

“Y-you think so Mister…”

“Call me, the awesome super knight Zora.”

The girl looked at him a bit confused.

“Or just Zora,” He gently patted her head. “And as for your question, I don’t doubt it. They’re probably worried sick about you, ya little twerp.”

The girl smiled slightly, and hugged him a bit as the cold winter air flowed.

Once they arrived at the camp Zora walked to the infirmary, while walking there he saw Asta, Liebe and Noelle playing with the kids, Charmy cooking up food for the residents of the village to eat, and Nero reading some book to the kids who didn’t feel like playing. They were doing their part to help out where they could, it wasn’t just the black bulls, members from the Crimson Lions like Leo were out doing patrols in search of other victims, Golden Dawn members such as Mimosa were helping with the medical field, and even the Aqua deer were helping out by providing accommodation such as beds, blankets, and clothing.

Inside the infirmary Zora’s eyes landed on a familiar looking blue haired lady.

“Hey Grey.” Zora walked over to her as she finished healing a man with a broken arm.

“Z-zora.” She greeted him, he and her had been getting along recently after a mission they’d been placed together. In a weird way they enjoyed each other’s company, and have this very odd sibling relationship to the point where sometimes they’ll accidentally introduce themselves as siblings, and after a while just stop bothering to correct themselves.

“I got a little twerp with a scraped knee, think you can help?”

“O-Of course I can.” Grey began to heal the girl's leg.

“Thanks, and you don’t mind if I leave her with you for a bit?”

“Not all Zora,” She responded and smiled at him. “Going to go see her again?”

“What of it?”

“N-Nothing at all.” She giggled, causing Zora to scoff.

“I knew I shouldn’t have taught you how to tease someone.” He then turned to the girl. “My sis here is going to take care of you, I’ll be back with someone to help find your parents. Okay?”

“O-Okay mister Zora.” The girl answered.

Zora made his way out of the infirmary and directly to a few members of the Aqua Deers, currently they were helping people find lost family members so he knew they could help. More specifically one certain member.

“Look, it’s a snowflake in her natural habitat.” The voice of a certain redhead made Fragil turn to his direction.

“Hello to you too Zora.” She walked up to him and planted a kiss on his lips, causing the trickster to turn away, surely blushing under his mask.

“I told you, I don’t like kissing in public.”

“I know, but it’s nice seeing you flustered.” Fragil smiled. Zora didn’t hate kissing her, more so he liked to keep his whole ‘brute’ act up and it was hard if he kissed his lover openly. But when they’re alone together he’s the one who gives the most kisses. “Did you need something?”

“Yeah actually, I found a young girl. She’s currently with Grey getting her knee healed up, mind helping find her folks?”

“Of course, will you take me to her?” Fragil asked.

Both made their ways to the infirmary to find the girl all better.

“Good to see that you’re all better, twerp.” Zora made his presence known, while Fragil nudged him.

“Zora.” She said to him, even though it was just how he referred to people.

The young girl looked at Fragil in awe, she thought she was beautiful and to the two knights they knew.

“Oi twerp, this beauty is Fragil. My future wife.” Zora introduced the girl to a now scarlet Fragil.

“Zora!” Fragil practically yelled.

“What?”

“You don’t say stuff like that!”

“Why not, it’s true isn’t it? We’re gonna get married, find a nice place in the woods to live, and have lots of kids.” Zora said knowing it would make her blush madly, though he meant everything he said. He wanted to marry her and start a family, and Fragil knew that which only made her blush even more. As well as her heart beating rapidly.

“N-nice to meet you, lady Fragil.” The young girl said. This made Fragil come back to the real world, and she kneeled down to the little girl’s level before addressing her.

“Hello darling, mind if i ask for your name?” Fragil asked, she would need a name to be able to find her parents.

”J-Julia, Julia rainer.”

“Well Julia, I promise you as a magic knight that we will find your parents.” She reassured Julia.

Together the three exited the tent, they made their way back to the other aqua deer’s. There were groups of people asking for them to find their loved ones, with the knights writing names down and assuring them they’ll do everything they can.

“Alright dear, you wait here and I’ll find your parents.” Fragil told Julia before turning to Zora. “No funny business.”

“Aw, but that’s the best kind of business.” Zora chuckled at his own joke. “But alright, but expect some tomfoolery.”

Fragil rolled her eyes yet still giggled softly.

“Mister Zora?”

“Yes, twerp?”

“Are you really going to marry lady Fragil?”

“Of course I am, didn’t you hear what I said before? I’m gonna marry her, and have kids just like you.” He booped her nose making her giggle.

Zora smiled warmly under his mask, Julia reminded him of a younger him. So curious and full of life, something he doesn’t have now, since he spends most times napping after doing night patrols. But still, it fills him with hope for the future of clover. And all it takes is them making the right decision today.

“Zora!” He was dragged out of his thoughts by Fragils voice.

“Yeah?”

“Bring Julia, her parents are here!” She called out, and at the mention of the girl’s parents they made their way immediately.

“Julia!”

“We’re so glad you’re okay!” Both her parents hugged her and held her closely. Meanwhile Zora and Fragil watched, with the latter having a warm smile on her face. As they watched the small family together Zora wrapped an arm around her and pulled her close to him for their own hug.

“Lovely family aren’t they?” Zora asked.

“Yeah, yeah they are.” She responded.

“Want one?”

The question got her flustered.

“Again with the marriage thing?”

“Well?”

She huffed but kissed him.

“Soon, my love.” She told him before kissing him once again.

“Mister Zora, Miss Fragil.” Both turned to see Julia looking at them. “Thank you, so very much.”

“Hey, don’t mention twerp.” Zora told her.

“Will I see you guys again?” Julia asked with a hopeful look in her eyes.

“Of course dear, as long as we are alive we’ll always make sure to protect you guys.” Fragil assured her.

“Okay!” She chirped happily. “Hope I get to go to your wedding!” She said before running back to her parents, leaving a cackling Zora and a scarlet Fragil.

“Well we have to invite her now, wouldn’t you say?” Zora looked at the tomato.

“Q-Quiet you!” Fragil said before burying her face in his chest.

“I love you snowflake.” Zora said as he rubbed her back.

“I love you too, you meanie.” she responded as it began to snow.

[animerunner]

That moment when you realize the 50th Hunger Games had an eruption was sheer dumb luck. Because if the Capitol had the power to cause earthquakes and eruptions they would have won the war. That’s not a question. That’s a fact. You have the ability to drop a magnitude 8-9 no one is going to survive to rebel.

Like the most they could have done is control the amount of damage in the arena. Which would explain how somehow only half of the career pack died when all 10 should have.

Though I still have questions because either that was a viscous eruption which doesn’t make sense since those are slow. Which means most of the tributes should have been able to get out of the way. And before someone goes ‘oh maybe they didn’t hear it’. Those things aren’t quiet. They aren’t as loud as the explosive styles but they aren’t quiet either.

Or you had an explosive style eruption aka like Mt St Helen’s. In which case why were the lava flows the only issue? Even if you manage to contain it. Landslides, Lahars, volcanic bombs, and hell the ash cloud would still present a challenge before the Game Makers could have stopped them.

Like the lahars and the landslides I can kind of hand wave as being related to the ecological changes. Because that actually makes sense. But the other stuff again because again if they had that much control over Mother Nature where they could drop an earthquake or cause a volcanic winter than they would never have lost the war.

Like credit to SC for not making my head hurt too much about the science in the books. But my geo loving side of the brain just can’t ignore this.

[kogareteplanet]

Togawa Jun - Teinen Pushiganga

Allegedly the title comes from a phrase for sitting in a cirlce and drinking. So we're making merry over resigning yourself from personhood. Translation notes at the end and personal commentary too because fuck it, a blog's a blog.

English

Far beyond the sky float the clouds Oh, in the name of my love

Such acts of atrocity No more can I resign to forgiveness

You may kill me Like a cow Or like a pig It’s alright I am merely a piece of flesh

Lala lala la Lala lala lai I am merely a piece of flesh

Into the sky fades the midday canon Oh, for my love has ended

Both love and hatred Are no more, poured into nothing

In a single moment of disgust I begin to rot I am merely a piece of flesh

Lala lala la Lala lala lai I am merely a piece of flesh

Far beyond the sky float the clouds Oh, in the name of my love

Such acts of atrocity No more can I resign to forgiveness

You may kill me Like a cow Or like a pig It’s alright I am merely a piece of flesh

Lala lala la Lala lala lai I am merely a piece of flesh

Japanese

空の彼方に 浮かぶは雲 嗚々 我が恋愛の名において

その暴虐の 仕打ちさえ もはやただ 甘んじて許す

牛のように 豚のように 殺してもいい いいのよ 我 一塊の肉塊なり

ライラ ライラ ラ ライラ ライラ ライ 我 一塊の肉塊なり

空に消えゆく お昼のドン 嗚々 我が恋愛は終止せり

あの泥流の 恩讐が もはやただ あとかたもなしや

愕然とする間もなく 腐敗し始める 我 一塊の肉塊なり

ライラ ライラ ラ ライラ ライラ ライ 我 一塊の肉塊なり

ライラ ライラ ラ ライラ ライラ ライ 我 一塊の肉塊なり

空の彼方に 浮かぶは雲 嗚々 我が恋愛の名において

その暴虐の 仕打ちさえ もはやただ 甘んじて許す

牛のように 豚のように 殺してもいい いいのよ 我 一塊の肉塊なり

ライラ ライラ ラ ライラ ライラ ライ 我 一塊の肉塊なり

ライラ ライラ ラ ライラ ライラ ライ 我 一塊の肉塊なり

ライラ ライラ ラ ライラ ライラ ライ 我 一塊の肉塊なり

ライラ ライラ ラ ライラ ライラ ライ 我 一塊の肉塊なり

ライラ ライラ ラ ライラ ライラ ライ 我 一塊の肉塊なり

ライラ ライラ ラ ライラ ライラ ライ 我 一塊の肉塊なり

Translation Notes

泥流 is the flow of lahar/volcanic mud when a volcano erupts and 跡形もなしや (written in hiragana as あとかたもなしや) is like "without leaving a trace", I thought saying literally saying left without a trace was too basic for such a powerful song, so I went with "poured into nothing" to maintain the original imagery and meaning.

Personal Commentary Nobody Asked For

Many lifetimes ago I ran the Jun Togawa Forever fansite with my friend Pat, he translated all of the songs and I did the website... stuff. Because of it, Pat got to meet Jun's manager and it was basically the thing that set me off onto wanting to study Japanese to begin with. The sadness I was experiencing at the time couldn't be expressed in my own language because I was barely fresh off being a teenager, and I was treated poorly by almost everyone around me. Real "nobody understands me" type shit. So, i'd listen to this song on repeat a lot and read my friend's translation, because it felt like somebody understood me.

The reason I stopped running the website, posting throwbacks and setlist updates etc was because I actually hated most of the English fans. Pat was working very hard at a critical time to translate information and whenever I had a question, I would ask. But people kept jumping to assumptions about what Jun's art was trying to convey. It sounds almost cliche, but the perspective of dudes with no knowlege of Japanese language or culture was dominating the discussion about a Japanese woman's work, stripping it of time, place and it's author. One person's self expression through art became a talking point for being anti-pop culture - because it was antithetical to the norm, that's all it could be, or that became the main focus. I hated how our work was just being consumed by people who's reaction was just "cool" or "thanks", and the voice behind the lyrics was stifled for the sake of making hamfisted commentary about pop culture, from a society and culture that the authors themselves had sparse knowlege of.

It is extremely petty. This was also before Suki Suki Daisuki blew up on Tiktok too. But, the phrase "anti idol" just screamed fake deep to me lol. Once I actually started speaking Japanese and explaining the perspective of non-Japanese people about things to Japanese people, they were mostly confused. BiS' producer also called it "fucking stupid." I think about deleting all of the translations sometimes out of spite.

I wanted to come back and translate this song myself because... fuck it, why not. I'm not in the same mindset as when this was the one thing keeping my head above water, but I did have some poor experiences with people at university recently. I thought about this song because it feels like it's fine for terrible things to be said and done to me, but everyone else is seemingly allowed to do whatever they want. Be it emotionally or sexually as a friend or as a coercer. But i've resigned myself from caring because hey, life goes on.

[flashiefloo]

I'm not a volcanologist either. But I wanted to add on that not all volcanoes will erupt straight up. And you can also 100% combine things together

I'm mostly going off the May 1980 eruption of Mt. St. Helens. But the entire side there exploded out with a pyroclastic flow after a landslide on the same side.

And if your stratovolcano has snow and glaciers on it there's a high likelihood of Lahars (volcanic mudslides) due to those melting from the heat and mixing with the ash let out from the eruption.

Article if anyone wants to read more on the Mt. St. Helens eruption: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_eruption_of_Mount_St._Helens

Geology of Natural Disasters and How to write them into your fictional universe.

So, you want to write about a natural disaster to advance your plot and torture your players/characters even more? Let me tell you how, accurately.

I feel like unless it is a volcano, natural disasters are a pretty slept on plot drivers, and some of them are really cool and unique! Today, I will talk to you about land slides, earthquakes (And earthquake related disasters), and volcanoes.

Landslides: Probably one I see the least in stories, but one that would be incredibly interesting to write into a plot where they believe in curses. Landslides can happen along ocean bluffs, slightly hilly areas, and highly mountainous areas, this means it is something that can happen in most landscapes. But what can trigger a landslide? Mostly all you need to trigger a landslide could be just abnormally large amounts of rain, excessive deforestation (with a little bit of rain), or an earthquake. If you don't want to use deforestation or an earthquake as a catalyst, a really cool indicator that the land is slipping and may be prone to a collapse is J hooked trees.

This indicates that there is soil creeping slowly over time, and it may lead to a major landslide.

2. Earthquakes: Probably one of the easiest things to write, earthquakes can happen anywhere, but they are most common in places that are tectonically active areas. There are about three types of environments you can expect earthquakes to be common. The first is just rugged mountains, if your landscape looks like this, you should write in earthquakes. Associated hazards could be landslides, avalanches, and large falling rocks.

The next landscape could be a thin mountain range, next to the ocean, very scenic, but very dangerous. Essentially, I am describing a subduction zone environment.

Earthquakes in these areas could equal a couple different associated disasters. Scenario one: A very large earthquake happens, and the ocean begins to recede. This is a tsunami, enough said. If you are writing a tsunami though, please, please, do not write it as a large wave, thank you. Also, a common way people are hurt by tsunami's are from them going into the ocean because they don't understand a tsunami is going to happen.

Scenario two: A large earthquake happens, your characters are in a valley and suddenly the ground begins to liquify as the ground shakes, once the shaking stops, the ground becomes solid like nothing ever happened, except everything has suddenly sunk into the now hard ground. This is called liquefaction and it typically happens in areas that have loose dirt or lots of saturated soil.

Scenario three: There are a lot of small earthquakes, they do not cause a lot of damage, but you begin to notice that one of the isolated mountains has a plume rising. Earthquakes can indicate lava moving underground and the filling of magma chambers.

The next environment that can host lots of earthquakes would be regions that have a lot of really deep valleys and small mountain ranges (not cone volcanoes), but overall seems pretty flat.

This indicates a transform fault like the San Andreas. If you want to hint at there being earthquakes in the area, you can show fence posts that are suddenly several feet out of line at a dilapidated farm or something similar.

(These earthquakes are different because they are cased from sideways movement, not an up-and-down movement this hint can only be used for this environment). Volcanoes would not be found here, but liquefaction and landslides could still occur here.

4. Volcanoes: If you thought earthquakes had a lot of information, volcanoes do too. First you have to ask yourself, what kind of volcano you want to have, what kind of eruption style? So lets break down the kind of eruptions you can have and what their landscapes look like. Hawaiian Shield volcano: This will produce a smooth fast lava, the landscape typically is pretty flat, but there will be small cones and the rocks can have a ropey or jagged texture and the rocks will be almost exclusively black to dark red.

Stratovolcanoes: These will be solitary mountains, typically, that look like perfect cones (Picture shown in earthquake section). These will have large ash cloud eruptions and pyroclastic flows, they may have some lava, but typically most damage is done from the pyroclastic flows (think Pompeii). Some hints of these, other than describing the cone features (which can be hidden by other mountains), would be to talk about petrified wood! Trees can get fossilized in the ash and I imagine it would be very strange to find this rock that clearly looks to be a piece of wood, but its a rock. Subcategory- Calderas: Used to be a large stratovolcano, but they erupt so explosively that the entire cone collapses and creates a basin.

There are a lot of kinds of volcanoes out there, so forgive me for just putting an infographic and then talking to you about these really rare types of eruptions that I feel like people should know about.

Okay lets talk about blue lava (kind of) and black lava

You will notice the lava is still red in the middle of this image, during the day these would look like a normal eruption, but at night the burning sulfur would make it appear blue. Some cool features other than this, would be that any water in the area would become very acidic and burn the skin due to sulfuric acid. This would again be really cool if you are trying to describe a 'cursed' land.

Black lava: This happens only in the east African rift I believe, but it is a carbonatite lava, but if you are writing in a rift valley (where the continent is tearing apart to form a new ocean) this might be a cool feature. The lava will cool white and will quickly erode, it makes for a very alien landscape!

Anyway as always, this is supposed to be an introductive guide for the basics of writing geology to create cool landscapes/features into dnd or fictional universes, if you are a geologist please understand my oversimplification of tectonics, I didn't want people to run away.

[24worldnewsnet]

Bali flights cancelled after Indonesia volcano eruptsLewotobi Laki-Laki began spewing volcanic materials on TuesdaySeveral flights to and from the Indonesian resort island of Bali have been cancelled or delayed after one of country's most active volcanoes erupted.Mount Lewotobi Laki-Laki on the island of Flores spewed an ash tower more than 11 km (6.8mi) into the sky at 17:35 local time (10:35 BST) on Tuesday, the country's volcanology agency said.There have not been any reports of casualties. Authorities have raised the highest alert level and advised residents to avoid activities within a 7km radius around the crater.Air India, Air New Zealand, Jetstar, Juneyao Airlines, Singapore Airlines and Virgin Australia were among those that have cancelled flights to and from Bali, located west of Flores.Another view of the eruptionFlight data from I Gusti Ngurah Rai International Airport at noon on Wednesday showed that over 20 flights have been cancelled due to the volcano.Several domestic AirAsia flights leaving for Flores have also been cancelled. The twin-peaked volcano erupted multiple times in November, killing nine people and forcing thousands to flee. Geology agency head Muhammad Wafid warned of potential lahar floods - a type of mud or debris flow of volcanic materials - if heavy rain occurs.Residents were also urged to wear face masks to protect themselves from volcanic ash.The National Disaster Mitigation Agency said that at least one village had been evacuated, and ash rain was reported in several others outside the exclusion zone.A spokesman called on residents around the volcano "to evacuate to safe locations" as tremors were still being detected, which indicated ongoing volcanic activity.Indonesia sits on the Pacific "Ring of Fire" where tectonic plates collide, causing frequent volcanic activity as well as earthquakes.Lewotobi Laki-laki's last eruption was in May, when authorities also raised the level to the most severe.Laki-Laki, which means "man" in Indonesian, is twinned with the calmer but taller 1,703m named Perempuan, the Indonesian word for "woman".