#like...0 credibility whatsoever

[papirouge]

"still no release of existing sex test results"

and yet her dumbass sycophants popped up in my askbox several times talmbout "Imane has been proven to be male" LMAO This is the proof they been preaching the false to know the truth since day one like the manipulative trolls they are.

So let me boil this whole story down for you one.last.time :

Imane is the product of a misdiagnosed DSD from birth. She grew up as a female without (most likely) not knowing in good faith she was intersex. Enlisted in the Olympics and the horde of (white) radfem and other deranged mentally ill racists started projecting their obsession with the trans menace and led a smear campaign about she & her character, her home country or Islam. Note how not a single of them managed to prove Imane was complicit in WILLINGLY "infiltrating" the Olympics knowing she was male. They were so blindsided by their white rage (pun intended) they didn't for one second considered how much of an identity crisis it was to realize you may not be the gender you've been assigned at birth as by dumbass xitter racist trolls, and hysterical white women posturing as "feminists". Then came the article that 99% of them didn't read bc her antis collectively share one single braincell, and used as the ultimate proof Imane was a man. It didn't, and the article actually confirmed she was intersex (with a penis in the form of a "hypertrophic clitoris"). A little more of human decency died that day while they cheered thinking they did what was right in the name of "feminism" and "women's rights in sport". Rinse & repeat.

[statementlou]

Hi, to your anon who was trusting the article in The Sun, as a person who frequently gets visa renewals for the US, there are no circumstances under which you have to do a drug test to get a visa extension. The only exception I can think of is if you’re getting a green card or if you have prior drug charges (the latter might prevent you from even getting a visa at all). Additionally, unlike a toxicology report, a drug test result would be protected under HIPAA as far as I know.

thank you and if you often deal with visas it makes sense you would think this would be the same as your experiences but unfortunately everything in this ask is incorrect. First of all the person who asked that question didn't trust the Sun they just were like ugh I hope this isn't true which I want to emphasize since I actually feel quite bad about using their perfectly good ask as a platform to be mad about something they DIDN'T do I was just in a snit about smth else I'd just seen, and secondly it's well documented and pretty clearly true that Liam's visa required him to pass a medical and psychiatric evaluation due to a history of substance abuse, and the reports that he had successfully cleared all of those hurdles (including the drug testing) and was simply waiting for the paperwork to clear seem credible. Unlike the visas any of us would get, he gets a special 0-1 visa for famous people, as is mentioned in every article about this, which has different rules, which are also outlined in all of the articles which you can easily search up. Because he has a history of drug and alcohol abuse which is well documented in the public record (so probably legally equivalent to prior charges, as you mention) he had to answer yes on a question about prior substance use, which meant he then had to submit to medical and psychiatric review to get the renewal, which is why he was delayed in Argentina past the time he had been meant to leave (which is why his girlfriend Kate went ahead without him on the original schedule.) Finally, HIPAA is an USAmerican legislation which protects doctor patient confidentiality and has no bearing whatsoever on Argentinian medical files or on who gives info to tabloids.

[cobra-creampuff]

I have this persistent headcanon that when things between the losers are still pretty new-again, and benverly is newer, and reddie is newest

benverly are taking it slow, wooing each other, carefully negotiating every aspect of their relationship, making sweet vanilla love with the occasional wrassling, etc etc. they're slowly unwinding their path together, completing all their metaphorical side quests, so that when they get to the tough stuff it's not actually tough anymore.

meanwhile, reddie have jumped in on the deep end, gone 0 to 60, and have happily accepted that they will certainly hit a few land mines this way. they don't like sitting down and talking it out and they're not good at it and it unerringly goes much worse than just tumbling headfirst into some baggage and unpacking it messy and rapid fire.

all this to say that while bev is into some kinky shit and it's complicated, she's been diligently avoiding it with ben so far in order to prioritize talking about the complicated parts before the kinky parts - and richie and eddie are learning on the job so to speak.

so the losers have hung out as a group once, maybe twice, and met up in various combinations maybe half a dozen times. they're trauma bonded for life and know all the most horrifying intimate details of each others psyches, but that's not quite the same as a day-to-day familiarity.

richie and ben have a standing date that whenever they both happen to be in the same place, they'll rent out a small gym and have a friendly mma match. and if eddie is around he'll tag along because he likes to watch run laps in the paid for privacy.

so on one of these fight dates real early on like this, ben gets in a good throw, puts richie on his back on the mats, and is left with his grip around one of richie's wrists. and richie flinches because that wrist is a little beat up from the safe, consensual, but arguably shy of sane time he and eddie had night before last.

but ben doesn't catch the huge grin richie shoots him right after, he only sees that richie's bruise looks a lot like the one bev had at the jade. and he can't think to ask richie what happened, or to consider if he actually believes the conclusion his mind has jumped to.

and he kicks eddies ass lmao.

they have to give a statement to the police later, and eddie stares directly into the metaphorical camera as he explains with absolutely no vocal inflection whatsoever that his broken nose and bruised knuckles and forearms are from tripping over weight lifting equipment.

ben's own bruised knuckles and split lip - and the very clear bite mark on his bicep - are from the friendly match that got out of hand, officer.

richie, the alleged winner of this supposed out of hand match, now that the fight is over and the misunderstanding is cleared up and no one is really injured, cannot stop laughing. unsurprisingly, this does not add credibility to their story.

[meltdownwillbeawesomethisweekend]

Abby's so manipulative, it's scary. Everything about that post screams narcissism, and though the fandom is very small, it's sad to see the one's left blindly follow. She's been giving people deadlines for over 4 years now and it's led to nothing. There's been zero signs of their relationship fading. Besides the fact that he literally married her, they bought a new home, they co-own a business together. Abby clearly has zero credibility and it kills me that they don't call her out

Abby attacked and got EVERY person who saw through her out of the CC fandom ... or the fandom (D one). She is that manipulative. She gaslights and attacks but she always manipulate one of her sycophants into making you the agressor and Abby the victim. And having been on the other hand of that manipulation. I know exactly how manipulative that woman is and how much she hates people who resists her, even in her own fandom (which I was not a part of, more like on the fringe of it, as no CC has never made sense to me lmao). She would stop at nothing if it means a bit of victimization and ass kissing.

Abby has been lying to them for years, and the people still being manipulated by her wants to be, they want to be lied to, so I have no pity for them. None whatsoever. They chose to continue believing someone who lies to them and pushed them to believe it’ll be over when it just continued. And they let her again and again. As you said she has 0 credibility, but they chose to believe her.

[fatphobiabusters]

I recently had some ignorant assholes on here sens me some really hateful stuff, including comparing me to jabba the hutt (real original) and calling me things like "fat bitch" (again, very creative). I've been trying to immerse myself in fat positivity and wholesomeness to recover. Could you send me some sweet validation? Thanks babes ❤

I know it is very cliche to say that their opinions don’t matter but they really don’t. That doesn’t mean that they don’t affect us, because nobody likes to hear such awful things said about one self, even if they are so obviously false. But they really don’t matter.Because the people who are capable of saying such hateful things, are so low and so pathetic that have no value whatsoever as human beings. Every opinion that someone like that states has 0 base, 0 credibility, 0 worth. You are an amazing beautiful human being. And every person who follows us will tell you the same. Because we are the people who KNOW and the people who UNDERSTAND that you are of great beauty and of great value. 

Don’t ever stop being like you are. 

- Mod Guillermo

[outfitandtrend]

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15.99% to 22.99% capricious on purchases and antithesis transfers

Either $5 or 5% of the bulk of anniversary transfer, whichever is greater

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If you would aboveboard adore the activity of throwing bottomward a metal agenda while traveling or dining out, this agenda may be for you.

With the Preferred®, you can acquire 2X credibility on biking and dining common and 1X credibility on all added purchases. New cardholders additionally anniversary from 60,000 anniversary credibility afterwards spending $4,000 on purchases in the aboriginal three months from anniversary aperture — which gives you abounding acumen to accompany it out with you.

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Information about the Capital One® Venture® Rewards Acclaim Agenda has been calm apart by CNBC and has not been advised or provided by the issuer of the agenda above-mentioned to publication.

5X afar on auberge and rental cars appointed through Capital One Travel℠, 2X afar per dollar on every added purchase

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50,000 anniversary afar already you absorb $3,000 on purchases aural the aboriginal 3 months from anniversary opening

N/A for purchases and antithesis transfers

17.24% to 24.49% capricious on purchases and antithesis transfers

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Information about the Apple Agenda has been calm apart by CNBC and has not been advised or provided by the issuer of the agenda above-mentioned to publication.

3% banknote aback on appurtenances or casework purchased anon from Apple (including Apple retail stores, the Apple online store, the App Store, iTunes, Apple Music and added Apple-owned properties) on Uber and UberEats, at Walgreens and Duane Reade stores, on the Walgreens app and on Walgreens.com, in T-Mobile stores, at Nike and at Exxon and Mobil stations, 2% banknote aback on Apple Pay purchases and 1% banknote aback on all added purchases

10.99% to 21.99% variable

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There was a lot of advertising about the Apple Agenda aback it launched aftermost August, partly because of its absolutely titanium material. True to Apple’s apple-pie branding, the agenda has some different architecture elements as well. It is laser categorical with the cardholder’s name and doesn’t accept a printed acclaim agenda number, cessation date or aegis code.

When it comes to rewards, the Apple Agenda has a aggressive “Daily Cash” cash-back program. Cardholders acquire 3% banknote aback on appurtenances or casework purchased anon from Apple, on Uber and Uber Eats, at Walgreens and Duane Reade stores, on the Walgreens app and on walgreens.com, in T-Mobile aliment and at Nike. It is again 2% banknote aback on Apple Pay purchases and 1% banknote aback on all added purchases.

While there is no acceptable anniversary for this card, the Apple Agenda is one of the few acclaim cards on the bazaar that has no fees whatsoever. There are no anniversary fees, no adopted transaction fees and no backward acquittal fees.

Information about the Amazon Prime Rewards Visa Signature Agenda has been calm apart by CNBC and has not been advised or provided by the issuer of the agenda above-mentioned to publication.

5% banknote aback at Amazon.com and Whole Foods Market; 2% aback at restaurants, gas stations and drugstores; 1% aback on all added purchases

$70 Amazon.com allowance agenda aloft approval

$0 (but Prime associates is required)

14.24% to 22.24% variable

Amazon Prime associates can absolutely feel the amusement of exceptional associates aback application this metal card. The Amazon Prime Rewards Visa Signature® Agenda ranked as CNBC Select’s best acclaim agenda for online grocery arcade for its aerial 5% aback on purchases at Whole Foods Bazaar or Amazon.com — and there’s no absolute to how abounding credibility you can earn. While there is no anniversary fee, a Prime associates is appropriate ($119 for an anniversary associates and $12.99 for a anniversary membership).

Cardholders additionally acquire 2% aback on purchases at restaurants, gas stations and drugstores, and 1% aback on all added purchases. Aloft approval for the card, you accept a $70 Amazon.com allowance card, authoritative it one of the few acceptable bonuses that isn’t affiliated with a assertive spending requirement.

Information about the Capital One® Savor® Banknote Rewards Acclaim Agenda has been calm apart by CNBC and has not been advised or provided by the issuer of the agenda above-mentioned to publication.

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Earn a ancient $300 banknote anniversary already you absorb $3,000 on purchases aural the aboriginal three months from anniversary opening

0% for the aboriginal 12 months on purchases; N/A on antithesis transfers

15.99% to 24.99% variable

3% for promotional APR offers; none for balances transferred at accustomed APR

For those who don’t necessarily affliction about assuming off their metal agenda status, the Capital One® Savor® Banknote Rewards Acclaim Agenda is the No. 1 best for CNBC Select’s best acclaim agenda for aliment delivery.

Enjoy the allowances of absolute 4% banknote aback on dining purchases after anytime abrogation your home (one of the few cash-back cards that offers this). You can additionally acquire 2% banknote aback at grocery aliment and 1% on all added purchases.

Plus cardholders acquire 4% banknote aback on acceptable alive casework through September 30, 2020.

New cardholders acquire a $300 banknote anniversary already spending $3,000 on purchases aural the aboriginal three months. The anniversary fee is $95.

When you do appetite to get out, this agenda is a acceptable best for bodies who consistently appear concerts and plays aback the absolute 4% banknote aback applies to ball as well. You can get absolute admission to arch comestible experiences, sports and music events. Through January 2022, cardholders who buy tickets through Vivid Seats, a admission resale site, can booty advantage of 8% banknote back.

Information about the American Express Centurion Card, U.S. Bank Altitude Reserve™ Visa Infinite® Card, Citi Prestige® Card, Capital One® Savor® Banknote Rewards Acclaim Card, Amazon Prime Rewards Visa Signature® Card, Capital One® Venture® Rewards Acclaim Card, and Apple Card  has been calm apart by CNBC and has not been advised or provided by the issuer of the agenda above-mentioned to publication.

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Required 50000 Individual Loan Quickly?

Need 50000 Personal Loan Quickly?

#toc background: #f9f9f9;border: 1px solid #aaa;display: table;margin-bottom: 1em;padding: 1em;width: 350px; .toctitle font-weight: 700;text-align: center;

Content

Do You Required To Borrow Money?

Choosing Whether You Should Be Borrowing Cash

Do You Truly Required To Spend The Cash At All?

Can You Save Up Or Use Some Financial Savings Rather Than Borrowing Money?

Great Money Loaning Versus Bad Money Loaning

Do You Required To Borrow Money?

loan providers will certainly constantly be secured by a bond over the properties of the business. Sometimes, consumers may likewise be asked to give individual guarantees for lendings.

Determining Whether You Should Be Loaning Cash

Payday advance loan, instalment finances and also quick cash finances are all comparable items with refined differences. For this reason, it is essential you think thoroughly prior to you borrow money online and do not simply choose the very first loan provider you find.

Do You Really Required To Invest The Cash Whatsoever?

Your regular financial institution may offer you, as a well established consumer, a far better price than one more loan provider that does not understand you. Likewise, if you belong to a neighborhood cooperative credit union, you might be able to get a low-cost personal loan. A personal loan is an additional viable way of obtaining money to finance expensive residence repair services. Individual car loans are offered by banks, credit unions, and savings as well as loan organizations and are a fast method to attract cash. With an adequate revenue and also a decent credit score, you can obtain a personal loan in a few weeks.

Can You Save Up Or Make Use Of Some Savings Instead Of Borrowing Cash?

If you have a great, lengthy record of borrowing and also repaying money promptly and in full after that you will most likely obtain a barger overdraft account passion cost-free than someone that does not. On the other hand, if you have a credit history that shows that you have previously struggled with paying your repayments back in a timely manner, after that it is not likely that you will certainly be given too big of an overdraft. It is likewise vital to remember that you will also be provided a reduced credit line if you haven't obtained a background of borrowing cash whatsoever. Whilst this may appear a bit unfair, financial institutions and building cultures do this due to the fact that they require to be particular that they believe that you will certainly have the ability to pay them back the money that they offer you. If you have no previous experience with loaning and repaying money, they will certainly probably see you as even more of a threat than someone who has had previous experience.

How can I get free PayPal money?

HDFC Bank, Tata Capital, RBL Bank, Citibank, ICICI Bank are the best banks for personal loan, if you are looking for an instant personal loan with in 1-2 days. The interest rates of these banks are in the range of 10.5% to 18%.

Excellent Money Borrowing Versus Bad Cash Loaning

Your loan term will influence your APR, which may be higher than our cheapest marketed rate.

The APR is the expense of credit as an annual price and mirrors both your interest rate as well as an origination charge of 0.99%-- 5.99% of your loan quantity, which will be subtracted from any loan continues you obtain.

The origination fee on a loan term 4-years or longer will certainly go to least 4.99%.

For a second Best Egg loan, your total existing Best Egg loan balances can not exceed $50,000.

You require a minimal 700 FICO ® rating and a minimal individual annual earnings of $100,000 to receive our least expensive APR

Residents of Massachusetts have a minimal loan quantity of $6,500; New Mexico as well as Ohio, $5,000; as well as Georgia, $3,000.

One major advantage of residence equity loans is that their interest rates are rather practical. Like credit card financial obligation, however, these finances can be unsafe if you are not a regimented debtor. You may sustain harsh fines for late or missed repayments, with the most awful being the foreclosure of your house. It might, consequently, be wise to work out a payment strategy before you request a residence equity loan. Although option is constantly a good idea for consumers, the variety of short-term loan providers out there can make it harder to discover the very best alternative for you.

One significant drawback of individual car loans is that they include high rates of interest. Various lending institutions will, nevertheless, charge different prices, so it may be a great concept to search and compare the prices on offer.

This greater danger analysis will then be mirrored in the offer that they make you. If this isn't the case, then it might be not likely that your application for this form of credit will certainly be accepted. You ought to understand the reality that any kind of declined applications for credit have a negative result on your credit ranking. This suggests that you should not make an application for credit cards or fundings unless you are rather particular that you will have the ability to be accepted by them. Many credit-based products have a list of requirements that you can look at before you apply.

The factor for this is the reality that the interest totally free over-limit that you obtain will certainly not necessarily coincide as everybody else that gets the exact same account. Just like charge card your limitation will rely on your details application as well as your financial institution or structure culture will look at your credit rating in order to choose what they feel that you will be able to repay.

Payment schedules generally 2 weeks after borrowing and also normally must be repaid in one repayment including service fees and rate of interest. Once you have finished the payday loan application form, you will certainly receive an instant loaning choice.

It is very important that you have a look at this very first so that you can stay clear of being penalised for being rejected. This will then make it harder for you to take out various other kinds of credit in the future as well as can typically become a little a vicious circle. Overdrafts are not suitable for long-term loaning, as they can charge greater interest rates than what you would obtain with a loan or credit card. They are just beneficial to those who are seeking a little quantity of money for a brief amount of time. When you borrow money you're staking your credibility, the goodwill of your company, and also its main assets.

What happens if I use PayPal with no money?

Avoid !!! Cashbean or P C Financial Services Pvt Ltd is one of the worst platforms for taking any kind of person loans. Taking a loan from them would ruin your credit score for good which would make it impossible for you to pullback the score up again.

You may likewise intend to offer protection, if it is offered, over land as well as structures. This may improve your threat score, make lending institutions more comfy lending to you, and reduced your general rate of interest.

If a specific needs to obtain a tiny quantity of cash for a short period, a credit card (or a cash loan on a charge card) may not be a poor idea. Nevertheless, there are no application fees (assuming you already have a card). For those who settle their entire equilibrium at the end of every month, charge card can be a source of loans at a 0% rate of interest. These types of car loans, additionally known as cash loan, offer tiny quantities of money no more than ₤ 1,000.

How can I get money from PayPal instantly?

If you want to qualify for a personal loan of $50,000, your credit score should be 650 or higher. Income. Your lender will want to know you make enough money to make your loan payment each month.

[jntufastresult]

UGC Guidelines For Exams & Academic Calendar 2020 - Official Notification

UGC Released Revised Guidelines on Examinations and Academic Calendar for the Universities in view of COVID 19 Pandemic - Dated on 6th July 2020. This Letter regarding revised UGC Guidelines on Examinations and Academic Calendar - Dated on 6th July 2020 and UGC Guidelines on Examinations and Academic Calendar - Dated on 29th April 2020. UGC All final year exam 2020 will be held by September, says HRD ministry. For MOre information Read on below.

University Grants Commission Guidelines For university Exams 2020

The University Grants Commission (UGC) has issued Guidelines on Examinations and Academic Calendar for the Universities in View of COVID-19 Pandemic and Subsequent Lockdown on 29th April 2020. In these Guidelines, it was proposed to conduct the examinations in July 2020. The said Expert Committee was requested to revisit the Guidelines for Examinations and Academic Calendar as the number of COVID cases are still rising and likely to increase further. The Report of the Expert Committee was considered and approved by the Commission in its emergent meeting held on 6th July 2020. Note : Terminal semester meaning: The last/final semester of a course. Intermediate semester meaning: The semester other than last/final semester or first semester. In continuation to earlier Guidelines issued on 29.04.2020 and based on the Report of the Expert Committee, the following Revised Guidelines on Examinations and Academic Calendar for the Universities in view of COVID-19 Pandemic were also approved by the Commission in its emergent meeting held on 6th July 2020:

UGC Revised Guidelines on Exams and Academic Calendar for the Universities in view of COVID-19 Pandemic:

In view of the emerging situation related to the COVID-19 pandemic in India, it is important to safeguard the principles of health, safety, fair and equal opportunity for students. At the same time, it is very crucial to ensure academic credibility, career opportunities, and future progress of students globally. Academic evaluation of students is a very important milestone in any education system. The performance in examinations gives confidence and satisfaction to the students and is a reflection of competence, performance, and credibility that is necessary for global acceptability. Mode of Terminal Semester/ Final Year Examinations (2019-20): 1. The universities are required to complete the examinations by the end of September 2020 in offline (pen & paper)/ online/ blended (online + offline) mode following the prescribed protocols/ guidelines related to COVID-19 pandemic. Provision of Examination through Special Chance 2. In case a student of the terminal semester/ final year is unable to appear in the examination conducted by the University for whatsoever the reason(s) may be, he/she may be given the opportunity to appear in special examinations for such course(s)/ paper(s), which may be conducted by the university as and when feasible so that the student is not put to any inconvenience/ disadvantage. The above provision shall be applicable only for the current academic session 2019-20 as a one-time measure. The backlog of Papers in Respect of Terminal Semester(s)/ Final Year Students 3. The students of terminal semester/ final year students having backlog should compulsorily be evaluated by conducting examinations in offline (pen & paper)/ online/ blended (online + offline) mode as per feasibility and suitability. 4. The guidelines regarding intermediate semester/ year examinations will remain unchanged as notified on 29th April 2020. 5. The relevant details, if need be, pertaining to the Admissions and Academic Calendar in the universities and colleges shall be issued separately in place of those mentioned in the earlier guidelines issued on 29th April 2020. 6. Notwithstanding the above guidelines regarding the conduct of examination and commencement of next academic session, every university/ institution has to ensure that it is prepared in all respects to carry out the academic activities following necessary protocols/guidelines/directions/advisories issued by the Central/State Governments and MHRD/ UGC from time to time, in view of COVID-19. Download Offical Notification  If You Have Any Queries/ Suggestions / Doubts/ Complaints, Feel Free To Comment Below. Our Team Will Give Reply To you as soon as possible Read the full article

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Customer Service | 10 Best Companies You Should Learn From

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The Customer Service Target Market Support Assistance Concept

Ann Moses

It doesn’t matter how deep your customer’s pockets are, it only matters how well you treat them. Imagine how different the movie would be if it was made now. What are the chances of Vivian tweeting out her anger and hurt, her tweets going viral with tons of people chipping in their own frustration, the movement gaining momentum and leading the store to a digital suicide?

In a service business, nothing is more important than having people on your team who’ll do more than represent your current culture-you must have people who push the culture you have forward, not the other way around.

More often in customer experience, you could get away with doing the bare minimum. That is mostly enough. But enough is far from memorable. It is when you go out of your way that you make people’s day!

We’ve cherry-picked 10 brands that have an unbeatable track when it comes to cultivating their customers’ happiness.

Zappos

Did you know that up to 42% of consumers expect a response with 60 minutes? Apparently, a prompt response is the norm, not exception anymore.

If there is a gold standard in customer service, it has got to be Zappos. Their support success stories are the stuff of urban legends. One such instance, they won a customer for life by overnighting a pair of shoes, free of cost, to the best man in need.

On social media, Zappos doesn’t hold back from having a little fun with emojis and GIFs, but they always adhere to their golden rule of putting their customers first. And it pays off, each time!

Delta Hotels

Mike McCready, your average Jo, was attending the #PSEWEB conference in Vancouver when he stayed at Delta hotel. While he liked his room at the Delta, the view was rather ugly and he tweeted that with his followers. He didn’t tag the hotel, merely commenting on it, as he didn’t think anything would come out of the tweet.

He was in for a pleasant surprise when Delta responded within an hour- offering another room with a better view! And he had a dish of sweets and a handwritten card from the staff awaiting his arrival in his room. Mike was so profoundly impressed that he wrote an entire post about it, the very same day.

Amazon

If happy customers are what you have in mind, then an exuberant customer service team is what you should already have. Let your customer service team have fun. Amazon has an exciting story to tell of what can happen when companies give their teams more freedom in their client communications.

One such instance, when a witty customer service person engaged in a Thor and Odin roleplay with an equally witty customer, to the delight of everyone. ( https://www.thesun.co.uk/archives/news/1133174/now-thats-customer-service-amazon-worker-engages-in-hilarious-thor-roleplay-to-help-replace-customers-lost-book/ This Thor and Odin exchange was legendary. The hilarious communication between an Amazon employee and a customer couldn’t go better even if it was scripted!

Now, can you imagine how dry things would have been if the Customer Service was asked to reply only with strictly professional (read stuffy), straightforward answers? More people than you’d think would appreciate humor. Just don’t crack jokes at the expense of a pissed off customer.

Westjet

There is nothing more cheerier than surprise gifts (as Westjet proved)! In December 2013, the Canadian airline staged what would become the most stunning example of ‘giftvertising’ yet.

When Santa Claus greeted each of the passengers boarding the two Westjet flights with “What would you like for Christmas?”, they thought it was a just an interesting Xmas celebration. From a warm scarf and clean underwear to holiday tickets and a big tv, their answers ranged from whatever first came to their mind.

In the following year, the number of visits to their websites doubled, with bookings increasing by 77% compared to the same month in 2012 and revenue rising by a whopping 86%!

Customer Service 10 Best Companies You Should Learn From

Slack

Putting out figurative fires is what a customer service company does all day. But doing it gracefully is indeed an art! Sometimes it’s when things aren’t going perfectly that a company’s true colors come out.

As is the case of Slack when they dealt with their app-wide outage like a pro in late November, 2015. For a new company on the block, they have more than their share of passionate customers for whom Slack has become an indispensable part of many teams’ work day! That’s why when Slack went down ten months ago, users blew up Twitter.

They responded to every complaint on social with speed and humility, and diligently shared regular updates until the issue was resolved, and the app was up and running again!

Salesforce

Transparency can leave a huge impact on the ones who are on the receiving end of it. Salesforce has an excellent customer service, that plays a vital role in making it the customer’s favorite.

As they put it, “Success is built on trust. Trust starts with transparency.”

Salesforce is so utterly customer focused and upholds transparency so much so that the company publicly disclose in real time when its cloud services are unavailable or face some reliance issues. Now that takes some nerve!

Apple

The one brand that has inspired the type of customer loyalty which sometimes borders on the maniacal, Apple earned its loyalty through their exemplary customer experience. “You’ve got to start with the customer experience and work backward to the technology.” Steve Jobs – Co-founder of Apple

While the Apple products are the very definition of innovation and ease, the real soul of the company is its employees. Apple mitigates the need for reactive customer service with a focus on building intuitive products and providing quality training for users. Apple staff are highly knowledgeable and committed to passing on that knowledge in an empathetic way. They demonstrate enthusiastic, empathetic, and knowledgeable customer service. The sheer quality of training the staff undergoes make the entire customer experience seamless, and most of all, effortless.

Nordstrom

At a Nordstrom store, a woman lost her diamond from her wedding ring while trying on clothes. She was crawling on the floor under the racks when a store worker noticed her. He asked what was going on, then joined the search.

When they came up empty, he sought two building-services workers to join the search. To everyone’s relief, the finally found the shiny diamond on one of the bags of the store’s vacuum cleaners.

Customer Service 10 Best Companies You Should Learn From

The video clips that captured this incident was shared proudly with the stakeholders in a meeting when the President of Stores Erik Nordstrom said, introducing his three employees who went out of their way to help the customer. “I’ve never been through a vacuum-cleaner bag. It’s kind of disgusting, this raises the bar,” he said!

Southwest Air

Southwest is not among the most well-known airlines in the U.S. for nothing. They have the most amazing personality as is evident from what they have to say about themselves on their website.

“We like to think of ourselves as a Customer Service company that happens to fly airplanes (on schedule, with personality and perks along the way).”

One of their memorable support stories is as follows: when a woman athlete landed at the airport but her running gear didn’t show up, she was understandably distressed about the relay race that was soon to happen. She resolved to go to Walmart to buy herself a replacement before a Southwest team member drove 3 hours to deliver the bag to her so that she could continue with her team and go on with the race.

As is evident here, their dedication to customer service is simply a class apart!

JetBlue

Who, but JetBlue has an exclusive Customer Bill of Rights?

“JetBlue Airways is dedicated to bringing humanity back to air travel. We strive to make every part of your experience as simple and as pleasant as possible.” They ensure that their service is thoroughly human, especially on social, responding within minutes, guiding customers throughout, and responding with emojis and GIFs to any questions customers might have.

They have no qualms whatsoever when it comes to delivering personal service. One time, when the customer’s flight was delayed and it seemed like she was going to miss her second flight too, the manager booked her another flight home that took off from another airport and made the effort to drive her to another airport so she would make her flight on time.

It only takes a handful of disastrous customer experiences to shatter the credibility that took your brand decades to built. It pays to be long-term greedy and leave no stones unturned to ensure a supreme customer service.

Want to find your company on this list? There are no shortcuts save putting your customers in the center of everything you do. You need to know what they desire to offer them exactly that. And how do you do that?

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source http://travelwithannmoses.info/service/

[riichardwilson]

Exploring Node.js Internals

Node.js is an interesting tool for web developers. With its high level of concurrency, it has become a leading candidate for people choosing tools to use in web development. In this article, we will learn about what makes up Node.js, give it a meaningful definition, understand how the internals of Node.js interact with one another, and explore the project repository for Node.js on GitHub.

Since the introduction of Node.js by Ryan Dahl at the European JSConf on 8 November 2009, it has seen wide usage across the tech industry. Companies such as Netflix, Uber, and LinkedIn give credibility to the claim that Node.js can withstand a high amount of traffic and concurrency.

Armed with basic knowledge, beginner and intermediate developers of Node.js struggle with many things: “It’s just a runtime!” “It has event loops!” “Node.js is single-threaded like JavaScript!”

While some of these claims are true, we will dig deeper into the Node.js runtime, understanding how it runs JavaScript, seeing whether it actually is single-threaded, and, finally, better understanding the interconnection between its core dependencies, V8 and libuv.

Prerequisites

Basic knowledge of JavaScript

Familiarity with Node.js semantics (require, fs)

What Is Node.js?

It might be tempting to assume what many people have believed about Node.js, the most common definition of it being that it’s a runtime for the JavaScript language. To consider this, we should understand what led to this conclusion.

Node.js is often described as a combination of C++ and JavaScript. The C++ part consists of bindings running low-level code that make it possible to access hardware connected to the computer. The JavaScript part takes JavaScript as its source code and runs it in a popular interpreter of the language, named the V8 engine.

With this understanding, we could describe Node.js as a unique tool that combines JavaScript and C++ to run programs outside of the browser environment.

But could we actually call it a runtime? To determine that, let’s define what a runtime is.

What is a runtime? https://t.co/eaF4CoWecX

— Christian Nwamba (@codebeast) March 5, 2020

In one of his answers on StackOverflow, DJNA defines a runtime environment as “everything you need to execute a program, but no tools to change it”. According to this definition, we can confidently say that everything that is happening while we run our code (in any language whatsoever) is running in a runtime environment.

Other languages have their own runtime environment. For Java, it is the Java Runtime Environment (JRE). For .NET, it is the Common Language Runtime (CLR). For Erlang, it is BEAM.

Nevertheless, some of these runtimes have other languages that depend on them. For example, Java has Kotlin, a programming language that compiles to code that a JRE can understand. Erlang has Elixir. And we know there are many variants for .NET development, which all run in the CLR, known as the .NET Framework.

Now we understand that a runtime is an environment provided for a program to be able to execute successfully, and we know that V8 and a host of C++ libraries make it possible for a Node.js application to execute. Node.js itself is the actual runtime that binds everything together to make those libraries an entity, and it understands just one language — JavaScript — regardless of what Node.js is built with.

Internal Structure Of Node.js

When we attempt to run a Node.js program (such as index.js) from our command line using the command node index.js, we are calling the Node.js runtime. This runtime, as mentioned, consists of two independent dependencies, V8 and libuv.

Core Node.js Dependencies (Large preview)

V8 is a project created and maintained by Google. It takes JavaScript source code and runs it outside of the browser environment. When we run a program through a node command, the source code is passed by the Node.js runtime to V8 for execution.

The libuv library contains C++ code that enables low-level access to the operating system. Functionality such as networking, writing to the file system, and concurrency are not shipped by default in V8, which is the part of Node.js that runs our JavaScript code. With its set of libraries, libuv provides these utilities and more in a Node.js environment.

Node.js is the glue that holds the two libraries together, thereby becoming a unique solution. Throughout the execution of a script, Node.js understands which project to pass control to and when.

Interesting APIs For Server-Side Programs

If we study a little history of JavaScript, we would know that it’s meant to add some functionality and interaction to a page in the browser. And in the browser, we would interact with the elements of the document object model (DOM) that make up the page. For this, a set of APIs exists, referred to collectively as the DOM API.

The DOM exists only in the browser; it is what is parsed to render a page, and it is basically written in the markup language known as HTML. Also, the browser exists in a window, hence the window object, which acts as a root for all of the objects on the page in a JavaScript context. This environment is called the browser environment, and it is a runtime environment for JavaScript.

Node.js APIs interact with libuv (Large preview)

In a Node.js environment, we have nothing like a page, nor a browser — this nullifies our knowledge of the global window object. What we do have is a set of APIs that interact with the operating system to provide additional functionality to a JavaScript program. These APIs for Node.js (fs, path, buffer, events, HTTP, and so on), as we have them, exist only for Node.js, and they are provided by Node.js (itself a runtime) so that we can run programs written for Node.js.

Experiment: How fs.writeFile Creates A New File

If V8 was created to run JavaScript outside of the browser, and if a Node.js environment does not have the same context or environment as a browser, then how would we do something like access the file system or make an HTTP server?

As an example, let’s take a simple Node.js application that writes a file to the file system in the current directory:

const fs = require("fs") fs.writeFile("./test.txt", "text");

As shown, we are trying to write a new file to the file system. This feature is not available in the JavaScript language; it is available only in a Node.js environment. How does this get executed?

To understand this, let’s take a tour of the Node.js code base.

Heading over to the GitHub repository for Node.js, we see two main folders, src and lib. The lib folder has the JavaScript code that provides the nice set of modules that are included by default with every Node.js installation. The src folder contains the C++ libraries for libuv.

If we look in the src folder and go through the fs.js file, we will see that it is full of impressive JavaScript code. On line 1880, we will notice an exports statement. This statement exports everything we can access by importing the fs module, and we can see that it exports a function named writeFile.

Searching for function writeFile( (where the function is defined) leads us to line 1303, where we see that the function is defined with four parameters:

function writeFile(path, data, options, callback) { callback = maybeCallback(callback || options); options = getOptions(options, { encoding: 'utf8', mode: 0o666, flag: 'w' }); const flag = options.flag || 'w'; if (!isArrayBufferView(data)) { validateStringAfterArrayBufferView(data, 'data'); data = Buffer.from(data, options.encoding || 'utf8'); } if (isFd(path)) { const isUserFd = true; writeAll(path, isUserFd, data, 0, data.byteLength, callback); return; } fs.open(path, flag, options.mode, (openErr, fd) => { if (openErr) { callback(openErr); } else { const isUserFd = false; writeAll(fd, isUserFd, data, 0, data.byteLength, callback); } }); }

On lines 1315 and 1324, we see that a single function, writeAll, is called after some validation checks. We find this function on line 1278 in the same fs.js file.

function writeAll(fd, isUserFd, buffer, offset, length, callback) { // write(fd, buffer, offset, length, position, callback) fs.write(fd, buffer, offset, length, null, (writeErr, written) => { if (writeErr) { if (isUserFd) { callback(writeErr); } else { fs.close(fd, function close() { callback(writeErr); }); } } else if (written === length) { if (isUserFd) { callback(null); } else { fs.close(fd, callback); } } else { offset += written; length -= written; writeAll(fd, isUserFd, buffer, offset, length, callback); } }); }

It is also interesting to note that this module is attempting to call itself. We see this on line 1280, where it is calling fs.write. Looking for the write function, we will discover a little information.

The write function starts on line 571, and it runs about 42 lines. We see a recurring pattern in this function: the way it calls a function on the binding module, as seen on lines 594 and 612. A function on the binding module is called not only in this function, but in virtually any function that is exported in the fs.js file file. Something must be very special about it.

The binding variable is declared on line 58, at the very top of the file, and a click on that function call reveals some information, with the help of GitHub.

Declaration of the binding variable (Large preview)

This internalBinding function is found in the module named loaders. The main function of the loaders module is to load all libuv libraries and connect them through the V8 project with Node.js. How it does this is rather magical, but to learn more we can look closely at the writeBuffer function that is called by the fs module.

We should look where this connects with libuv, and where V8 comes in. At the top of the loaders module, some good documentation there states this:

// This file is compiled and run by node.cc before bootstrap/node.js // was called, therefore the loaders are bootstraped before we start to // actually bootstrap Node.js. It creates the following objects: // // C++ binding loaders: // - process.binding(): the legacy C++ binding loader, accessible from user land // because it is an object attached to the global process object. // These C++ bindings are created using NODE_BUILTIN_MODULE_CONTEXT_AWARE() // and have their nm_flags set to NM_F_BUILTIN. We do not make any guarantees // about the stability of these bindings, but still have to take care of // compatibility issues caused by them from time to time. // - process._linkedBinding(): intended to be used by embedders to add // additional C++ bindings in their applications. These C++ bindings // can be created using NODE_MODULE_CONTEXT_AWARE_CPP() with the flag // NM_F_LINKED. // - internalBinding(): the private internal C++ binding loader, inaccessible // from user land unless through `require('internal/test/binding')`. // These C++ bindings are created using NODE_MODULE_CONTEXT_AWARE_INTERNAL() // and have their nm_flags set to NM_F_INTERNAL. // // Internal JavaScript module loader: // - NativeModule: a minimal module system used to load the JavaScript core // modules found in lib/**/*.js and deps/**/*.js. All core modules are // compiled into the node binary via node_javascript.cc generated by js2c.py, // so they can be loaded faster without the cost of I/O. This class makes the // lib/internal/*, deps/internal/* modules and internalBinding() available by // default to core modules, and lets the core modules require itself via // require('internal/bootstrap/loaders') even when this file is not written in // CommonJS style.

What we learn here is that for every module called from the binding object in the JavaScript section of the Node.js project, there is an equivalent of it in the C++ section, in the src folder.

From our fs tour, we see that the module that does this is located in node_file.cc. Every function that is accessible through the module is defined in the file; for example, we have the writeBuffer on line 2258. The actual definition of that method in the C++ file is on line 1785. Also, the call to the part of libuv that does the actual writing to the file can be found on lines 1809 and 1815, where the libuv function uv_fs_write is called asynchronously.

What Do We Gain From This Understanding?

Just like many other interpreted language runtimes, the runtime of Node.js can be hacked. With greater understanding, we could do things that are impossible with the standard distribution just by looking through the source. We could add libraries to make changes to the way some functions are called. But above all, this understanding is a foundation for further exploration.

Is Node.js Single-Threaded?

Sitting on libuv and V8, Node.js has access to some additional functionalities that a typical JavaScript engine running in the browser does not have.

Any JavaScript that runs in a browser will execute in a single thread. A thread in a program’s execution is just like a black box sitting on top of the CPU in which the program is being executed. In a Node.js context, some code could be executed in as many threads as our machines can carry.

To verify this particular claim, let’s explore a simple code snippet.

const fs = require("fs"); // A little benchmarking const startTime = Date.now() fs.writeFile("./test.txt", "test", (err) => { If (error) { console.log(err) } console.log("1 Done: ", Date.now() — startTime) });

In the snippet above, we are trying to create a new file on the disk in the current directory. To see how long this could take, we’ve added a little benchmark to monitor the start time of the script, which gives us the duration in milliseconds of the script that is creating the file.

If we run the code above, we will get a result like this:

Time taken to create a single file in Node.js (Large preview)

$ node ./test.js -> 1 Done: 0.003s

This is very impressive: just 0.003 seconds.

But let’s do something really interesting. First let’s duplicate the code that generates the new file, and update the number in the log statement to reflect their positions:

const fs = require("fs"); // A little benchmarking const startTime = Date.now() fs.writeFile("./test1.txt", "test", function (err) { if (err) { console.log(err) } console.log("1 Done: %ss", (Date.now() — startTime) / 1000) }); fs.writeFile("./test2.txt", "test", function (err) { if (err) { console.log(err) } console.log("2 Done: %ss", (Date.now() — startTime) / 1000) }); fs.writeFile("./test3.txt", "test", function (err) { if (err) { console.log(err) } console.log("3 Done: %ss", (Date.now() — startTime) / 1000) }); fs.writeFile("./test4.txt", "test", function (err) { if (err) { console.log(err) } console.log("4 Done: %ss", (Date.now() — startTime) / 1000) });

If we attempt to run this code, we will get something that blows our minds. Here is my result:

Creating many files at once (Large preview)

First, we will notice that the results are not consistent. Secondly, we see that the time has increased. What’s happening?

Low-Level Tasks Get Delegated

Node.js is single-threaded, as we know now. Parts of Node.js are written in JavaScript, and others in C++. Node.js uses the same concepts of the event loop and the call stack that we are familiar with from the browser environment, meaning that the JavaScript parts of Node.js are single-threaded. But the low-level task that requires speaking with an operating system is not single-threaded.

Node.js low-level task delegation (Large preview)

When a call is recognized by Node.js as being intended for libuv, it delegates this task to libuv. In its operation, libuv requires threads for some of its libraries, hence the use of the thread pool in executing Node.js programs when they are needed.

By default, the Node.js thread pool provided by libuv has four threads in it. We could increase or reduce this thread pool by calling process.env.UV_THREADPOOL_SIZE at the top of our script.

// script.js process.env.UV_THREADPOOL_SIZE = 6; // … // …

What Happens With Our File-Making Program

It appears that once we invoke the code to create our file, Node.js hits the libuv part of its code, which dedicates a thread for this task. This section in libuv gets some statistical information about the disk before working on the file.

This statistical checking could take a while to complete; hence, the thread is released for some other tasks until the statistical check is completed. When the check is completed, the libuv section occupies any available thread or waits until a thread becomes available for it.

We have only four calls and four threads, so there are enough threads to go around. The only question is how fast each thread will process its task. We will notice that the first code to make it into the thread pool will return its result first, and it blocks all of the other threads while running its code.

Conclusion

We now understand what Node.js is. We know it’s a runtime. We’ve defined what a runtime is. And we’ve dug deep into what makes up the runtime provided by Node.js.

We have come a long way. And from our little tour of the Node.js repository on GitHub, we can explore any API we might be interested in, following the same process we took here. Node.js is open source, so surely we can dive into the source, can’t we?

Even though we have touched on several of the low levels of what happens in the Node.js runtime, we mustn’t assume that we know it all. The resources below point to some information on which we can build our knowledge:

Introduction to Node.js Being an official website, Node.dev explains what Node.js is, as well as its package managers, and lists web frameworks built on top of it.

“JavaScript & Node.js”, The Node Beginner Book This book by Manuel Kiessling does a fantastic job of explaining Node.js, after warning that JavaScript in the browser is not the same as the one in Node.js, even though both are written in the same language.

Beginning Node.js This beginner book goes beyond an explanation of the runtime. It teaches about packages and streams and creating a web server with the Express framework.

LibUV This is the official documentation of the supporting C++ code of the Node.js runtime.

V8 This is the official documentation of the JavaScript engine that makes it possible to write Node.js with JavaScript.

(ra, il, al)

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source http://www.scpie.org/exploring-node-js-internals/ source https://scpie.tumblr.com/post/616197943085645825

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Exploring Node.js Internals

Node.js is an interesting tool for web developers. With its high level of concurrency, it has become a leading candidate for people choosing tools to use in web development. In this article, we will learn about what makes up Node.js, give it a meaningful definition, understand how the internals of Node.js interact with one another, and explore the project repository for Node.js on GitHub.

Since the introduction of Node.js by Ryan Dahl at the European JSConf on 8 November 2009, it has seen wide usage across the tech industry. Companies such as Netflix, Uber, and LinkedIn give credibility to the claim that Node.js can withstand a high amount of traffic and concurrency.

Armed with basic knowledge, beginner and intermediate developers of Node.js struggle with many things: “It’s just a runtime!” “It has event loops!” “Node.js is single-threaded like JavaScript!”

While some of these claims are true, we will dig deeper into the Node.js runtime, understanding how it runs JavaScript, seeing whether it actually is single-threaded, and, finally, better understanding the interconnection between its core dependencies, V8 and libuv.

Prerequisites

Basic knowledge of JavaScript

Familiarity with Node.js semantics (require, fs)

What Is Node.js?

It might be tempting to assume what many people have believed about Node.js, the most common definition of it being that it’s a runtime for the JavaScript language. To consider this, we should understand what led to this conclusion.

Node.js is often described as a combination of C++ and JavaScript. The C++ part consists of bindings running low-level code that make it possible to access hardware connected to the computer. The JavaScript part takes JavaScript as its source code and runs it in a popular interpreter of the language, named the V8 engine.

With this understanding, we could describe Node.js as a unique tool that combines JavaScript and C++ to run programs outside of the browser environment.

But could we actually call it a runtime? To determine that, let’s define what a runtime is.

What is a runtime? https://t.co/eaF4CoWecX

— Christian Nwamba (@codebeast) March 5, 2020

In one of his answers on StackOverflow, DJNA defines a runtime environment as “everything you need to execute a program, but no tools to change it”. According to this definition, we can confidently say that everything that is happening while we run our code (in any language whatsoever) is running in a runtime environment.

Other languages have their own runtime environment. For Java, it is the Java Runtime Environment (JRE). For .NET, it is the Common Language Runtime (CLR). For Erlang, it is BEAM.

Nevertheless, some of these runtimes have other languages that depend on them. For example, Java has Kotlin, a programming language that compiles to code that a JRE can understand. Erlang has Elixir. And we know there are many variants for .NET development, which all run in the CLR, known as the .NET Framework.

Now we understand that a runtime is an environment provided for a program to be able to execute successfully, and we know that V8 and a host of C++ libraries make it possible for a Node.js application to execute. Node.js itself is the actual runtime that binds everything together to make those libraries an entity, and it understands just one language — JavaScript — regardless of what Node.js is built with.

Internal Structure Of Node.js

When we attempt to run a Node.js program (such as index.js) from our command line using the command node index.js, we are calling the Node.js runtime. This runtime, as mentioned, consists of two independent dependencies, V8 and libuv.

Core Node.js Dependencies (Large preview)

V8 is a project created and maintained by Google. It takes JavaScript source code and runs it outside of the browser environment. When we run a program through a node command, the source code is passed by the Node.js runtime to V8 for execution.

The libuv library contains C++ code that enables low-level access to the operating system. Functionality such as networking, writing to the file system, and concurrency are not shipped by default in V8, which is the part of Node.js that runs our JavaScript code. With its set of libraries, libuv provides these utilities and more in a Node.js environment.

Node.js is the glue that holds the two libraries together, thereby becoming a unique solution. Throughout the execution of a script, Node.js understands which project to pass control to and when.

Interesting APIs For Server-Side Programs

If we study a little history of JavaScript, we would know that it’s meant to add some functionality and interaction to a page in the browser. And in the browser, we would interact with the elements of the document object model (DOM) that make up the page. For this, a set of APIs exists, referred to collectively as the DOM API.

The DOM exists only in the browser; it is what is parsed to render a page, and it is basically written in the markup language known as HTML. Also, the browser exists in a window, hence the window object, which acts as a root for all of the objects on the page in a JavaScript context. This environment is called the browser environment, and it is a runtime environment for JavaScript.

Node.js APIs interact with libuv (Large preview)

In a Node.js environment, we have nothing like a page, nor a browser — this nullifies our knowledge of the global window object. What we do have is a set of APIs that interact with the operating system to provide additional functionality to a JavaScript program. These APIs for Node.js (fs, path, buffer, events, HTTP, and so on), as we have them, exist only for Node.js, and they are provided by Node.js (itself a runtime) so that we can run programs written for Node.js.

Experiment: How fs.writeFile Creates A New File

If V8 was created to run JavaScript outside of the browser, and if a Node.js environment does not have the same context or environment as a browser, then how would we do something like access the file system or make an HTTP server?

As an example, let’s take a simple Node.js application that writes a file to the file system in the current directory:

const fs = require("fs") fs.writeFile("./test.txt", "text");

As shown, we are trying to write a new file to the file system. This feature is not available in the JavaScript language; it is available only in a Node.js environment. How does this get executed?

To understand this, let’s take a tour of the Node.js code base.

Heading over to the GitHub repository for Node.js, we see two main folders, src and lib. The lib folder has the JavaScript code that provides the nice set of modules that are included by default with every Node.js installation. The src folder contains the C++ libraries for libuv.

If we look in the src folder and go through the fs.js file, we will see that it is full of impressive JavaScript code. On line 1880, we will notice an exports statement. This statement exports everything we can access by importing the fs module, and we can see that it exports a function named writeFile.

Searching for function writeFile( (where the function is defined) leads us to line 1303, where we see that the function is defined with four parameters:

function writeFile(path, data, options, callback) { callback = maybeCallback(callback || options); options = getOptions(options, { encoding: 'utf8', mode: 0o666, flag: 'w' }); const flag = options.flag || 'w'; if (!isArrayBufferView(data)) { validateStringAfterArrayBufferView(data, 'data'); data = Buffer.from(data, options.encoding || 'utf8'); } if (isFd(path)) { const isUserFd = true; writeAll(path, isUserFd, data, 0, data.byteLength, callback); return; } fs.open(path, flag, options.mode, (openErr, fd) => { if (openErr) { callback(openErr); } else { const isUserFd = false; writeAll(fd, isUserFd, data, 0, data.byteLength, callback); } }); }

On lines 1315 and 1324, we see that a single function, writeAll, is called after some validation checks. We find this function on line 1278 in the same fs.js file.

function writeAll(fd, isUserFd, buffer, offset, length, callback) { // write(fd, buffer, offset, length, position, callback) fs.write(fd, buffer, offset, length, null, (writeErr, written) => { if (writeErr) { if (isUserFd) { callback(writeErr); } else { fs.close(fd, function close() { callback(writeErr); }); } } else if (written === length) { if (isUserFd) { callback(null); } else { fs.close(fd, callback); } } else { offset += written; length -= written; writeAll(fd, isUserFd, buffer, offset, length, callback); } }); }

It is also interesting to note that this module is attempting to call itself. We see this on line 1280, where it is calling fs.write. Looking for the write function, we will discover a little information.

The write function starts on line 571, and it runs about 42 lines. We see a recurring pattern in this function: the way it calls a function on the binding module, as seen on lines 594 and 612. A function on the binding module is called not only in this function, but in virtually any function that is exported in the fs.js file file. Something must be very special about it.

The binding variable is declared on line 58, at the very top of the file, and a click on that function call reveals some information, with the help of GitHub.

Declaration of the binding variable (Large preview)

This internalBinding function is found in the module named loaders. The main function of the loaders module is to load all libuv libraries and connect them through the V8 project with Node.js. How it does this is rather magical, but to learn more we can look closely at the writeBuffer function that is called by the fs module.

We should look where this connects with libuv, and where V8 comes in. At the top of the loaders module, some good documentation there states this:

// This file is compiled and run by node.cc before bootstrap/node.js // was called, therefore the loaders are bootstraped before we start to // actually bootstrap Node.js. It creates the following objects: // // C++ binding loaders: // - process.binding(): the legacy C++ binding loader, accessible from user land // because it is an object attached to the global process object. // These C++ bindings are created using NODE_BUILTIN_MODULE_CONTEXT_AWARE() // and have their nm_flags set to NM_F_BUILTIN. We do not make any guarantees // about the stability of these bindings, but still have to take care of // compatibility issues caused by them from time to time. // - process._linkedBinding(): intended to be used by embedders to add // additional C++ bindings in their applications. These C++ bindings // can be created using NODE_MODULE_CONTEXT_AWARE_CPP() with the flag // NM_F_LINKED. // - internalBinding(): the private internal C++ binding loader, inaccessible // from user land unless through `require('internal/test/binding')`. // These C++ bindings are created using NODE_MODULE_CONTEXT_AWARE_INTERNAL() // and have their nm_flags set to NM_F_INTERNAL. // // Internal JavaScript module loader: // - NativeModule: a minimal module system used to load the JavaScript core // modules found in lib/**/*.js and deps/**/*.js. All core modules are // compiled into the node binary via node_javascript.cc generated by js2c.py, // so they can be loaded faster without the cost of I/O. This class makes the // lib/internal/*, deps/internal/* modules and internalBinding() available by // default to core modules, and lets the core modules require itself via // require('internal/bootstrap/loaders') even when this file is not written in // CommonJS style.

What we learn here is that for every module called from the binding object in the JavaScript section of the Node.js project, there is an equivalent of it in the C++ section, in the src folder.

From our fs tour, we see that the module that does this is located in node_file.cc. Every function that is accessible through the module is defined in the file; for example, we have the writeBuffer on line 2258. The actual definition of that method in the C++ file is on line 1785. Also, the call to the part of libuv that does the actual writing to the file can be found on lines 1809 and 1815, where the libuv function uv_fs_write is called asynchronously.

What Do We Gain From This Understanding?

Just like many other interpreted language runtimes, the runtime of Node.js can be hacked. With greater understanding, we could do things that are impossible with the standard distribution just by looking through the source. We could add libraries to make changes to the way some functions are called. But above all, this understanding is a foundation for further exploration.

Is Node.js Single-Threaded?

Sitting on libuv and V8, Node.js has access to some additional functionalities that a typical JavaScript engine running in the browser does not have.

Any JavaScript that runs in a browser will execute in a single thread. A thread in a program’s execution is just like a black box sitting on top of the CPU in which the program is being executed. In a Node.js context, some code could be executed in as many threads as our machines can carry.

To verify this particular claim, let’s explore a simple code snippet.

const fs = require("fs"); // A little benchmarking const startTime = Date.now() fs.writeFile("./test.txt", "test", (err) => { If (error) { console.log(err) } console.log("1 Done: ", Date.now() — startTime) });

In the snippet above, we are trying to create a new file on the disk in the current directory. To see how long this could take, we’ve added a little benchmark to monitor the start time of the script, which gives us the duration in milliseconds of the script that is creating the file.

If we run the code above, we will get a result like this:

Time taken to create a single file in Node.js (Large preview)

$ node ./test.js -> 1 Done: 0.003s

This is very impressive: just 0.003 seconds.

But let’s do something really interesting. First let’s duplicate the code that generates the new file, and update the number in the log statement to reflect their positions:

const fs = require("fs"); // A little benchmarking const startTime = Date.now() fs.writeFile("./test1.txt", "test", function (err) { if (err) { console.log(err) } console.log("1 Done: %ss", (Date.now() — startTime) / 1000) }); fs.writeFile("./test2.txt", "test", function (err) { if (err) { console.log(err) } console.log("2 Done: %ss", (Date.now() — startTime) / 1000) }); fs.writeFile("./test3.txt", "test", function (err) { if (err) { console.log(err) } console.log("3 Done: %ss", (Date.now() — startTime) / 1000) }); fs.writeFile("./test4.txt", "test", function (err) { if (err) { console.log(err) } console.log("4 Done: %ss", (Date.now() — startTime) / 1000) });

If we attempt to run this code, we will get something that blows our minds. Here is my result:

Creating many files at once (Large preview)

First, we will notice that the results are not consistent. Secondly, we see that the time has increased. What’s happening?

Low-Level Tasks Get Delegated

Node.js is single-threaded, as we know now. Parts of Node.js are written in JavaScript, and others in C++. Node.js uses the same concepts of the event loop and the call stack that we are familiar with from the browser environment, meaning that the JavaScript parts of Node.js are single-threaded. But the low-level task that requires speaking with an operating system is not single-threaded.

Node.js low-level task delegation (Large preview)

When a call is recognized by Node.js as being intended for libuv, it delegates this task to libuv. In its operation, libuv requires threads for some of its libraries, hence the use of the thread pool in executing Node.js programs when they are needed.

By default, the Node.js thread pool provided by libuv has four threads in it. We could increase or reduce this thread pool by calling process.env.UV_THREADPOOL_SIZE at the top of our script.

// script.js process.env.UV_THREADPOOL_SIZE = 6; // … // …

What Happens With Our File-Making Program

It appears that once we invoke the code to create our file, Node.js hits the libuv part of its code, which dedicates a thread for this task. This section in libuv gets some statistical information about the disk before working on the file.

This statistical checking could take a while to complete; hence, the thread is released for some other tasks until the statistical check is completed. When the check is completed, the libuv section occupies any available thread or waits until a thread becomes available for it.

We have only four calls and four threads, so there are enough threads to go around. The only question is how fast each thread will process its task. We will notice that the first code to make it into the thread pool will return its result first, and it blocks all of the other threads while running its code.

Conclusion

We now understand what Node.js is. We know it’s a runtime. We’ve defined what a runtime is. And we’ve dug deep into what makes up the runtime provided by Node.js.

We have come a long way. And from our little tour of the Node.js repository on GitHub, we can explore any API we might be interested in, following the same process we took here. Node.js is open source, so surely we can dive into the source, can’t we?

Even though we have touched on several of the low levels of what happens in the Node.js runtime, we mustn’t assume that we know it all. The resources below point to some information on which we can build our knowledge:

Introduction to Node.js Being an official website, Node.dev explains what Node.js is, as well as its package managers, and lists web frameworks built on top of it.

“JavaScript & Node.js”, The Node Beginner Book This book by Manuel Kiessling does a fantastic job of explaining Node.js, after warning that JavaScript in the browser is not the same as the one in Node.js, even though both are written in the same language.

Beginning Node.js This beginner book goes beyond an explanation of the runtime. It teaches about packages and streams and creating a web server with the Express framework.

LibUV This is the official documentation of the supporting C++ code of the Node.js runtime.

V8 This is the official documentation of the JavaScript engine that makes it possible to write Node.js with JavaScript.

(ra, il, al)

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source http://www.scpie.org/exploring-node-js-internals/ source https://scpie1.blogspot.com/2020/04/exploring-nodejs-internals.html