#mehmed v

[baebeylik]

Handshake between Sultan Mehmed V and King Victor Emmanuel III. Peace between Italy and the Ottoman Empire at the end of the Italo-Turkish War. 1912.

Credit to Mary Evans/Grenville Collins Postcard Collection.

[medievalandfantasymelee]

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[ottomanladies]

DAUGHTERS OF MURAD III

As we all know, Murad III was the sultan who had thirty daughters when he died, but in 1598 seventeen or eighteen daughters died due to plaque, so there were twelve or thirteen who were left. There were several daughters of Safiye Sultan, and much more daughters of concubines, who were married in mass ceremony in summer of 1613.

When Murad ascended the throne, Venetian ambassadors started to report about his family composition. Let’s now see reports from early reign of Murad III:

Report from Giacomo Soranzo from 1576 (page 205) (provided by Maria Pia Pedani)

Sultan Amorat III di questo nome, et XIII imperator de Turchi, è al presente di età di 33 anni. Ha una figliola di XII anni et dui figliuoli maschi, il primo, sultan Mehemet, di IX anni, et l’altro sultan Soleiman di VIII.

Report from Giovanni Correr from 1578 (page 239) (provided by Maria Pia Pedani)

Sarebbe, dicono, inclinato per natura a disordinar con le donne, perché si diletta grandemente della conversation loro; pure, con tanta commodità et quantità che n’ha, si tien per fermo che ’l sia contento della sola moglie, la qual se ben non le ha per ancora fatto chebin, che tanto vuol dire come indotata et sposata, ama grandemente, né mai dorme lontano da lei, et con essa ha tre figliuoli, una femina de XI anni et dui maschi, il primo di IX, et l’altro di V anni.

Report from Giacomo Soranzo from 1584 (page 268) (provided by Maria Pia Pedani)

Questo sultan Mehemet, solo et unico figliolo maschio di Sua Maestà con doi figliole femine, se ben ha havuto altri quattro figlioli maschi, che son morti, tutti di una istessa madre, è hora in età di XVI in XVII anni, et la prima figliola di XIIII dissegnata, come si crede, a Ibrain bassà, et [6] l’altra più picciola.

Report from Paolo Contarini from 1583; book Relazioni degli ambasciatori veneti al Senato (page 243):

Ha Sua Maesta un figliuolo unico maschio chiamato Sultan Memet, di eta d’ anni 18, e che l’ anno passato fu ritagliato, com’ e noto alla Serenita Vostra, di maggior vita e di piu bella statura del padre, di color olivastro, e negli occhi mostra esser crudele; s’ intende ch’ egli abbia animo grande, e che spesso biasma il padre, perche dipende dal consiglio delle done e non va in persona alla guerra. Ha pure Sua Maesta due figliuole, una di eta di quattordici anni, che, come ho detto, e destinata per moglie ad Ibraim bassa, e l’ altra e di anni dieci, ne per ancora e destinata ad alcuno, sebben si ragiona che la sultana madre abbia intenzionne di farla dar per moglie a Mamut aga, capigi bassi del serenissimo Signor, allievo e molto favorito di Sua Maesta.

--------------------------------------

As far as I understood from reports above:

Beside Mehmed, Safiye gave birth to four sons who died before 1584; one of them was named Süleyman who was year younger than Mehmed, thus being born in 1567. Also, Mahmud and Selim (who were born respectively in 1572 and 1579; see A Comparison of Seyyid Lokman’s Records of the Birth, Death and Wedding Dates of Members of Ottoman Dynasty (1566-1595) with the Records in Ottoman Chronicles by Pazan Ibrahim), were also sons of Safiye, according to birth dates.

Safiye for sure had at least two daughters; Ayşe, who was four years younger than her brother Mehmed, thus being born in 1570, and Fatma, who was four years younger than her elder sister and eight years younger than her brother, thus being born in 1574. Beside them, it seems that Safiye had one more daughter, who was older from Mehmed two to three years, thus being born in 1563-1564.

From later reign of Murad III we have also some informations:

Report from Lorenzo Bernardo in 1590 provided by Maria Pia Pedani (actually the report was made in 1586/87; because this bailo was there until 1587)

Fra tutti questi che a quella Porta potessero far bene e male a questo Senato è la sultana moglie, uno de principali mezi appresso il Gran Signore. Questa è di natione albanese, molto savia e prudente, si è mostrata da un tempo in qua molto bene affetta alle cose della Serenità Vostra, e però mi son trattenuto con lei con alcune galanterie di poco valore, perché non si mostra avida né ha causa di essere tale perché è ricchissima. Il suo favore non solo è da stimare al presente, ma molto più per l’avenire, in tempo che regnasse  il prencipe suo figliolo, appresso il quale è di molta autorità. È d’età d’anni 38 in 39, e sono anni 25 ch’hebbe commercio col Gran Signore col quale per anni 18 continui hebbe molti figlioli, de quali al presente ne vivono tre solamente, cioè Meemet prencipe, la figliola maritata in Ibraim bassà et una figliola che hora è da marito.

Safiye’s Household and Venetian Diplomacy; page 29 note 64

16 Aug. 1590  – the marriages of two daughters of the sultan has been arranged; the first is beautiful and will marry the beylerbeyi of Greece; the other is humpback, but not a monster, and she will marry Siyavuş paşa

Safiye’s Household and Venetian Diplomacy; page 29 (note 63 confirms spring 1591 as date)

In 1591 the rich Hümaşah Ayşe, the daughter of Mihrimah and Rüstem, proposed to pay the expenses of one hundred galleys for six months, if her son-in-law Çiğala-zâde Sinan paşa was made kapudanpaşa. At the same time a sister of prince Mehmed tried to obtain the same office for her brother-in-law Mehmed paşa.

Report from Matheo Zane from April 18, 1592, to the Doge and Senate (source: Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts Relating to English Affairs (1893); page 23 – I will only provide first part of the letter)

The appointment of Sciavus as Gran Vizir was made against the intentions of the Sultan himself, who, in his own mind, had designed to make Sciavus second Vizir, and Sinan Gran Vizir. But Sinan was far away, and his Majesty was aware that there was pressing danger if he refused to satisfy the troops by the removal of Ferrad; he accordingly conferred the seals to Sciavus. This appointment is more popular among the people and the merchants than with the troops, who remember that the disorders of their payment took place in the time of Sciavus, though the head of the Beglierbey of Greece paid the penalty for all. It is thought that if the Sultan’s daughter, who is twenty-six years old, marries Sciavus he will keep his office, if not there is danger of his losing it…

Alphonse la Martine claims in his work History of Turkey (p. 108):

Ferhad-Pasha, grown old in the wars of Persia, was appointed grand vizier in the place of Sinan-Pasha, who returned for the third time into his sumptuous exile of Malghara. Ferhad had espoused the daughter of the Sultana Safiye. This princess governed under her son Mahomet III from the depths of the harem, still more absolutely than under Amurath.

Report from Girolamo Capello from 1600 (p. 416, provided by Maria Pia Pedani)

Rimane per ultimo Sciaus, di nazione ongaro, e per quello che viene detto nato nobilmente. Questo fu grandemente amato da sultan Selim; è persona di bell’aspetto, grave, di poche parole e risoluto, e nessuno vien formato di maggior intelligenza di lui, né più atto a regger tanto peso, essendo stato tre volte primo visir, se bene gl’attribuiscono nome di sfortunato, essendo nel tempo del suo governo successi incendii grandissimi et accidenti infausti, e sempre che si sente voce di mutazione di governo egli viene nominato per primo; ma si giudica che non potrà riuscire per non esser in grazia della regina, essendo che doppo la morte della prima sua moglie, non volse prendere un’altra sultana. Con tutto ciò non manca chi lo pone innanzi. E l’ultimo ordine che diede il Gran Signore a Sciaus, ch’egli non dovesse partir per la Mecca, facendolo ritornar in Costantinopoli mentre era in pronto per andarsene (se bene altri dicono che fosse sua invenzione per vedere come si muoveva il re) lo pose in gran speranza, che Sua Maestà si volesse servir di lui. Nell’amicizia di questo si conserva il medico Benvenisti ebreo, che per vedersi privo del donativo che Vostra Serenità gli faceva già molto tempo di 500 zecchini l’anno, quasi pretesi da lui per obligo di servizi prestati, si rende ora poco ben affetto, se bene lo dissimula. Ma si ha da lodar Dio che Vostra Serenità ora si trova libera dalla mano di tutte quest’arpie delle quali non avrà bisogno, piacendo a Sua Divina Maestà per gran pezzo, e quando anco Sciaus risorgesse, saranno ambedue sempre amicissimi di lei perché sono avarissimi, oltre che Sciaus si è sempre mostrato ben inclinato verso questo Serenissimo Dominio.

From this reports I was able to obtain, I understand next:

Safiye’s daughter Ayşe, who was from 1586 married to Ibrahim Pasha was sent with her husband to Egypt where she lived until end of reign of her father. But, there were at least two daughters of Safiye Sultan in the capital whose marriages occurred, even if their ceremonies was not reported by bailos.

In 1590, two daughters of Murad III (and Safiye) were promised respectively to governor of Rumelia (ambassadors often reffered them as beylerbeys of Greece) and Siyavuş Pasha. It seems that Sultana who was promised to governor of Rumelia was married to him latest in 1591, as her sister tried to obtain function of Kapudan Pasha for her husband (even though daughter of Rustem Pasha succeeded in her intention for obtaining that title to her son-in-law).  It also seems that her husband’s identity was Mehmed Pasha, more precisely Nişancı Kara Mehmed Pasha. Sometimes referred as Boyalı Mehmed Pasha. Mehmed Pasha died in June 1593.

I would suggest that this Sultana might be Fatma, as she would be 16 y.o., by the same age her sister Ayşe married Ibrahim Pasha. Also, as Mehmed Pasha died in June 1593, she could soon remarry. Also, there is a interesting quote in work DAMAD HALIL PASHA (d. 1603): THE LIFE AND CAREER OF A “MODERATE” OTTOMAN PASHA (pp. 1643-1644) which says that ‘’the death of Nişancı Mehmed Pasha, one of the dome viziers, on 21 June 1593 seems to have made it easier for Halil Pasha to become vizier’’.

On the other hand, there is a Sultana who was promised to Siyavuş Pasha after he was widowed after death of Fatma Sultan, sister of Murad III. From 1592  report of Matheo Zane, we find out that this Sultana is twenty-six years old and that marriage negotiations are still going on. By report from 1600, it is clear that this Sultana who was engaged to Siyavuş Pasha was Safiye’s daughter, because Girolamo Capello reported that Siyavuş Pasha refused to remarry to Murad III’s daughter and he eventually fell out of favour of Safiye Sultan. It seems that this daughter was the eldest daughter of Murad III, beside Ayşe Sultan and Fatma Sultan, who were married at the time.

Beside that

In Sicill-I Osmani cilt 1, page 26, says that daughter of Murad III named Mihrimah was the eldest daughter of her father when she died and that she married Mirahur Ahmed Pasha. Also in work Bu mülkün kadın sultanları by Sakaoğlu, Mihrimah is claimed as eldest daughter of Murad III, and that she was married to Mirahur Ahmed Pasha in 1604. But, if she was eldest daughter and was married in 1604 to Ahmed Pasha, she was 40 years old, which means she had another marriages during reign of her father and brother about whom we know nothing. I would go with her being the one trying to be married to her late aunt’s husband Siyavuş Pasha. If the description is right, and she was humpback, but not a monster, I would suggest she was maybe retired in her Palace or Topkapi Palace the most of her time because of health problems.

It seems that Murad III also had another daughter, Hümaşah, who was absolutely wronged by Alderson, he assigned her husbands of Şehzade Mehmed’s daughter Hümaşah Sultan and Şehzade Mehmed’s granddaughter Fatma Hanımsultan. Actually, thanks to Ragusan envoys, we know that she was wife of Nakkaş Hasan Pasha. According to Factions and Favourites at the Courts of Sultan Ahmed I, this marriage occurred between January and March 1605, but there are venetian reports which claim differently:

Resta quarlo Visir Assan Nacas, che in turco vuol dir pittore, per qualche gusto che ha di quella professione; e uomo di 54 anni, picciol di persona, nacque in Russia, d’ingegno sottile, poiche oltre il dipingere, sa ancora lavorare un orologio. Fu Silictar del re passato che il fece anco Visir, e gli die’in moglie una sua sorella – zia del presente Gran Signore; onde resta egli ancora parente della Maesta Sua.

Source: Relazioni degli stati Europei lette al Senato dagli ambasciatori Veneti nel secolo decimosettimo, p. 142

Also, in Journal of Ottoman Studies cilt 11 from 1991 (p. 184) and Osmanlı Devletinin Saray Teşkilatı (1984; page 165) from Uzunçarşılı, there are claims of Ahmed I fulfilling his aunt Hümaşah Sultan’s reguest for some appropriate allocations from the imperial kitchen. Most interesting is 82 numarali muhimme defteri, where Hümaşah Sultan gave in 1617 some kethudas to her nephew Ahmed I, he even refers to her as hȃlem Hümaşah Sultan (derived hrom hala, which means aunt). I strongly suggest she being daughter of Safiye Sultan, as she was given name in honour of Şehzade Mehmed’s daughter who gifted her mother to her father. I also suggest she was the youngest of her siblings, being born around 1580. As she was child in 1580s, ambassadors probably didn’t have the chance to see her and she was confined to Topkapi. She received the highest salary for princess, beside four daughters of Kösem Sultan, as she was full-sister of Sultan. She also gifts during reign of Sultan Ibrahim, and on list of fourteen princesses which received gifts from envoys in 1655, in book ‘’Acta et diplomata Ragusina’’ she is reffered as Inasce sultana moglie di Hassan pascia.

Also, there were other daughters of Murad III, who were not daughters of Safiye Sultan.

In mass marriage ceremony in 1613, seven daughters of Murad III who resided in Old Palace were given to court officials. According to book Topçular Katibi Abdülkadir Efendi Tarihi  (p. 624), we are given identities of husbands of those Sultanas

Küçük Mirahur Mehmed Aga

Mirahur-I Evvel Muslu Aga

Bostancıbaşı Hasan Aga

Cığalazade Mehmed Bey

Kurşuncuzade Mustafa Pasha

Kefe Beylerbesi Mehmed Pasha

Kapucıbaşı Topal Mehmed Pasha

Also, author puts in footnotes that there was one daughter of Murad III who married in Shaban of 1022 H. (September 1613) governor of Rumelia Ahmed Pasha.

--------------------------------

* In work Bu mülkün kadın sultanları by Sakaoğlu, Fahri Sultan is claimed to be married to Çukadar Ahmed Pasha in 1604, who died in 1618. Year 1604 is incorrect, as she was married to him in 1613. Additionaly, in work Searching for Osman by Tezcan Baki, on page 328, it is claimed that daughter of Murad III who married governor of Rumelia Ahmed Pasha (later governor of Damascus; died 1618)  remarried to Çerkez Mehmed Ali Pasha, who was Grand Vizier of Murad IV. Actually, this Ahmed Pasha was Mirahur Ahmed Pasha, who was governor of Damascus from 1617 until 1618 (I checked on world statesmen site). It seems that Çukadar and Mirahur Ahmed Pasha are the same person, but it seems that when Murad III’s daughter Mihrimah Sultan died, pasha was remarried to Fahri Sultan. Additionally, her marriage to Grand Vizier would explain why she received the highest salary of 430 aspers in 1639. She was not daughter of Safiye Sultan, but she was wife of Grand Vizier of Murad III, thus being given the highest salary among full-sisters of sultans. According to Ulucay, Fahri Sultan remarried to Soffi Bayram Pasha, which is true, because she was recorded in 1639 as widow of his, and received gifts from Ragusan envoys as his widow. Interestingly, it seems that she remarried during reign of Sultan Ibrahim to certain Dilaver Pasha, who was vizier under Mehmed IV and died in 1656. In list of gifts, she was referred as Fahre sultan, moglie di Dilaver pascia in 1648, 1662, 1670 and 1676. She is recorded in Acta et diplomata Ragusina, which provides gifts for fourteen Sultanas in 1655 as Faslite sultana, moglie di Lauer bassa. There are also court records from 1662:

Eyüb Mahkemesi (Havass-ı Refia) 74 Numaralı Sicil (H. 1072 - 1073 / M. 1661 - 1662)

III. Murad’ın kızı Fahrî Sultan’ın kocası Dilâver Paşa’dan intikal eden malları satan vekili Süleyman Bey’den herhangi bir alacağı kalmadığı Husûs-ı âti’l-beyânı mahallinde tahrîr için kıbel-i şer‘den bi’t-taleb irsâl olunan mevlânâ Sâlih Efendi b. Mehmed, ol dahi zeyl-i kitâbda muharrerü’l-esâmî olan müslimîn ile medîne-i hazret-i Ebâ Eyyûb el-Ensârî -dâme fî rıdvâni’l-Bârî- de vâki‘ Debbâğlar Deresi demekle ma‘rûf mahalde sâkine fahrü’l-muhadderât zevi’l-muvakkarât tâcü’l-mestûrât aliyyetü’z-zât safiyyetü’s-sıfât Fahrî Sultan bt. el-merhûm el-mebrûr ed-darrâc ilâ medârici rahmeti Rabbihi’l-gafûr Sultan Murad Hân -aleyhi’r-rahmeti ve’l-gufrân- hazretlerinin sa‘âdet-hânelerine varılıp akd-i meclis-i şer‘-i şerîf olundukda, sultân-ı müşârün-ileyhâ meclis-i ma‘kūd-ı mezkûrda, işbu kitâb-ı sıhhat-nisâbın sâhibi kıdvetü’l-emâcid ve’l-ekârim câmi‘ü’l-mehâmid ve’l-mekârim Sultanzâde Süleyman Bey b. el-merhûm Davud Paşa mahzarında tav‘an ikrâr ve takrîr-i kelâm edip bundan akdem fevt olan zevcim merhûm Dilâver Paşa zimmetinde mütekarrir olan mehr-i müeccelim mukābelesinde mecmû‘-ı muhallefâtı hatt-ı şerîf-i sa‘âdet-makrûn ile bana ihsân buyurulmağın ben dahi muhallefât-ı müteveffâ-yı mezbûru izn-i hâkim-i askerî ile sûk-ı sultânîde semen-i misli ile bey‘ ve kabz-ı semen ve bana îsâle mûmâ-ileyh Süleyman Bey’i tarafımdan vekîl ve nâib-i menâb nasb ve ta‘yîn eylediğimde ol dahi vekâlet-i mezbûreyi kabûl ve târih-i mezbûrda mahrûse-i Galata’da kassâm-ı askerî olan Hasan Efendi ma‘rifetiyle muhallefât-ı müteveffâ-yı mezbûru sûk-ı sultânîde bi’l-vekâle bey‘ ve kabz-ı semen eyledikden sonra defter-i kassâm mûcebince makbûzu olan meblağı tamamen bana def‘ ve teslîm, ben dahi kabz ve tesellüm etmişidim el-hâletü hâzihî husûs-ı mezbûra ve mütâlebât ve eymân ve muhâsamâtdan mûmâ-ileyh Süleyman Bey’in zimmetini ibrâ-i âmm-ı kātı‘ü’n-nizâ‘ ile ibrâ ve iskāt eyledim min ba‘d mûmâ-ileyh Süleyman Bey ile merhûm Dilâver Paşa muhallefâtına ve sâir husûsa müte‘allik da‘vâ ve nizâ‘ım yokdur, zuhûr dahi ederse lede’l-hükkâmi’l-kirâm kebîrihimi’llâhi’l-meliki’l-Allâm mesmû‘a ve makbûle olmasın deyicek gıbbe’t-tasdîki’ş-şer‘iyyi’l-vicâhiyyi’l-mu‘teber mâ hüve’l-vâki‘ kayd şüd. Fi’l-yevmi’s-sâbi‘ min şehri Ramazâni’l-mübârek li sene isneteyn ve seb‘în ve elf.

Also, in document dated from late 1662, which is about vakfiye of Fahri Sultan, she mentions at the end her sister Saime Sultan. Source:

11 numarali Istanbul Mahkemesi Defteri (H. 1073) pp. 303-304

On page 304, you will see Fahri Sultan refers to her as kız karındaşım Sâ’ime Sultân hazretlerini.

But, this Saime Sultan was also on list of gifts; in 1642 she was referred as wife of Topal Ahmed Pasha, and in 1648 she is referred as wife of Sarhoş Mehmed Pasha. In 1662 and 1670, she received gifts as widow, but in 1676 she was not mentioned, which means that she died in early 1670s.

One of the daughters of Murad III was Beyhan Sultan. There is a proof of her being daughter of Murad III:

Eyüb Mahkemesi (Havass-ı Refia) 37 Numaralı Sicil (H. 1047 / M. 1637 - 1638)

Beyhan Sultan bt. Sultan Murad Hân’ın tasarrufundaki menzil, bostan, çayır ve tarlaları Fâtıma Hatun bt. Abdüttevvâb’a sattığı Fahrü’l-muhadderât zahrü’l-muvakkarât tâcü’l-mestûrât, iklîletü’l-muhassenât Âişetü’z-zamân Fâtımatü’l-evân Beyhan Sultan bt. el-merhûm el-mebrûr ed-dâricü ilâ medârici’l-rahmeti’l-gafûr Sultan Murad Hân hazretlerinin taraf-ı şerîflerinden bey‘ ve tefvîz-i âti’z-zikri ikrâra vekîl olup vekâleti müşârün-ileyhâ hazretlerin ma‘rifet-i şer‘iyye ile ârifeyn olan zahrü’l-kuzât Mehmed Efendi b. ( ) el-Kadı ve Hâssa Baltacıları kethüdâsı olan el-Hâc Mehmed et-Teberdâr şehâdetleriyle sâbit olan kıdvetü’l-emâsil ve’l-akrân Câbir Ağa b. Abdülmennân mahfil-i kazâda Sultân-ı müşârün-ileyhâ hazretlerinin kethüdâları olan sâhib-i hâze’l-kitâb kıdvetü’l-muhadderât zübdetü’l-muvakkarât Fâtıma Hâtun bt. Abdüttevvâb tarafından dahi ikrâr-ı câ’i’l-beyânı tasdîka vekîl olup vekâleti mezbûre Fâtıma Hâtun’u ma‘rifet-i şer‘iyye ile ârifeyn olan Rıdvan Bey b. Abdullah ve Mustafa Bey b. Abdullah şehâdetleriyle sâbite olan fahrü’l-cüyûş Cafer Çavuş b. Abdullah muvâcehesinde bi’l-vekâle ikrâr-ı da‘vâ edip müvekkilem Sultân-ı müşârün-ileyhâ hazretlerinin silk-i mülk-i sahîhinde münselik olan emlâkinden olup Havâss-ı Aliyye kazâsı müzâfâtından Terkos nâhiyesine Kiteli nâm karyede vâki‘ bir tarafdan Osman Paşa mülkü ve bir tarafdan zikri âtî olan çiftliğe tâbi‘ olan çayır ve bir tarafı Sinan ve bir tarafı ba‘zan câmi‘-i şerîf ve ba‘zan tarîk-i âm ile mahdûd beş bâb tahtânî odayı ve bir sofayı ve bir anbarı ve harâba müşrif hamamı ve bir büyük ahırı ve bir küçük ahırı ve bir fırını ve harman kenarında vâki‘ samanlığı ve câmi‘-i şerîf kurbunda vâki‘ iki bâb tahtânî odayı müştemil çiftlik ta‘bîr olunur mülk menzilini ve menzil-i merkūm dâhilinde üç re’s kara sığır öküzünü ve demiriyle iki sabanı ve bir arabayı ve bir döğeni ve sâir âlât-ı zirâ‘at ve esbâb-ı hırâseti ve menzil-i merkūm kurbunda vâki‘ harman yerini mezbûre Fâtıma Hâtun’a fıddî nakd-i râyicü’l-vakt yetmiş beş bin akçeye tarafeynden îcâb ve kabûlü hâvî ve bey‘-i bâtt-ı sahîh-i şer‘î ve safka-i vâhide ile bey‘ ve teslîm edip ol dahi minvâl-i muharrer üzre iştirâ ve tesellüm eyledikden sonra yine karye-i mezbûre sınırı dâhilinde mevâzi‘-i adîdede vâki‘ ma‘lûmü’l-hudûd olup merhûm ve mağfûrun-leh Sultan Bayezid Hân -aleyhi’r-rahmetü ve’l-gufrân- hazretlerinin evkāf-ı şerîfesinden olan bir kıt‘a bostan yerinin ve beş kıt‘a çayırın ve tahmîmen yetmiş beş müd tohum istî‘âb eder elli kıt‘a tarlaların dahi hakk-ı tasarrufunu, mezbûrü’n-na‘t yirmi beş bin akçe bedel-i tefvîz ve evkāf-ı mezbûre mütevellîsi ma‘rifetiyle mezbûre Fâtıma Hâtun’a tevfîz edip ol dahi minvâl-i meşrûh üzre tefevvuz ve kabûl eyledikden sonra semen-i merkūm yetmiş beş bin akçe ve bedel-i tefvîz olan yirmi beş bin akçe cem‘an yüz bin akçeyi bi tamâmihî mezbûre Fâtıma Hâtun yedinden ahz ve kabz eyledi ba‘de’l-yevm zikr olunan emlâk-i mezbûre Fâtıma Hâtun’un mülk-i müşterâsı ve bostan ve çayırlar ve tarlalar dâhil-i taht-ı tasarrufu olmuşdur. Keyfe mâ teşâ’ ve tahtâr mutasarrıfe olsun dedikde vekîl-i mûmâ-ileyh Çâker Ağa’nın bi’l-vekâle cârî olan ikrâr-ı meşrûhunu vekîl-i âhar Cafer Çavuş bi’l-vekâle vicâhen tasdîk ve şifâhen tahkīk edicek mâ hüve’l-vâki‘ ketb olundu. Hurrire fi’l-yevmi’l-ışrîn min Şevvâli’l-mükerrem li sene seb‘a ve erba‘în ve elf.

It seems that Beyhan Sultan was recorded in 1648 as widow of Nideli Mustafa Pasha, who was actually Nigdeli Mustafa Pasha, who was killed in rebellion 1632. He was briefly Kapudan Pasha, governor of Egypt and defterdar. It seems that Beyhan Sultan was granted almost the highest salary (415 aspers) because of her husband’s positions during reign of Murad IV. She wasn’t of list of sultanas in 1655, so she died before that year.

I just don’t know if Nigdeli Mustafa Pasha is the same Mustafa Pasha that one of the daughters of Murad III married in 1613.

It seems that on list of gifts in 1642, there was daughter of Murad III named Abide Sultan who was wife of Muslu Pasha. Muslu Pasha was one of grooms in weddings of 1613.

There was also daughter of Murad III called Gevherhan Sultan, who died before 1639/1642, but was still alive in 1624, and was most probably wife of Bostancıbaşı Hasan Aga

Rumeli Sadâreti Mahkemesi 40 Numaralı Sicil (H. 1033-1034 / M. 1623-1624)

Vefat eden Hasan Paşa’nın III. Murad’ın kızı Gevherhan Sultan’a mehir borcu olduğu Bi’l-fi‘l atabe-i aliyyede baş defterdâr kāimmakāmı olan emîrü’l-ümerâi’l-kirâm kebîrü’l-küberâi’l-fihâm sâhibü’d-devleti ve’l-ikbâl sâhibü zeyli’l-izz ve’l-iclâl câmi‘u vücûhi’l-emvâl âmirü’l-hazâini bi-ahseni’l-a‘mâl Mehmed Paşa -dâme ikbâluhû- Dîvân-ı âlî -dâme mahfûfen bi’l-me‘âlî-’devüzerâ-i kirâm zümresinden olup azm-i dârü’s-selâm eden merhûm Hasan Paşa’nın halîle-i celîleleri dürre-i iklîlü’d-devleti’l-aliyye gurreti cebînü’l-hilâfeti’l-behiyye tâcü fırakı’n-nisvân min men lehünne ulüvvü’ş-şân sâhibetü’s-sa‘âdeti ve’l-ihsân sâhibetü zeyli’n-ni‘meti ve’l-ihsân Fâtımatü’z-zamân Âişetü’l-evân hazret-i Gevherhân Sultan bt. es-sultâni’l-a‘zam ve’l-hâkāni’l-ekrem el-merhûm el-mebrûr es-sultan Murad Hân -beşşerahullâhü te‘âlâ bi-rahmetihî minhü ve rıdvân- cenâb-ı ismet-meâblarından husûs-ı âtîye vekîl olup vekâleti nehc-i şer‘î üzere sâbite olan merhûm müşârun-ileyhin kethüdâsı fahrü’l-iştibâh Mehmed Ağa b. Abdullah mahzarında takrîr-i kelâm edip merhûm-ı mezbûrun Rumeli’nde vâki‘ hâssları mahsûlü bin otuz üç senesi Martı ibtidâsından sene-i kâmile tamâmına varınca merhûm-ı mezbûrun voyvodalarına ber vech-i maktû‘ deruhde olunmuş olup hâlâ müşârun-ileyh Hasan Paşa merhûm olmağla havâss-ı mezbûre cânib-i mîrîden zabt olunmak lâzım geldikde müşârun-ileyhâ sultan hazretleri dahi sene tamâmına varınca yine havâss-ı mezbûreyi merhûm-ı müşârun-ileyhin voyvodaları zabt edip sene tamâmına değin cümle mahsûlü vezîr-i müşârun-ileyhin mûmâ-ileyhâ sultan hazretlerine mehr-i müeccelinden olan deyni için sultan hazretlerine teslîm olunmak üzere vekîl-i mezbûr Mehmed Ağa yediyle Hazîne-i âmireye on iki yük akçe teslîm olunmağın ber vech-i meşrûh cânib-i mîrîden dahi deruhde olunmuşdur min-ba‘d havâss-ı merkūmeyi sene tamâmına varınca yine merhûm-ı müşârun-ileyhin voyvodaları zabt edip cümle mahsûl sultan hazretlerine teslîm olunup muhassıl ve müfettiş ve ümenâ taraflarından kat‘â dahl olunmayıp ta‘arruz olunmamak üzere yedlerine emr-i şerîf-i âlîşân verilmişdir dedikde gıbbe’t-tasdîk vicâhen mâ-hüve’l-vâkı‘ bi’t-taleb ketb olundu.

Also, there was daughter of Murad III called Rukiye Sultan, but we know nothing about her except she was also daughter of Şemsiruhsar Hatun.

There was one more daughter of Murad III whose name we know, Hatice Sultan. She was married in 1613 to governor of Kefe Mehmed Pasha. She was still alive in 1639, when she was recorded in harem records as wife of late Mehmed Pasha-i Kefe. She was might remarried during reign of Sultan Ibrahim to some Magrip pascia, as she is recorded in 1648.

So, my final stating is as follows:

Mihrimah Sultan (1564 — before 1613); daughter with Safiye. Her marriages went unnoticed, she was might engaged in 1590 to Siyavuş Pasha, who later refused to remarry. She was married to Mirahur Ahmed Pasha in 1604. She died during reign of her nephew Ahmed I, and after her death her husband remarried to her sister Fahri Sultan.

Ayşe Sultan (1570 — 15 May 1605); daughter with Safiye, married firstly in 1586 to Ibrahim Pasha, married secondly in 1602 to Yemişci Hasan Pasha and lastly married in 1604 to Mahmud Pasha.

Fatma Sultan (1574 — 1620); daughter with Safiye. Might married firstly in 1590 to Nişancı Kara Mehmed Pasha, married in December 1593 to Halil Pasha, married in 1604 to Cafer Pasha (vizier, kapudan pasha (1606-1608), governor of Cyprus until his death in 1609). Öztuna claims she married two more times; in 1610 married kubbe vizier Hizir Pasha (d. 1610) and in 1611 to Murad Pasha.

Hümaşah Sultan (1580 — before 1662); daughter with Safiye. Married in late reign of Mehmed III or early reign of Ahmed I to Nakkaş Hasan Pasha. She was still alive in 1655, but died before 1662.

Fahri Sultan (1594? — 1579?); married in 1613 to Ahmed Pasha (once Mirahur), who was once married to her sister Mihrimah Sultan. After his death in 1618, she remarried Çerkez Mehmed Ali Pasha, who was Grand Vizier under Murad IV. After his death she remarried Soffu Bayram Pasha, and after his death she remained a widow for long time, receiving highest salaries among Ottoman princesses as once she was wife of Grand Vizier. During reign of Sultan Ibrahim lastly married to Dilaver Pasha. After his death, she received gifts as his widow in 1662, 1670 and 1676. She was omitted from gifts in late 1670s and she complained to Grand Vizier (Miović; p. 166). She was longest-lived child of Murad III.

Beyhan Sultan (?? — before 1655); married in 1613 to Kurucubasi Mustafa Pasha, remarried later to Nigdeli Mustafa Pasha.

Hatice Sultan (?? — after 1639); married in 1613 to governor of Kefe Mehmed Pasha.

Gevherhan Sultan (?? — after 1624); married to Bostancibasi Hasan Aga.

Saime Sultan (?? — before 1676); had at least three husbands during lifetime. Shie died in first half of 1670s.

Abide Sultan (?? — before 1648); married in 1613 to Muslu Aga. She died during reign of Sultan Ibrahim.

Rukiye Sultan (?? — ??); daughter of Şemsiruhsar Hatun, maybe one of the princesses married in 1613.

2 unknown daughters

I hope you like my analysis, and that I gave you interesting sources, reading and insights. I can't wait for your reaction and comments!

You really worked hard!! Thank you for sharing this with me, I really appreciate it. (I think you should be the one running this blog lmao)

Ottoman history is kind of a pain in the ass because Ottomanists do not speak to each other, apparently; one discovers something but that something gets ignored by everyone else. Also, Turkish historians tend to not use foreign sources, and it’s such a pity because there is so much information in ambassadorial reports.

I’m not sure Mihrimah was the eldest child of Murad III. Only Sicill-i Osmani says this (Sakaoğlu just cites it) and she was not given a “famous” husband, while Ayşe married Damad Ibrahim Pasha. Unless, as you said, she had some health problem so her marriage was delayed until Ahmed I finally “forced” her to get married like his other aunts. I’m sorry if I sound stupid but I don’t understand how you calculated her age 😭. Oh wait, did you just assume a year before Mehmed III? She undoubtedly existed, though.

About the marriages of Ahmed I’s aunts, I would add this from Ragusian diplomats:

30 June 1613: “...quel medesimo giorno che noi arivamo qui si sposso una delle sultane, zia del Gran Signore per suo Capicilar Chiehaia e l’altra si dice che la setimana prosima si sposara per il Beglerbei d’Urumelia stato prima Aga di Gianizari [Mirahur Ahmed Pascià — Mihrimah!!]; et cossi di mano in mano le altre cinque ...” 17 July 1613: “Questi giorni passati dopo l’arivo nostro si sono maritate tre soltane zie del Gran Signore figliole di Murat, et altre quatro sono sposate le quali fra quatro setimane si maritarano ancor loro, le maritate sono una per il Beglerbei di Romania, l’altra per il Bostangi Bascia gran nemico nostro..., la terza soltana vi e maritata per il Capicilar Ciechaia, ancor lui homo di cativo porto, et mal disposto verso le cose nostre..., le quatro soltane sposate vi sono una per il Pascia di Cairo l’altra per l’Aga di Gianizari la terza per il Ciuciuch Ibrachor Basci, e la quatra per Basc Capici Basci del Gran Signore, vi sono adesso quindeci soltane...”

These two dispatches seem to confirm the information you found in Topçular Katibi Abdülkadir Efendi Tarihi.

It would make sense for Safiye to be Ayşe, Fatma, Mihrimah and Hümaşah’s mother because their names carry meaning for Murad III (well, Ayşe and Fatma are for religious reasons) so I would venture they’re his eldest daughters.

About one of the husbands in the 1613 mass marriage, I have found — do not ask me where, I don’t remember — that Sülün Muslu Pasha was a vizier during the reign of Ahmed I. He could be Abide’s husband, as the Ragusians called him “Sulun Muslia”.

What about (in Öztuna):

MlHRBÂN SULTÂN: Med.Murâd III T. =Dâmâd Topal Mehmed Ağa, kapıcıbaşı, izd.21.2.1613.

Did you find anything about her? Uluçay, on the other hand, didn’t assign a husband to her but said that she was buried in the mausoleum of Murad III (the source is Hadikatü’l-Cevami). He also cited Uzunçarşılı’s Osmanlı Devletinin Saray Teşkilatı, page 162, but I couldn’t find anything about her in there. Or maybe it’s just Mihrimah but Hadikatü’l-Cevami called her Mihriban. According to Alderson, she was a consort instead.

Off topic but I can’t believe that Saime is an actual name because it’s so original. I spent hours trying to find an Ottoman name who sounded like Seime, when I first found it in Ragusian reports 😭

Anyway, you’re a really good historian!!

[stephensmithuk]

The Blanched Soldier

Originally published in 1926; the Americans actually got this one first by a month.

I have covered the Boer War extensively in a previous post, but will add some notes on items directly relevant to this story.

The Imperial Yeomanry were a volunteer i.e. not career military force of mounted infantry formed in 1900 as reinforcements in the Boer War. They were disbanded in 1908 and merged into the Territorial Force, a precursor of what is now called the Army Reserve.

Mounted infantry were infantry that travelled on horseback and fount dismounted. They continued in use into the Cold War, with some units also being "mounted" on bicycles on both sides of the Second World War, before being replaced with mechanised infantry.

Middlesex was the traditional county that covered much of the North and West of what is now Greater London; losing a large chunk of its territory and population to the London County Council in 1889. It was abolished in 1965, but remains very much a thing for sporting and cultural purposes, with its own county cricket team being just one example.

A martinet is a strict disciplinarian, the name coming for a type of short whip. Arnold RImmer from Red Dwarf is sometimes described as such, although the character is clearly meant to be quite pathetic.

The Victoria Cross is the highest British award for gallantry, equivalent to the Medal of Honor and like that medal, frequently awarded posthumously. It also usually requires multiple witnesses to the gallantry in question. It trumps absolutely everything bar the George Cross in the honours system, and it is traditional for a private with a VC to be saluted by a general officer.

The most recent VC was awarded to Joshua Leakey in 2015 for his involvement in a firefight with the Taliban in Afghanistan in 2013, where he took control of a machine gun left on a hill and kept firing even as bullets ricocheted off the weapon.

An elephant gun is a large calibre rifle intended for use against elephants and large animals. They saw some military use in the World Wars by the British against armoured German snipers in the trenches of the First and by the Italians against British armoured cars in North Africa during the Second. Since ivory hunting became taboo, they are much less common.

Bedford is a market town in England and county town of Bedfordshire. It has two stations, the main one being located on the Midland Main Line running into St Pancras. Served by Thameslink, East Midlands Railway and London Northwestern Railway services, the last on the Marston Vale line to Bletchley, it is on the outer edge of the London commuter belt.

The other station at Bedford St. John's is served by LNWR services on the Marston Vale line to Bletchley, which is part of the former Varsity Line from Oxford to Cambridge. The station was resited in 1984.

The Sultan of Turkey - and the whole Ottoman Empire - in 1903 was Abdul Hamid II, a modernising absolute ruler who faced many assassination attempts and was ousted in a coup in 1909, replaced by his half-brother Mehmed V.

The Spectator is a British political magazine that has run since 1828. Being distinctly conservative in its world view, its former editors include one Boris Johnson.

"Squadron" was the traditional term for company or battalion sized cavalry or mounted infantry units. Outside of naval and air force use, it is now used for armoured units, which are frequently old cavalry units that just changed their level of horsepower.

Stoep is an Afrikaans word for "stoop".

Leprosy is transmittable by close contact, but you generally need a lot of it. It is still common in Brazil, much of Africa and India, but is now curable. Prejudice remains a big problem, with "leper colonies" still being common.

The general scholarly consensus is that it wasn't ichthoysis, of which there are many types. The NHS has more information here (with pictures): https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ichthyosis/

[lisztomaniacpianist]

Türk Müziği

Bugün benim uzun zamandır ilgimi çeken ve çokça araştırma yaptığım (lakin yine de araştırmalarıma devam edeceğim) bir konu üzerine uzun bir yazı yazmak istiyorum. Türk musikisi, Türk beşleri ve Atatürk'ün müzik inkilabı hakkındaki yazımda bildiklerimi ve araştırmalarım sonucunda öğrendiklerimi sizlere aktarmak istiyorum.

Cumhuriyetimizin kuruluşundan sonra Mustafa Kemal Atatürk'ün üzerinde çalışmalar yaptığı ilk inkilaplardan biri müzik inkilabıdır. Türk musikisi nedir? Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'ndan kalan Alaturka müziğimiz bizim Türk kimliğimizi temsil ediyor mudur? gibi soruları sormuş ve bu konu üzerine Ziya Gökalp ile aynı kanılara varmıştır. Ziya Gökalp'in ''Türkçülüğün Esasları'' adlı kitabına bakarsak (bkz: https://kdm.anadolu.edu.tr/TurkKlasikleri/Turkculugun_Esaslari.pdf sayfa: 143-145), yazar bu konu hakkında: Osmanlı (Alaturka) müziği Farabi'nin Arapçaya çevirdiği Bizans kaynaklarından gelmiştir diyor ve ben de bu müziğin halkımıza inmemiş, saray müziği olduğunu ve notasyonu yapılmış bir müzik olduğunu eklemek istiyorum. Gerçek Türk müziği halkımızda o dönem çalınan ve kaleme alınmamış olan müziktir. Bizans'tan Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'na gelen müziğimize gelirsek. Malumunuz üzere İstanbul'un fethinden (1453) sonra Bizans İmparatorluğu yıkılmıştır, ancak orada yaşayan halk öldürülmemiş ve 2. Mehmed (yani Fatih Sultan Mehmed) tarafından fethedilen topraklarda yaşamaya devam etmiştir (silah kullanmamaları ve ata binmemeleri şartıyla). Bu da bize bu tezi verir: Osmanlı topraklarında yaşayan Yunanlılar veya (Doğu) Romalılar (bazı yazılarda Rum diye adlandırılır ancak bu adlandırma gözüme kompleks gelmiştir, o yüzden buna değinmiyorum) kendi kültürlerine, dinlerine göre yaşamaya devam etmişlerdir ve elbet bu bizim kültürümüze de yansımıştır. Şuraya Bizans müziğinin çalma listesini ekliyorum ki yukarıda dediklerimi müziği dinlerken düşünesiniz: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Da9FeNoFIm0&list=PLSu39ApUwHUb99RW0hsyoDHH-kootWumV

(yalnız kendinizi sıkı tutun, bir büyük açmayın ahaha)

Ciddiyete geri dönersek. Bizans İmparatorluğu, yani Doğu Roma da aynı şekilde Arap kültüründen etkilenmiştir. Demem o ki Osmanlı müziği Bizans ile Arap (İran) müziği ilişkisi içinde doğmuş müziktir. O yüzden birbirine benzerler. (Konu dışı ama aynı bizim Türk mutfağımızda olan sarma yemeğinin ermenilerde, gürcülerde ve diğer milletlerde olup, benzerliklerinin olması gibi, tabii onlar bu yemeğe dolma derler).

Şimdi Tanzimat dönemine gelelim (1839-1876). Bu dönemde hüküm sürmüş olan padişahlarımız (Sultan Abdülmecid ve Sultan Abdülaziz) 2. Mahmud'un (Sultan Abdülmecid'in babası) müzik konusundaki reformlarını devam ettiriyorlar ve Avrupa'dan (özellikle Fransa ve İtalya'dan) ilham alıp, onların müziğine benzer müzik yapılması adına reformlar getiriyorlar, oradaki sanatçıları kendi topraklarına davet ediyorlardı. Tabii bu müzik 2. Mahmud döneminde (1808-1839, yani Tanzimat döneminden önce) başlayan ordu müziğidir, zira 19. yüzyılda Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun ordusunun güçlenmesine ihtiyaç duyuluyordu (aynı şekilde ordu orkestrasının da, çünkü kanaatimce müzik ne kadar ihtişamlıysa, orduya verdiği motivasyon ve diğer ülkelere saldığı korku da o kadar güçlüdür. Mesela 1917 yıllarında bestelenen Mehter Marşı, 2. Mahmud tarafından kaldırılan, sonrasında Enver Paşa tarafından tekrar kurulan Mehter Takımı'nın marşı) bu nedenle Osmanlı Fransız İhtilali'nden etkilenmiştir ve 2. Mahmud orduyu ve ordu orkestrasını güçlendirmek için Fransız ordu modeline benzeyen bir ordu modeli kurmaya çalışmıştır. Ordu orkestrasına güçlü ve müzik eğitimi almış askerler gelmesi amacı ile Müzika-i Hümayun Mektebi kurulmuştur. Bu mektebin başında da Donizetti Paşa (Giuseppe Donizetti) vardı. Diyeceğim odur ki 2. Mahmud döneminde ve ondan sonra gelen Tanzimat döneminde de Avrupa'dan çokça ilham alınmıştır ve bu müziğe yansımıştır. Tanzimat döneminde İstanbul'da Fransız ve İtalyan tiyatroları açılıp, orada fransız/italyan operaları çalınıyordu, bu tiyatrolardan biri de Naum Tiyatrosu'dur. Aynı zamanda Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda yaşayan müzisyenler/besteciler Avrupai tarzda müzik yazmışlardır, mesela Hammamizâde İsmail Dede (Batı'nın Beethoven'ı) gibi besteciler.

Şimdi şu konuya değinmemiz lazım. Batılılaşma ve modernleşme. Bu iki söz arasında büyük bir fark vardır. Batılılaşma, Avrupa'ya benzemektir, modernleşme ise Avrupa'dan örnek almaktır ama kendi kimliğini korumaktır. Tıpkı Mustafa Kemal Atatürk'ün yaptığı çalışmalarda gibi. Burada Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nu asla ve asla kötülemiyorum, çünkü o dönemde (Tanzimat Döneminde) Osmanlı Avrupa'ya yetişmeye çalışıyordu, bununla birlikte gücünü geri kazanmaya çalışıyordu. Bu yetişme durumu sadece Osmanlı İmparatorlu'nda yoktu o yüzden ben bunu kötü olarak eleştiremem. Zamanında Avrupa da Arap gelişimine yetişmek istemiştir ve onların çalışmalarını öğrenmeye ve kendi seviyesini geliştirmeye çalışmıştır. Atatürk'e dönersek, Cumhuriyet kurulduktan sonra işe koyulan liderimiz, Ziya Gökalp gibi Alaturka müziğinin Türk müziği olmadığını öne sürmüştür. Bu konudaki fikirleri aynıdır. Peki ya bizim asıl Türk müziğimiz nedir? Notasyonu yapılmamış müziktir. Halk arasında çalınan müziktir, köylerde olan müziktir. Bunu o dönemlerde Türk müziği araştırmalarına yardımcı olan Macar besteci Bela Bartok da söyler. Onun söylediklerini kısaca yazarsak: ''Türk müziği çok eşsizdir ve daha işlenmemiştir. Türk bestecileri bu müziği bulmak için köylere gitmelidirler''. Bunun benzerini Türk müzik eğitimi ile ilgili raporlar hazırlayan Alman besteci Paul Hindemith de söyler ve şunu ekler: ''Türk müziği, Avrupai bestecilik teknikleri ile armonize edilmeli ve bir Doğu-Batı sentezi oluşturmalıdır''. Atatürk bu yönde gidebilmek için öncesinde adımlar atmıştı. Bana göre en önemli adımlardan biri yetenekli çocukları yurtdışına devlet yardımı ile göndermek idi. Böylece Türk bestecilerimizden: Ahmet Adnan Saygun, Cemal Reşit Rey, Ulvi Cemal Erkin, Necil Kazım Akses yurtdışına eğitim almaları için gönderildiler (bazısı Viyana'da okudu, bazısı ise Paris'te okudu, o dönemde bile gücünü kaybetmemiş olan iki güçlü bestecilik okullarıdır). Sonrasında ülkemize dönüp çalışmalarına Türkiyemiz’de devam etmişlerdir. O dönemde halkın alışık olmadığı bir müzik sentezini ortaya sunmuşlardır, zira bahsettiğimiz sentez Avrupa modern müziği ile Türk müziği sentezidir. Bana kalırsa çok başarılı bir sentez yapılmıştır, çünkü ben bir müzisyen olarak zaman zaman yurtdışındaki konserlerimde Türk bestecilerimize yer veririm ve insanlar tarafından ne kadar ilgi görüldüğünü fark ederim. Ülkemizin klasik müziği insanı mest eden bir güce sahip olduğunu düşünüyorum ve uluslararası arenada tanıtılması gerektiğini düşünüyorum. Tabii ne yazık ki elime geçen Türk klasik bestecilerinin eserlerinin sayısı az, umarım bir gün repertuarımı genişletebilirim ve ülkemde de aynı şekilde Türk klasik müziği temalı konser yapma fırsatı bulup insanlarımıza bu kudretli müziğimizi tanıtma şansına erişirim. Şimdilik yazıma noktayı koyuyor ve klasik müziğimizi tanıtma amaçlı birkaç Türk bestecimizin eserlerini sizlerle paylaşıyorum.

Buyurun:

[wikipedia-edits]

important wikipedia edits 4/17/23

“I like bums” added to end of introduction of article “English Honorifics”

Note added to article on Mehmed the Conqueror accusing him and Vlad the Impaler of having had an “erotic homosexual relationship behind closed doors” 

Article on nickname “Izzy” vandalized, “Izzy is a common nickname for the given names…” changed to “Izzy is a common nickname for people who are dumb and uncool”

Article on American evangelist Dwight L. Moody vandalized, Moody’s place of birth changed to “butt head, Massachusetts”

“I GIVE UP WIKIPEDIA I AM GOING TO VANDALISE, LOG OUT AND CREATE NEW ACCOUNT TO VANDALISE” added in info box of article on Australian athlete Lauren Boden

“ALEX V IS THE WORST he dumb” added to article Diffuse Sky Radiation; “ALex sucks” added again after the first edit was reverted

“Popsicle” changed to “poopsicle” in article on ice pops

Article on the failed gaming console the Virtual Boy mostly blanked, text replaced with “Why are you here? Go do something more worth while.”

Sections of article on Hurricane Inki repeatedly blanked, text replaced with phrases “Dog's are cool,” “hi how are you,” and “Dogs arecool Heath Is cool”

“I love Landon” added to end of article on the Arabian Sea (is this the modern-day version of carving your initials into a tree?)

[shaliss]

RESEÑA

Hija de las tinieblas

AUTOR (A)

Kiersten White

EDITORIAL

V&R

TRILOGÍA

1/ 3

PÁGINAS

496

SINOPSIS

Nadie espera que una princesa sea brutal. Pero Lada, la hija de Vlad Drácula, siempre lo fue. En cambio, su hermano Radu es un joven gentil, inteligente y sensible. Todo lo que Lada y su padre desprecian. Cuando Drácula condena a sus hijos al destierro y los deja en manos del sultán otomano, Lada y Radu conocen a Mehmed. Por primera vez, Radu siente que tiene un verdadero amigo y Lada tal vez encuentre en él a alguien por quien valga la pena sentir algo. Para Radu, el imperio otomano es su hogar. Para Lada, el enemigo. Ella será capaz de sacrificarlo todo con tal de volver a su amada tierra. Lada, Radu y Mehmed crean un triángulo oscuro y apasionado, que desafiará todas las reglas, lealtades y sentimientos.  

OPINIÓN

Esta novela es una adaptación de la historia real del principe de Valaquia, Vlad Drácula o Vlad Tepes, El empalador. Pero en esta ocasión siendo un personaje femenino llamado Ladislav Dracul, mejor conocida como Lada.

La historia y la ficción van de la mano, en la novela, Lada, es hija del principe de Valaquia, un hombre que al saber el género de su hija al nacer, no siente ninguna clase de apego por ella, puesto que el poder siempre ha constituido algo fundamental en su mundo, su desilución fue grande al saber que su descendencia con su actual esposa, comenzaría con una niña, algo que para él constituía una gran debilidad.

Cuando nace su segundo hijo, Radu, fue diferente, sintió mayor simpatía porque era hombre, sin embargo, el tiempo le demostraría que quien poseía la tenacidad, valor y determinación de sus hijos era Lada, quien no hacía más que complacer a su padre y demostrarle que era una hija digna, mientras que Radu, era tímido y temeroso. Quedando completamente abandonado y relegado a su nodriza, puesto que la madre de ambos eligió irse, en lugar de quedarse a cuidar de sus hijos. Desde entonces Lada crece con la idea que su padre sembró en ella, su verdadera madre era Valaquia, el reino que quería gobernar.

Con el tiempo tanto Lada como su hermano, terminan siendo prisioneros del sultán otomano, Murad, quien los usa como garantía para que el padre de ambos le sea leal, sin embargo este lo traiciona, sin importar la suerte de sus hijos, es entonces cuando conocen a Mehmed, el tercer hijo del sultán, quien se hace muy cercano a ellos.

Al crecer un poco más, Mehmed se convierte en la única opción del sultán como heredero, es entonces cuando empieza una verdadera conspiración para deshacerse de él, por parte de los enemigos, es entonces que Lada y Radu se unen para evitar que algo malo ocurra con su amigo, con quién han desarrollado una estrecha relación que dará origen a un triángulo amoroso, en el cual se pondrá a prueba la lealtad de cada uno y sus verdaderos sentimientos. Cada accionar causa expectación por saber en qué terminará todo cuando se concluyan los tres libros.

La relación entre los hermanos Lada y Radu, suele ser en un principio difícil, Radu siente admiración por su hermana al ser tan fuerte y decidida, y a pesar de ello, Lada pretende humillarlo constantemente por la debilidad que refleja frente a los demás, sin embargo al crecer comprende que solo se tienen el uno al otro, por lo que su perspectiva hacía él cambia, desde entonces sus acciones se inclinan a protegerlo.

Durante toda la novela, la personalidad de Lada está muy bien desarrollada. Demuestra ser una mujer decidida, tenaz, aguerrida, segura de sus decisiones, salvaje y cruel. Odia ser mujer por el papel que debe desempeñar en ese entorno, satisfacer a los hombres y darles descendencia. Está convencida de tener un propósito muy diferente a ese , por ello se entrena hasta la desesperación para ser hábil y feroz. Tiene un fuerte temperamento y a pesar de ser muy joven, sabe cómo dirigir un ejército. Su apariencia no es muy agraciada, pero eso carece de importancia. Decidió desde hace mucho que prefería ser guerrera antes que una damisela.

Radu, es tímido, sensible, temeroso e inseguro, pero con un buen corazón, antepone la lealtad y la amistad ante toda decisión. Busca llenar las expectativas de su padre y hermana, odia ser débil, y más en un mundo donde los hombres deben ser todo lo contrario.

El rechazo de su padre lo marcó al punto de depender de su hermana mayor, pero poco a poco irá demostrando sus capacidades intelectuales que le ayudarán a su amigo Mehmed en su travesía como Sultán.

Mehmed, se identifica tan bien con ambos hermanos, debido a que ha vivido una situación similar, el rechazo de su padre, a ello se debe que su dedicación se ha centrado en aprender de política y en compartir momentos inigualables con sus dos amigos, por quienes siente un fuerte lazo, en especial con Lada, a quien empieza a ver con otros ojos.

La novela me pareció muy interesante, sobre todo por abordar datos históricos reales incorporados a la trama. El personaje de Lada, es de mis favoritos, la fuerza que posee es inspiradora. Además los capítulos están muy bien estructurados, hay escenas emocionantes que no podía dejar de leer, pero también las habían leves, las cuales hacía un poco difícil avanzar.

La construcción y crecimiento de los personajes principales se percibe claramente, cada uno tiene una personalidad inconfundible.

La ambientación es bastante descriptiva, el contexto histórico es una de las mayores fortalezas dentro de la novela.

La tensión y el peligro están en la obra, así mismo el juego político y el conocimiento religioso de la época y regiones involucradas.

Es la primera vez que leo algo de Kiersten White, en un principio se me dificultó un poco encontrar el ritmo, pero según se avanza , es mucho más fácil.

Es relevante prestar atención a los nombres y descripciones porque son muy necesarias para la comprensión de la trama, después de todo se trata de ficción histórica, hay muchos detalles, que pueden complicar la asimilación de la misma y por lo tanto, se dificulta un poco la lectura.

En conclusión es una trilogía, que deseo seguir conociendo, el primer libro me gustó bastante y estoy ansiosa por saber que ocurrirá en Renace de las sombras.

CALIFICACIÓN

⭐⭐⭐⭐ 4/5

[techandinvcom]

The History of Ceramics

Ceramics have played a key role in architecture throughout the world. They are used in various applications, including tiles, bricks, pots, and pipes. They are also used for creating refrigerator magnets. They are very durable and are often used in industrial facilities. In addition, they can be resistant to stains and wear, making them ideal for high-traffic areas. They are also very affordable.

In the past, ceramics were associated with coldness, however, technological advancements have led to a more diverse definition of the material. Today, it can be found in a variety of colors, finishes, and styles. It can also be used to imitate fabrics, leather, wood, and more. Whether you choose a natural stone look, a classic pattern, or a contemporary design, ceramics can add a sense of style and sophistication to your home.

The earliest examples of ceramics date back to the 17th century. These tiles were used to cover the walls of buildings. They could be in the form of free-form pieces, or they could be cut into small, rectangular shapes. The Timurid Empire of Persia used the moraq technique, which consisted of plaster between tiles to create panels for wall coverings. The technique was also used to cover the interior surfaces of domes. The color schemes used in these tiles ranged from purplish dark brown to dark blue.

The minai technique was introduced in Iran in the 12th-13th centuries, and was used for producing miniature-sized tiles. This technique uses a layer of colored slip or glaze, which is applied over a secondary glaze to achieve a wider palette of colors. It was used for decorative wares in the early Ottoman period.

The سيراميك industry in Kutahya had suffered a significant downturn in the first half of the 19th century, but it slowly began to recover. Tiles from this period were decorated on late-Ottoman buildings and in private collections in Turkey. This period was characterized by the use of blue-and-white wares. The tile on the tomb of Sultan Mehmed Resad V in Eyup is an example. It was made by Hafiz Emin Usta, a Kutahya potter.

While the tiles of the late Ottoman period were based on the traditional techniques of the Seljuks, they also began to use the cuerda seca technique, which involves carving a design into the surface. This prevents the glazes from running into one another. In addition, the technique was less expensive than lead-glaze ware, and allowed the potter to paint directly on the frit body.

The tiles of the Emirate-period, on the other hand, are generally a continuation of the Seljuk techniques. They were used for decorating domestic houses, churches, and other buildings. These wares were also decorated with sgraffito and slip-decorated techniques. These types of wares continued the folk art and tastes of the Seljuks.

The demand for these tiles has increased over the years due to the rise of residential and commercial buildings. Increasing industrialization has led to a booming construction industry. The growth of this industry is expected to continue in the coming years.

[tiny-librarian]

Royal Birthdays for today, November 2nd:

Constance, Queen Regnant of Sicily, 1154

Yolande, Duchess of Lorraine, 1428

Edward V, King of England, 1470

Anne of York, English Princess, 1475

Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain, 1549

James Louis Sobieski, Polish Prince, 1667

Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange, 1709

Marie Antoinette, Queen of France, 1755

Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, 1767

Mehmed V, Ottoman Sultan, 1844

Sophia of Greece and Denmark, Queen of Spain, 1938

[kentmac]

The Fall of Constantinople in the style of Dave Attell (Part Deux)

So, here's the deal, folks. Emperor Constantine XI realizes real quick that Mehmed has some shady motives. So, he's like, "Hey, Western Europe, can you lend a hand?" But guess what? Centuries of beef between the East and West churches are about to bite them in the ass. See, back in 1054, there was this whole excommunication situation. Then, about 200 years later, the Pope in Rome is all about reuniting with the Eastern church. They even had a union agreement in 1274, and some emperors joined the Latin Church. But hold up, the Byzantines weren't all on board with this, especially the Orthodox peeps in Constantinople.

The Greeks and Italians had some deep-rooted hatred going on, thanks to past massacres and sackings. Long story short, the attempted union failed, ticking off Pope Nicholas V and the Roman church crew. Just when you need their help.

Alright, so in the summer of 1452, right around the time when the Ottomans were getting real close, Constantine decided to write a letter to the Pope, promising to get on board with the whole union thing. The Byzantines were really hoping the Pope would have some serious sway over the Western kings and princes, but as it turns out, that wasn't exactly the case. Those Western rulers weren't too keen on giving the Pope more control, plus they were dealing with their own messes like the Hundred Years' War and the Reconquista.

So, in typical Mediterranean family feud fashion, shit was going down in Venice and Constantinople. The Senate was all like "let's send a fleet to help out Constantinople," but they waited too damn long and by the time they got their act together, it was too late. And to make matters worse, some Italians who swore to defend Constantinople dipped out as soon as Giustiniani showed up. Plus, Constantine was trying to make nice with the Sultan, but instead his ambassador got his ass executed. It was a big ol' mess, man.

So Emperor Constantine XI was like, "Oh snap, we gotta defend against those Turkish ships!" So he came up with this crazy chain thing that floated on logs at the mouth of the harbour, so no Turkish boat could get in. And he's not messing around this time, because the Fourth Crusade already busted through their land defences by breaching the Golden Horn Wall. But wait, there's more - he also beefed up the Land Wall with a serious moat and outer walls with towers every 45-55 metres. That Blachernae wall is the real MVP though, Constantine wanted to make sure that one was extra fortified. Check out this photo …

Yo, so everything is going to be nice and safe for Constantine, right? Well … The defenders of Constantinople were straight-up outnumbered by the Ottomans. We're talking like 7,000 defenders versus 50,000 to 80,000 Ottoman soldiers. And that's not even including the 5,000 to 10,000 Janissaries and the elite infantry corps they had. And don't even get me started on the cannons, man. It was a David vs. Goliath situation, but with way more soldiers and way less slingshots.

Mehmed built a badass fleet of 110 ships to attack Constantinople from the sea. They had all kinds of ships - big galleys, smaller galleys, rowing boats, and horse-transports. But the real showstopper was this Hungarian dude named Orban who built a massive cannon called "Basilica" that could launch a 270 kg stone ball over a mile. Orban was quite the little mercenary. Orban tried to sell his services to the Byzantines but they couldn't afford him, so he went to Mehmed who gave him all the money and resources he needed to build the cannon, but turns out it had some issues, like taking forever to reload and collapsing after six weeks. Some people dispute the whole collapsing part, though. Crazy stuff, man.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 7.4 (1840-1940)

1838 – The Iowa Territory is organized. 1845 – Henry David Thoreau moves into a small cabin on Walden Pond in Concord, Massachusetts. Thoreau's account of his two years there, Walden, will become a touchstone of the environmental movement. 1855 – The first edition of Walt Whitman's book of poems, Leaves of Grass, is published in Brooklyn. 1862 – Lewis Carroll tells Alice Liddell a story that would grow into Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its sequels. 1863 – American Civil War: Siege of Vicksburg: The Confederate army in Vicksburg, Mississippi surrenders to Union forces under Ulysses S. Grant after 47 days of siege, contributing to the Union capture of the Mississippi River. 1863 – American Civil War: Union forces repulse a Confederate army at the Battle of Helena in Arkansas. The battle thwarts a Rebel attempt to relieve pressure on the besieged city of Vicksburg, and paves the way for the Union capture of Little Rock. 1863 – American Civil War: Retreat from Gettysburg: The Confederate Army of Northern Virginia under Robert E. Lee withdraws from the battlefield after losing the Battle of Gettysburg, signaling an end to his last invasion of the North. 1879 – Anglo-Zulu War: The Zululand capital of Ulundi is captured by British troops and burned to the ground, ending the war and forcing King Cetshwayo to flee. 1881 – In Alabama, the Tuskegee Institute opens. 1886 – The Canadian Pacific Railway's first scheduled train from Montreal arrives in Port Moody on the Pacific coast, after six days of travel. 1887 – The founder of Pakistan, Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, joins Sindh-Madrasa-tul-Islam, Karachi. 1892 – Western Samoa changes the International Date Line, causing Monday (July 4) to occur twice, resulting in a leap year with 367 days. 1894 – The short-lived Republic of Hawaii is proclaimed by Sanford B. Dole. 1898 – En route from New York to Le Havre, the SS La Bourgogne collides with another ship and sinks off the coast of Sable Island, with the loss of 549 lives. 1901 – William Howard Taft becomes American governor of the Philippines. 1903 – The Philippine–American War is officially concluded. 1910 – The Johnson–Jeffries riots occur after African-American boxer Jack Johnson knocks out white boxer Jim Jeffries in the 15th round. Between 11 and 26 people are killed and hundreds more injured. 1911 – A massive heat wave strikes the northeastern United States, killing 380 people in eleven days and breaking temperature records in several cities. 1913 – President Woodrow Wilson addresses American Civil War veterans at the Great Reunion of 1913. 1914 – The funeral of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie takes place in Vienna, six days after their assassinations in Sarajevo. 1918 – Mehmed V died at the age of 73 and Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI ascends to the throne. 1918 – World War I: The Battle of Hamel, a successful attack by the Australian Corps against German positions near the town of Le Hamel on the Western Front. 1927 – First flight of the Lockheed Vega. 1939 – Lou Gehrig, recently diagnosed with Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, informs a crowd at Yankee Stadium that he considers himself "The luckiest man on the face of the earth", then announces his retirement from major league baseball.

[nahidasjewelry]

Check out this listing I just added to my Poshmark closet: Unique German Silver ETHNIC Vintage Ottoman Necklace with green stone..

[hasanakbal19]

27 Nisan’da Tarihte Neler Oldu?

27 Nisan tarihi, tarih boyunca birçok önemli olaya ev sahipliği yapmıştır. Bunlardan bazılarını şu şekilde sıralayabiliriz: Sanat ve Müzik: 1810: Ludwig van Beethoven, ünlü piyano eseri “Für Elise”yi besteledi. Siyaset ve Bağımsızlık: 1909: II. Abdülhamid tahttan indirildi ve yerine V. Mehmed tahta geçti. Bu olay, 33 yıllık saltanatının sonunu getirdi ve Jön Türk Devrimi’nin önemli bir dönüm…

[kunyekultursanat]

27 Nisan’da Tarihte Neler Oldu?

27 Nisan tarihi, tarih boyunca birçok önemli olaya ev sahipliği yapmıştır. Bunlardan bazılarını şu şekilde sıralayabiliriz: Sanat ve Müzik: 1810: Ludwig van Beethoven, ünlü piyano eseri “Für Elise”yi besteledi. Siyaset ve Bağımsızlık: 1909: II. Abdülhamid tahttan indirildi ve yerine V. Mehmed tahta geçti. Bu olay, 33 yıllık saltanatının sonunu getirdi ve Jön Türk Devrimi’nin önemli bir dönüm…

[aki1975]

Malta - Vittoriosa - Forte Sant’Angelo - 1560

Storia del conflitto fra Cristianità e Islam nel Mediterraneo.

632 - Morte di Maometto. Scisma, in seno all’Islam, fra i Sunniti e gli Sciiti, ma contestuale espansione dell’Islam che, dalla penisola araba, erode territori all’Impero Bizantino e conquista la Persia la cui cultura influenza l’Islam come quella greca la cultura latina

698 - I Musulmani conquistano Cartagine

829 - Le spoglie di San Marco sono trafugate e portate a Venezia, una città che, come Amalfi, raccoglie comunità che intendono fuggire dalle invasioni barbariche e, come dimostrano le loro cattedrali, commerciare con l’impero bizantino e con l’Islam. Al contrario, Pisa e Genova si sviluppano asservendo, rispettivamente, Cagliari e Alghero e scontrandosi con i Musulmani del Nord Africa

XII sec.

1099 - In seguito all’inizio della Prima Crociata lanciata da Papa Urbano II nel 1096, Gerusalemme viene liberata e Pisa, Genova e Venezia accrescono la propria leadership commerciale a sostegno dei Crociati a Costantinopoli e in Terrasanta

1104 - Fondazione dell’Arsenale di Venezia

1187 - Il Saladino, al termine della Seconda Crociata, con la vittoria di Hattin, riconquista Gerusalemme e unifica i territori asiatici e africani

1192 - La Terza Crociata (la “Crociata dei Re”, iniziata nel 1189) permette di raggiungere un accordo con il Saladino che muore l’anno successivo

XIII sec.

1204 - la Quarta Crociata conduce, dopo Zara, alla conquista latina di Costantinopoli, all’allontanamento della fede cattolica da quella ortodossa, all’indebolimento dei Bizantini e alla fondazione dei “domini da mar” veneziani grazie alla guida del doge Enrico Dandolo: Venezia esercita la leadership sui mari a discapito di Genova e Pisa e delle pretendenti ambizioni di Amalfi e dei Normanni mentre emerge una certa influenza catalano-aragonese nel Mediterraneo occidentale

1219 - Durante la Quinta Crociata, San Francesco incontra il sultano al-Malik al-Kamil

1228 - Federico II guida la Sesta Crociata che, per via diplomatica, raggiunge importanti risultati, ma viene contrastato da papa Gregorio IX

1261 - Michele VIII Paleologo riprende Costantinopoli. Fondazione dell’insediamento genovese di Pera

1291 - San Giovanni d’Acri è l’ultima posizione crociata lasciata agli Islamici

XIV sec.

1312 - Sciolto l’Ordine dei Templari

1380 - Guerra di Chioggia fra Genova e Venezia

XV sec.

1444 - Alla guida di Murad II, i Turchi sconfiggono i Crociati a Varna

1453 - Gli Ottomani di Mehmed II conquistano Costantinopoli e spodestano Costantino XI Paleologo. Cresciuta in seno all’impero bizantino, Venezia, per reazione a questa ascesa ed alla successiva apertura delle rotte oceaniche da parte di Colombo (“buscar el levante por el ponente”), Vasco de Gama e Magellano, consolida i suoi domini terrestri ed il patriziato vi risiede costruendo le “ville venete”. Genova, presente a Costantinopoli, nel quartiere di Pera, si avvicina alla Spagna e si dedica, con il Banco di San Giorgio, alla finanza internazionale sostituendosi ai Fugger e gestendone il debito

1469 - Isabella di Castiglia sposa Ferdinando di Aragona

1480 - I Turchi assediano ed espugnano Otranto

1481 - Bayezid II succede a Mehmed II

1489 - I Veneziani conquistano Cipro, già regno di Giacomo II di Lusignano e poi di sua moglie, la veneziana Caterina Cornaro

1492 - Morte di Lorenzo il Magnifico: sarà Firenze, e non Genova o Venezia, a rappresentare la culla del Rinascimento. Ferdinando e Isabella, dopo aver riconquistato agli Islamici Granada, cacciano gli Ebrei (fra questi, Grazia Nasi) in un’epoca in cui la Francia è dilaniata dalle guerre di religione e, con Elisabetta, sta emergendo il ruolo dell’Inghilterra grazie al quale faranno fortuna anche le città anseatiche.

XVI sec.

1509 - Venezia sconfitta ad Agnadello dalla Lega di Cambrai (Francia, Spagna, Papato). Costruzione delle Mura di Treviso

1519 - Carlo V imperatore

1520 - Solimano il Magnifico diventa Sultano

1522 - Rodi espugnata dagli Ottomani

1528 - Genova, sotto la guida di Andrea Doria, ottiene nuovamente dalla Spagna l’indipendenza

1530 - I Cavalieri dell’Ordine degli Ospedalieri di San Giovanni l, cacciati da Rodi, ricevono in feudo Malta da Carlo V per attaccare le navi da corsa turche

1543 - Il Re di Francia Francesco I accoglie la flotta turca a Tolone

1552 - I forti di Sant’Elmo e San Michele sono edificati a Malta

1555 - Fine delle guerre fra l’Impero Ottomano sunnita e la Persia prima dell’Islam zoriastriana, poi sciita, ma non araba

1557 - Filippo II succede al padre Carlo V. Jean de la Valette Gran Maestro dell’Ordine

1560 - Gli Ottomani sconfiggono gli Spagnoli a Gerba

1565 - Assedio di Malta: in numero molto inferiore, i Cavalieri resistono agli attacchi dei Turchi di Dragut. La presa del Forte di Sant’Elmo e gli attacchi al forte di San Michele richiedono molto tempo così che il “Gran Soccorso” della flotta spagnola ordinato in ritardo dal Re “Prudente” Filippo II, induce gli Ottomani a ritirarsi

1566 - Selim II succede al padre Solimano: il suo Gran Visir è Mehmet Sokollu. I Turchi riconquistano Chio ai Genovesi. Pio V, inquisitore di Bosco Marengo, Papa, un pontefice medievale, non rinascimentale

1569 - Rivolta dei moriscos in Spagna

1571 - Assedio di Nicosia e Famagosta, presa di Cipro con la morte cruenta di Marcantonio Bragadin (sepolto nella Basilica di San Giovanni e Paolo a Venezia) e successiva Battaglia di Lepanto in cui la Lega Santa organizzata da Papa Pio V e guidata da Don Giovanni d’Austria, Gianandrea Doria, Marcantonio Colonna e Sebastiano Venier (in pantofole) sconfigge gli Ottomani

1580 - Invasione del Portogallo. Filippo II unisce le due corone

1581 - Sotto Elisabetta I, nasce la Compagnia del Levante. Inglesi ed olandesi, dopo portoghesi e castigliani, sono i nuovi protagonisti del commercio e della politica mondiale: alle galee seguono caravelle, caracche, velieri ed infine galeoni

1582 - Armistizio fra Turchi e Persiani

1598 - Filippo II muore a l’Escorial