#memorandum of association

[ebizfiling01]

Know the Key Differences between MOA and AOA.

Introduction

Each entrepreneur looks forward to the first stage of launching a company: company registration as a legal entity. Important legal documents that specify acceptable activities and limitations provide direction for businesses. While the Articles of Association (AOA) outline the company's internal governance guidelines, the Memorandum of Association (MOA) outlines the scope of the company's operations and interactions with the outside world. It is important to know the differences between MOA and AOA since together they set the foundation and operating rules required for forming a private limited company.

Meaning of MOA (Memorandum of Association)

Memorandum of Association is one of the key documents for company registration. The MOA must include a description of every activity the company is involved in. To put it simply, the Memorandum of Association establishes a connection between the business, its operations, and its interactions with shareholders, creditors, and investors. Only the actions specified in the MOA are subject to liability on the part of the corporation.

Following are the Clause related to the Memorandum of Association

Name clause: All company-related information, such as the firm's name at the beginning of an article, must be included. This includes the company's legal status (LLP or public limited company) and the industry in which it continues to operate.

Liability clause: If a company is registered under unlimited liability, it may choose to omit this clause, which contains all the information about member liability in the company.

Situation clause: This clause contains information on the company's registered office. If the company changes its registered office, the information must be updated in the clause.

Capital clause: In this clause, the maximum amount of capital that a corporation may raise is specified, along with the share distribution schedule. The capital clause lists the benefits and rights granted to the shareholders.

The object clause: This clause outlines the purpose behind the formation of the organization. This is usually not adjusted or modified. Because of this, the layout of this part is crucial and needs to be done carefully and with thorough knowledge. Any activity that isn't covered by the MOA's object clause is off-limits to the corporation. Members do not approve of such actions and are known as ultraviruses (beyond capacities).

Subscription clause: This clause mainly includes names, addresses, and contact details of the first subscribers. A private limited firm must be formed by at least two individuals. A public limited company needs to have seven members. These subscribers must accept at least one share.

 Meaning of AOA (Articles of Association)

This supplemental document outlines the management, rights, and obligations of the organization as well as its internal operations. It includes various guidelines and regulations in addition to the bylaws of the firm. The contents of the AOA align with both the Companies Act and the MOA.

A company cannot give up these capabilities. It is possible to amend the article to address topics that are not covered in the memorandum. To adjust, a specific resolution is needed.

Following is the content related to Articles of Association

Details about a company's share: include conversion, transfer, and forfeiture information in great detail. Regulations of minimum subscription and fully paid share conversion.

Details on the responsibilities, rights, and dismissal of directors: These documents contain comprehensive information on the responsibilities, authority, and appointments. Apart from this, the board of directors borrowing rights and the process for removing directors are covered.

Details on conducting meetings and holdings: Detailed descriptions are provided for holding meetings, sending out notices, and keeping minutes. Rules and regulations about the proxy, voting rights, and the necessary percentage of votes for a director are mentioned.

Rules and processes for the company's winding up: The articles may be altered if doing so serves the company's best interests. But this shouldn't go against any contracts with other parties. This is accomplished by passing a special resolution and, within 30 days of its passage, submitting a copy to the Registrar. The responsibilities of the current members shouldn't be increased in any way by this modification.

Conclusion

The difference between  MOA and AOA they serve different purposes. Within a company, the MOA outlines procedures, while the AOA outlines who is responsible for what. To put it simply, the MOA deals with the strategies and plans needed to accomplish goals, whereas the AOA deals with the roles and duties of individuals. 

[memorandum-of-association]

Memorandum of Association: Significance in Business Planning

The Memorandum of Association is a detailed document that describes a company's operating scope and underlying connection with stakeholders. It lays forth goals, identifies rights, and outlines the authority granted to the firm.

Restraints and Limitations

This important agreement limits a company's operations to those stated in its provisions, protecting shareholders and limiting risks connected with other business endeavors.

Key Details are Included

The MOA provides the foundation for the business's activities by outlining basic details such as the office address, shareholder names, company appellation, and share distribution.

Essential Requirements for a Valid Memorandum of Association

1) Language and Notarial Requirements

The Arabic MEA has to be carefully written and notarized. Since the Arabic version is the one that is recognized as official in the UAE's legal system, adherence to the Arabic language and notarization is essential.

2) Protocols for Registration: The MOA must be registered in the economic department's business register or with the appropriate free zone authorities to be legally enforceable and recognized by other parties.

Significance of an Attested Memorandum of Association

1) Legal Authority and Approval of Business Licence

The MOA must be attested by a local notary public following UAE law. The business license application could be denied without this testimony, making the MOA void.

2) International Participation Conditions

For international business needs, extra attestation from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the UAE Embassy in the appropriate country is necessary, emphasizing its importance beyond internal borders.

The Memorandum of Association is the Company's Cornerstone

1) Directing Upcoming Operations

The MOFA serves as the fundamental document that influences the company's future. The process of identifying and classifying the company's approved business activities serves as a guide for all upcoming initiatives and operations.

2) Strategic Requirements

Knowing how the MOA is drafted, attested, and registered goes beyond just following the law. In the UAE, it becomes a strategic need that shapes a company's operating structure and credibility.

A company's validity and compliance with UAE regulations are guaranteed by strategic actions such as the meticulous evaluation and observance of the MOA's criteria, which go beyond mere legal formalities.

To create, examine, and guarantee adherence to Memorandum of Association (MOA) regulations in the United Arab Emirates, Lingoline offers specialist assistance. Their simplified services include Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) attestation, which verifies MOAs for international trade while guaranteeing international lawfulness and smooth cross-border transactions.

[mystartupsolution]

New Company Registration Consultant in Lucknow | MY STARTUP SOLUTION

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Personalized Approach: 

At MY STARTUP SOLUTION, we understand that every business is unique, and therefore, we tailor our services to meet your specific requirements. Whether you are a sole proprietorship, partnership, or a private limited company, we offer customized solutions that cater to your needs.

Timely Assistance:We value your time and strive to expedite the registration process without compromising on quality. Our proactive approach ensures that your company registration is completed within the stipulated time frame, allowing you to focus on other aspects of your business.

Transparent Communication: We believe in maintaining open and transparent communication with our clients throughout the registration process. Our dedicated consultants are always available to address any queries or concerns you may have, ensuring a smooth and hassle-free experience.

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Our Services:

Company Name Reservation: Choosing the right name for your company is crucial, as it represents your brand identity. Our experts will assist you in selecting a unique and meaningful name that complies with the regulations set forth by the Registrar of Companies (ROC).

Preparation of Documents: From drafting the Memorandum of Association (MOA) and Articles of Association (AOA) to obtaining Digital Signature Certificates (DSC) and Director Identification Numbers (DIN), we take care of all documentation requirements on your behalf.

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[noragaur]

Importance of Memorandum of Association | Finology

Discover the significance of the Memorandum of Association (MOA) in company registration. Understand how the MOA defines the constitution, objectives, and scope of business activities. Learn why precision and clarity in drafting the MOA are crucial. Read more on Finology Insider.

[professionalutilities1]

NBFC (Non-Banking Financial Company) Registration — Fees, process, Documemnts Required

NBFCs or Non-Banking Financial Company are registered under the Companies Act 1956/Companies Act 2013. Though these do not possess a banking license, yet are involved in various financial services. Some of the services include:

Loan and credit facilities

Asset Financing

Acquisition of shares/stocks/bonds

Hire-purchase

Insurance business

Chit business

Currency exchange

Peer-to-peer lending

Hedge funds

*Classification of NBFC

Asset Finance Company (AFC)

Investment Company (IC)

Loan Companies (LC)

Infrastructure Finance Company (IFC)

Systematically Important Core Investment Company

Infrastructure Debt Fund (IDF-NBFC)

Mutual benefit financial company

Micro Finance Institution (NBFC-MFI)

Housing Finance Company

Core Investment Company

*Documents Required for NBFC Registration

Significant documents required for NBFC Registration in India are as follows:

Documents related to the administration and management of the company

Company Incorporation Certificate

The Memorandum of Association and the Articles of Association of the applicant-company or firm

Documents describing the location of the company

Detailed information about Directors or Partners of the Company

Accounts of the company well-audited for the last three consecutive years

Board Resolution in favor of NBFC formation

Should have a bank Account with a minimum paid-up equity share capital of INR-2 Crore

Income tax PAN, etc.

To know more (click here)

[biatconsultant]

What’s the Role of MOA and AOA in Private Limited Company

What is MOA (Memorandum of Association) in a Private Limited Company?

The Memorandum of Association (MOA of a Private Limited Company) puts down the constitution of an organization containing specific key matters. It is a fundamental report for the actual presence of the organization. Each Organization should have its own Reminder of Affiliation. The MOA is the contract of the organization which characterizes and limits the powers of an organization for the data of general society at large. The reason for the Notice of Affiliation is to show the allowed scope of exercises of an organization for the direction of investors, lenders, and others. At the point when you are consolidating your Organization, legitimate guidance should be taken to shape a Memorandum of Association to protect yourself and your business in the long haul.

What all Clauses are included in the MOA of a Private Limited Company Registered Online?

Clauses Come Under MOA of a Private Limited Company Registered Online:

Name Clause- The name of the Organization should be expressed with the final word ‘Limited’ in the event of public organizations and with the last two words 'Private Limited’ if there should arise an occurrence of privately owned businesses. The Organizations Act gives that an organization ought not to be enrolled with an unwanted name. The subject of allure, etc., of a name, must be chosen from the current realities and conditions of each case.

Situation Clause-The Memorandum of Association makes reference to the State in which the enlisted office of the organization will be found. That is, the habitation of the organization ought to be expressed for the assurance of the ward of the Court, as well as of the Enlistment center. Inside a specific house, there should be an enlisted office, the implication of which should be given either at the hour of enrollment or something like 30 days from the date of enrollment given the organization doesn't start business sooner than this time of 30 days.

Object Clause-Quite a few legal items can be expressed and remembered for the provision of this article, regardless of whether the organization takes part in that multitude of exercises. From a lawful viewpoint, this proviso is attributed to the most noteworthy significance. Any movement which outrages the article's condition and isn't explicitly expressed in the Memorandum of Association would be considered ultra vires, i.e past the powers of the organization.

Liability Clause- A company limited by shares or by ensure should express that obligation of its individuals is restricted. This statement principally influences individuals. An organization can't expand the risk apart without his/her composed assent.

Capital Clause- The MOA of the organization having an offer capital is expected to show how much offer capital with which the organization will be enlisted, and the division thereof into portions of a decent worth.

Association and Subscription Clause- An association clause meaning the craving of endorsers to structure themselves into a body corporate ought to be annexed in all cases at the foot of the memorandum. The subscription clause gives that every supporter is to take something like one offer in the organization and is expected to express the number of offers taken by him alongside his mark.

What is the role of AOA in Private Limited Company Registration in India?

Since the Articles of Association (AOA) of an organisation serve as a business report and are a requirement for Private Limited Company Registration in India, they must be carefully understood. It establishes particular rights and obligations between people and the organisation and regulates the organization's internal management. As stated by the Articles of Association, which outline how leaders and other officials are required to fulfil their responsibilities with regard to the administration of the organisation, its records, and review. Every organisation that is guaranteed to be restricted, or that is guaranteed to be limited in scope or confidential, is required to enrol its articles together with the other members of affiliation. Organisations have the authority to amend or add to their articles thanks to section 31. A company cannot deprive itself of these authority. The article can be adjusted to address issues for when there is little notice. An extraordinary objective should influence the change.

Read Our Other Blog on How GST Registration is done for Private Limited Company to Know More About Private Limited Company Registration in India

[rhk111sblog]

Another Chinese Vehicle Company will make Malaysia as their Hub for Exports in South East Asia (SEA) while another Chinese Solar Photo Voltaic Cell Company is investing Usd 380 million to put up a Factory there; Vietnam’s Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs visited China and said that her Country “Treasures” its ties with China while their President told Xi Jinping himself that Vietnam’s relations with China is their “Top Priority” as a Chinese Company making Smart Electronics will put up a Usd 50 million Factory there

[qqueenofhades]

“U.S. President Joe Biden issued a memorandum on Thursday requiring allies who receive military aid from the U.S. to provide ‘credible and reliable written assurances’ of their adherence to international law including international human rights law,” the Times of Israel reported. Israel will need to supply written assurances within 45 days or risk loss of aid. The report added, “The memo did not mention specific countries who would be held up to the new standard, but came amid increasing calls in the U.S. to condition aid to Israel due to concerns over its military operations in Gaza which were triggered by the Oct. 7 attacks, in which Hamas terrorists murdered some 1,200 people, mostly civilians, and kidnapped 253.” No one should underestimate the impact of the decision. The Associated Press explained, “Democratic senators on Friday called Biden’s directive — meant to bring breadth, oversight, deadlines and teeth to efforts to ensure foreign governments don’t use U.S. military aid against civilians — historic.”

[.......]

Biden also pressed on with intense one-on-one diplomacy. After his comment on Thursday evening that Israel had been “over the top” in Gaza, Biden engaged with Netanyahu on Sunday in a 45-minute conversation — unusually long by most diplomatic standards (and even more so given that no time had to be spent on translation with English-fluent Netanyahu). According to the White House readout, Biden insisted Israel make “credible” arrangements to protect civilians before launching a widely criticized military plan for Rafah, where civilian casualties could mount. He also pressed Netanyahu again to increase humanitarian aid to the Palestinians. Biden’s patient approach with Netanyahu over months has gradually transformed into a private and public pressure campaign. A Biden official told The Post that the leaders had “a pretty detailed back and forth on that.”

-- Biden delivers tough love, takes historic step: Conditioning aid to Israel

Meanwhile Trump?

Trump has said he would implement travel bans on people from certain countries or with certain ideologies, expanding on a policy upheld by the Supreme Court in 2018. Trump previewed some parts of the world that could be subjected to a renewed travel ban in a mid-October speech, pledging to restrict people from the Gaza Strip, Libya, Somalia, Syria, Yemen and "anywhere else that threatens our security." During the speech, Trump focused on the conflict in Gaza, saying he would bar the entry of immigrants who support the Islamist militant group Hamas and send deportation officers to pro-Hamas protests.

Also: Trump vows to expand Muslim ban and bar Gaza refugees if he wins presidency

Really, really not sure how much clearer I can make it here for y'all, but sure. Something something Trump's actually a better choice on this issue/overall (sarcasm).

[justinspoliticalcorner]

Phillip Jackson at HuffPost:

Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D-Mass.) introduced a bill Wednesday that would give federal and state officials more power to hold police departments accused of bad behavior to account. The Enhancing Oversight to End Discrimination in Policing Act, led by Warren and in the House by Rep. Marilyn Strickland (D-Wash.), would strengthen the power of state attorneys general to launch investigations into police departments involved in civil rights violations if the Justice Department fails to act on them. The bill would also task the Justice Department with looking beyond “traditional law enforcement mechanisms” when providing reforms to selective police departments such as mental health support, civilian oversight bodies, and community-based restorative justice programs, according to Warren’s office.

Warren had introduced a version of the bill in 2020. This newest version of the measure would also revitalize the Department of Justice’s Civil Rights Division, granting an increase in funding to pursue civil rights investigations into police departments and other government offices accused of discriminatory practices. It would increase funding for the civil rights division to $445 million per year over a 10-year period. (For scale, the 2023 budget for the division was $189.9 million.)

Warren first introduced her bill following the death of George Floyd in 2020. That earlier draft also called for Attorney General Merrick Garland to rescind a 2017 memorandum from his predecessor, Trump-era Attorney General Jeff Sessions, that limited the DOJ’s ability to initiate consent decrees on police departments — a key way of stopping bad behavior. (Garland rescinded that memorandum in April of 2021.)

Nine senators co-sponsored the bill: Cory Booker (D-N.J.), Ed Markey (D-Mass.), Jeff Merkley (D-Ore.), Peter Welch (D-Vt.), Ron Wyden (D-Ore.), Bernie Sanders (I-Vt.), Chris Van Hollen (D-Md.), Tammy Duckworth (D-Ill.), and Mazie Hirono (D-Hawaii). Several civil rights organizations are backing Warren’s new bill, including the American Civil Liberties Union, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the National Urban League and others.

Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D-MA) and 9 other co-sponsors in the Senate are supporting the Enhancing Oversight to End Discrimination in Policing Act to strengthen police accountability. Rep. Marilyn Strickland (D-WA) is pushing this in the House.

[zvaigzdelasas]

The foreign minister of the Marshall Islands has called for more US compensation over the legacy of massive US nuclear testing to enable the renewal of a strategic agreement governing bilateral relations. Marshall Islanders are still plagued by health and environmental effects of 67 nuclear bomb tests from 1946 to 1958, which included Castle Bravo at Bikini Atoll in 1954 – the largest US bomb ever detonated.

Jack Ading told a US congressional hearing a memorandum of understanding covering terms to extend his country’s Compact of Free Association (Cofa) with Washington was signed in January without proper domestic authorization and under pressure of a deadline for inclusion in Joe Biden’s budget.[...]

He said the MOU was non-binding and appealed to Congress to direct the Biden administration to continue negotiating. The Marshall Islands is one of three Pacific island nations covered by Cofas, under which the US has responsibility for their defense and provides economic assistance, while gaining exclusive access to huge strategic swaths of the Pacific. Renewing the deals, which is subject to congressional approval, has become a key part of US efforts to push back against China’s effort to expand its regional influence.[...]

Last year, more than 100 arms-control, environmental and other activist groups urged the Biden administration to formally apologize to the Marshall Islands and provide fair compensation.

14 Jul 23

[empirearchives]

Is it true that Napoleon Bonaparte used to know and associate with the Robespierre brothers? Like from what I've heard, he was pretty serious about it, to the point that it hampered his career post-thermidor. (It would make the stereotypical depictions of the Terror in Napoleon 2023 pretty hillarious, honestly.)

Yeah, it’s true. According to Saliceti (a Montagnard politician from Corsica), Napoleon was “their man” (1).

The first known mention of Robespierre by Napoleon was on 23 January 1791. He wrote a piece called Lettre à Buttafuoco. Matteo Buttafuoco was a Corsican politician. In it, he writes: “O Lameth! Oh Robespierre! O Pétion! O Volney! O Mirabeau! O Barnave! O Bailly! O La Fayette! This is the man who dares to sit next to you!” (2)

Napoleon was a political ally of the Robespierre brothers. As far as I know, he never met the older Robespierre brother in person, but he did meet and know the younger brother. They were associates and even became friends. Augustin Robespierre wrote to his older brother “the citizen Bonaparte commanding the artillery is of transcendent merit.” (2)

In 1794, Napoleon accepted an “unofficial” position in the Committee of Public Safety’s war office, specifically at the historical and topographical office. While he worked there, he wrote to his brother “I am swamped with work at the Committee.” (3)

This is how Pontécoulant, who oversaw him at the topographical bureau, described Napoleon at this job:

“It was not a mere sinecure that he had accepted, he sometimes worked fifteen hours a day, . . . and the considerable number of memoranda, reports, letters, and documents of all kinds that he wrote . . . would fill several volumes. Never, even during the campaign of 1794, had the topographical office of the Committee of Public Safety . . . deployed such activity; he maintained continuous communications with the leaders of the different armies, and their staffs, astonished, learned from then on to know this nervous style, full of precision, movement and masculine energy.” (4)

It was during this time that he was asked to write a general memorandum on grand strategy. It was titled Sur la position politique et militaire de nos armées de Piémont et d'Espagne (On the political and military position of our armies of Piedmont and Spain). The person he submitted it to was Augustin Robespierre in June 1794.

Frank McLynn’s description of the memoranda:

“Basing his strategy on the writings of Guibert de Bourcet, Napoleon devised a plan that enabled the Army of Italy to advance to the watershed of the Maritime Alps, having secured control of the passes of Col d'Argentière, Tende and St-Bernard. With the enthusiastic support of Augustin Robespierre, who took Bonaparte's memorandum to Paris with him, Napoleon argued that if the French attacked in Piedmont, Austria would be forced to come to the aid of her Austrian possessions and thus weaken her position on the Rhine, allowing the French to strike a knockout blow there. Napoleon's chances of getting the plan accepted looked good, for his new commander-in-chief, General Dumerbion, deferred in all things to the political commissars; Saliceti and Augustin Robespierre, in turn, nodded through anything military that came from the pen of Napoleon.” (5)

Augustin sent Napoleon to Genoa for a diplomatic mission on 11 July 1794. So, the Robespierres were behind the beginning of Napoleon’s long diplomatic career. In fact, Napoleon was still on this mission when he learned about the death of the Robespierre brothers (28 July 1794).

Earlier that year, the younger Robespierre brother had actually proposed that Napoleon take command as head of the Paris National Guard and replace François Hanriot in Paris. Napoleon considered it, but decided to keep his post instead.

Hanriot was executed the same day as the Robespierre brothers. Who knows, perhaps the same fate would have happened to Napoleon had he accepted the offer.

Nevertheless, according to Jean Tulard “the 9th of Thermidor opens a difficult period for him”. (2) He was arrested in the south of France for his association with the Robespierre brothers. The order was signed on August 6th, and he was imprisoned for over a week (August 9th-20th).

The fact that Napoleon had been in a foreign country (Genoa) on a mission for the Robespierre brothers at the time of 9 Thermidor was used against him.

According to Patrice Gueniffey, “Napoleon spent his spare time reading the history of Marshal Maillebois’s campaigns in Italy and writing a long, self-justifying memorandum addressed to the representatives […] without saying anything against Robespierre”. (3)

The appeal which released him specified his military acumen. He was considered too crucially important to the war effort to kill or keep imprisoned.

“We are convinced of the possible utility to us of this soldier's talents, which, we cannot deny it, are becoming very necessary in an army that he knows better than anyone, and in which men of this kind are extremely difficult to find.” (3)

So he was released, with his head still attached to his body. But, the situation had definitely changed for him. The representatives were cautious about him and refused to reemploy Napoleon as commander of the artillery. Nevertheless, he continued to work on the campaigns as part of the staff of General Dumerbion, and working his way up from there.

In 1797, Napoleon evoked Robespierre in a speech in Ancona to a surprised dinner party. He defended Robespierre for his “alleged crimes” and said of him:

“Since its origin,” he tells us, “France has had only one strong government: that of Robespierre.”

The impression of horror that the memory of this man had left on everyone’s minds was so recent, so profound, that it is difficult to imagine the painful surprise this opinion excited, and with what ardor it was opposed. Far from abandoning it, General Bonaparte tenaciously supported it:

“What,” he said, “is a strong government? It is one which has a well-determined useful purpose; the firm will to achieve it; the force capable of making will triumph; finally, the intelligence necessary to properly lead this force. Let’s examine if Robespierre combined all these advantages: What was his goal? The triumph of the revolution. He felt that a counter-revolution would be more bloody, would lead to more cruel, more lasting evils than those that our revolution had demanded and would still require. So he wanted to accomplish it at all costs.” (6)

Did this association have an effect on Napoleon’s career? I would say it definitely impacted his reputation and the perception everyone had of him.

To Madame de Staël (and eventually Victor Hugo), Napoleon was “Robespierre on horseback” (2). Mallet du Pan calls Napoleon “a Corsican terrorist” (7). The royalist pamphleteers had titles like “Robespierre and Buonaparte or the two tyrannies” and “The Jacobins and Buonaparte or historical essay on the alliance of the two tyrannies which oppressed the French nation” (2). In them, Napoleon was described as a “worshiper of Marat, accomplice of Robespierre, vile complacent of Barras” (2). To Metternich, “Napoleon seemed to me the incarnation of the Revolution” (8). He tried to warn the other countries in Europe against making peace with France, because, to him, “No peace is possible with a revolutionary system, whether with a Robespierre who declares war on chateaux or a Napoleon who declares war on Powers” (9). William Pitt the Younger spoke of the “jacobinism of Robespierre, of Barrere” and called Napoleon “the child and the champion of all its atrocities and horrors” (10).

This is a royalist caricature of Napoleon created by Pierre-Marie Bassompierre Gaston. The caption says “One is always faithful to one's first love”. (Source)

Here is Napoleon’s stance on Robespierre:

“Robespierre died because he tried to stop the effects of the Revolution, and not as a tyrant. Those who wanted to bring him down were crueler than he was: Billaud-Varenne, Collot d'Herbois, etc. He had against him Danton's party, which was powerful and immense. Probably he could not have acted otherwise. I believe that Robespierre was without ambition. . . . Everything I read in the Moniteur teaches me nothing, but it confirms me in the opinion that I had, and settles me in it even more. To be sure, Robespierre was not an ordinary man. He was very superior to everything around him. His discourse on the Supreme Being proves it. Disgusted by what he was hearing, he felt the necessity of a religious system among people who did not want anything, either religion or morals. Morality had to be raised up again. He had the courage to do it and he did it... That was great politics. No doubt he shed blood; that is the other side of the coin, but he is certainly less guilty than Tallien, who slaughtered Bordeaux, or Fréron whom I saw in Marseille taking poor unfortunates by the collar to have them shot. Those men were real killers. Had he [Robespierre] not succumbed, he would have been the most extraordinary man who appeared.” (3)

Sources:

(1) Adam Zamoyski, Napoleon: A Life

(2) Jean Tulard, De Napoléon et de quelques autres sujets: Robespierre vu par Napoléon

(3) Patrice Gueniffey, Bonaparte: 1769–1802

(4) Le Doulcet de Pontécoulant, Souvenirs historiques et parlementaires

(5) Frank McLynn, Napoleon: A Biography

(6) J. P. Collot, La chute de Napoléon

(7) Albert Sorel, L'Europe et la Révolution française, V. 5

(8) Memoirs of Prince Metternich 1773-1815 Vol. 1

(9) Henry Kissinger, A World Restored: Metternich, Castlereagh and the Problems of Peace 1812–1822

(10) The speeches of the Right Honourable William Pitt, in the House of Commons, V. 3

[dve]

my main thoughts about judith is like she's been in the military for most of her life. ive had two drinks so i might be misremembering but like she was like six??? or something to do with that when she joined the cohort. her dad is high up so she wasn't sent out at that age but it does suggest something about child soldiers outside of the fourth. also like the drainage part of her necromancy like how do you teach that to someone?? she's very interesting anyways

really good points anon!!!! i think that the houses' normalization of children being introduced to warring for the empire at such a young age is so interesting, especially given how fourth and second seem to function in tandem with each other even though typically fourth is more closely associated with fifth fandom-wide. in turn it's intriguing to see how people in the fandom respond to that association and the military structure of second, how judith functions within it, etc.,

the drainage part of her necromancy seems to be second house standard fare (although i think being a generalist is also fairly common if i recall correctly) and i wish we'd gotten to see at least a little bit of it in action through judith in gtn since it's used to empower the necromancer and not the cavalier, separate from any of the trails which i think are at the ultimate extreme of what necromancy means / does / the theorems of it all. for me it brings to mind the blood of eden memorandum at the end of htn before AYS when blood of eden points out that one should not engage with the enemy unless absolutely certain that there is not a necromancer present in the unit, and even then, maybe still don't, because if there's a necromancer among the enemy and that necro can essentially embolden and strengthen the non-necromantic parties, then it makes combat even more frightening than it already is.

as for judith being in the military all her life, yeah! yeah. yeah... i find some people's hostility towards judith as a character interesting when it makes sense to me that judith, who is still so young by the time she's been dubbed the captain in ntn and possessed by varun, is obviously clinging to the beliefs and ideals of the empire taught to her from childhood, seems to need that belief in the empire to survive in the conditions she ends up in. she serves as a fun narrative contrast to characters like corona or camilla, obviously, in that they've got doubts of their own, but judith's dogmatism in AYS especially is also a response (to me) to her own doubts, fears, and further goes to show how deeply-ingrained her beliefs are and how deeply-ingrained those beliefs may be in second house and the cohort altogether.

[eretzyisrael]

By  Luke Rosiak

A Maryland school system knowingly used false information to discipline a Jewish teacher in response to her reporting to her principal that at a pro-Palestinian walkout — which the principal called “fantastic” — students praised Adolph Hitler and called for the death of Jews.

The Daily Wire reported in January that Paint Branch High School Principal Pam Krawczel gave excused absences to students to walk out of class in protest of Israel, and praised them even after the Muslim Student Association (MSA) faculty sponsor informed her that some made violent and genocidal remarks. In response, Krawczel falsely suggested that the MSA faculty sponsor, Brooke Meshel, was The Daily Wire’s source, doxxed a child, and took a photograph of students.

As a result, Montgomery County Public Schools (MCPS) has now prohibited Meshel from interacting with any member of the MSA, impeding her ability to teach her classes.

Krawczel knew the accusation was false because MCPS itself — not Meshel — was The Daily Wire’s source. Shortly after the highly-publicized walkout, the publication filed a public records request for Krawczel’s emails on the topic. The day the emails were received, this reporter emailed Krawczel asking her for comment, explaining that the story was based on the emails she had turned over.

Nonetheless, Krawczel summoned Meshel and drafted a “Summary of Concern” memo for her file, expressing “concern about the article posted in the Daily Wire in which Ms. Meshel was said to be the source.” Krawczel ordered Meshel to “reflect on the meeting” and stated that, “per this memorandum…. you are no longer to serve as the sponsor of MSA. Do not interact with any students in the MSA. Do not post any pictures of PBHS students.”

As evidence that Meshel was the source, Krawczel cited that an unnamed collection of students told her “Meshel had provided information to the writers” and told The Daily Wire “the whole event was anti-Semitic,” neither of which occured.

The letter also relied on another statement from a student that began, “to whom it may be concerned [sic], I have been asked to provide my statement on the article from the Daily Wire which has used my photograph without my permission,” claiming it “poses a threat to our lives.”

The student’s statement claimed, bizarrely, that a stranger appeared on campus distributing signs — from the Freedom Road Socialist Organization — and that the students decided to hold them and pose for photographs though the signs were “not representative of my personal or political views.” The photo was, in fact, proudly posted to Instagram by student walkout organizers, as the story made clear.

[todaysdocument]

Memorandum from Henry Treide, War Manpower Commission, to George Cross, Acting Director of the Bureau of Placement, Recommending the Allocation of War Prisoners to Work in the Food Processing Industry in Maryland, Pennsylvania and Virginia

Record Group 211: Records of the War Manpower CommissionSeries: Records Relating to Prisoners of WarFile Unit: POW's Region IV

[written on letterhead for War Manpower Commission] ROOM 202, 433 THIRD STREET, N. W. REGION IV 523 May 17, 1844 MEMORANDUM TO: George Cross Acting Director Bureau of Placement FROM: Henry E. Treide Regional Director SUBJECT: Allotment of War Prisoners The Third Service Command Headquarters has allotted 1,000 war prisoners to each of the three states--Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania--which will be allocated by the War Manpower Commission. In addition, we are advised that commanders of camps, posts and stations have been notified that up to fifty per cent of war prisoners on government installations may be requisitioned in emergencies to aid in harvesting and processing food crops. The number of prisoners allotted to Virginia and Pennsylvania should meet normal requirements in food process- ing plants. Maryland, however, presents a far more critical need, and present plans of allotment must be increased if losses are to be held to a minimum. Certifications of need for over 4,000 war prisoners in Maryland food processing plants have been made by the War Manpower Commission. This number will be needed even after the Commission has utilized all its facilities to recruit free labor within the area of need, and in other states from which cannery labor may be secured. [written diagonally on top right] Call [unwiller]-2- To: Mr. George Cross May 17, 1944 To point up the importance of the canning industry in Maryland--this state stands third in the nation in canned snap beans, third in canned tomatoes, and fourth in canned sweet corn. Figures furnished by the Tri-State Packers' Association show that, of the major crops--peas, tomatoes, sweet corn, and snap beans, Maryland has 59 per cent of the acreage in the area covered by the Third Service Command. Over 50 per cent of the entire pack and 100 per cent of some packers, goes directly to armed service use. For your further study, attached is copy of a letter from the Tri-State Pack- ers' Association which further helps to clarify the need. Needless to say, the letter is unsolicited. This letter is written to request your aid in securing an increased allotment of war prisoners for cannery work in Maryland during the peak extending from July 15 until October 1. The increase for Maryland should not result in a decrease for Virginia or Pennsylvania, since they too have needs which are great although not near so critical as Maryland. I shall appreciate your early attention to this request in order that plans may be made for providing facili- ties for housing the additional prisoners. [signed] Henry E. Treide Enc. Henry E. Treide

[jordanianroyals]

11 January 2024: Crown Prince Hussein, accompanied by Princess Rajwa, attended the launch of the Jordan-Singapore Tech Alliance Forum.

Speaking at the launch, Crown Prince Hussein highlighted the forum’s importance in unifying the two countries’ efforts towards technological excellence.

He stressed Jordan’s keenness to become a rising force on the international tech scene, highlighting the importance of digital transformation and entrepreneurship in nurturing creativity and turning ideas into reality.

The similarities between tech talents in Jordan and Singapore can be a bridge that connects the two countries and enhances cooperation in service of mutual interests, the Crown Prince said at the forum, held by the Ministry of Digital Economy and Entrepreneurship and Jordan’s embassy in Singapore, in cooperation with the Singapore Business Federation and SG Tech. (Source: Petra)

His Royal Highness invited business people, experts, and CEOs to visit Jordan to learn more about the ICT and entrepreneurship sector, which is full of promising Jordanian talents.

Minister of Digital Economy and Entrepreneurship Ahmad Hanandeh said that with more than 8,000 students graduating from IT-related programmes each year, Jordan’s digital economy continues to flourish, noting that Jordanians are making an impact that is attracting businesses from around the world.

He expressed the ministry’s keenness to continue helping Singaporean companies find the perfect home for their business in Jordan, highlighting the Jordan Source programme, which is helping businesses capitalise on Jordan’s exceptional potential as a global IT and business process outsourcing hub.

The Jordan-Singapore Tech Alliance Forum saw the participation of nearly 150 representatives of tech start-ups in Singapore, in addition to six Jordanian start-ups that provide technical support to international companies in sectors like gaming, digital education, and creative industries.

During the forum, key Jordanian tech companies gave briefings on their work, and participants engaged in discussions to attract international firms to Jordan by showcasing the competitiveness of the ICT sector in the Kingdom and success stories of Jordanian start-ups.

The forum also featured a presentation on the Jordan Source programme, launched in 2021 during a ceremony attended attendance of the Crown Prince, to promote Jordan as an international hub for innovation and investment in ICT and communications.

The forum is part of a series of Jordan Source promotional tours to attract investments and build partnerships with international companies seeking to expand into the Middle East through Jordan.

On the sidelines of the forum, a memorandum of understanding between Jordan’s Institute of Banking Studies and the Singapore FinTech Association was signed.

Planning Minister Zeina Toukan, Jordan’s Ambassador to Singapore Samer Naber, and Director of the Office of the Crown Prince Zaid Baqain attended the forum.