#polysystem

[thecreativityofnostalgia]

Gammon and Monogon’s Console Boxes

Both consoles of which belong to or was mentioned by Duck Season and Boneworks created by Stress Level Zero

Gammon Kingbit Game System (KBGS) VS. Monogon Polysystem. (PS)

Kingbit Game System (Deluxe Pack)

Deluxe-Package Excitement

The Deluxe Pack is a video system designed for the whole family in mind. Only Gammon offers innovative accessories and a vast library of games paks that are both simple and sophisticated enough to challenge the abilities of everyone in the family.

The Deluxe Pack game system includes the Kingbit Console, a game controller, Kingbit Flashgun, and a FREE copy of Duck Season. Get ready to tap your mind into a world of virtual entertainment!

Just pop in any game from our ever-expanding library of Kingbit games and experience come-to-life virtual video that will have you in the edge of your seat. With challenging action, incredible graphics, vibrant colors and sound, Gammon brings the boardest range of hot video game titles available.

To top it off, the Deluxe Pack is built for expandability. Not only can it accommodate the KBGS Advantage. “KBGS Max,” or the KBGS Satellite or KBGS five score for five-player fun! Our Official Gammon seal of exclusive assures you that these products have met our standards of excellence.

The Deluxe Pack in-home game-system. Now the entire family can tap in on the world of excitement.

Monogon Polysystem

[Polysystem mockup console by Game Theory]

Only Monogon……Has it All!

Monogon started the 32-bit game revolution. And we’re still leading the way. Only Monogon gives you more of everything…

More Games

Only Monogon gives you hundreds of 32-bit hits. From realistic sportsplay to high-action adventures - from classic arcade hits to major movie titles and much, much more. Plus, with our special converter, you can still play all your 8-bit Master Game favorites on the Polysystem.

More Options

Only Monogon gives you more ways to play - with lots of controller options and the most sophisticated laser shooter ever designed. And only Monogon lets you team your 32-bit system with CD technology- to tap into the cutting edge in video games.

More Entertainment

It’s been building since we first introduced the Polysystem. And it’s better than ever! Ultimate challenging gameplay. Incredible arcade quality and digitalized graphics. Spectacular digital sound with realistic voices. Plus the stereo music by Monodisc that’ll knock your socks off. (And you can hook them up!!!) All only from Monogon.

Join the 32-bit Revolution

[Both the Kingbit and Polysystem, along with Gammon and Monogon are both a parallel the rivalry competition between Nintendo and Sega with Their NES and Sega Geniuses in the 80s, at least that what we see in comparison.]

[Both consoles belong to Duck Season and Boneworks which the games were made by Stress Level Zero.]

[squeakygeeky]

Calling all BL academics! You should check out Intersections: Gender and Sexuality in Asia and the Pacific Issue 49, June 2023. It's devoted to Thai BL and it's Thai scholars, publishing in English, and available free. So basically everything I ever wanted.

Thai Boys Love (BL)/Y(aoi) in Literary and Media Industries: Political and Transnational Practices - This is the introductory article. One interesting takeaway is that there's a market for western M/M romance in Thailand and I'm dying to know what sort of titles have gotten Thai releases.

Chinese Historical BL by Thai Writers: The Thai BL Polysystem in the Age of Media Convergence - I didn't read this one. It's about the phenomenon of Thai writers writing danmei set in ancient China.

Authorial Revisions of Boys Love/Y Novels: The Dialogue between Activism and the Literary Industry in Thailand - This one was super intersting. It was about how the backlash to certain problematic tropes affected both revisions to Y novels and their tv adaptations. It uses Jittirain as a case study and includes passages from 2gether that were rewritten.

Boys Love (Yaoi) Fandom and Political Activism in Thailand - This article has a lot about Not Me, both about the backlash to the novle due to it being originally a GOT7 fanfic (allegedly) and the political context for the series. It also discusses a few other series related to the youth movement and marriage equality.

Heterosexual Reading vs. Queering Thai Boys' Love Dramas among Chinese and Filipino Audiences -This really only covers up to 2019 and as we all know everything is changing fast. I'll be interested in future scholarship that covers the current period. Basically expands on some of Baudinette's work.

Provincialising Thai Boys Love: Queer Desire and the Aesthetics of Rural Cosmopolitanism -I just skimmed this since I'm not familiar with either series mentioned or the rural culture of Isan.

[bluedelilah]

The end of an era 😔 my thesis on platonic love and historical gay affairs disguised as a 17th century poetry translation analysis is done...

🫢 Funeral orations 💫 or 🥱 passive aggressive plagiarism accusations 🌠

[ineffable-opinions]

In the year of dragon, I wish they retained Mungkorn (มังกร) instead of translating it to 'dragon' in the 2nd episode of Love Sea.

For context, I'm referring to the scene where Rak speaks about public reaction to his writing:

I just wanted to share a story I loved with like-minded people. But as the reader base grew, some groups of people started finding faults with it. "Why did this character do that?"

It's just like when people ask why there are dragons in a fantasy world. Because it's a fantasy world, so of course it has dragons. Illogical things... can only happen in fictional worlds.

While there is nothing wrong with the translation as such, some cultural nuance is missing. Firstly, fire-breathing western dragons and auspicious (and political claw count) eastern conception of "dragons" are different in many ways.

Mungkorn also has an important place in Thai culture and politics.

So it is understandable that having mungkorn in fantasy fiction would be different from having dragon in fantasy fiction.

Here's an excerpt from Thai BL authors' interviews with scholar Jooyin Saejang quoted in the 2023 paper Chinese Historical BL by Thai Writers: The Thai BL Polysystem in the Age of Media Convergence

Writer B, too, penned Chinese historical BL not only because she liked Chinese historical dramas that often feature extravagant settings and costumes, but also because she could use 'their history and beliefs as storytelling materials without worrying about any "drama". For example, if I want my male protagonist to be a ruling monarch, I can do it [in a Chinese setting], but if I do it in a historical Thai setting … [laughs].' Writer B added that:

Actually, it's not just politics. Religious beliefs are also the same. For instance, I write about Chinese gods and spirits, I can reference the Bodhisattva without worrying about any drama because it is fantasy. But if I use the Bodhisattva in a Thai setting, then I might face a backlash like 'why did you do this to other people's belief?' It is more sensitive. I feel like when everything I include is historical Chinese, then people will understand that it's just fiction, just fantasy. They can see it as unrealistic. I read a novel like this but set in Thailand before. It touched on people's religious beliefs, so the reception was not so good. A lot of people were against it because it was in their daily life. They didn't want anyone to touch on it. It was their belief.

When asked why she did not attempt a Thai BL period drama, Writer C similarly cited historical China's affordance of surrealism which allowed her to avoid any backlash.

With historical China, I can portray things that are surreal. There are eras that have Chinese gods, spirits, and demons. If you ask me why I won't write a Thai BL period story, mainly because I am not well-versed in Thai history and because historical Thailand is quite sensitive in Thai society. Anything about Thai is very sensitive. We cannot do anything with it. If I do something with it, there will be those curious people who are always like, 'Why is it like this? Why is it like that? No, it shouldn't be like this. It should be like that.' Cut to the Chinese historical setting, I claim that it's about gods and spirits, then nobody will question me. Or even if there is, I can argue that my story is not based on anything. Don't use it for your history test.

-

As with gong shou convo in Unknown, imo, this translation too defeats the purpose of the scene.

[wherestoriescomefrom]

one of my students got me thinking about this i guess - but i think the relationship "translation" as a category has with originals is very similar to the relationship fanfiction has with canon in the current publishing world. we were discussing good vs bad translation, and i told her point blank that i find the debates and discussions in translation theory very meaningless when they reach a specific point - there's just so much intellectual labour being spent on arguing about whether translation manages to capture the essence of the source language, and whether true meaning can ever be conveyed through the target language. and then there's brain dead idiots at every translation and literature conference (please don't ask about these) who will say something so absurdly stupid about the nature of communication and phrase it in the dumbest way possible like "is writing an act of translation in itself?" like please be serious.

and i'm not even saying that some of this work isn't useful - it's interesting to figure out the quirks and idiosyncrasies of a language, to see how its rhetorical and poetic modes might get exposed through the act of translation. and even better is to do some form of demographic analysis of translation with relation to more material relations of power - for instance, huge numbers of south asian languages get translated to english as opposed to hindi texts being translated to, say, telugu. there's a power relation there that's interesting to explore! but i could genuinely care less about whether the true meaning of the text is being conveyed through translation and about what is being lost or gained. in part because even if you spoke to hundred practitioners of the same language spread geographically wide enough, the meaning of any word is going to be debatable and might acquire new kinds of associations. but this discourse about "loss" and "transcreation" is so irritatingly pervasive in any kind of analytical work on translation, you'd think translators are the last bastion that represent lost meaning.

and one of the main reasons why i think this line of thinking is useless is because translation as it is currently defined and discoursed over exists in relation to IP law, just in the same way as fanfiction only exists because IP law exists. when there is a text that has "true meaning" which belongs to the author in the sense that the intellectual class can own a true version of the text - and translation is just needlessly justifying it's existence with relation to this IP law all the time - enveloping itself in mystique around loss of meaning and how much translation is also a creative process. as a counter example, the act of translating something to another language has been a mainstay of trade and storytelling circulation from time immemorial - and i sincerely doubt that all those people were constantly worrying over whether they were correctly translating the "true meaning" of cinderella at any point.

i don't think these are new thoughts for me that much, but sometimes u just gotta. articulate it for yourself, you know? because that comparison between fanfiction and translation really cemented it for me, neither of these things exist outside of the kind of protections that IP law gives the owners of any intellectual property. it's just so much more useful to study Zohar's polysystem theory even if it seems to have a linear bend to it which is not always useful, and even if it might seem dated at times. like that's a GOOD analytical tool - translation as circulation as opposed to whatever the fuck "is writing an act of translation✨✨" is,,,

[laikasmenagerie]

Polysystem (or polysys) describes a collective that is made up of multiple systems. This may be merely a lens to view their experience through (i.e. being one system with many heavily distinct layers/subsystems, but finding it easier to parse them as separate systems entirely instead), or just the objective nature of their collective.

Coined this term with the intent to describe a specific experience a friend and I (both polyfragmented DID systems) have, but anyone is welcome to use for whatever reason if it feels like it fits them. :)

Please don't repost this term anywhere (i.e. to another site or to a wiki), but you're welcome to use on your personal pages. Do not tag with syscourse; I don't care for it. When I say anyone can use, I mean anyone can use.

[jamreadingjournal]

WEEKLY JOURNAL - 2

Cher readers,

As I read the Cask of Amontillado I notice how obssessed are Poe's characters.

I am always shocked how Poe explores about human emotions such as jealousy, fury, envy.

The worst part of human feelings are so real. It is well written, and his characters are cruel, remorseless. Montresor killed Fortunato sadistically.

Even though I think their characters are horrible, I like them.

I never related this short story with Come see the sunset, until this course begin even though I read those texts in the graduation back in 2016.

The short story come see the sunset is written by Lygia Fagundes Teles. The short story approaches gender issues in the background. It shows how patriarchal society perceives and treats women.

We can see how Literary Criticism approaches patriarchal society in the feminist criticism.

I read about it in the 6th chapter of Theory into practice, by Ann B. Dobie. The author explained how literature is about man talking to man, not to woman.

Dalcastagne, a Brazilian author, also affirmed that women were written by men for so many time and in those stories they were stereotyped, and that's what happens when we don't have proper representation in literature: we are faded to be stigmatized in literature.

Colomer, a Spanish writer, wrote about canon texts and criticized how selecting texts are often creating vertical lines in the reading process because most of those texts are canonical literature and in part of them there is no proper representation. She even brings Even-Zohar to explain how the literary system is complex because it's a polysystem.

She also talks about how experience should be a priority in the reading process, and this experience would be more productive when is a collective and collaborative reading. So people can create meaning together.

Just like Eco, Colomer also thinks the meaning of the text is constructed during reading and it depends on who, when, how each person reads.

For me, creating meaning is about experience the text. As Larrosa Bondía, a Spanish writer, explains: experience is what happens to us, and its different to get a information.

The way we experience world impacts how we read and construct meanings in literary texts.

Thank you for reading.

Jamile

[perennialessays]

Week 1

Comparative Literature: History, Theories, Ideologies: Introduction.

In the first week of the course we shall discuss what is comparative literature; its origins; the ideologies that are implicated in the discipline; how it has developed, the questions that have been addressed to it in more recent times, the challenges it faces today; what are some of the traditional methods it employs to study texts; how it sees the relationship between language, culture, reading and understanding texts; its relationship with translation and with “world literature”. We shall then consider some brief texts to ‘see’ and ‘do’ comparative literature in practice.

“Narcissus and Echo” episode from Ovid’s Metamorphoses; [Course Pack]

Denise Riley, “Affections of the Ear”; [Course Pack]

Ted Hughes, “Narcissus and Echo”. [Course Pack]

Secondary Reading (* especially recommended)

* Bassnett, Susan, Comparative Literature: A Critical Introduction (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993) * Bernheimer, Charles (ed.), Comparative Literature in the Age of Multiculturalism (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995)

Eoyang, Eugene C., The Promise and Premise of Creativity: Why Comparative Literature Matters (London: Continuum, 2012) Gifford, Henry, Comparative Literature: Concepts of Literature (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969) * Guillén, Claudio, The Challenge of Comparative Literature (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1993) Hermans, Theo (ed.), The Manipulation of Literature (London and Sidney: Croom Helm, 1985) Koelb, Clayton and Susan Noakes (eds.): The Comparative Perspective on Literature: Approaches to Theory and Practice (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1988) Miner, Earl, Comparative Poetic: An Intercultural Essay on Theories of Literature (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990) * Saussy, Haun, Comparative Literature in an Age of Globalization (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006) Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty, Death of a Discipline (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003) Tötösy de Zepetnek, Steven (ed.) Comparative Literature and Comparative Cultural Studies (West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press, 2003) Tötösy de Zepetnek, Steven, Comparative Literature: Theory, Method, Application (Amsterdam and Atlanta: Rodopi, 1998) Weisstein, Ulrich, Comparative Literature and Literary Theory, trans. William Riggan, (Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press, 1973)

If you are interested in early history and documents of comparative literature: Schulz, H-J. and P. H. Rhein, Comparative Literature: The Early Years. An Anthology of Essays (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1973)

The following journals will also be relevant - you can browse through them: New Comparison Comparative Criticism Comparative Critical Studies (esp. volume 3, no 1-2, 2006, Comparative Literature at a Crossroads?) Comparative Literature Studies Translation and Literature CLC-Web

Some further reading on World Literature

Apter, Emily, Against World Literature: On the Politics of Untranslatability (London: Verso, 2013)

Casanova, Pascale, The World Republic of Letters, trans. B. B. DeBevoise, (Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard University Press, 2004) [orig. French ed. 1999] Chow, Rey, 'The Old/New Question of Comparison in Literary Studies: A Post-European Perspective', ELH, Vol. 71, No. 2 (Summer, 2004), pp. 289-311 http://www.jstor.org/stable/30030049 Damrosch, David, What is World Literature? (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2003). Damrosch, David, How to Read World Literature (Chichester, UK and Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009) Moretti, 'More Conjectures', New Left Review 20 (2003), pp. 73-81 (this is a follow up of Moretti's essay, set for this seminar, after the debate it had elicited. This is currently not available in the library and I will request it, but in the meantime, I have a pdf file for this if you want to read it) Prendergast, Christopher, Debating World Literature (London: Verso, 2004). Prendergast, Christopher, 'Negotiating World Literature', New Left Review 8 (2001), pp. 100-121 (this is a response to the essay by Moretti set for the seminar. This is currently not available in the library and I will request it, but I have a pdf file for this if you want to read it)

Rosendhal Thonsen, Mads. Mapping World Literature. International Canonization and Transnational Literatures. New York: Continuum, 2010

Some secondary reading on translation (and comparative literature)

Apter, Emily, The Translation Zone: A New Comparative Literature (Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2006) Bassnett, Susan, and André Lefevere, Translation, History, and Culture (London and New York: Pinter, 1990) Bassnett, Susan, and André Lefevere, eds., Constructing Cultures: Essays on Literary Translation (Clevedon : Multilingual Matters, 1998) Bassnett, Susan, and Harish Trivedi, eds., Post-colonial Translation: Theory and Practice (London and New York: Routledge, 1998) Berman Sandra, and Michael Wood, eds., Nation, Language, and the Ethics of Translation (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2005) Cheyfitz, Eric, The Poetics of Imperialism: Translation and Colonization from the Tempest to Tarzan, rev ed. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997) Copeland, Rita, Rhetoric, Hermeneutics and Translation in the Middle Ages: Academic Traditions and Vernacular Texts (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991) Cronin, Michael, Translation and Globalization (London: Routledge, 2003) Even-Zohar, Itamar, and Gideon Toury (eds.), Translation Theory and Intercultural Relations (Tel Aviv: Porter Institute for Poetics and Semantics, 1981) Even-Zohar, Itamar, Polysystem Studies, A special issue of Poetics Today 11:1 (1990). (Durham: Duke University Press, 1990). Lefevere, André, Translating, Rewriting, and the Manipulation of Literary Frame (London: Routledge, 1992). Niranjana, Tejaswini, Siting Translation: History, Post-structuralism, and the Colonial Context (Berkeley, Los Angeles and Oxford: University of California Press, 1992) (also contains chapters on Benjamin) Robinson, Douglas, Translation and Empire: Postcolonial Theories Explained (Manchester; St. Jerome Press, 1997) Tymoczko, Maria and E. Gentzler eds., Translation and Power (Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2002) Venuti, Lawrence (ed.), Rethinking Translation: Discourse, Subjectivity, Ideology (London and New York: Routledge, 1992) Venuti, Lawrence, ed., The Translation Studies Reader (London and New York: Routledge, 2000)

[superlinguo]

[ə̞̃ə̃ə̝̃] - That’s the way you mumble ‘I dunno’, and it has implications for the nature of meaning

I always used to get into trouble with my mum for reducing ‘I don’t know’ into nothing more than a three note grunt. But, it turns out that this massive reduction of speech to something that is still meaningful says a lot about the role of prosody.

The transcription of this very very reduced form of ‘I don’t know’ is [ə̞̃ə̃ə̝̃]. Sarah Hawkins and Rachel Smith used this form to argue that we need a model of understanding speech that takes into account the individual sounds, and the intonation, as well as the way these are processed.

Personally, I just think it’s nifty that someone transcribed one of my bad habits and made it look rather impressive.

From the Hawkins & Smith paper arguing for polysystemic speech understanding:

“Most native speakers of English have an impressively wide variety of ways of conveying the meaning of I do not know. The most common forms probably range between I don’t know and dunno, both of which can be pronounced in a number of different ways. However, there are many other variants, the most extreme forms of which can only be used in particular circumstances. For example, it is hard to say the fully expanded form I do not know without conveying some degree of exasperation. An even more extreme form has pauses between the words (I...do...not...know) and (in most cases) is so rude that it can only be used when the listener does not seem willing to accept that the speaker really does not know. At the other extreme, it is possible— again, only in the right circumstances—to convey one’s meaning perfectly adequately by means of a rather stylized intonation and rhythm, with very weak segmental articulation, ranging between something like [ã̠ᵊ̃nːəʊ] and [ə̞̃ə̃ə̝̃] (intonation not marked). This type of utterance could allow successful communication between relaxed family members, for example when A asks B where the newspaper is, and B does not know, but does not feel that she needs to stop reading her book in order to help find it. Notice that the intonation pattern alone is not enough: at least the vowels must be there ([m]s will not do), and the vowels must start more open (and probably more fronted) than they finish, just as in the more clearly-spoken utterance, so that, at least in this situational context, [ə̞̃ə̃ə̝̃] is nonsense whereas [ə̞̃ə̃ə̝̃] is not.” (Hawkins & Smith 2001, p. 35)

Hawkins, S., and Smith, R. (2001) Polysp: A polysystemic, phonetically-rich approach to speech understanding. Italian Journal of Linguistics—Rivista di Linguistica 13, 99-188. [PDF]

[Update 16/07: I originally had [ə̞̃ə̃ə̝̃] written as [ẽ̞ẽẽ̝], which does not reflect the original Hawkins and Smith article. Lots of people tweeted about this article that they use a variety of vowels, or a nasal [m̞mm̝]. The important point that intonation is more important in this context still stands, but I’ve updated the post to better reflect Hawkins and Smith. Thanks Adam Kołodziejczyk for spotting my handstanding schwas]

[neurotic-nereid]

Makanch même pas أسس ثابتة في الترجمة was3lash rahi dirli hakda I still don't really get wesh 7ab evenzohar idir bel polysystem theory genre fhamt que darha من أجل رفع مكانة الترجمة في الأدب mais quoi d'autre???

[jobswebusa]

Actuarial Consultant II at MetLife

Actuarial Consultant II at MetLife

Job Location: United States : New Jersey : Bridgewater Work Arrangement: Hybrid Role Value Proposition: This role is responsible for monthly US GAAP-LDTI valuation runs for Asia, LatAm and EMEA in PolySystems HealthMaster and LifeMaster. You will be expected to be available to address system issues during close periods. You will also be responsible for booking various numbers to the ledger and…

[yurimpala]

Este é o 3x1 Polyvox Polysystem 900M de @samuel_21oliveira restaurado pela Tecnotronic Vintage Audio. . . #tocadisco #tocadiscos #tocadiscosvintage #turntable #giradiscos #giradischi #platterspieler #garrard #polyvox #polysystem900m #polyvox900 #polyvoxpolysystem900m #balanceamento #balança #balançadeprecisão #tecnotronic #vintage #audio #vintageaudio #tecnotronicvintageaudio #mococa #saopaulo #restauração #restoration #restauracion #woodworking #bolachão (em Tecnotronic Vintage Audio - Floripa) https://www.instagram.com/p/Cj6CbVbuZc5/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

[dreddymd]

Candida Yeast Protection Program – A yeast infection?

Yeasts, tiny fungi-like organisms found on plant leaves, flowers and in soil and saltwater, assist in the decomposition and recycling of plants and algal. Yeasts also play an important role in human culture and history – imagine a world devoid of beer, wine and bread. Commercially, yeasts produce alcoholic beverages by fermenting rice, wheat, barley, and corn, and in the baking industry they are used to help dough to rise. Brewer’s yeast – a rich source of protein, B vitamins, niacin, and folic acid – is often taken as a supplement.

Candida albicans

Although it’s easy to find enjoyment in a rich golden ale, a fine wine or a fresh loaf of bread, it’s difficult to appreciate these organisms when they are unleashed to run rampant in a human host.

Candida albicans is a saprophyte, a common yeast-like fungus that survives by eating dead tissues. Normally this organism is present in the blood, gastrointestinal tract and vaginas of warm-blooded animals. Candida also lives in the folds, creases, and wrinkles of our skin.

Normally candida is a harmless symbiont, living in the gastrointestinal tract, kept under control by the inhibitory actions of beneficial bacteria and a healthy immune system. Unfortunately, this internal ecology can easily be disrupted, leading to conditions that not only allow, but actually promote, the rapid growth of yeasts. These conditions can decrease the number of beneficial bacteria, lower immunity, and stimulate further yeast growth. As a result, the yeast cells quickly multiply out of control, especially in the colon.

A Widespread Problem

Approximately 80 million Americans suffer from yeast-related problems. Of these, seventy percent are women. Factors that encourage yeasts to grow, colonize and spread systemically include:

Hormonal Imbalances: Elevated tissue levels of steroid hormones from oral contraceptives, corticosteroid therapy, pregnancy, and chronic stress provide nourishment for hungry candida organisms. Steroids bind with candida, suppressing the immune response, thereby increasing colonization and promoting the spread of candida to cells which are penetrated in search of nutrients.

Antibiotics: Many popular broad-spectrum antibiotics kill beneficial gut bacteria, inhibit immunity and intensify subsequent candida overgrowth. Antibiotics and hormones in the feed of farm animals may stimulate yeast overgrowth in people when they eat meat and dairy products (eggs).

Diet: Refined foods provide sugar and simple carbohydrates that the yeast ferment for nourishment. The modern American diet is frequently low in biotin and other nutrients that inhibit the conversion of benign yeast to the invasive fungal form. Infections: Recurrent bacterial infections compounded by immune system dysfunction lead to systemic candidiasis.

Environmental Toxins: Exposure to toxic agents in food, air and water may lower immunity, alter homeostasis and promote susceptibility to candidiasis.

Physical Contact: Candida can also be spread by direct contact during sexual activity and through such medical procedures as emergency-room treatments, intravenous feedings, dialysis and surgery. In one recent study of surgery patients, 49% developed Polysystemic Candidiasis.

From Yeast to Fungi

Under the above conditions, Candida albicans cells undergo a profound metamorphosis, changing from a benign, round-like yeast form into an invasive filamentous fungal form. When this occurs, long, root-like filaments extend and penetrate cells lining the intestinal mucosa in their search of food.

Once they have penetrated the protective barrier of the intestinal tract and invaded the circulatory system, yeasts release waste chemicals (toxins) and, in the process, allow undigested food proteins and other toxins to enter the body. These and other foreign substances assault the immune system, leading to tremendous allergic reactions, fatigue and other health problems. These conditions are generally referred to as candidiasis or Candida-Related Complex (CRC).

Symptoms of Candida

The clinical picture for candidiasis may be different for every person. The symptoms may be similar to chronic Epstein-Barr virus syndrome, hypoglycemia, hypothyroidism, adrenal maladaptation (hyperadaptosis), fibromyalgia, and others. For example, intestinal candida symptoms may resemble Crohn’s disease. As a result, the problem may be misdiagnosed when other problems occur simultaneously. Some patients just feel lousy all over. Others have minor, annoying, periodic, and seemingly unrelated disturbances, or even severe mental or physical incapacitation. Often, physicians either believe the cause is another disease or they send the patient to a psychiatrist because they cannot determine a physical cause. Consequently, since the underlying cause is often not properly diagnosed, it cannot be treated properly.

General & Local Problems

General problems of Candida Related Complex can include diarrhea, constipation, migraine headaches, menstrual cramps, depression, lethargy, and skin eruptions. Common localized problems are vaginal yeast infections, oral thrush, and diaper rash. Candida may also be responsible for the other localized disorders. In severe cases, candida-infected people can develop life-threatening blood poisoning and other systemic problems from candida toxins.

Candida has been found to produce 79 distinct toxins. These toxins have been shown to cause massive congestion of the eyelid area, ears, and other parts of the body. These toxins may be responsible for many of the symptoms that Candida sufferers have.

Leaky Gut Syndrome

Candida may contribute to a leaky gut, an unfavourable increase in intestinal permeability. Undigested macromolecule food particles and toxins are allowed to pass directly into the body, creating a variety of problems like triggering an immune response sensitising the individual to normally harmless molecules.

When this occurs some people become hypersensitive to environmental substances or develop multiple food allergies. These undigested particles may also pass through the blood/brain barrier where they can be mistaken for neurotransmitters, leading to mental symptoms that may create abnormal behavior.

Mental & Nerve Dysfunction

Candida albicans can synthesize acetaldehyde, a toxic metabolite that causes cross-linking, damages organs, and interferes with the synthesis of acetylcholine and other neurotransmitters. This disruption of the nervous system can cause mental disarrangement, abnormal behavior, and memory loss. Candida toxins can also alter the functioning of the central nervous system leading to distorted thinking, mood swings, depression, agitation, impaired intellectual functioning and emotional disturbances. It’s even possible for candida to produce symptoms of alcohol intoxication by fermenting simple sugars.

Systemic Problems

Systemic candida is a great imitator. It can mimic many diseases such as cystitis, Crohn’s disease, gastritis, multiple sclerosis, endometriosis and various forms of mental illness. Candida may be part of the pathology in colitis, pancreatitis, hepatitis, cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus, malignancies, endocrinological pathologies, and autoimmune disorders.

Yeast Toxins Alter Immunity

Yeast overgrowth can depress the immune system, leaving individuals more prone to recurrent bacterial and viral infections. Toxic Candida metabolites also lower T-cell counts, inhibit lymphocyte proliferation, reduce phagocytosis (an active immune function) and diminish cellular immunity. Candida has decreased suppressor T-cells by a factor of 15. This increases the risk of autoimmune disorders. In addition, candida is a potent allergen capable of causing complaints ranging from chronic urticaria (itching skin patches) to irritable colon and severe headaches.

Undetected Candidiasis?

Many individuals can suffer from candidiasis and never know it. Candida may be the underlying cause of chronic illness, bringing about a wide variety of seemingly unrelated or intermittent symptoms and clinical disorders of varying magnitude that defy diagnosis.

All of these responses make a positive diagnosis of candidiasis frequently difficult. However, recurrent and common symptoms of CRC (Candida Related Complex) do exist and fall into different categories.

Diagnosis of CRC

When determining whether or not an individual has CRC, it is essential to look at the entire picture:

1. A history of factors causing CRC

2. Presence of candida-related symptoms

3. The occurrence of CRC problems

4. A diagnosis of CRC from lab tests

Having more than 60% of the Candida Causative Factors in Table I and 60% of the Candida Symptoms in Table II and having one or more the Yeast-Related Problems in Table III strongly indicate the likelihood of systemic candidiasis. This warrants using diagnostic laboratory tests.

Diagnostic Laboratory

Tests for Candida

Laboratory testing is the only way to confirm the diagnosis of candidiasis. Among the different laboratory tests, the following may be used for an accurate assessment of Candida:

CECA (CandiSphere Enzyme Immuno Assay Test) diagnoses candida by detecting antibodies against cytoplasmic proteins of the invasive fungal yeasts. The test is claimed to be 95% sensitive and 92% specific for Candidiasis. Direct stool exams for chronic intestinal candidiasis. A gram stain for yeast along with direct microscopic examination is a very accurate diagnostic tool for Candida. This method avoids quantification inaccuracies that appear with cultures. Serum or urine Darabinitol levels. This is a Candida carbohydrate metabolite that is also a neurotoxin. You may have difficulty finding a lab that will do this. A candida culture may be considered if there is presence of oral thrush/white coating on the tongue. Excessive growth may be an indication, especially if it increases with your symptoms. Other laboratory tests that may not be as accurate in the diagnosis of Candida: Serum Candida antibody levels (IgG, IgM, and IgA). Will not be definitive since the body’s ability to defend against Candida is limited due to its position in the gastrointestinal tract. Positive or negative responses are difficult to interpret. Candida IgE may be helpful. However, a test of IgG blood antibodies to Candida albicans in conjunction with a direct yeast culture stool sample evaluation is recommended. Yeast-isolation blood test. May produce false-negative results when a candidiasis problem is present. Candida skin tests. Ineffective because Candida albicans is on everybody’s skin. Live-blood cell tests with a darkfield microscope.

Related Posts

What is Live Blood Analysis?

What Is Candida? Understanding Yeast Imbalance

Yeast Infection and Bacterial Vaginosis

The Ultimate Candida Diet Program

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yiddish class, reading in russian, reading in polish, russian translation work, more russian translation work, reading in yiddish, polish translation work,

trying to get that early 20th century EE jewish ~*~multilingual polysystem~*~ experience via method acting, apparently

[mglixon-blog]

Push It Along

What follows is a collection of thoughts elicited from the article Push it Along: On not Making an Ethnographic Film in Baltimore written by Matthew Durington and Samuel Collins.

In his work, Ways of Seeing, John Berger suggests that “the relation between what we see and what we know is never settled” (Berger 7).

Representations of Baltimore in the mainstream news as well as in television shows like The Wire continue to shape the way the city (and its residents) are perceived. Following the death of Freddie Gray in 2015, ethnographers were in a precarious ethical space. While an ethnographic film might create an alternative to the discourse of violent unrest among stereotyped groups, Collins and Durington ultimately realized that “any representation [they] produced would be subject to political appropriation” by the same mass media which capitalizes on sensationalism and ignores the underlying forces of institutional racism and economic inequality. Collins and Durington suggest that one of the groups targeted by the media during and after the Uprising was Baltimore City youth.

I was living in Baltimore during the protests in 2015. At this time, I don’t think that I had a clear understanding of structural violence. I remember sitting on the porch of my apartment off York Road with my roommate, huddled around a tablet flashing through images of burning buildings and “rowdy” youth. Like many others, I was dazzled by the spectacle and questions of oppression, racism, and inequality were all forgotten in the fear and panic that was instilled within me. What I saw and felt during media representations of the Uprising does not match up with my current understanding of the multiplicity of violence.

In his Critique of Violence, Walter Benjamin discusses the possibility for violence to be utilized for a ���just end.’ In the context of the conceptual moment in 2015, a video was released of an African American mother disciplining her child publicly. She was deterring her son from participating in the protest and many believed that this display of physical violence was acceptable in order to stop a potential ‘rioter.’ The video went viral, and the news buzzed with split perspectives on her actions. The physical violence was lauded as a means for a just end. Going back to the work of Durington and Collins, this particular situation makes one wonder: if this child had been white, would the reaction from the public have been the same?

Rather than setting out and making a quick documentary on Baltimore, Durington and Collins elected to give agency to individuals who were impacted by the events surrounding Freddie Gray and a longer history of systemic oppression. Durington and Collins express this when they suggest that groups like Wide Angle Youth Media would create alternative perceptions which “relied upon the social reality on the street, rather than on the stereotypic representation of Baltimore” on prominent media outlets. Earlier today, Zhanae and I were discussing Walter Benjamin and his assertion that “guided by the cameraman, the camera continually changes its position with respect to the performance.” (1936: 9). This brought me back to Jay Ruby, who asserts that “the camera is constrained by the culture of the person behind the apparatus”(Ruby 1996, 1345). When I read that Logan, a youth producer with Wide Angle Youth Media, noted that “if the national media had turned the lens a different way [during the Baltimore Uprising] they might have seen something different,” it indicated that across time and cultural boundaries there is agreement that when utilizing film, the intention of the individual behind the camera predominately drives the message and reality of the produced media (Collins and Durington).

Durington and Collins suggest that within the realms of social media, individuals are constantly “sending a signal to amplify another” when they are sharing information. By “pushing along,” the anthropologist avoids inserting their own opinion. This could be discussed in terms of expanding viewership so that a larger audience has access to the original aura/authenticity.

Durington and Collins suggest that these messages do not need to be “remixed” by individuals—they have their own agency and importance (Durington and Collins). The authors address this directly by asking, “Shouldn’t we just pass these social media along without subjecting them to our own hermeneutic violence?”

“Stand aside and act as conduits and carriers of an important message without any filtering”

The amplification that is suggested by Durington and Collins could be chaotic without some sort of ultimate goal. Instead of sending signals into the endless aether of turbo media, the authors provide several ways for one to utilize social media networks strategically to pass information among different individuals

Media can be utilized as a means of translation. (Connection to the works of Eugene Nida Principles of Correspondence, and Itamar Even-Zohar The Position of Translated Literature Within the Literary Polysystem) Ideas of literary translation can be applied to those which are spoken over the various platforms particularly in discussions of consumption and audience. 

[jcjustin123]

polysystem theory... 真该滚粗看书了😂😅😀🙂 #talents #language #reading (at The University of Queensland - UQ)