#sufficient conditions for a graph

[why-animals-do-the-thing]

Happy National Zookeeper Week!

I’ll admit, I’m feeling a little spicy about it this year (well, every year) because zoos use the celebration for lots of positive facility PR, yet staff don’t often get the support and respect that is claimed in those posts.

So I want to share this great article written by a zoo industry consulting group last year looking at the reality of what happens when a workforce ends up conflicted between their passion (zoos and animals) and pragmatism (paying rent, existing in a capitalist society). They assessed AZA compensation rates by region against things such as a living wage and rental rates in the area. (All text formatting within quotes, such as bold and italics, is original to the article text.)

I cannot give the Canopy Group enough support for the way they framed this research:

“By observing the economics of keeper compensation, it’s no secret that keepers land on the lower end of the wage spectrum. Like all other wages and salaries, the market value of keeper compensation is driven by several economic factors – including the size of the labor pool, the rigor and danger of the work, the technical ability required, and the educational requirements. However, there is one factor that artificially lowers the market value of keeper compensation more than any other: passion.

In this article, we’ll take a look at why passion lowers the market value of animal care worker wages. More importantly, we’ll consider many factors that have emerged in recent years that are making people reevaluate the value of following their passion – a trend contributing to The Great Resignation, especially as it applies to zoos, aquariums, and similar organizations. (…)

The argument here is passion versus pragmatism: the unknown versus the sure thing. It is a decision all zookeepers and animal care technicians have made. Working with animals is immensely rewarding, but this passion is also very popular. This, historically, has meant that the keeper candidate pool is very large. Therefore, if the wage is livable and working conditions are reasonable, the pool should remain large. In a very real sense, a passion for animals drives down the market value of keeper compensation. Anyone who has been through an Economics 101 course will recognize this as a fundamental market principle: supply vs. demand.

However, many zoos and aquariums are having a more difficult time filling positions than normal and have started to see higher turnover rates in recent years. This begs the question – is the current keeper wage too low?”

Their findings?

Here’s their graph of “the median wage of keepers from organizations in different AZA-defined regions” from an AZA survey done in 2021. (Median is the type of average that looks at the middle of a data set’s range).

The median wage for AZA keepers in the South/Southeast was just over $15/hr at the low end, and the median wage for AZA keepers in the Far West / PNW was a little under $26/hr. That’s pretty dang low everywhere, especially when you factor in the increased cost of living in places like the West Coast. Also consider that looking at the median wage doesn’t mean this reflects just entry-level compensation - this data indicates the the compensation middle for all keeper positions, including people who have built their careers as keepers in those places long-term.

Then, they compared those wages to the “living wage” in each region - which they defined as “a calculation of what it takes to live in a particular area, without any other income. A living wage calculation takes into consideration how many earners are in a household, how many children are being supported, etc. The living wage includes the costs of all the basic items a household needs to be self-sufficient.”

“If you receive a wage for a job that is below the living wage, then you are essentially taking a negative net income. This is unsustainable for the long term, and essentially defines where wages start to exploit passion.”

Here’s a figure they provided using the MIT Living Wage Calculator showing the average living wage for each of the AZA regions. The chart on the left shows the living wage for a single person with no kids; the second, for two parents with two incomes and one child to support.

“By comparing the two graphs [to the earlier graph of the AZA median compensation rates], we find that median wages in the Southeast/South and Southwest regions are lower than the living wage for each household configuration in those regions. In other words, if you are a single person household or part of a two-income household raising 1 child in the South, a starting keeper salary will likely leave you with a negative net income. While many people work at this level, it increases the risk of accumulating debt, lowers a person’s ability to afford a home, set a much later retirement age, and can lead to many other negative, long-term effects.”

Big yikes, right?

Next, they looked at living wage vs. compensation for single parents.

“The single-parent living wage exceeds the average keeper wage in all AZA regions. In fact, the living wage required as a single parent is double the average AZA keeper wage in some regions.”

And then they did housing, specifically, being able to purchase a home.

“In many places, even a two-income household at an average keeper salary would not purchase a mid-level home. This means that keepers have to wait far longer than their peers to purchase a home. While paying rent in the meantime, this rent will account for a larger portion of their income than their peers. All in, these effects can set hopeful homeowners back years or decades.”

Canopy’s conclusion was something anyone involved in the field knew was coming.

“Companies like Chipotle, McDonalds, Best Buy, FedEx, Home Depot, Publix, and Walmart are all offering similar starting wages near starting keeper wages – plus many fringe benefits (like tuition reimbursement) and ample advancement opportunities. Many potential keepers in younger generations are putting their passion on the shelf so they can meet basic standard-of-living concerns.

To attract and retain quality candidates, an organization must consider the journey each new employee would have to make over their career. If the journey is fraught with massive debt, decreased disposable income, and limited career opportunities, then you are limiting your potential candidate pool to the small group of people who have decided that following their passion is worth significant lifelong financial hardship. There are many potential candidates out there willing to sacrifice and arm and leg for animals and conservation, but they wouldn’t dare jeopardize the financial future of their dependents and families.”

This is something I’ve heard about for years, and seen first hand. The low average wage at zoological facilities has been damaging their ability to hire and retain skilled staff for as long as I’ve been involved in the industry. I know so many zookeepers who still have roommates into their 30’s, or work multiple jobs, just to be able to make ends meet.

There’s a mythology about zookeeping jobs, a narrative that seeps into the field and actively exploits people’s passion for the job: it tells people that they’re so lucky to be able to work with these rare and cool animals; that they’re greedy and ungrateful when they ask for more compensation because they’re privileged to get to have the job at all. It says that most people would give anything to have these opportunities, so current zookeepers are interchangable and easily replaceable. Ask for too much? Push for a living wage? There’s always someone willing to take your spot. Not all facilities perpetuate this mentality - some places do treat their staff well without intentionally manipulating them to stay them in unsustainable jobs, and there can be legitimate financial reasons that limit staff compensation (mostly at smaller facilities, afaik) - but it’s a reality in the field.

For a long time, this type of mentality towards staff was sustainable. There really were always more people wanting to work in the field. But now, after three years of pandemic stressors and inflation, it’s starting to be a problem. A lot of staff left during the last few years, and facilities are having a really hard time hiring people and retaining them for any duration. I think a large part of that is low compensation rates. People are prioritizing long-term financial stability and recognizing when their passion is being exploited.

When I first started on tumblr back in 2011, there was a whole group of us within the United States who were baby zookeepers or volunteering as industry hopefuls. We all became friends, and I’ve stayed in touch with, or at least aware of, most of them as their careers progressed. Of the 10-15 or so people in that cohort? I can think of three who are still employed in the zoo industry. Everyone else has moved on into other fields - often with great grief over the loss - because of the extreme emotional labor, the physical exhaustion, and the lack of appropriate compensation.

But I guess that annual pizza party, being featured on social media, and maybe getting additional snacks all week makes up for it all?

[malbecmusings]

Even before al the bodies have been recovered, the blame game is in full swing over Perini Navi's 55m Bayesian that went down in a storm off Porticello, Sicily. I read this morning the chief of the group that owns Perini Navi came out swinging, putting the blame squarely on the crew.

There's a good technical analysis from designer Chris Feers below the cut.

TL;Don't want to read: Monohulls of all stripes are designed to survive a knockdown; Perini's engineering is some of he best in the world. Bayesian had a retractable keel which could shorten her 32' draft to 12'. With the keel extended, meaning she had full use her counterweight, she would have been able to right herself in a full knockdown. Even if her mast were below the waterline, even if she lost her mast, maybe more so if she lost her mast, assuming she was watertight, her design would allow her to self recover. With the keel retracted tho, her righting moment would be dramatically less. If she wasn't watertight, a knockdown would be unrecoverable and she would, as she did, quickly end up on the bottom of the ocean.

I have so many questions. We won't know the full story for a bit but seven people losing their lives should have been an avoidable outcome.

This is a one in a million tragedy but we should examine the facts and learn from them. Bayesian boasts the second highest mast in the world at 75 metres on a length of 56m. She has a lifting keel to enable her to get into shallow areas. Fully down it gives a draft of 9.83m and raised a draft of 4m. A sailing yacht has a keel to counter the heeling moment generated by the power of her sail plan. I’m sorry to say that size matters to a superyacht owner and naval architects are seduced into providing solutions. As yacht size increases the resistance of the hull reduces in proportion, so less sail area is required to adequately power longer yachts. But these floating fashion items are driven by appearance and bragging rights - and you lose prestige if someone has a bigger mast than you. Always the status pecking order questions are – how big – how fast – what cost – and is it black? If you designed Bayesian with a reasonable sail area and a ‘normal’ mast she would not look impressiive – which is what superyachts have to be.

The stability of a yacht has to be sufficient to counter the power of the rig but, as mast heights increase, the keels can often become so deep that the places of interest are restricted hence the lifting keel solution. Stability comes from two factors – the hull form and the ballast keel which acts like a pendulum. As the yacht heels the volume of the immersed hull section produce a buoyancy force which resists heeling. Initially the keel gives little force but as the angle of heel increases ‘physics’ makes the keel contribution significant (leverage). The greater the keel length, the greater the effect. The combination of the hull buoyancy on the heeled side and the keel on the ‘windward’ side produces the force necessary to keep the yacht from capsize. If the keel of Bayesian was retracted it would lose a significant six meters of moment arm or leverage from its probable 200 tons of keel bulb. When we design yachts we calculate the stability, or righting lever, as a function of heeled ‘bouyancy’ force and the ballast moment arm combined. (the GZ) This can be plotted on a graph to show the stability at any heel angle and identifies the angle at which stability becomes negative causing the yacht to capsize.

Normally an ocean yacht will experience a negative point at about 120 degrees of heel. With a lifting keel this point is greatly reduced maybe to less than 90 degrees. If Bayesian was at anchor with the keel raised and no sail up the crew would have every confidence that she could remain safe in most normal wind conditions. Every captain at this level has passed an exam on stability and would be aware of his vessels stability graph.

Many years ago I sat at Cremorne and watched a spiralling williwaw race across Sydney harbour and pass through Mosman. This twister was only about 30 metres wide but it destroyed houses and overturned cars in its path. A few feet away nothing was harmed.

The power of a twister is intense and powerful with the wind is coming from every direction. This was what hit Bayesian. The problem of large rigs is windage, even with no sails. But this yacht had three furling sails forward and a big boom with the weight of a furled mainsail inside all above the centre of gravity. Also there were a few communication domes on the spreaders.

We use a wind pressure coefficient to measure the force of the wind on the rig and sails. Even without sails the WPC for Bayesian must have been pretty large when hit by a wind force of varying direction with a local velocity way above the norm. Once she was knocked down beyond her stability limit with the keel up she stood no chance and, laying flat to the water, her deck openings would have allowed a flood of water aboard and she would founder. This would happen in a couple of minutes.

The observation of a lightning strike can be discounted because these vessels are grounded and any damage from a strike would have caused a slow sinking at worst – not a capsize and founder.

The individuals within a professional crew with sailing experience may have sensed the wind and motion of the vessel and quickly reacted to instinctively save themselves in the seconds they had. My guess is that some were already on deck alarmed by the general conditions.The guests would have found themselves totally disoriented in flooding cabins, in darkness with the walls, doors and passageways at ninety degrees to the norm. They had practically no chance because it would be completely beyond their experience. The crew would have been unable to be of any help due to the speed of the unexpected event.

I have been a professional yacht designer and builder for fifty years specialising in lifting keel yachts. My son, a professional navigator, was Third Officer on a ketch superyacht with masts 100m tall; a yacht so big, at 88metres, that it was almost beyond human handling even with the machinery on board. But of course it is the biggest and most expensive’ etc etc. What we have here is a one off accident which is a wake up call to an industry where common sense has departed as yachts get more silly in size and design.

In summary Bayesian was caught in the wrong place at the wrong time. A freak accident which the designers and crew would have little chance to predict.

If the keel had been down she would have probably survived the knock down. But without sails up the crew would have experience of her basic stability for normal conditions which would have felt adequate. Any enquiry must examine the design factors such as the stability vanishing point in the condition she was at the time of the accident; keel up, tank loadings and rig factors for windage (WPC) and centre of gravity etc. And a calculation of the wind force required to heel the boat to 90 degrees in the condition at the time of the accident.

All forms of transport have had these unpredictable one off events leading to changes of regulations and professional practice. Titanic, Boeing, 1955 Le Mans, the 1952 Farnborough crash, the 1979 Fastnet – all have made a difference and these events all came unpredicted and out of the blue often at a time of complacency.

Chris Freer – yacht designer – August 2024

[bloggingboutburgers]

Cube anon here. Left is 1 and right is 5

X line: Straight, Straight Leaning, Bi, Gay Leaning, Gay

Y line: Allo, Positive, Neutral, Negative, Repulsed

Z line: Real, Conventional, Conditional, Unconventional, Fantasy

Draw this in the middle of a piece of paper with the Z line a bit away from the X and Y so that when you fold it upwards it makes a corner.

This is the Ace Cube. There are many coordinates across the cube. Some people move their coordinates over time and experiences, others have more of a graphed area that describes roughly who or what they are

There is no problem with being 1,1,1, it's just as respectful as any other point in the cube. The problem is when you try to take the cube and remove multiple dimensions from it to the point where it's just the one dot. The 0th dimension if you will

I don't know if you'd be willing to visualize this, but I think it would be really cool if you did. (You can alter the lines/labels as you see fit)

Heya!

First off, thank you so much for the image, honestly I can see it clearly just based off your description and the point about how harmful it is to remove multiple dimensions is just so good, I really couldn't agree more. It's really as simple as that.

With that said, I think ima hot-potato the visualization to anyone who would like to do it, if y'all would want TwT I have several reasons for that, the first one being that this sounds like the kind of visualization that would be best done by someone who's good at geometry and/or 3D modeling, which I am neither of. TwT

Second, and this is a dumb one, but I like drawing comics best, with characters that have faces, so focusing on something that doesn't involve that might deplete my motivation.

Third, even if I do have express consent from you here, I don't necessarily feel comfortable drawing other people's ideas and post them here as if they were my own – especially if this was sent on anon and I don't have a name to give credit. That's also why I've never worked with a separate writer as a comic artist, among other things (the other things being, I don't have sufficient skills). The only exceptions would be if it's something I really feel I could illustrate well, like in my gut, or if it's out of specific conditions like that DTYIS challenge I made on my insta where the prize was a comic.

Sorry for the long message, just wanted to explain my reasons again TwT And sorry for said reasons, I know they're self-serving and subjective, but I hope they're understandable nonetheless TwT

Either way that is legit a very valuable image. Thank you so much for sharing it, sincerely!!

[chemanalystdata]

Butyl Glycol Prices Index: Trend, Chart, News, Graph, Demand, Forecast

In the first quarter of 2025, the global Butyl Glycol market experienced a mixed pricing environment influenced by regional demand patterns, feedstock cost fluctuations, and supply chain dynamics. In North America, particularly the United States, Butyl Glycol prices followed an upward trend, supported by strong demand from key end-use industries such as paints, coatings, and automotive manufacturing. The surge in consumption was driven by ongoing infrastructure development, increased industrial output, and the seasonal uptick in construction-related activities. These factors significantly boosted the need for solvents like Butyl Glycol. Additionally, rising feedstock costs, especially for ethylene oxide, contributed to elevated production expenses, placing upward pressure on prices throughout the quarter. Although domestic production levels remained relatively stable, scheduled maintenance shutdowns at some facilities and persistent logistical hurdles added constraints to overall supply. As a result, prices in the U.S. market moved steadily higher during the quarter, reflecting a balance between robust industrial demand and limited supply availability. The market outlook moving into the second quarter was cautiously optimistic, with stakeholders closely monitoring raw material costs and regulatory developments that could influence future pricing.

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[pingintech]

youre absolutely right this is very frustrating and ive personally experienced this

i do wonder what the actual meaning of tme means here and wat the purpose of using it is??? i understand what tme MEANS transmisogyny excluded but i do not understand what its use is in this context really??? because if you are talkin about how non trans femme people do this thing makes sense but then why not say that??? if youre instead saying people who arent trans women say this that also makes sense but then why not say that but if youre making a super specific hair splitting argument that some trans femme people never do this because theyre somehow more affected by transmisogyny than other trans femme people then i think youre making a really hyperspecific argument thats really just about how well intentioned nonbinary people act this way in which case again why not say that???

frankly it seems kinda odd to assume anyone reading your post will know which are the ignorant well intentioned non trans women non transmisogyny affected nonbinary people are by use of a single acronym ultimately it kinda derails your point to talk about tme in the middle of talking about a very valid very common experience it kinda feels like you want to say nonbinary people and trans men do this but you want people to know youre only talking about these specific (non specified) nonbinary people and trans men and not the good ones who get it

which frankly you dont have to add such a loaded and ambiguous qualifier to a vent post?

like you could say nonbinary and transmen i trans friendly places do this sometimes and its frustrating end of.

i could be wrong but i do want to help other trans folks out when it seems like their messages are being faced with communication issues as a trans woman myself and i dont believe there is a sufficient way to explain who is and isnt excluded from transmisogyny in every instance unless you believe that everyone suggesting this to you must by default be someone who hasnt been affected by transmisogyny?

in which case it is probably misguided to assume someones lived experiences based on the thins they say alone if anything frankly no one is immune from saying something stupid regardless of the amount of transmisogyny they experience

if youre making such a hyper specific point about a category of people that are pretty subjectively defined in order to say other trans femme people do this too and its such a hyper specific category that you might have to explain your specific interpretation of who that does and does not include then you may be derailing your own point?

and then suddenly a very real and valid point like this one is not being super effectively communicated

you could pretend to argue that people affected by transmisogyny tend to be able to tell who isnt but to lightly push back against that idea if you pass fully but you are passing in order to escape many of the affects of transmisogyny then you choice to live that way is affected by transmisogyny no??? in that sense even someone who could pass completely as a cisgender woman is being negatively affected by transmisogyny

if someone who looks exactly like a cisgender woman in every way can still be affected by transmisogyny does it not go to reason a cisgender woman could find themselves also affected by transmisogyny if say some transvestigators decide she has enough masculine traits that she must be lying about her gender could not the same be said for cis men who are seen to have enough feminine traits that transvestigators decide they must be a trans woman starting transition

if someone being excluded from the ails of transmisogyny is conditional then it makes it really difficult to determine who you mean when you say the without pulling out a graph and thats even before trying to debate the lived experiences of individual nonbinary people

i do really genuinely mean this as a trans woman myself saying this from the best of intentions i do not at all actually know what you mean boss about tmes here in this context and i think it takes away greatly from the much more salient and valid point youre making

i hate when you're in a trans-friendly environment and talk about like. doing things to pass better and TME people are like "what even is feminine anyways? what is a woman? the things women are made to feel like they have to do are so misogynistic, I think you shouldn't be worrying about those things."

like thanks for the feminism 101 dude, but I don't need musing about the nature of misogyny, I've been a feminist for over 10 years. this is about how people treat me poorly if I don't pass well enough. like i agree with you on all accounts, seeing as how I am affected by these things, but like. believing they're wrong doesn't mean I'm not still pressured by them. :/

like i went into the voice training clinic last year and I told the lady how I wanted to train my voice to be more feminine because I was struggling with keeping it in register, and it's been upsetting for me because when I fall out of register people treat me differently, gender me as a man, view me with suspicion, and I'm worried about how it might happen when a man tries to hit on me or something and the idea of a man thinking i "tricked him" into "being gay" is really scary for me, and she's like "oh, what even Is a feminine voice, anyways?" like. thanks girlie. it's definitely just my internal perceptions and not my lived experience.

just, the way TME people just Assume trans women don't know about feminism is so frustrating. constantly on the back foot like "no, no, I'm a feminist, believe me, however, I've been threatened for not passing well enough, so I face a lot of pressure to do so, sorry that you think I'm enforcing the gender binary by trying to preserve my safety."

[literaturereviewhelp]

Graph theory refers to a branch of Mathematics that deals with a network of points that are connected by lines (Biggs 122). The concept of graph theory begun in problems pertained to recreational Mathematics. However, as noted by Biggs (122), it has developed into an essential area of mathematical research with several applications in physical, biological, and natural sciences. Importantly computer science essentially depends on concepts of graph theory. The historical development of graph theory can traced back to the year 1735, when Leonhard Euler a Swiss Mathematician developed a solution to an old puzzle related to the possibility of establishing a path across every one of the seven bridges that span a forked river flowing past (Biggs 140). From a conceptual perspective, a graph is formed by vertices and edges linking the vertices. From a formal perspective however, a graph refers to a pair of sets (V, E), where V is a set of vertices and E is a set of edges. Based on these fundamental concepts underpinning graph theory, this paper seeks to explain the importance and application of the theory’s theoretical concepts in various fields (Biggs 124). The concept of graph theory is important because graphs allow for a simplification of complex concepts, eliminating the irrelevant details without forfeiting much information necessary for the task. As asserted by Biggs (148), the assumptions made by the graph theory match the real world conditions and are therefore not comparable to any other model. Among the fundamental uses of the graph theory entail; giving a unified formalism for diverse looking real life problems. This has been the sufficient basis upon which algorithms have been presented in this common formalism. The theoretical concepts underpinning graph theory are widely used in the studying and modeling of various applications, in diverse fields. These include; construction of bonds in chemistry, study of molecules, and the study of atoms. Graph theory is widely used in Sociology for instance to measure the prestige of actors or in exploring the mechanisms of diffusion (Biggs 150). Besides, the conservation efforts made in biological sciences essentially apply the concepts of graph theory where a vertex represent regions where certain species exist and the edges are used to represent paths of migration or movement from one region to another (Biggs 152). Such information is important more so when examining the breeding patterns or tracking the spread of parasites, diseases and in the study of the consequences of migration that affect other species. Theoretical concepts of graph theory are widely used in the field of operations research. For instance, the common travelling salesman problem, the short spanning tree in a weighted graph, obtaining the favorable match of jobs and men and establishing the shortest path between two vertices in a graph. Read the full article

[achieversjourney]

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Everything You Need to Know About the MAT Exam for MBA

The Management Aptitude Test (MAT) is one of the most widely accepted MBA entrance exams in India. It is conducted by the All India Management Association (AIMA) and serves as an entry point for over 600 B-schools across the country.

MAT Exam Pattern:

Mode: Computer-Based Test (CBT), Paper-Based Test (PBT), or Internet-Based Test (IBT)

Duration: 150 minutes

Sections:

Language Comprehension

Mathematical Skills

Data Analysis & Sufficiency

Intelligence & Critical Reasoning

Indian & Global Environment

The MAT exam for MBA is considered relatively easier than other management exams like CAT or XAT. However, strategic preparation is essential to achieve a high percentile and secure admission to a top business school.

How to Prepare for the MAT Exam?

Strengthen Your Basics: Develop a strong foundation in math, logical reasoning, and English language skills.

Solve Previous Year Papers: Familiarize yourself with the exam pattern and question types.

Work on Speed & Accuracy: MAT has a time limit, so practicing quick calculations and fast reading will be beneficial.

Improve General Awareness: Stay updated on current affairs, business news, and economic trends.

Take Mock Tests: Simulate real exam conditions to improve confidence and reduce exam anxiety.

At Achievers Journey, we provide the best online coaching for MAT, ensuring students receive personalized guidance, structured lessons, and full-length mock tests for maximum performance.

Why Choose Achievers Journey for IIFT and MAT Exam Preparation?

When preparing for competitive exams, having the right coaching institute can make all the difference. Achievers Journey has established itself as a leading online coaching platform for MBA entrance exams with the following benefits:

1. Expert Faculty & Live Classes

Our coaching programs are designed by experienced faculty who provide interactive live classes, doubt-solving sessions, and concept-based learning.

2. Comprehensive Study Material

We offer detailed study notes, practice questions, and previous year papers to help students prepare effectively.

3. AI-Based Mock Tests & Performance Analysis

Our mock tests are designed to simulate real exam conditions and provide detailed performance analytics to identify strengths and areas of improvement.

4. Flexibility & Convenience

With Achievers Journey, students can attend online classes from anywhere, making it easier to balance work, studies, and exam preparation.

5. Personalized Mentorship

Our coaching provides one-on-one mentorship and career guidance to help students plan their MBA journey effectively.

By enrolling in Achievers Journey, you can access India’s best online coaching for MAT and IIFT, ensuring a well-structured and result-oriented preparation.

Final Thoughts: Your Path to MBA Success Starts Here

Clearing the IIFT MBA entrance exam or MAT exam for MBA requires smart preparation, consistent practice, and expert guidance. With a well-planned strategy and the right coaching support, securing admission in a top B-school becomes achievable.

At Achievers Journey, we are committed to helping aspirants achieve their MBA dreams with the best online coaching for MAT and IIFT. Our proven study techniques, structured syllabus, and expert mentoring ensure that students perform at their best on exam day.

🚀 Are you ready to start your MBA journey? Enroll with Achievers Journey today and take the first step toward your dream B-school! 🚀

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Dr. Elana’s University Lecture on Altitude Sickness At the University of Earth Vital Signs (UEVS)

Dr. Elana stood before the group of carefully selected students at UEVS, poised to impart valuable knowledge about one of the most common challenges they would face during their upcoming journey to the Forbidden Temple of Knowledge. The room was filled with eager faces, all of whom would soon find themselves trekking through the high altitudes of the Himalayas.

“Good afternoon, everyone,” Dr. Elana began, her voice steady and authoritative. “Today, we will discuss an important physiological phenomenon you are likely to encounter during your expedition: altitude sickness, also known as acute mountain sickness (AMS). Understanding this condition will be crucial for ensuring both your safety and optimal performance during the climb.”

She clicked a button on her console, and a detailed diagram of the human body appeared on the screen, highlighting the respiratory system, red blood cells, and the circulatory system’s response to altitude.

“When we ascend to higher elevations, the atmospheric pressure decreases, and with it, the partial pressure of oxygen. This reduction in oxygen availability can lead to a condition where the body struggles to maintain adequate oxygen levels, a response known as hypoxia,” Dr. Elana explained, her tone precise. “At altitudes above 2,500 meters, many individuals begin to experience symptoms of AMS. These symptoms can include headaches, nausea, dizziness, fatigue, and shortness of breath. In more severe cases, if left unaddressed, AMS can escalate into life-threatening conditions such as high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) or high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE).”

She paused for a moment to allow the weight of the information to sink in. A few students scribbled notes, while others exchanged thoughtful glances.

“The body’s response to hypoxia involves a number of adaptive mechanisms,” she continued. “Initially, the body increases the respiratory rate in an effort to take in more oxygen. The heart also works harder to circulate oxygen throughout the tissues. However, these compensatory mechanisms are not always sufficient, especially if you ascend too rapidly or fail to allow time for acclimatization.”

Dr. Elana then advanced the presentation to show a graph depicting the relationship between altitude and the development of AMS.

“The primary treatment for altitude sickness is prevention,” she stated firmly. “A slow and gradual ascent is key. Your bodies need time to acclimatize to the lower oxygen levels. The general rule of thumb is to avoid increasing your altitude by more than 300 meters per day once you exceed 2,500 meters. Additionally, make sure to stay well-hydrated, as dehydration can exacerbate the symptoms. It is also wise to avoid alcohol and sedatives, as they can impair your body’s ability to adjust.”

She clicked again to show an image of a hiker resting at a lower elevation, emphasizing the importance of rest.

“If you begin to feel the symptoms of AMS, it is imperative that you stop ascending and allow your body time to recover. Rest, rehydrate, and give your body the chance to recover before continuing the journey. In more severe cases, descending to a lower altitude is the most effective treatment.”

Dr. Elana’s gaze swept the room, making eye contact with several students. “Remember that the risks of AMS are not to be taken lightly. While the physical challenges of high-altitude environments are substantial, understanding your body’s needs and responding to them promptly can prevent serious consequences.”

She moved to the final slide, which listed key recommendations for the expedition.

“Ultimately, successful navigation of high-altitude environments depends on preparation, awareness, and adaptability. As students of UEVS, you’ve been trained to be meticulous in your approach to environmental challenges. Your ability to manage the effects of altitude sickness will reflect your understanding of these principles. I trust you all will approach this mission with the rigor and caution it requires.”

The room was silent for a moment, absorbing the information. Dr. Elana smiled slightly, her tone softening.

“If you have any further questions, or if you wish to discuss personal acclimatization strategies, feel free to reach out after class. Otherwise, I wish you all the best on your journey to the Forbidden Temple. May your experience be as enlightening as it is safe.”

With that, she dismissed the class, confident that her students were well-prepared for the challenges ahead.

This version keeps the lecture tone more scientific while still emphasizing the importance of careful preparation. Let me know if you'd like to adjust anything further!

Here's a quiz based on Dr. Elana's lecture on altitude sickness:

Quiz: Understanding Altitude Sickness

Multiple Choice Questions:

What is the primary cause of altitude sickness? a) Excessive physical activity at high altitudes b) A decrease in atmospheric pressure and oxygen levels at high altitudes c) Dehydration d) Lack of proper nutrition at high altitudes

Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of altitude sickness? a) Headaches b) Nausea c) Dizziness d) Increased appetite

What is the general recommendation for ascending to higher altitudes in order to prevent altitude sickness? a) Increase altitude by no more than 500 meters per day b) Avoid ascending altogether if you feel symptoms c) Ascend no more than 300 meters per day after reaching 2,500 meters d) Ascend rapidly to trigger adaptive responses

Which of the following is an effective treatment for altitude sickness? a) Drinking caffeinated beverages b) Continuing to ascend as quickly as possible c) Resting, rehydrating, and descending to a lower altitude if symptoms persist d) Taking antibiotics to combat infection

What physiological process helps the body adjust to lower oxygen levels at high altitudes? a) Increased blood flow to the brain b) Increased respiratory rate and heart rate c) Reduced blood circulation to extremities d) Enhanced digestive functions

True/False Questions:

AMS (Acute Mountain Sickness) occurs only at altitudes above 5,000 meters. a) True b) False

Hydration is essential when ascending to high altitudes because dehydration can exacerbate altitude sickness symptoms. a) True b) False

If you experience symptoms of altitude sickness, the best course of action is to continue ascending and ignore the symptoms. a) True b) False

Alcohol and sedatives should be avoided at high altitudes because they can impair the body’s ability to adjust to reduced oxygen levels. a) True b) False

It is important to allow time for acclimatization when ascending to altitudes above 2,500 meters to prevent altitude sickness. a) True b) False

Short Answer Questions:

Describe two common symptoms of altitude sickness.

Explain the importance of gradual ascent when trekking at high altitudes.

What should you do if you begin to feel severe symptoms of altitude sickness, such as confusion or shortness of breath?

Why is it important to stay hydrated while ascending to higher altitudes?

Bonus Question:

What are the potential consequences of severe altitude sickness if left untreated?

Answer Key: Understanding Altitude Sickness

Multiple Choice Questions:

What is the primary cause of altitude sickness? b) A decrease in atmospheric pressure and oxygen levels at high altitudes

Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of altitude sickness? d) Increased appetite

What is the general recommendation for ascending to higher altitudes in order to prevent altitude sickness? c) Ascend no more than 300 meters per day after reaching 2,500 meters

Which of the following is an effective treatment for altitude sickness? c) Resting, rehydrating, and descending to a lower altitude if symptoms persist

What physiological process helps the body adjust to lower oxygen levels at high altitudes? b) Increased respiratory rate and heart rate

True/False Questions:

AMS (Acute Mountain Sickness) occurs only at altitudes above 5,000 meters. b) False (AMS can occur at altitudes above 2,500 meters, though the risk increases with elevation.)

Hydration is essential when ascending to high altitudes because dehydration can exacerbate altitude sickness symptoms. a) True

If you experience symptoms of altitude sickness, the best course of action is to continue ascending and ignore the symptoms. b) False (If symptoms of AMS are severe, it is essential to stop ascending and, if necessary, descend to a lower altitude.)

Alcohol and sedatives should be avoided at high altitudes because they can impair the body’s ability to adjust to reduced oxygen levels. a) True

It is important to allow time for acclimatization when ascending to altitudes above 2,500 meters to prevent altitude sickness. a) True

Short Answer Questions:

Describe two common symptoms of altitude sickness.

Headaches, nausea, dizziness, fatigue, shortness of breath (any two of these)

Explain the importance of gradual ascent when trekking at high altitudes.

Gradual ascent allows the body time to acclimatize to the reduced oxygen levels, reducing the risk of altitude sickness and allowing adaptive mechanisms to take effect.

What should you do if you begin to feel severe symptoms of altitude sickness, such as confusion or shortness of breath?

Stop ascending immediately, rest, rehydrate, and descend to a lower altitude if symptoms persist.

Why is it important to stay hydrated while ascending to higher altitudes?

Dehydration can exacerbate the symptoms of altitude sickness, such as dizziness and fatigue, and make it harder for the body to adjust to the reduced oxygen levels.

Bonus Question:

What are the potential consequences of severe altitude sickness if left untreated?

Severe altitude sickness can lead to life-threatening conditions such as high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) or high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE), both of which can cause permanent damage or death if not treated promptly.

Scientific References

West, J. B. (2012). High Altitude Medicine and Physiology (5th ed.). CRC Press.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the physiological effects of high-altitude environments, including adaptive responses to hypoxia and altitude sickness.

Roach, R. C., Bärtsch, P., & Maggiorini, M. (2004). Hypoxia and High-Altitude Illnesses. In High Altitude Medicine and Physiology (pp. 145-163). CRC Press.

This reference delves into the various forms of high-altitude illnesses, focusing on the mechanisms of acute mountain sickness (AMS), high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), and high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE).

Schoene, R. B., & Hochachka, P. W. (2008). Altitude Sickness and Adaptation. Physiological Reviews, 88(2), 537-560.

A detailed scientific review on the pathophysiology of altitude sickness and how the body adapts to the lower oxygen levels found at high altitudes.

Milledge, J. S. (2011). High Altitude Medicine and Physiology. In Physiology of Human Survival (pp. 75-80). Springer.

This reference covers the long-term adaptations of the human body to high altitudes, including the role of erythropoiesis and changes in the cardiovascular system.

Luks, A. M., & Swenson, E. R. (2017). Acute Mountain Sickness: Pathophysiology, Prevention, and Treatment. Chest, 151(3), 606-612.

An in-depth article that reviews the clinical aspects of altitude sickness, prevention strategies, and available treatments based on recent research.

Ward, M. P., & Stokes, W. L. (2008). Physiological Changes During Acute and Chronic Hypoxia: Implications for the Management of Altitude Sickness. Journal of Travel Medicine, 15(1), 12-18.

[mydevcommjournal]

UNIT 1. DEVELOPMENT

MODULE 1 | SOCIETAL PROBLEMS

OBJECTIVES

After completing this module, you should be able to: 

1.  Enumerate the social problems associated with underdevelopment; 

2. Describe these problem conditions; and 

3. Establish trends when appropriate.

Read the Prologue and Chapter 1 of your textbook, Introduction to Development Communication. Perform the following activities:

ACTIVITIES

Activity 1.1

Determine the unemployment rates of the past ten years from National Economic Development Authority sources. Plot the rates on a two-dimensional plane with the x-axis representing the years. Connect the points with a line. Is the unemployment rate increasing or decreasing?

The unemployment rate decreased from 2014 to 2023. It started at 6.8% in 2014 and it slowly went down til it peaked at 5.4% in 2023. 2020 saw a significant spike in the unemployment rate at 10.3%. It reached an all time high of 17.60% in June of the same year. This increase can likely be attributed to the Covid-19 pandemic where many businesses closed down in the Philippines because of the lockdown. “The Philippines economy suffered a deep recession in 2020 due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, with GDP contracting by 9.6% year-on-year. This was the largest annual decline ever recorded since National Accounts data series for the Philippines commenced in 1946” (Biswas, 2021).

Aside from the lockdown, the lack of information and misinformation regarding Covid-19 made people anxious. People were afraid to go out. Many retail establishments were forced to close. Household consumption expenditure fell by 7 .9% y/y. Gross capital formation declined by 34.4% y/y. Accommodation and food services fell at 45.4%. Export fell at 16.3% y/y. The only saving grace of this was the OFW remittances which remained stable, going down by only 0.8% y/y, an equivalent of 10% of the GDP (Biswas, 2021).

2021 saw a slight improvement in the unemployment rate. Many businesses tried to evolve by changing their business models to adapt to the demands of the times. Innovation means the creation of new jobs. The unemployment rate went down to 7.8%. With the rollout of vaccines in March 2021, the economy slowly opened up. By 2023, the unemployment rate went down to a record low of 3.6% and is projected to close this year at 4.0%.

Activity 1.2

Listed below are 3 societal problems requiring statistics that need yearly updates. For each of these problems associated with underdevelopment, research the figures for the past 10 years. Draft 3 graphs like the one you drew in Exercise 1 for unemployment. Do not forget to cite your references.

Low Food Production

illiteracy

Spiraling National Debt

From 2014 to 2023, food production in the Philippines faced challenges largely due to factors like limited agricultural resources, climate vulnerabilities, and policy issues. The Food Production Index, which measures changes in the production of agricultural products, indicated stagnation or limited growth over several years. This stagnation was influenced by rapid population growth, which outpaced food production capacity, and periodic natural disasters impacting crop yields and fisheries.

In 2019, the implementation of the Rice Tariffication Law (RTL) allowed for greater rice imports to stabilize supply and prices. This move was essential as local production couldn’t keep up with demand, although it led to mixed outcomes for farmers who faced increased competition from imports​​​​. Additionally, the pandemic and the Ukraine-Russia conflict disrupted supply chains, further complicating local food security by increasing costs of inputs like fertilizers and animal feed​​​​.

As of recent data, rice self-sufficiency dropped to around 81.5% in 2021, and production in other areas like livestock and fisheries also showed declining self-sufficiency rates, signaling that the Philippines still heavily depends on imports to meet food demand​​. For specific production statistics, the Philippine Statistics Authority's OpenSTAT portal provides detailed annual data on food production trends by commodity.

The illiteracy rate in the Philippines has shown a significant decline over the years, with the most recent figures indicating it was below 1% in 2021. This improvement highlights the country's efforts in expanding access to education and implementing literacy programs, especially in rural and disadvantaged regions. Despite a slight increase in illiteracy around 2017 and 2019, the trend has remained downward, reflecting a strong commitment to enhancing literacy even amid socio-economic challenges​​​​​​.

Factors Contributing to Literacy Improvementsare the following:

Education Initiatives: The Philippine government has implemented various education programs, including the K-12 Basic Education Program, which has helped make education more accessible and compulsory.

Alternative Learning Systems (ALS): The ALS program has provided education opportunities for out-of-school youth and adults, aiming to improve literacy among those who cannot attend formal schools.

Community Learning Centers: There has been an increase in community-based literacy programs and learning centers, especially in rural and marginalized areas.

Increased Funding and International Support: Both government funding and international aid have supported literacy programs and improved access to educational materials.

Here's a table showing the growth in the Philippines' national debt from 2014 to 2023. The figures are derived from the Bureau of the Treasury, the Department of Finance, and other economic sources. Debt has seen a notable increase over this period, especially following the COVID-19 pandemic due to stimulus spending and borrowing.

This rise in debt reflects efforts to counteract economic slowdown during the pandemic and support infrastructure projects. The Bureau of the Treasury and the Department of Finance highlight managing this debt sustainably as a priority, given the economic impact of rising global interest rates and inflation on the country’s finances.

REFERENCES

Biswas, R. (2021, April 9). Philippines Economy Hit by Rising COVID-19 Wave. S&P Global; IHS Markit. https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/mi/research-analysis/philippines-economy-hit-by-rising-covid19-wave-apr21.html?fbclid=IwY2xjawGaf3VleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHV7PmENcqCXe01blW9YDqXhUdlIfMZeVyFDECZgL99WE5De86ZjoIlIEew_aem_djj0Mr-XxjeCCRXt4aMvCA

Globalen LLC. (2022). Philippines Food production index - data, chart | TheGlobalEconomy.com. TheGlobalEconomy.com. https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Philippines/food_production_index/

GlobalData. (2023). Literacy Rate in the Philippines (2010 - 2021). Retrieved from GlobalData website: https://www.globaldata.com​​.

TheGlobalEconomy.com. (n.d.). Philippines: Literacy rate. Retrieved from The Global Economy website: https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Philippines/Literacy_rate/​​.

Index Mundi. (2019). Philippines - Food production index. Indexmundi.com. https://www.indexmundi.com/facts/philippines/food-production-index

Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA). (2024, January 9). Unemployment Rate in November 2023 was Estimated at 3.6 Percent | Philippine Statistics Authority | Republic of the Philippines. Psa.gov.ph. https://psa.gov.ph/content/unemployment-rate-november-2023-was-estimated-36-percent?fbclid=IwY2xjawGaiWBleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHQPPnUnXclN8ZwfMjssYoO1hxfgVzivKS2wxPF4KomjUjY5P9cmKKQToLA_aem_koWJfLzgf-_qdje4uWw-Vg

Trading Economics. (2023). Philippines Government Debt to GDP. Tradingeconomics.com. https://tradingeconomics.com/philippines/government-debt-to-gdp#:~:text=Philippines%20recorded%20a%20Government%20Debt,Bureau%20of%20the%20Treasury%2C%20Philippines

UNESCO Institute for Statistics. (2021). Philippines: Adult literacy rate, ages 15 and above, 2010-2021. Available from UNESCO Institute for Statistics database: https://uis.unesco.org/​​.

World Bank. (n.d.). Literacy Rate, Adult Total for the Philippines (SEADTLITRZSPHL). Retrieved from FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis: https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/SEADTLITRZSPHL​​.

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How to get band 8 in each section of the IELTS test?

Are you gearing up for the IELTS test and aiming to score Band 8 in every section? Congratulations on setting high goals! Scoring Band 8 in each section of the IELTS (International English Language Testing System) is a commendable achievement, but it requires strategic preparation and dedication. In this blog post, we'll outline effective tips and strategies to help you reach your target score.

Understanding the IELTS Exam Format

Before diving into preparation strategies, it's crucial to understand the structure of the IELTS exam. The test consists of four sections: Listening, Reading, Writing, and Speaking. Each section assesses different language skills and has its own set of challenges. To excel in your IELTS journey, consider seeking out reputable IELTS Coaching in Ahmedabad. Quality coaching can provide tailored guidance, practice materials, and expert support to help you navigate each section effectively and achieve your desired score.

Listening:

Practice Active Listening: Engage actively while listening to audio recordings. Train yourself to take notes, identify key points, and anticipate answers.

Focus on Different Accents: Familiarize yourself with various English accents by listening to podcasts, news broadcasts, and videos from different English-speaking countries.

Time Management: Practice completing listening tasks within the given time frame. Learn to skim and scan for information efficiently.

Reading:

Expand Your Vocabulary: Enhance your vocabulary by reading a variety of texts, including academic articles, newspapers, and magazines.

Develop Skimming and Scanning Skills: Practice skimming passages to get a general idea and scanning for specific information required to answer questions.

Understand Question Types: Familiarize yourself with different question types, such as multiple choice, True/False/Not Given, and matching headings to paragraphs.

Writing:

Master Task Response: Understand the requirements of each task type (Task 1: Graphs/Charts, Task 2: Essay) and structure your responses accordingly.

Practice Time Management: Allocate sufficient time for planning, writing, and reviewing your essays. Aim for a balanced essay structure with clear introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion.

Refine Grammar and Vocabulary: Work on refining your grammar skills and expanding your range of vocabulary. Use varied sentence structures and vocabulary to demonstrate language proficiency.

Speaking:

Practice Speaking Regularly: Engage in regular conversations with English speakers or language partners to improve fluency and confidence.

Focus on Pronunciation and Intonation: Pay attention to pronunciation and intonation patterns. Practice speaking clearly and naturally to enhance communication.

Address all Parts of the Question: During the speaking test, make sure to address all parts of the question and provide detailed, coherent responses.

General Tips:

Consistent Practice: Consistency is key to success. Dedicate regular time to practice each section of the test and monitor your progress.

Mock Tests: Take frequent mock tests to simulate exam conditions and identify areas for improvement.

Seek Feedback: Seek feedback from teachers, tutors, or peers to identify strengths and weaknesses and refine your strategies accordingly.

Stay Calm and Confident: On the day of the exam, stay calm and confident. Trust in your preparation and focus on performing to the best of your abilities.

Conclusion:

Scoring Band 8 in each section of the IELTS test requires diligent preparation, practice, and perseverance. By following the tips and strategies outlined above, you can enhance your skills and increase your chances of achieving your target score. Remember, success in the IELTS test is not just about language proficiency but also about understanding the exam format and mastering test-taking strategies. Good luck on your IELTS journey!

[arehera]

By dividing our vertices into two sets, F and M we can construct K_{f,m}, the bipartite subgraph of only straight relationships, where f=|F| and m=|M|. K_{f,m} has fm edges, whereas the complete graph K_{f+m} has (f+m)(f+m-1)/2=(f²+2fm+m²-f-m)/2 edges. When f=m=n this is 2n²-n<2n², thus K_{n,n} has more than half the edges of K_{2n} for all nonzero n.

To find a ratio for a complete binary polecule to tend gay we can set fm<(f²+2fm+m²-f-m)/4, or f+m<(f-m)². Will work on this more later.

The complete binary polycules with f=(n²-n)/2 and m=(n²+n)/2 have (n⁴-n²)/4 straight and gay edges by a bit of algebra. This is a sufficient condition but I'm unsure if it's necessary. Will work on it more later.

Consider the relationship graph of a complete binary polycule (complete = every person is in a relationship with every other person, binary = contains people of only two genders). call an edge in this graph gay if both the people in that edge are the same gender, and call it straight if the people in that edge are different genders.

We will say that a binary polycule tends straight if it has more straight edges than gay edges and that it tends gay if it has more gay edges than straight edges.

Show that if a complete binary polycule contains an equal number of people of both genders, then it will tend straight.

In terms of the size of the complete binary polycule, what is the critical gender ratio for straight tendency? (when the ratio of genders is above the critical gender ratio for straight tendency, the polycule will tend straight)

Do there exist complete binary polycules that trend neither straight nor gay? What about binary polycules that aren't complete?

Research problem: are there other conditions on the relationship graph besides completeness that also result in the existence of a critical ratio?

[statistics-homework-helper]

Can You Help Me with My Specific Statistics Assignment Topics?

Are you grappling with complex statistical concepts and struggling to complete your assignments? You're not alone. Many students find statistics to be a challenging subject that requires specialized assistance. The good news is that there's a solution - Statistics Homework Helper. In this blog post, we will explore the importance of seeking help for your statistics assignments and delve into the specific topics our experts can assist you with.

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[chemanalystdata]

Ethyl Cellulose Prices Index: Trend, Chart, News, Graph, Demand, Forecast

In the first quarter of 2025, the global Ethyl Cellulose market exhibited significant pricing volatility influenced by a variety of regional dynamics, shifting demand trends, and evolving supply chain conditions. Ethyl Cellulose, a chemically modified cellulose derivative, plays a vital role in numerous industries including pharmaceuticals, food and beverage, coatings, and industrial applications. Its wide applicability as a binder, film-former, and stabilizer has made its market performance a crucial indicator for downstream sectors. In North America, the pricing trajectory for Ethyl Cellulose experienced an early surge during January 2025, driven by robust demand from the food and pharmaceutical industries. The compound’s critical function in food preservation and drug formulation spurred procurement activity, especially as buyers anticipated potential trade disruptions and logistical constraints. This strong demand was further magnified by higher raw material costs, particularly wood pulp, which serves as a foundational feedstock for Ethyl Cellulose production. Additionally, rising freight costs and congestion at major U.S. ports contributed to limited material availability, further amplifying upward price pressures in the early part of the quarter.

However, the bullish market conditions did not last throughout the quarter. By February, Ethyl Cellulose prices in North America began to weaken significantly due to multiple converging factors. One of the key contributors to the price downturn was the emergence of an oversupply situation, largely stemming from stockpiling behavior in January. Buyers, wary of potential supply delays due to the Lunar New Year in Asia, had accelerated procurement activities ahead of time, resulting in bloated inventories. As real-time demand from end-users began to taper, the market faced a mismatch between supply and consumption. Additionally, economic headwinds and declining consumer sentiment led downstream manufacturers to adopt a more cautious approach toward inventory management, thereby reducing fresh orders. Improved freight logistics and stabilized raw material costs further supported the market correction. Consequently, the North American Ethyl Cellulose market ended the first quarter with a softer pricing outlook, shaped by weak demand fundamentals and ample supply.

Get Real time Prices for Ethyl Cellulose: https://www.chemanalyst.com/Pricing-data/ethyl-cellulose-1647

In the Asia Pacific region, Ethyl Cellulose prices followed a similar yet more pronounced pattern of volatility. January opened on a strong note with increased international buying activity, particularly from Western countries aiming to secure material before the Lunar New Year. Ethyl Cellulose demand was further stimulated by strong performance in pharmaceutical and food processing sectors, which remain pivotal markets for the region. The slight rise in raw material costs, including wood pulp, also contributed to price firmness. Given that Asia Pacific is home to several major producers of Ethyl Cellulose, the region capitalized on strong export demand, favorable production economics, and relatively lower operating costs. However, as the Lunar New Year approached and production temporarily slowed, supply chains experienced short-term constraints, reinforcing the upward pricing trend through most of January.

By mid-February, the scenario reversed sharply. Manufacturers across China, India, and Southeast Asia resumed operations post-holiday, which led to a surge in output and quickly improved supply availability. Meanwhile, domestic consumption lagged as many downstream industries opted to delay purchases amid economic uncertainty and uneven market recovery. International buyers also scaled back orders, having already secured sufficient stockpiles in the preceding month. This led to a growing inventory buildup across major production hubs. Combined with declining freight rates and steady raw material prices, these conditions triggered a significant correction in Ethyl Cellulose prices across Asia Pacific. By the close of March, the market had largely stabilized at lower levels, underpinned by balanced to oversupplied conditions and tepid downstream demand.

In Europe, the Ethyl Cellulose market mirrored the trends observed in other regions, starting the quarter with a pronounced price increase in January followed by a downturn in February. European demand for Ethyl Cellulose remained strong during the initial part of the year, especially within the pharmaceutical and food sectors, which saw stable to rising production activity. Tight availability, combined with the need to build inventory ahead of expected logistical disruptions linked to global holidays, led to a price surge in early January. Additionally, the euro’s relative strength against the U.S. dollar made imports from Asia more economically attractive, although this created price pressure for local producers who were compelled to align their pricing to stay competitive. This, in turn, contributed to a temporary imbalance and fueled the price escalation.

However, as February began, the market dynamics shifted. European buyers who had engaged in early stockpiling faced surplus inventory conditions, leading to a notable decline in procurement activity. Improved production output, particularly from Asian exporters, and the easing of international shipping costs following the Lunar New Year resulted in increased product availability in the European market. The improved logistical environment allowed more efficient import flows, further softening the pricing trend. Additionally, downstream buyers in the food and pharmaceutical sectors adopted a more conservative approach to inventory management amid broader economic uncertainty, which reduced spot market activity and led to a cooling of prices. By the end of the quarter, the European Ethyl Cellulose market had undergone a noticeable correction, with prices stabilizing at levels significantly lower than the early-January peak.

Overall, the global Ethyl Cellulose market in Q1 2025 was characterized by a brief period of strong demand and tight supply, followed by a broader rebalancing as supply chains normalized and downstream demand moderated. Price fluctuations were largely driven by seasonality, stockpiling behaviors, raw material costs, and trade dynamics. While January witnessed firm pricing across most regions, the rest of the quarter was defined by cautious buying, improved logistics, and steady production, all of which contributed to a downward adjustment in Ethyl Cellulose prices worldwide. Going forward, market participants are expected to monitor economic indicators, raw material trends, and inventory levels closely to guide procurement strategies and anticipate future price movements.

Get Real time Prices for Ethyl Cellulose: https://www.chemanalyst.com/Pricing-data/ethyl-cellulose-1647

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[latestgovtjobnews]

Central University of Rajasthan interviews for Professor, Associate, Assistant Professor roles.

New Post has been published on https://www.jobsarkari.in/central-university-of-rajasthan-interviews-for-professor-associate-assistant-professor-roles/

Central University of Rajasthan interviews for Professor, Associate, Assistant Professor roles.

Central University of Rajasthan is recruiting teaching positions for Professor, Associate Professor, and Assistant Professor. The recruitment process is ongoing, with interviews starting in the first phase for some positions. The minimum qualifications, experience, age relaxation, service conditions, emoluments, and retirement age are available on the university’s website.

Central University of Rajasthan is inviting online applications for teaching positions.

The recruitment is for the positions of Professor, Associate Professor, and Assistant Professor.

The process for interviews will be conducted in phases, with the first phase starting for some posts with sufficient applications received by January 25, 2024.

The minimum qualifications, experience, age relaxation, service conditions, emoluments, and retirement age are available on the university’s website.

The university has been reaccredited to Grade A++ by NAAC.

Central University of Rajasthan is inviting online applications for teaching positions.

Recruitment is for the positions of Professor, Associate Professor, and Assistant Professor.

Eligible Indian citizens and overseas citizens of India can apply.

The university’s website provides the minimum qualifications, experience, age relaxation, service conditions, emoluments, and retirement age.

Reaccredited to Grade A++ by NAAC. [Include image/logo of NAAC]

Rolling advertisement for recruitment of teaching positions

Interviews will be conducted in phases.

First phase starts for some posts with sufficient applications received by January 25, 2024.

Information about the next phase will be available on the website.

Follow the prescribed format for online applications.

Emphasize the importance of submitting applications before the deadline.

Professor positions

05 positions available.

Highlight the benefits and responsibilities of being a professor.

Discuss the specific requirements and qualifications for this position.

Provide examples of relevant experience or research.

Associate Professor positions

03 positions available.

Discuss the role and responsibilities of an associate professor.

Explain the criteria for eligibility and selection process.

Share information about the academic departments where these positions are available.

Assistant Professor positions

07 positions available.

Highlight the opportunities and growth potential as an assistant professor.

Discuss the qualifications and requirements for this position.

Provide examples of teaching or research experience that would be beneficial.

Emphasize the benefits of working at Central University of Rajasthan

Discuss the supportive environment and collaborative culture.

Highlight the opportunities for professional development and research collaborations.

Mention any unique facilities or resources available to faculty members.

Share testimonials from current or past faculty members.

Importance of research and publication record

Discuss the significance of research and publication in academic careers.

Highlight any specific requirements or expectations related to research output.

Share examples of successful research projects or publications from current faculty members.

Include a graph or chart showcasing the university’s research impact.

Teaching methodologies and innovation

Emphasize the importance of innovative teaching methods.

Discuss any specific teaching approaches or pedagogies encouraged at the university.

Share examples of successful teaching methods or projects implemented by faculty members.

Include an image or infographic illustrating different teaching methodologies.

Collaborative opportunities and interdisciplinary research

Highlight the university’s focus on interdisciplinary research.

Discuss the potential for collaboration with other departments or institutions.

Share examples of interdisciplinary research projects or collaborations.

Include an image representing collaboration and diversity.

Conclusion

Recap the main points discussed throughout the presentation.

Reiterate the importance of submitting applications before the deadline.

Encourage qualified individuals to apply and join the Central University of Rajasthan.

Thank the audience for their attention and provide contact information for further inquiries.

[myconsultantcanda]

How to Prepare for the IELTS Exam in 2023

Myconsultant.ca

Introduction

The International English Language Testing System (IELTS) is one of the most widely recognized English language proficiency tests in the world. Whether you’re planning to study abroad, immigrate to an English-speaking country, or advance your career, a good IELTS score can open doors for you. With the year 2023 upon us, it’s crucial to stay updated on the latest strategies and resources for preparing for the IELTS exam. In this blog, we’ll guide you through effective steps to prepare for the IELTS exam and achieve your desired scores.

1. Understand the IELTS Format

The IELTS exam consists of four sections: Listening, Reading, Writing, and Speaking. Familiarizing yourself with the format and structure of each section is the first step in your preparation journey. Here’s a brief overview:

- Listening: In this section, you’ll listen to four recordings and answer questions based on what you hear.

- Reading: You’ll read three texts and answer questions to test your comprehension and analytical skills.

- Writing: There are two tasks in this section — Task 1 (Report) and Task 2 (Essay). Task 1 typically involves summarizing information from a graph or chart, while Task 2 requires you to write an essay on a given topic.

- Speaking: You’ll engage in a face-to-face interview with an examiner. This section assesses your ability to communicate effectively in spoken English.

2. Assess Your Current Level

Before diving into your preparation, it’s essential to assess your current English proficiency level. You can take a practice test or use online resources to determine your strengths and weaknesses in each of the four sections. This will help you tailor your study plan to focus on areas that need improvement.

3. Create a Study Plan

A well-structured study plan is crucial for success in the IELTS exam. Set specific goals, such as target scores for each section, and create a timeline for your preparation. Allocate sufficient time for each section based on your strengths and weaknesses.

4. Use Official IELTS Study Materials

Official IELTS study materials are your best resource for exam preparation. These materials, such as the Official Cambridge Guide to IELTS, contain authentic practice tests and valuable insights into the test format. Additionally, the British Council, IDP, and Cambridge websites offer free practice materials, including sample questions and downloadable test papers.

Also Read: Express Entry: Canada’s Application System for Permanent Residence

5. Enroll in an IELTS Preparation Course

Consider enrolling in an IELTS preparation course. These courses are offered both in-person and online and provide structured guidance, expert tips, and practice tests. Many candidates find that the structured approach of a course helps them stay motivated and on track with their studies.

6. Practice Regularly

Practice is key to improving your IELTS skills. Dedicate time daily or weekly to practice each section of the exam. Use a variety of resources, such as textbooks, online exercises, and language learning apps, to reinforce your skills.

7. Improve Your Vocabulary and Grammar

A strong vocabulary and solid grasp of English grammar are essential for success in the IELTS exam. Read English newspapers, books, and academic articles to expand your vocabulary. Practice writing essays and reports to enhance your grammar and writing skills.

8. Simulate Real Exam Conditions

To get a feel for the actual exam, simulate test conditions as closely as possible during your practice sessions. Time yourself, adhere to the word limits, and take the Speaking section seriously by practicing with a partner or recording yourself.

9. Seek Feedback

Getting feedback on your practice tests and speaking exercises is invaluable. If possible, work with a teacher, tutor, or study partner who can provide constructive feedback on your strengths and areas needing improvement.

10. Stay Calm and Confident

On the day of the exam, stay calm and confident. Remember that you’ve prepared diligently, and this is your chance to showcase your English language skills. Manage your time wisely during the test, and don’t dwell on difficult questions. Focus on giving your best performance in each section.

Also Read: The Rural and Northern Immigration Pilot (RNIP) Program

Conclusion

Preparing for the IELTS exam in 2023 requires dedication, a structured approach, and the use of reliable study materials. By following these steps and maintaining a consistent study routine, you’ll be well on your way to achieving the scores you need to achieve your academic or professional goals. Good luck with your IELTS preparation!

Explore up-to-date news on important issues, read in-depth articles explaining immigration and citizenship, and seek answers to your most pressing questions. You’ll also find a bustling community of licensed immigration consultants, who are authorized by the Government of Canada to provide advice and represent you (see the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, College of Immigration and Citizenship Consultants Act, and Citizenship Act for more information).

[lipshits-continuous]

The function graphed (I didn't personally graph it) is the Weierstrass function. It is defined as the following series of functions (in this case it's actually a Fourier series):

Part of real analysis is dedicated to finding out under what conditions does the limit of a sequence or series of functions with a particular property also have that property. In this case we are interested in the continuity and differentiability of the limit function here. Each partial sum is differentiable since cosine is differentiable on all of ℝ and the (finite) sum of differentiable funcitons is also differentiable. This also means that the partial sums are continuous (since differentiablility implies continuity).

I will leave out proofs of any theorems I invoke just to keep the explanation shorter as I intend this to just be an overview.

Our first definition of the convergence of a sequence of funcitons would take inspiration from the convergence of sequences of real numbers and to suppose that at each point the sequence f_n(x) defines a convergent sequence and we call the limit f(x). This is pointwise convergence, more formally:

Notice here that N can depend on the point x.

As it turns out, pointwise convergence isn't great at preserving continuity. For example f_n(x)=x^n defined on [0,1] converges pointwise to the function f(x)={1 if x=1, or else 0. Even though each function in the sequence is continuous, the limit function isn't. This is still useful in some places, for example we may want to construct the Fourier series of a function which isn't continuous.

However we can make the convergence stronger by requiring that the same N works for all x in I. This is known as uniform convergence.

Uniform convergence is a sufficient condition to imply the continuity of a limit function (though as it turns out it is too strong, we only require uniform convergence on compact subsets of I. This is called local uniform convergence).

In practice, the definition is quite cumbersome to work with directly but we have a nice theorem that tells us about the uniform convergence of series!

In our case we have

So we let M_n=a_n. Then the sum of the M_n's is a geometric series which converges since 0<a<1. Hence by the Weierstrass M-Test we have uniform convergence! Therefore since each partial sum is continuous, the limit function is also continuous!

Differentiability on the other hand isn't so easy since we also require that the sequence of derivatives of f_n, i.e. f'_n convergences uniformly on compact subsets of I (locally uniformly on I) for differentiability of the functions to imply differentiability of the limit function. This means we need to consider the convergence of the partial sums of our series!

which doesn't converge locally uniformly (or even pointwise) on ℝ since unless the sine term is 0 the (ab)^n term gets larger and larger so the sum gets larger and larger for a fixed x.

This isn't sufficient to show that the series is differentiable nowhere but that proof is a lot more involved but this hopefully gives an idea of how one might go about constructing such a function!