#wei web environment integrity

[mostlysignssomeportents]

Autoenshittification

Forget F1: the only car race that matters now is the race to turn your car into a digital extraction machine, a high-speed inkjet printer on wheels, stealing your private data as it picks your pocket. Your car’s digital infrastructure is a costly, dangerous nightmare — but for automakers in pursuit of postcapitalist utopia, it’s a dream they can’t give up on.

Your car is stuffed full of microchips, a fact the world came to appreciate after the pandemic struck and auto production ground to a halt due to chip shortages. Of course, that wasn’t the whole story: when the pandemic started, the automakers panicked and canceled their chip orders, only to immediately regret that decision and place new orders.

But it was too late: semiconductor production had taken a serious body-blow, and when Big Car placed its new chip orders, it went to the back of a long, slow-moving line. It was a catastrophic bungle: microchips are so integral to car production that a car is basically a computer network on wheels that you stick your fragile human body into and pray.

The car manufacturers got so desperate for chips that they started buying up washing machines for the microchips in them, extracting the chips and discarding the washing machines like some absurdo-dystopian cyberpunk walnut-shelling machine:

https://www.autoevolution.com/news/desperate-times-companies-buy-washing-machines-just-to-rip-out-the-chips-187033.html

These digital systems are a huge problem for the car companies. They are the underlying cause of a precipitous decline in car quality. From touch-based digital door-locks to networked sensors and cameras, every digital system in your car is a source of endless repair nightmares, costly recalls and cybersecurity vulnerabilities:

https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/quality-new-vehicles-us-declining-more-tech-use-study-shows-2023-06-22/

What’s more, drivers hate all the digital bullshit, from the janky touchscreens to the shitty, wildly insecure apps. Digital systems are drivers’ most significant point of dissatisfaction with the automakers’ products:

https://www.theverge.com/23801545/car-infotainment-customer-satisifaction-survey-jd-power

Even the automakers sorta-kinda admit that this is a problem. Back in 2020 when Massachusetts was having a Right-to-Repair ballot initiative, Big Car ran these unfuckingbelievable scare ads that basically said, “Your car spies on you so comprehensively that giving anyone else access to its systems will let murderers stalk you to your home and kill you:

https://pluralistic.net/2020/09/03/rip-david-graeber/#rolling-surveillance-platforms

But even amid all the complaining about cars getting stuck in the Internet of Shit, there’s still not much discussion of why the car-makers are making their products less attractive, less reliable, less safe, and less resilient by stuffing them full of microchips. Are car execs just the latest generation of rubes who’ve been suckered by Silicon Valley bullshit and convinced that apps are a magic path to profitability?

Nope. Car execs are sophisticated businesspeople, and they’re surfing capitalism’s latest — and last — hot trend: dismantling capitalism itself.

Now, leftists have been predicting the death of capitalism since The Communist Manifesto, but even Marx and Engels warned us not to get too frisky: capitalism, they wrote, is endlessly creative, constantly reinventing itself, re-emerging from each crisis in a new form that is perfectly adapted to the post-crisis reality:

https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/31/books/review/a-spectre-haunting-china-mieville.html

But capitalism has finally run out of gas. In his forthcoming book, Techno Feudalism: What Killed Capitalism, Yanis Varoufakis proposes that capitalism has died — but it wasn’t replaced by socialism. Rather, capitalism has given way to feudalism:

https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/451795/technofeudalism-by-varoufakis-yanis/9781847927279

Under capitalism, capital is the prime mover. The people who own and mobilize capital — the capitalists — organize the economy and take the lion’s share of its returns. But it wasn’t always this way: for hundreds of years, European civilization was dominated by rents, not markets.

A “rent” is income that you get from owning something that other people need to produce value. Think of renting out a house you own: not only do you get paid when someone pays you to live there, you also get the benefit of rising property values, which are the result of the work that all the other homeowners, business owners, and residents do to make the neighborhood more valuable.

The first capitalists hated rent. They wanted to replace the “passive income” that landowners got from taxing their serfs’ harvest with active income from enclosing those lands and grazing sheep in order to get wool to feed to the new textile mills. They wanted active income — and lots of it.

Capitalist philosophers railed against rent. The “free market” of Adam Smith wasn’t a market that was free from regulation — it was a market free from rents. The reason Smith railed against monopolists is because he (correctly) understood that once a monopoly emerged, it would become a chokepoint through which a rentier could cream off the profits he considered the capitalist’s due:

https://locusmag.com/2021/03/cory-doctorow-free-markets/

Today, we live in a rentier’s paradise. People don’t aspire to create value — they aspire to capture it. In Survival of the Richest, Doug Rushkoff calls this “going meta”: don’t provide a service, just figure out a way to interpose yourself between the provider and the customer:

https://pluralistic.net/2022/09/13/collapse-porn/#collapse-porn

Don’t drive a cab, create Uber and extract value from every driver and rider. Better still: don’t found Uber, invest in Uber options and extract value from the people who invest in Uber. Even better, invest in derivatives of Uber options and extract value from people extracting value from people investing in Uber, who extract value from drivers and riders. Go meta.

This is your brain on the four-hour-work-week, passive income mind-virus. In Techno Feudalism, Varoufakis deftly describes how the new “Cloud Capital” has created a new generation of rentiers, and how they have become the richest, most powerful people in human history.

Shopping at Amazon is like visiting a bustling city center full of stores — but each of those stores’ owners has to pay the majority of every sale to a feudal landlord, Emperor Jeff Bezos, who also decides which goods they can sell and where they must appear on the shelves. Amazon is full of capitalists, but it is not a capitalist enterprise. It’s a feudal one:

https://pluralistic.net/2022/11/28/enshittification/#relentless-payola

This is the reason that automakers are willing to enshittify their products so comprehensively: they were one of the first industries to decouple rents from profits. Recall that the reason that Big Car needed billions in bailouts in 2008 is that they’d reinvented themselves as loan-sharks who incidentally made cars, lending money to car-buyers and then “securitizing” the loans so they could be traded in the capital markets.

Even though this strategy brought the car companies to the brink of ruin, it paid off in the long run. The car makers got billions in public money, paid their execs massive bonuses, gave billions to shareholders in buybacks and dividends, smashed their unions, fucked their pensioned workers, and shipped jobs anywhere they could pollute and murder their workforce with impunity.

Car companies are on the forefront of postcapitalism, and they understand that digital is the key to rent-extraction. Remember when BMW announced that it was going to rent you the seatwarmer in your own fucking car?

https://pluralistic.net/2020/07/02/big-river/#beemers

Not to be outdone, Mercedes announced that they were going to rent you your car’s accelerator pedal, charging an extra $1200/year to unlock a fully functional acceleration curve:

https://www.theverge.com/2022/11/23/23474969/mercedes-car-subscription-faster-acceleration-feature-price

This is the urinary tract infection business model: without digitization, all your car’s value flowed in a healthy stream. But once the car-makers add semiconductors, each one of those features comes out in a painful, burning dribble, with every button on that fakakta touchscreen wired directly into your credit-card.

But it’s just for starters. Computers are malleable. The only computer we know how to make is the Turing Complete Von Neumann Machine, which can run every program we know how to write. Once they add networked computers to your car, the Car Lords can endlessly twiddle the knobs on the back end, finding new ways to extract value from you:

https://doctorow.medium.com/twiddler-1b5c9690cce6

That means that your car can track your every movement, and sell your location data to anyone and everyone, from marketers to bounty-hunters looking to collect fees for tracking down people who travel out of state for abortions to cops to foreign spies:

https://www.vice.com/en/article/n7enex/tool-shows-if-car-selling-data-privacy4cars-vehicle-privacy-report

Digitization supercharges financialization. It lets car-makers offer subprime auto-loans to desperate, poor people and then killswitch their cars if they miss a payment:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4U2eDJnwz_s

Subprime lending for cars would be a terrible business without computers, but digitization makes it a great source of feudal rents. Car dealers can originate loans to people with teaser rates that quickly blow up into payments the dealer knows their customer can’t afford. Then they repo the car and sell it to another desperate person, and another, and another:

https://pluralistic.net/2022/07/27/boricua/#looking-for-the-joke-with-a-microscope

Digitization also opens up more exotic options. Some subprime cars have secondary control systems wired into their entertainment system: miss a payment and your car radio flips to full volume and bellows an unstoppable, unmutable stream of threats. Tesla does one better: your car will lock and immobilize itself, then blare its horn and back out of its parking spot when the repo man arrives:

https://tiremeetsroad.com/2021/03/18/tesla-allegedly-remotely-unlocks-model-3-owners-car-uses-smart-summon-to-help-repo-agent/

Digital feudalism hasn’t stopped innovating — it’s just stopped innovating good things. The digital device is an endless source of sadistic novelties, like the cellphones that disable your most-used app the first day you’re late on a payment, then work their way down the other apps you rely on for every day you’re late:

https://restofworld.org/2021/loans-that-hijack-your-phone-are-coming-to-india/

Usurers have always relied on this kind of imaginative intimidation. The loan-shark’s arm-breaker knows you’re never going to get off the hook; his goal is in intimidating you into paying his boss first, liquidating your house and your kid’s college fund and your wedding ring before you default and he throws you off a building.

Thanks to the malleability of computerized systems, digital arm-breakers have an endless array of options they can deploy to motivate you into paying them first, no matter what it costs you:

https://pluralistic.net/2021/04/02/innovation-unlocks-markets/#digital-arm-breakers

Car-makers are trailblazers in imaginative rent-extraction. Take VIN-locking: this is the practice of adding cheap microchips to engine components that communicate with the car’s overall network. After a new part is installed in your car, your car’s computer does a complex cryptographic handshake with the part that requires an unlock code provided by an authorized technician. If the code isn’t entered, the car refuses to use that part.

VIN-locking has exploded in popularity. It’s in your iPhone, preventing you from using refurb or third-party replacement parts:

https://doctorow.medium.com/apples-cement-overshoes-329856288d13

It’s in fuckin’ ventilators, which was a nightmare during lockdown as hospital techs nursed their precious ventilators along by swapping parts from dead systems into serviceable ones:

https://www.vice.com/en/article/3azv9b/why-repair-techs-are-hacking-ventilators-with-diy-dongles-from-poland

And of course, it’s in tractors, along with other forms of remote killswitch. Remember that feelgood story about John Deere bricking the looted Ukrainian tractors whose snitch-chips showed they’d been relocated to Russia?

https://doctorow.medium.com/about-those-kill-switched-ukrainian-tractors-bc93f471b9c8

That wasn’t a happy story — it was a cautionary tale. After all, John Deere now controls the majority of the world’s agricultural future, and they’ve boobytrapped those ubiquitous tractors with killswitches that can be activated by anyone who hacks, takes over, or suborns Deere or its dealerships.

Control over repair isn’t limited to gouging customers on parts and service. When a company gets to decide whether your device can be fixed, it can fuck you over in all kinds of ways. Back in 2019, Tim Apple told his shareholders to expect lower revenues because people were opting to fix their phones rather than replace them:

https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2019/01/letter-from-tim-cook-to-apple-investors/

By usurping your right to decide who fixes your phone, Apple gets to decide whether you can fix it, or whether you must replace it. Problem solved — and not just for Apple, but for car makers, tractor makers, ventilator makers and more. Apple leads on this, even ahead of Big Car, pioneering a “recycling” program that sees trade-in phones shredded so they can’t possibly be diverted from an e-waste dump and mined for parts:

https://www.vice.com/en/article/yp73jw/apple-recycling-iphones-macbooks

John Deere isn’t sleeping on this. They’ve come up with a valuable treasure they extract when they win the Right-to-Repair: Deere singles out farmers who complain about its policies and refuses to repair their tractors, stranding them with six-figure, two-ton paperweight:

https://pluralistic.net/2022/05/31/dealers-choice/#be-a-shame-if-something-were-to-happen-to-it

The repair wars are just a skirmish in a vast, invisible fight that’s been waged for decades: the War On General-Purpose Computing, where tech companies use the law to make it illegal for you to reconfigure your devices so they serve you, rather than their shareholders:

https://memex.craphound.com/2012/01/10/lockdown-the-coming-war-on-general-purpose-computing/

The force behind this army is vast and grows larger every day. General purpose computers are antithetical to technofeudalism — all the rents extracted by technofeudalists would go away if others (tinkereres, co-ops, even capitalists!) were allowed to reconfigure our devices so they serve us.

You’ve probably noticed the skirmishes with inkjet printer makers, who can only force you to buy their ink at 20,000% markups if they can stop you from deciding how your printer is configured:

https://pluralistic.net/2022/08/07/inky-wretches/#epson-salty But we’re also fighting against insulin pump makers, who want to turn people with diabetes into walking inkjet printers:

https://pluralistic.net/2022/06/10/loopers/#hp-ification

And companies that make powered wheelchairs:

https://pluralistic.net/2022/06/08/chair-ish/#r2r

These companies start with people who have the least agency and social power and wreck their lives, then work their way up the privilege gradient, coming for everyone else. It’s called the “shitty technology adoption curve”:

https://pluralistic.net/2022/08/21/great-taylors-ghost/#solidarity-or-bust

Technofeudalism is the public-private-partnership from hell, emerging from a combination of state and private action. On the one hand, bailing out bankers and big business (rather than workers) after the 2008 crash and the covid lockdown decoupled income from profits. Companies spent billions more than they earned were still wildly profitable, thanks to those public funds.

But there’s also a policy dimension here. Some of those rentiers’ billions were mobilized to both deconstruct antitrust law (allowing bigger and bigger companies and cartels) and to expand “IP” law, turning “IP” into a toolsuite for controlling the conduct of a firm’s competitors, critics and customers:

https://locusmag.com/2020/09/cory-doctorow-ip/

IP is key to understanding the rise of technofeudalism. The same malleability that allows companies to “twiddle” the knobs on their services and keep us on the hook as they reel us in would hypothetically allow us to countertwiddle, seizing the means of computation:

https://pluralistic.net/2023/04/12/algorithmic-wage-discrimination/#fishers-of-men

The thing that stands between you and an alternative app store, an interoperable social media network that you can escape to while continuing to message the friends you left behind, or a car that anyone can fix or unlock features for is IP, not technology. Under capitalism, that technology would already exist, because capitalists have no loyalty to one another and view each other’s margins as their own opportunities.

But under technofeudalism, control comes from rents (owning things), not profits (selling things). The capitalist who wants to participate in your iPhone’s “ecosystem” has to make apps and submit them to Apple, along with 30% of their lifetime revenues — they don’t get to sell you jailbreaking kit that lets you choose their app store.

Rent-seeking technology has a holy grail: control over “ring zero” — the ability to compel you to configure your computer to a feudalist’s specifications, and to verify that you haven’t altered your computer after it came into your possession:

https://pluralistic.net/2022/01/30/ring-minus-one/#drm-political-economy

For more than two decades, various would-be feudal lords and their court sorcerers have been pitching ways of doing this, of varying degrees of outlandishness.

At core, here’s what they envision: inside your computer, they will nest another computer, one that is designed to run a very simple set of programs, none of which can be altered once it leaves the factory. This computer — either a whole separate chip called a “Trusted Platform Module” or a region of your main processor called a secure enclave — can tally observations about your computer: which operating system, modules and programs it’s running.

Then it can cryptographically “sign” these observations, proving that they were made by a secure chip and not by something you could have modified. Then you can send this signed “attestation” to someone else, who can use it to determine how your computer is configured and thus whether to trust it. This is called “remote attestation.”

There are some cool things you can do with remote attestation: for example, two strangers playing a networked video game together can use attestations to make sure neither is running any cheat modules. Or you could require your cloud computing provider to use attestations that they aren’t stealing your data from the server you’re renting. Or if you suspect that your computer has been infected with malware, you can connect to someone else and send them an attestation that they can use to figure out whether you should trust it.

Today, there’s a cool remote attestation technology called “PrivacyPass” that replaces CAPTCHAs by having you prove to your own device that you are a human. When a server wants to make sure you’re a person, it sends a random number to your device, which signs that number along with its promise that it is acting on behalf of a human being, and sends it back. CAPTCHAs are all kinds of bad — bad for accessibility and privacy — and this is really great.

But the billions that have been thrown at remote attestation over the decades is only incidentally about solving CAPTCHAs or verifying your cloud server. The holy grail here is being able to make sure that you’re not running an ad-blocker. It’s being able to remotely verify that you haven’t disabled the bossware your employer requires. It’s the power to block someone from opening an Office365 doc with LibreOffice. It’s your boss’s ability to ensure that you haven’t modified your messaging client to disable disappearing messages before he sends you an auto-destructing memo ordering you to break the law.

And there’s a new remote attestation technology making the rounds: Google’s Web Environment Integrity, which will leverage Google’s dominance over browsers to allow websites to block users who run ad-blockers:

https://github.com/RupertBenWiser/Web-Environment-Integrity

There’s plenty else WEI can do (it would make detecting ad-fraud much easier), but for every legitimate use, there are a hundred ways this could be abused. It’s a technology purpose-built to allow rent extraction by stripping us of our right to technological self-determination.

Releasing a technology like this into a world where companies are willing to make their products less reliable, less attractive, less safe and less resilient in pursuit of rents is incredibly reckless and shortsighted. You want unauthorized bread? This is how you get Unauthorized Bread:

https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2020/01/unauthorized-bread-a-near-future-tale-of-refugees-and-sinister-iot-appliances/amp/

If you'd like an essay-formatted version of this thread to read or share, here's a link to it on pluralistic.net, my surveillance-free, ad-free, tracker-free blog:

https://pluralistic.net/2023/07/24/rent-to-pwn/#kitt-is-a-demon

[Image ID: The interior of a luxury car. There is a dagger protruding from the steering wheel. The entertainment console has been replaced by the text 'You wouldn't download a car,' in MPAA scare-ad font. Outside of the windscreen looms the Matrix waterfall effect. Visible in the rear- and side-view mirror is the driver: the figure from Munch's 'Scream.' The screen behind the steering-wheel has been replaced by the menacing red eye of HAL9000 from Stanley Kubrick's '2001: A Space Odyssey.']

Image: Cryteria (modified) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HAL9000.svg

CC BY 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en

[fluffmugger]

get. Off. Chrome. Now

I don't know if you've been keeping up with the unimaginable bullshit that is googles 'web DRM' or Web Environment Integrity (WEI) API, but they have already put the code into production.

Get the fuck out NOW

[kennak]

Googleが新たなウェブ標準として、Web Environment Integrity(WEI)の策定を進めています。WEIは「信頼できる第三者が正当な利用者であることを認証する仕組み」で、認証していない人をウェブの世界から追い出すものだとしてVivaldiブラウザの開発元が公式ブログで批判しました。 Unpacking Google’s new “dangerous” Web-Environment-Integrity specification https://vivaldi.com/blog/googles-new-dangerous-web-environment-integrity-spec/ WEIがどんな仕組みなのかは以下の記事で詳しく解説しています。 Google従業員が「信頼できる第三者」による認証でBotや改造ブラウザを排除して「健全なインターネット」を作るべく新たなウェブ標準「Web Environment Integrity」を提案 - GIGAZINE WEIは、ユーザーがサイトにアクセスする際に、信頼できる第三者にブラウザやプラットフォームのデータを提出して正当なユーザーであることを認証してもらうというもの。Botによる機械的なアクセスを判別して防止したり、改造ブラウザを使用してウェブベースのゲームでチートを行う行為を防止したりすることが可能です。 Vivaldiは、「動機は崇高で、使用例も合理的に見えるものの、提案されている実装はまったくひどいものでまるでウェブ版のDRMだ」とWEIを批判しました。使用例の一番最初に「広告を見た・クリックした人が本当に人間だったことを保証する」というものが並んでいるため、Googleはウェブユーザーの損害よりも広告プラットフォームを強化するためにあらゆる手段を行使する意図があることがうかがえます。WEIの説明ドキュメントでは「他のブラウザをウェブの世界から排除するリスク」が書かれているにもかかわらず、その解決策として述べられている手法は貧弱なもので、実際の解決策は何もないまま終わっているとのこと。 認証を行う「第三者」がどのブラウザを認証するのかを決められるので、新しいブラウザは認証をもらうために何らかの形で第三者たちからの信頼を勝ち取る必要があり、さらにWEIの仕様を導入していない古いブラウザはウェブの世界から排除されてしまうという問題も存在しています。 WEIのドキュメントでは認証者の例としてAndroid上のGoogle Playが述べられており、Google・Microsoft・Appleというプラットフォーマーが認証を行うことが示唆されています。Googleが開発する「Google Chrome」や、Microsoftの「Edge」、Appleの「Safari」は信頼できるブラウザと見なされる可能性が高いですが、その他のブラウザに関しては「ウェブの世界にアクセスできるかどうか」というブラウザの基本的な役割をこなせるかどうかについてはプラットフォーマーたちの「好意」次第となってしまいます。 さらに、Vivaldiは「アクセスした人が本当に人間であることを証明する手法」についても問題があると主張しています。WEIのドキュメントではこの点が明らかにされておらず、「ユーザーの行動データを認証者に提出する」というプライバシー面で問題のある方法が採用される可能性や、「外部ツールによる自動入力を制限する」というユーザーの利便性を犠牲にする仕組みが採用される可能性が述べられています。 WEIによって認証されていないブラウザは「信頼できないアクセス」とみなされるため、多くのサイトからアクセスを拒否されてしまう可能性があり、WEIが導入された場合、全てのブラウザがWEIを導入せざるを得なくなります。仮にGoogleが管理するウェブサイトを利用できない場合、その時点でブラウザにとって「死刑宣告」となるとのこと。また、GoogleがGoogle AdSenseなどの広告ツールを利用するのにWEIの利用を義務化した場合、WEIを拒否したブラウザで閲覧できるサイトはほとんどなくなってしまいます。

「ウェブの世界のDRM」と悪名高い「Web Environment Integrity」はなぜ・どのように危険なのかをVivaldiが語る、Apple製品には同様の仕組みがすでに導入済み - GIGAZINE

[oeffentlicheversicherung]

Braucht es weitere Argumente, um jetzt auf den #Firefox umzusteigen?

[aktionfsa-blog-blog]

Auf dem Weg zum kontrollierten Internet

Schnittstelle zur Totalkontrolle

Wieder haben wir einen der Big5 - Google, Amazon, Facebook, Apple, Microsoft (GAFAM) - in diesem Fall Google dabei erwischt, wie sie das einstmals geplante freie Internet zerstören wollen. Der Weg von Google ist weitgehender als viele bisherige Angriffe. Das Vorhaben läuft unter dem Namen "Web Environment Integrity" (WEI) und beinhaltet eine Art Browserkontrolle.

Dann läuft der Aufruf einer Webseite künftig so ab: Während normalerweise der Browser eine URL, eine Webadresse beim Domain Name Server anfragt, dort die IP Adresse der Webseite bekommt und sich diese dann von dort holt - ohne weitere Zwischenschritte, wird/soll es künftig eine API (Programmierschnittstelle) geben, über die bestimmte Browser-Betriebssystem-Kombinationen zugelassen und andere verboten werden können. Nur wenn diese Einstellungen "als richtig" angesehen werden, erhalte ich die aufgerufene Webseite.

Der Anbieter der Webseite entscheidet ob ich würdig bin

Ich erhalte die aufgerufene Webseite nur, wenn meine Browser-Betriebssystem-Kombination dem entspricht, was der Server, bzw das Unternehmen als eine sinnvolle Nutzung ansieht. Störend könnten z.B. ein AdBlocker, eine Beschränkung von JavaScript, o.ä. sein.

Damit sind eigentlich alle vier Freiheiten des Internets mit einem Schlage abgeschafft. Niemand hat dann künftig - wenn sich Googles Vorschlag durchsetzt - die Möglichkeit Software oder auch einfache Einstellungen auf seinem Gerät zu verändern. Dies geht weit über die meist gescheiterten Versuche von Microsoft und Apple hinaus, die Menschen mit in Chips gegossenem Digital Restrictions Management (DRM) einzuschränken.

Im Chromium Browser ist WEI schon Realität

WEI begann als harmloses Strategiepapier auf Microsoft GitHub , doch nun hat Google es im Eiltempo in seinen Chromium-Browser integriert. Es ist zu befürchten, dass die anderen der Big5 dem folgen werden. Die Möglichkeiten der Überwachung durch WEI sind erschreckend, der Artikel nennt:

Regierungen werden damit sicherzustellen, dass nur ihre offiziell „genehmigten“ (sprich: mit Backdoor versehenen) Browser auf das Internet zugreifen können,

Medienunternehmen wie Netflix werden damit ihr Digital Restrictions Management (DRM) perfektionieren,

der Zugang zu Diensten kann verweigert werden, sobald man einen Browser verwendet, der die Gewinnspanne des Unternehmens der aufgerufenen Webseite schmälern könnte.

Fazit: Wer sich nicht unterordnet, bleibt außen vor. Wehret den Anfängen! Ideen für Alternativen und Möglichkeiten des Schutzes gibt es z.B. hier und hier.

Mehr dazu bei https://digitalcourage.de/blog/2023/google-web-environment-integrity

Kategorie[21]: Unsere Themen in der Presse Short-Link dieser Seite: a-fsa.de/d/3vE Link zu dieser Seite: https://www.aktion-freiheitstattangst.org/de/articles/8491-20230814-auf-dem-weg-zum-kontrollierten-internet.htm

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[siliconwebx]

2019’s Top Types of Marketing Jobs

The idea of marketing is a lot simpler than the reality. In fact, people new to the field who are looking for marketing jobs tend to get overwhelmed because of the amount of specificity in job listings. Some positions require (or prefer) experience the job seeker may not have or hasn’t even heard of. As the job market expands alongside the explosive growth of the internet and ecommerce, new positions are created and old ones are redefined. We want to touch on some of the top types of marketing jobs so that you’re as informed as possible when looking for your next position.

1. Social Media Marketer

We are going to touch on this one first because so many people look at this as being one of the primary jobs in the field. People flock to this position and title, thinking that it’s mostly playing around on Twitter or Facebook.

And while using the networks is a major part of the job, the biggest part of it comes in as data analysis and seeing what works and what doesn’t. A social media marketer needs to be friendly and open to new relationships, but also willing to try new things to engage with their audience.

Adaptability is one of the strongest traits you can have because as the landscape of social media changes, so will this job. You will work with customer support, advertising, customer relations, PR, publicity, and a number of other departments.

You will be developing and enacting your company’s campaigns, too, so you’re going to need to be able to pull all that data together, parse it, and get to who needs it. It’s a tough job, and it’s more than playing on Twitter, but for the right person, the multifaceted aspect of the job is what makes it ideal.

Salary Range: $37k to $80k (average $54k)

2. Brand Manager

Brand managers do what they can to keep all the publicity and PR going out of your company putting out the same image. They tend to be in a supervisory role, and they get (generally) final say on what makes it in front of the public. Brand Managers focus on the overall image of the company and calculate how people will (or should) think about them and see them. They work with the design teams to pick the right fonts for the brand kit, and they will work with the social media team to make sure the tone of the posts is right for the business.

In a lot of ways, this might be the job many of you think of when you hear the word marketer, but it’s really only one of many. It is a very important one, though. One of the most important. Without a brand manager looking out for your brand’s best interests, you can get into some real sticky situations when it comes to what your company says and does.

We have an entire article on brand strategy, actually, so you should check that out for more information on the topic in general. If it sounds like something you’re up for, this may be the job to shoot for.

Salary Range: $65k to $130k (average $96k)

3. Content Creator

Yeah, content creation is definitely a type of marketing job. Think about it: every word you write is outreach between your brand and your audience. You share the content, and you interact with the members of the community. While you’re not the one digging through numbers and poring over data, you are an integral part of the marketing cycle. Your content is what the others use to bring people in, generate leads, and convert them into customers.

You are the cornerstone in an effective marketing plan, so if you are looking at different types of marketing jobs, make sure you check the content creation categories, too. The results there might be included in marketing departments, but not listed as such.

Salary Range: $34k to $75k (average $48k)

4. Brand Ambassador

In a way, a brand ambassador is a lower-level brand manager. Instead of setting the brand image and deciding what it should be, the brand ambassador is the one the public sees and interacts with. Your job as a brand ambassador is getting the word out about your company’s product, staying within the guidelines set up by the rest of the marketing team, and getting people excited about the brand. Your knowledge of the products and services of the company will probably be more in-depth than almost anyone else you work with, except maybe customer support. After all, you’re the one publically answering questions on the fly.

This kind of ambassadorship is done on social media, at pop-up events, and different various conferences and conventions. You are the representative face and voice of the company, and most of the time, you can expect a good amount of travel with this position as well. It is not uncommon for a brand ambassador to have 25-40 weekends each year booked with various events where they are representing the brand.

Salary Range: $25k to $50k (average $33k)

5. SEO Specialist

As an SEO specialist, you are diving deep into data and analytics, working to glean the most insight that you possibly can about what is driving the most conversions, most effectively. How Google and Bing (among others) rank search results changes all the time. If it’s not your job to keep up with it, falling behind is almost inevitable. As an SEO specialist, you will understand what the current landscape consists of, and you will be actively working to avoid blackhat and greyhat SEO tactics so that your network of sites is not penalized by the engines.

At its heart, an SEO specialist is a data analyst who works in concert with other marketing positions to make sure that your web content is as discoverable as possible. You may be working closely with advertising as well, trying and testing and perfecting the audiences and keywords for different ad campaigns across platforms.

Salary Range: $44k to $126k (average $65k)

6. Public Relations Coordinator

Often, people misunderstand the difference in public relations (PR) and publicity. A publicist is the one garnering publicity, planning campaigns and designing materials to plaster across the internet or local media. PR, on the other hand, is getting your feet on the ground and interacting with the public. You’re going into the community and talking with the demographic for your brand. You take the materials the publicist has prepared and use them to relate to the public.

Maybe you want to get more Spanish-speaking patrons at your library. So you’d go make contact with individuals and businesses that are already involved with the audience for your services and create relationships using various methods your publicists have made. Or your company makes books for special-needs children. The PR coordinator would make connections with schools and other organizations and then work with a brand ambassador to reach out and individually work with that community.

The big takeaway for going into PR versus other types of marketing jobs is PR gets out on the street and tells people about the brand in their own environment, while publicity tends to shout and post about the message so that it can be discovered passively. It takes both to run an effective marketing campaign.

Salary Range: $34k to $64k (average $45k)

7. Market Researcher/Analyst

It’s kind of impossible to market without knowing whom to market to. Running focus groups, surveys, and putting together case studies all fall right into this marketing niche. You will be the person who makes the decision as to whether X group spends enough on similar products to warrant an advertising campaign. Or perhaps you will be the one asking people which ending they prefer to the short film your company is producing.

When statistical studies are performed, it’s the market researchers who do them. They also tend to be the ones who read them and then converts those observations and that data into actionable steps.

One downside to market research is that not every company can afford a full-time staff member in this role. So you might be finding yourself working as a consultant for a firm that contracts out to many different businesses. Adaptability will definitely be a strong skill for you, as you might not always be researching and getting to know consumers in the same industry.

Salary Range: $44k to $79k (average $58k)

Conclusion

As you can see, the types of marketing jobs out there are as varied as the people who do them. Whether you’re a numbers person and love spreadsheets and CRMs or the kind who wants to walk the street and say hello to everyone you meet, there’s probably something for you in the field. If you’ve never considered a career in marketing, but some of these sound like they’re right up your alley, it’s definitely worth giving a deeper dive into and checking some job boards. You never know when opportunity will come knocking. Hey, turns out opportunity is a PR person!

What do you see as some of the strongest types of marketing jobs out there right now?

Article featured image by wan wei / shutterstock.om

The post 2019’s Top Types of Marketing Jobs appeared first on Elegant Themes Blog.

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[berwynd-blog]

Web Based Vital Statistics Monitoring System

In modern medicine, the need to proactively monitor one’s vital statistics is a must, especially when the patient is out of the hospital’s range. These vital statistics include one’s pulse rate, blood pressure and body temperature. All three of these are important in monitoring a patient’s health. But when a patient is out of the hospital, the need to monitor their stats can be a burden, especially to those who can’t do it by themselves. A study by Kendall, et al (2015) stated that blood pressure documented in clinical environments are captured in irregular intervals. That is why there needs to be a constant update on the patient’s blood pressure, treating it as a value of continuously fluctuating measure. This also holds true for one’s pulse rate and body temperature.

For these reasons, a web-based health monitoring system is designed to enable the doctor to view the patient’s statistics in real-time using internet-aided devices such as tablets, smartphones, and computers. The system will monitor the patient’s vital statistics and it the doctor can monitor it remotely. When a certain threshold of the patient’s statistics is surpassed, the doctor is notified with the use of Short Messaging Services (SMS) so that they can take further action. Such a system can possibly help patients reduce their bills by being admitted to the hospital.

Diabetes Management and Educational System for Saudi Arabia  

Researchers from Saudi Arabia designed a monitoring system for diabetes patients which can track their lifestyle and vital signs. According to Alotaibi (2014), diabetes is one of the major chronic diseases with approximately 366 million individuals diagnosed in 2011. Risks of one’s poor choices and lifestyle and the lack of health awareness are one of the many causes of diabetes in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. But on the other hand, Saudi Arabia had the largest number of Smartphone users in the world in 2012. With the fast-paced technological development, Smartphone has made it possible to create platforms for monitoring and managing diabetes patients. Istepanian, et al (2006) described this as  “…the exploitation of the mobile telecommunication and multimedia technologies and their integration into new mobile healthcare delivery systems.”

The system works by enabling the physician to remotely overview the diabetic patient’s present condition. Wherein data from the devices needed such as blood glucose and blood pressure device are transferred to the cloud server via 3G or LTE Network. The researchers stated that, “the diabetic patient is provided with a friendly web interface that includes a data management environment that offers a personal medical profile and a record of glucose and blood pressure levels in the form of tables and charts.” On the other hand, these transferred data are presented to the physician concerned and it “...includes a friendly web interface and mobile application. These two present a diabetes data management system that allows the specialist diabetic nurse to communicate with and monitor the diabetic patient remotely.”

As stated, this type of system can be help diabetic patients who are out of the hospital but still has the need to be monitored constantly. The researchers concluded that system is “...presented to achieve intensive monitoring of daily blood glucose levels, optimized treatment and a normal lifestyle for diabetic patients in Saudi Arabia without restrictions on daily life.” Thus, the use of modern technology in the monitoring of patients can be achieved through the right equipments and methodologies used.

Smart Real-Time Healthcare Monitoring and Tracking System using GSM/GPS Technologies  

Aziz, et al (2016) have designed a smart system architecture for smart healthcare that uses GSM and GPS technologies. Their aim was to provide an effective application for real-time monitoring and tracking of patients. The researchers stated that, “...the system will track, trace, monitor patients and facilitate taking care of their health; so efficient medical services could be provided at appropriate time.”

This task is done using specific sensors that captures and compares data with a configurable threshold set by doctors via a microcontroller. So that in case there is an emergency, the doctors can then respond immediately, as they are notified using SMS with the exact details of the patient’s current state via the GSM module. The researchers stated that, “...the system will be able to bridge the gap between patients - in dramatic health change occasions- and health entities who response and take actions in real time fashion.” They have concluded that the system is helpful to patients who cannot go to the hospital on a daily basis or require assistance in critical conditions.

An Interfacing Digital Blood Pressure Meter with Arduino-GSM Module for Real-time Monitoring  

According to Hadiyoso, et al (2017), heart diseases such as hypertension is one of the main causes of death worldwide, but not many are aware of the importance of cardiac health. For patients diagnosed with hypertension who has to regularly check their blood pressure, consultation with medical experts are crucial. But due to certain factors such as time conflicts, checking and consulting with doctors cannot be done. That is why they have designed a system that sends the patient’s blood pressure value so that the doctor can monitor remotely. The patients can conduct the blood pressure checking by themselves and the device sends the value blood pressure via SMS so that they can consult with medical experts anytime and anywhere. They stated that, “Tele-monitoring application to resolve the issue.”

They developed a blood pressure measurement system based on the E-Health module, integrated with the Arduino to read the measurement data and then sends it via short message service using the SIM 900 module. This type of system can help outpatients in particular in keeping up-to-date with their doctors, lessening the visits to hospitals. The need to innovate and create more systems like this is becoming more evident as time goes by.

A Mobile Phone Based Homecare Management System on the Cloud  

Wei-Tse Tang, et al (2010) are researchers based in Taiwan. Their study combined Hospital Information System (HIS) and the basis of mobile communication, establishing a telemedicine home care management system for sustainable health monitoring through the transmission of Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) and Short Messaging Service (SMS). In the past, telemedicine were used in specialized telemedicine centers, due to its cost and complexity. However, due to many advancements in technology “...providers have begun to experiment with telemedicine contacts between healthcare providers and patients at home to monitor conditions for chronic disease.”

The system works by sending real-time physiological responses to telemedicine homecare information management system through GSM 900/1800 2G mobile phone in Taiwan. The participants of the study and their records of blood pressure were connected to the hospitals’ HIS. With this, the physicians may link to the system through the health record page in HIS for patients’ physiological responses and records. If there are any abnormal data, physicians and medical staff can inform and arrange patients back to the clinic for further treatment or observation.  

Using this kind of system would reduce the high cost of healthcare, and will serve the as the first line of defense in the medical service system.

An Automated Vital Sign Monitoring System for Congestive Heart Failure Patients  

Chen, et al (2010) described Congestive heart failure (CHF) as a cardiovascular disorder that affects approximately 4.6 million Americans and is a leading cause of death in the United States. It is a condition in which heart function is inadequate to supply oxygenated blood to the patient.  CHF has become an important public health problem but Chen, et al stated that, “mechanisms to monitor patients’ health status and behaviors are limited by constraints imposed by the patient’s geography, infirmity, or resources.”  That is why they have developed a remote monitoring system so that it has a more dynamic connection between “healthcare providers and patients.” They also said that it improves health promotion and patient care through monitoring of health data. The system also communicates health reminders, and has a built-in mechanism for patient feedback.

The system they managed to develop is called the Weight and Activity  Blood Pressure Monitoring System (WANDA). The WANDA system is built on a three-tier architecture consisting of sensors, a web server, and back-end database tiers. The small study has enabled patients to reduce or maintain the number of readings which are out of the acceptable range. At the end of their study, the results show that the WANDA study is effective for patients with CHF.  

Creating a system that has a three-tier architecture can help in the proper communication of patients and health experts.

CONCLUSION

In the near future, the world will see new advancements in technology that is integrated with various aspects of everyday life. Such a future will be aided by the Internet of Things, and no doubt that healthcare is part of this innovation. According to Pattichis, et al (2002), “wireless network will be an important bridge between healthcare providers and consumers of medical care.”

The interest that I have in healthcare is fueled by personal reasons and I will be using the knowledge that I can gather in creating a system that can help a lot of people.

REFERENCES

Kendall, L., Morris, D., & Tan, D. (2015, April 18). Blood Pressure Beyond the Clinic: Rethinking a Health Metric for Everyone. Retrieved January 19, 2018, from https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2702276

Alotaibi, Istepanian, Sungoor, & Philip. (2014). An Intelligent Mobile Diabetes Management and Educational System for Saudi Arabia: System Architecture. Retrieved January 19, 2018, from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6864296/

Aziz, K., Tarapiah, S., Ismail, S. H., & Atalla, S. (2016). Smart Real-Time Healthcare Monitoring and Tracking System using GSM/GPS Technologies. Retrieved January 19, 2018, from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7460394/

Fajar, Z., Hadiyoso, S., & Rizal, A. (2017). An Interfacing Digital Blood Pressure Meter with Arduino-GSM Module for Real-time Monitoring. Retrieved January 19, 2018, from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8226669/

Tang, W., Hu, C., & Hsu, C. (2010). A Mobile Phone Based Homecare Management System on the Cloud. Retrieved January 19, 2018, from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5639917/

Suh, M., Evangelista, L. S., & Chen, C. (2010, November 11). An Automated Vital Sign Monitoring System for Congestive Heart Failure Patients. Retrieved January 19, 2018, from https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1883010

R. Istepanian, et al., M-health: emerging mobile health systems. Berlin: Springer, 2006  

C. S. Pattichis, E. Kyriacou, S. Voskarides, M. S. Pattichis, R. Istepanian and C. N. Schizas, “Wireless telemedicine systems: an overview,” Antennas and Propagation Magazine (IEEE), Vol. 44., Issue 2., 143-153, Apr 2002  

[letestmarketudates-blog]

Air Damper Market Analysis, Segment, Trends and Forecasts 2017

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·         Teijin

·         The DOW Chemical Company

·         Corbion

·         Meredian Holdings Group

·         Natureworks

·         Henan Jindan Lactic Acid Technology

·         Synbra Technology

·         WEI MON Industry

·         Galactic

·         Shandong Baisheng Biotechnology

·         Musashino Chemical

On the basis of product, this report displays the production, revenue, price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into

·         L-(+)-Lactic Acid

·         D-(`)-Lactic Acid

By Application, the market can be split into

·         Biodegradable Polymer

·         Food & Beverage

·         Personal Care

·         Pharmaceutical

·         Others

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The report is generically segmented into six parts and every part aims on the overview of the Lactic Acid (CAS 50-21-5) industry, present condition of the market, feasibleness of the investment along with several strategies and policies. Apart from the definition and classification, the report also discusses the analysis of import and export and describes a comparison of the market that is focused on the trends and development. Along with entire framework in addition to in-depth details, one can prepare and stay ahead of the competitors across the targeted locations. The fact that this market report renders details about the major market players along with their product development and current trends proves to be very beneficial for fresh entrants to comprehend and recognize the industry in an improved manner. The report also enlightens the productions, sales, supply, market condition, demand, growth, and forecast of the Lactic Acid (CAS 50-21-5) industry in the global markets.

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Every region’s market has been studied thoroughly in this report which deals with the precise information pertaining to the Marketing Channels and novel project investments so that the new entrants as well as the established market players conduct intricate research of trends and analysis in these regional markets. Acknowledging the status of the environment and products’ up gradation, the market report foretells each and every detail.

So as to fabricate this report, complete key details, strategies and variables are examined so that entire useful information is amalgamated together for the understanding and studying the key facts pertaining the global Lactic Acid (CAS 50-21-5) Industry. The production value and market share in conjunction with the SWOT analysis everything is integrated in this report.

Some points from TOC:-

Global Lactic Acid (CAS 50-21-5) Market Professional Survey Report 2017

1 Industry Overview of Lactic Acid (CAS 50-21-5) 1.1 Definition and Specifications of Lactic Acid (CAS 50-21-5) 1.1.1 Definition of Lactic Acid (CAS 50-21-5) 1.1.2 Specifications of Lactic Acid (CAS 50-21-5) 1.2 Classification of Lactic Acid (CAS 50-21-5) 1.2.1 L-(+)-Lactic Acid 1.2.2 D-(?)-Lactic Acid 1.3 Applications of Lactic Acid (CAS 50-21-5) 1.3.1 Biodegradable Polymer 1.3.2 Food & Beverage 1.3.3 Personal Care 1.3.4 Pharmaceutical 1.3.5 Others 1.4 Market Segment by Regions 1.4.1 North America 1.4.2 China 1.4.3 Europe 1.4.4 Southeast Asia 1.4.5 Japan 1.4.6 India 2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Lactic Acid (CAS 50-21-5) 2.1 Raw Material and Suppliers 2.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Lactic Acid (CAS 50-21-5) 2.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Lactic Acid (CAS 50-21-5) 2.4 Industry Chain Structure of Lactic Acid (CAS 50-21-5) 3 Technical Data and Manufacturing Plants Analysis of Lactic Acid (CAS 50-21-5) 3.1 Capacity and Commercial Production Date of Global Lactic Acid (CAS 50-21-5) Major Manufacturers in 2016 3.2 Manufacturing Plants Distribution of Global Lactic Acid (CAS 50-21-5) Major Manufacturers in 2016 3.3 R&D Status and Technology Source of Global Lactic Acid (CAS 50-21-5) Major Manufacturers in 2016 3.4 Raw Materials Sources Analysis of Global Lactic Acid (CAS 50-21-5) Major Manufacturers in 2016

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