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This is a great video to watch!

Having watched this video in class, I have found some interesting points

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Online Harassment and Social Media Governance

Nowadays, people navigate online places with different identities, which shape interactions and experiences. However, the rise of online platforms has highlighted the widespread problem of online harassment. Online harassment comprises a wide range of undesirable activities, referred to as threats or offensive behaviours communicated through media platforms with the potential to inflict harm (Lenhart et al., 2016). According to Duggan (2017), there are five main forms of harassment: sexual harassment, persistent harassment, physical threats, embarrassing others on purpose, and harsh name-calling. 

Online cyber often shows bias based on gender. This means that women, non-binary people, and other gender minorities are more likely to experience harassment online. This harassment can take different types, including violent behaviour in online dating, posting photographs without consent, and abuse from intimate relationships (Rocha-Silva et al., 2021). These types of harassment can be difficult to eradicate since it occurs often in private talks and society sometimes sees gender-based violence as normal (World Health Organisation 2021). Meanwhile, the negative effects of cyberbullying on the emotional and physical well-being of individuals targeted can be significant, perhaps leading to lasting consequences (Harms 2015). While the impacts of harassment might differ depending on how it is manifested, the type of harassment can also have an influence.

Furthermore, the way individuals feel and understand the damage from cyberbullying depends on various parts of who they are. Studies show that disabled individuals, black people, and members of the LGBTQ+ community are more likely to face intense and ongoing harassment (Fitzgerald et al., 2019). These communities also suffer from additional challenges like misogynoir, online racism, and discrimination, which lead to violence, stigma, and other harmful effects (Pskowski, 2017). The widespread acceptance of misogyny and online abuse mirrors existing systemic injustices(Suzor et al., 2018). There is a responsibility associated with overseeing these influential global social media platforms. Tackling gender-based violence online will necessitate action from the technology companies governing the commercial internet to prevent and counteract abuse across their networks and services (Suzor et al., 2018). These companies must ensure that they do not perpetuate gender-based inequalities on their platforms (Suzor et al., 2018). Social media platforms, like Instagram and Facebook, take action to hide or delete unconsented posts and try to educate users about online harassment. 

https://www.esafety.gov.au/about-us

To tackle the issue of increasing online harassment, social media governance are significant, especially for children in the younger generation when they utilise social media nowadays since online abuse may happen to anyone at any age. Social media governance is a set of rules, procedures, and processes that judge social media policies and standards that must be followed (Newberry, 2023). There are a free website called eSafety for education and provide information to help Australians experiencing online bullying or abuse to take action or make a complaint. By fostering awareness, promoting inclusivity, and empowering individuals to challenge harmful behaviors, we can work towards a digital landscape that prioritizes respect, safety, and equity for all. 

References

Duggan, M. (2017, July 11). Online Harassment 2017. Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2017/07/11/online-harassment-2017

Fitzgerald, H. E., Johnson, D. J., Desirée Qin-Hilliard, Villarruel, F., & Norder, J. (2019). Handbook of Children and Prejudice : Integrating Research, Practice, and Policy. Springer Nature. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-12228-7

Harms, L. (2015). Understanding Trauma and Resilience. In Google Books. Bloomsbury Publishing. https://books.google.com.vn/books?hl=vi&lr=&id=LyNHEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=Understanding+Trauma+and+Resilience&ots=u_PwzprbL9&sig=WekqF4rZfuDQQfOGft97ZdfhzMo&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Understanding%20Trauma%20and%20Resilience&f=false

Lenhart, A., Ybarra, M., Zickuhr, K., & Price-Feeney, M. (2016, November 21). Online Harassment, Digital Abuse, and Cyberstalking in America. Data & Society. https://datasociety.net/library/online-harassment-digital-abuse-cyberstalking/

Newberry, C. (2023, May 1). 8 Must-Haves of a Smart Social Media Governance Plan. Social Media Marketing & Management Dashboard. https://blog.hootsuite.com/social-media-governance/#:~:text=Social%20media%20governance%20is%20a.

Pskowski, M. (2017). Mexican women stand up to cyberattacks and vicious digital violence. The World from PRX. https://theworld.org/stories/2017-08-24/mexican-women-stand-cyberattacks-and-vicious-digital-violence

Rocha-Silva, T., Nogueira, C., & Rodrigues, L. (2021). Intimate abuse through technology: A systematic review of scientific Constructs and behavioral dimensions. Computers in Human Behavior, 122, 106861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106861

Suzor, N., Dragiewicz, M., Harris, B., Gillett, R., Burgess, J., & Van Geelen, T. (2018). Human Rights by Design: The Responsibilities of Social Media Platforms to Address Gender-Based Violence Online. Policy & Internet, 11(1), 84–103. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.185

World Health Organization. (2021, March 9). Violence against Women. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/violence-against-women

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Video Games and Video Game Streaming During COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 outbreak has had a huge influence on how we consume entertainment. As lockdowns and social distancing measures were implemented worldwide, many turned to video games as a form of entertainment, social interaction, and stress relief. Video gaming is a social activity in and of itself since people have digital citizenship within video gaming, as well as specific games and game elements. A sense of community is frequently established through live streaming, which has a built-in, real-time chat feature, as well as other platforms such as Discord (a social platform that includes conversation channels) and social media such as Twitter and Facebook (Kowert & Daniel, 2021).

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Among Us became widely popular because it was simple to grasp, accessible on various digital devices, and suitable for players of all ages and interests. The game gained traction due to its emphasis on communication and social interaction rather than complex mechanics like shooting and killing. Players engaged in the dramatic element of identifying the imposter. According to Ottesen (2021), the game's popularity extended globally, with players from Europe and Asia joining servers. Additionally, Among Us offered the option to add friends, enabling players to form connections, even during the pandemic. The VR version of Among Us enhances immersion and fosters more profound connections with crewmates (Erhard, 2022).

Apart from video games, video game streaming has gained a burgeoning sector. During the pandemic, there was a significant rise in the global viewership of leading streaming platforms like Twitch and YouTube Gaming, increasing by 10% and 15%, respectively (Daniele, 2020). According to Twitch Tracker, in February 2020, just before the pandemic began, there were slightly over 5 million active streams on Twitch, the world's foremost gaming live-streaming network. By April 2020, when many parts of America were under lockdown, this number had surged to over 7.3 million. This spike in streamers coincided with a rise in the national unemployment rate, which reached 14.8% in the same month, as reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (Palumbo, 2021). 

Active Twitch Streamers and Number of Unemployed People Feb 2020 - March 2021

The "monetization" of video game live streaming is one of the most significant factors driving its growth. Indeed, video game streaming allows people to commoditise their lives by converting their hobbies - playing games - into commodities that other users would pay to see. Twitch enables streamers to earn at three levels: novice, affiliate, and partnership. Each level uniquely produces money, and as a person's following develops, so does their level and earnings (Palumbo 2021). While anyone can make money via video game streaming, few can earn a consistent and significant income from these sites. 

In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic has reshaped the landscape of entertainment consumption, with video games emerging as a significant outlet for social interaction, stress relief, and community building during isolation. Moreover, the surge in video game streaming during the pandemic underscores the growing popularity of platforms like Twitch and YouTube Gaming, offering individuals opportunities to monetize their gaming hobbies. While the pandemic has accelerated these shifts, it's evident that the fusion of gaming and social interaction will continue to shape our entertainment habits in the post-pandemic world, emphasizing the enduring power of digital communities and shared experiences.

References

Daniele , D. (2020, August 26). The rise of videogame streaming in a global pandemic. Social Media Law Bulletin. https://www.socialmedialawbulletin.com/2020/08/the-rise-of-videogame-streaming-in-a-global-pandemic/

Erhard, V. (2022, September 24). 12 Fun Online Games To Make Friends. Game Rant. https://gamerant.com/best-online-games-to-make-friends/#among-us

Kowert, R., & Daniel, E. (2021). The one-and-a-half sided parasocial relationship: The curious case of live streaming. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 4(4), 100150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100150

Ottesen, K. (2021, March 9). “Among Us” proved to be the game we needed during the pandemic. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/magazine/the-game-among-us-proved-to-be-the-game-we-needed-during-the-pandemic/2021/03/04/0addd71a-64cf-11eb-8c64-9595888caa15_story.html

Palumbo, A. (2021). Video Game Streaming – A Pandemic Fad or a New Economic Trend? Cuny.edu. https://issuenumberone.journalism.cuny.edu/2021/05/18/video-game-streaming-a-pandemic-fad-or-a-new-economic-trend/

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A video about the previous topic!

I found this video while searching, this is quite interesting.

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Face Filters, Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Self-Image

Social media has increased the emphasis on creating a perfect online image. Most people intend to appear attractive, stunning, and impressive online, and many use face filters to help them reach this objective. According to Herrington (2019), face filters use Augmented Reality (AR) technology to create a "digital mask," which adds virtual features to a person's face or surroundings. These filters primarily come from built-in alternatives on social networking sites such as Instagram and beauty app filters like Perfect365 (Miller & McIntyre, 2022). 

The use of filters on social media has not only risen in recent years but has also become widespread. Face filters, in fact, can increase users' satisfaction when using social media. These filters may enhance a person's physical appearance based on their beauty standards (Arrouf, 2018) or hide their identity using identified filters. According to Coy-Dibley (2016), changing one's self-image might give people a sense of liberation or relief that they can embody impossible social ideals. Furthermore, employing these modifying features enables people to express themselves online rather than in more permanent ways artistically (Coy-Dibley, 2016). 

However, face filters have a major impact on influencers. According to Rivas (2024), influencers who use social media filters often feel more concerned, less confident, and physically less attractive than those who do not. Influencers suffering from body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) think there is something wrong with their appearance.  Digital dysmorphia is on the spectrum as Body Dysmorphic Disorder, but it is influenced by cultural expectations and beauty ideologies, as well as the technology accessible to achieve these standards (Coy-Dibley, 2016). Digital Dysmorphia is a condition in which women consider their bodies as imperfect in reality and so digitally edit their photographs to address these perceived defects (Coy-Dibley, 2016). It becomes a fixation, an intense worry that frequently leads to anxiety, social isolation, and the need for cosmetic surgery (Haines, 2021). They are considering obtaining plastic surgery to produce a filtered look-alike version of themselves for social media (Rivas, 2024). In addition, female influencers desire surgery based on the filters they use (Haines, 2021). 

In the past, people frequently underwent cosmetic surgery to imitate their idols' looks. However, these days, more and more people choose cosmetic surgeons to change their appearance to resemble their filtered versions (Hosie, 2018). As in the video, Marla explained that she opted for plastic surgery because she was tired of constantly editing her photos. She wanted to become the image she truly desired without relying on editing. Additionally, having surgery would save her time spent editing photos. Marla mentioned that while beauty filters may make people happy initially, once they are removed and reveal one's natural face, individuals often become more self-conscious and are more likely to experience low self-esteem.

In conclusion, using filters on social media to change how we look has become really common. It is fun and lets us be creative, but it also makes some people feel bad about themselves. Some social media users might feel pressured always to look perfect, which can mess with their confidence. Some even consider getting surgery to look like their filtered photos. But in the end, relying too much on filters might make us forget to love ourselves just as we are. So, it is important to consider how filters affect us and what really matters: being happy with who we are, not just how we look online.

References

Arrouf, E. (2018, February 27). ON THE RADAR: Meitu, world’s #1 Beauty App. Www.linkedin.com. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/radar-meitu-worlds-1-beauty-app-emilie-arrouf/

Coy-Dibley, I. (2016). “Digitized Dysmorphia” of the female body: the re/disfigurement of the image. Palgrave Communications, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.1057/palcomms.2016.40

Haines, A. (2021, April 27). From “Instagram Face” To “Snapchat Dysmorphia”: How Beauty Filters Are Changing The Way We See Ourselves. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/annahaines/2021/04/27/from-instagram-face-to-snapchat-dysmorphia-how-beauty-filters-are-changing-the-way-we-see-ourselves/?sh=5c82b07d4eff

Herrington, J. (2019, November 20). Face Filters for Instagram and Snapchat Are the New Frontier of Surrealist Art. OneZero. https://href.li/?https://onezero.medium.com/the-power-of-face-filters-as-augmented-reality-art-for-the-masses-65a95fb4a577#:~:text=AR%20%E2%80%9Cface%20filters%E2%80%9D%20%E2%80%94%20a

Hosie, R. (2018, February 6). People want to look like versions of themselves with filters rather than celebrities, cosmetic doctor says. The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/cosmetic-surgery-snapchat-instagram-filters-demand-celebrities-doctor-dr-esho-london-a8197001.html

Miller, L. A., & McIntyre, J. (2022). From surgery to Cyborgs: a thematic analysis of popular media commentary on Instagram filters. Feminist Media Studies, 23(7), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2022.2129414

Rivas, G. (2024, January 22). The Mental Health Impacts of Beauty Filters on Social Media Shouldn’t Be Ignored — Here’s Why. InStyle. https://www.instyle.com/beauty/social-media-filters-mental-health

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Body Modification and Self-Image

Body modification is the intentional remodelling of one's body or appearance for a variety of purposes, including aesthetic satisfaction, sexual pleasure, cultural traditions, religious convictions, body art, and more. The most frequent types of body alteration are piercings and tattoos, but it can also encompass operations such as gender reassignment surgery and cosmetic surgery (Glover-Thomas, 2020).

However, all modifications share three common points. Firstly, body modification happens only with the express agreement of the person who owns the body. Secondly,  these changes certainly cause physical changes to the body. Lastly, changes are the result of human activity on the original body (Lane, 2017). 

Body modification in media has been a longstanding topic. The exposure to body modification on social media has several effects on users, causing people to follow unrealistic and unattainable trends (Vaingankar, 2022). Furthermore, the growth of social media influencers and celebrities has elevated the problem to new heights by encouraging unhealthy body standards. Duffy and Meisner (2022) explore problems associated with algorithmic exposure and content creators' actions to become more visible online. Microcelebrities' content creation careers depend on a platform's visibility (Duffy & Meisner 2022), in which everyday media users utilise self-branding on social media to build fame. A strategy for gaining attention on appearance-focused social media platforms involves following aesthetic templates (Foster, 2022). Aesthetic templates include visual features that attract people's interest online, such as postures, accessories, image editing, and body modifications. These templates embody specific ideals of appearance (Foster 2022). For instance, feminine ideals revolve around accentuated femininity, celebrating features like full lips, slender noses, prominent cheekbones, and an hourglass figure (Lefebvre & Cowart, 2022).

The effort invested in presenting oneself to fit these aesthetic templates is termed aesthetic labour (Drenten et al., 2019). Conformity to these trends and standards has resulted in highly recognisable women sharing identical features, frequently acquired through cosmetic surgeries (Lefebvre & Cowart, 2022). Currently, plastic surgery is seen as an unavoidable aspect of the beauty process. There are various reasons why people might decide to have surgery. For instance, the halo effect, which holds that society perceives attractive people more favourably and is linked to virtues like intelligence, competence, and dependability, can encourage others to associate with them (Sood et al., 2017). Another reason people may want cosmetic surgery is to compare their looks to others, making them more aware of their own body image, as they feel compelled to conform to physical beauty norms (Sood et al., 2017). 

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A post shared by 🍑 PERFECT MODELS 🍑 (@_.perfect_body._)

Additionally, there is a connection between women's intentions to get elective cosmetic surgery and social media and celebrity (Sood et al., 2017). Celebrities like Kim Kardashian, whose bodies are frequently impossible to achieve without cosmetic surgery, remind fans of the most desirable shape of the female body (Kinnally & Van Vonderen, 2014). Furthermore, research on body image perception has indicated that women who watch more media that reinforces ideal body types are more likely to adopt an attitude towards body form and even pursue cosmetic surgery in order to meet media standards (Kinnally & Van Vonderen, 2014). This may lead to unhealthy relations between many women and their bodies, as they are inclined to modify them to conform to society's expectations.

In conclusion, exploring body modification reveals its multifaceted nature, encompassing various motives and practices ranging from cultural traditions to social media influences. While individuals have the autonomy to modify their bodies, the pervasive exposure to unrealistic beauty standards through social media and celebrity culture exacerbates the pressure to conform, leading to unhealthy body image perceptions and potentially risky cosmetic procedures. Understanding the complexities surrounding body modification is crucial for fostering a culture that promotes self-acceptance and celebrates diverse forms of beauty, free from unrealistic ideals perpetuated by media platforms.

References

Drenten, J., Gurrieri, L., & Tyler, M. (2019). Sexualized labour in digital culture: Instagram influencers, porn chic and the monetization of attention. Gender, Work & Organization, 27(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12354

Duffy, B. E., & Meisner, C. (2022). Platform governance at the margins: Social media creators’ experiences with algorithmic (in)visibility. Media, Culture & Society, 45(2), 016344372211119. https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437221111923

Foster, J. (2022). “It’s All About the Look”: Making Sense of Appearance, Attractiveness, and Authenticity Online. Social Media + Society, 8(4), 205630512211387. https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051221138762

Glover-Thomas, N. (2020). A “Wellbeing” Paradigm: A Concept-Based Study of Body Art and Regulatory Challenges. Laws, 9(4), 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/laws9040022

Kinnally, W., & Van Vonderen, K. E. (2014). Body Image and the Role of Television. Journal of Creative Communications, 9(3), 215–233. https://doi.org/10.1177/0973258614545016

Lane, D. C. (2017). Understanding body modification: A process-based framework. Sociology Compass, 11(7), e12495. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12495

Lefebvre, S., & Cowart, K. (2022). An investigation of influencer body enhancement and brand endorsement. Journal of Services Marketing, 36(1). https://doi.org/10.1108/jsm-12-2020-0509

Sood, A., Quintal, V., & Phau, I. (2017). Keeping Up with the Kardashians: Consumers’ Intention to Engage in Cosmetic Surgery. Journal of Promotion Management, 23(2), 185–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/10496491.2016.1267677

Vaingankar, J. A. (2022). Social Media–Driven Routes to Positive Mental Health Among Youth: Qualitative Enquiry and Concept Mapping Study. JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting, 5(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.2196/32758

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Social Media Influencers, Fast Fashion and Slow Fashion Movement

In recent years, the fashion industry has experienced an acceleration in the pace and frequency of seasons and cycles. Previously, fashion companies typically operated with just a few seasons annually, but now they may have hundreds of micro-seasons in some cases. While this trend is beneficial for the fashion industry in terms of creating more products to meet consumer demand, it also has detrimental environmental consequences. The fashion industry already contributes significantly to pollution and waste (Brewer, 2019).

Fast fashion is gaining popularity in the clothing industry due to its affordable prices and trendy designs  (Bick et al., 2018). Fast fashion involves producing clothing quickly to match current trends, often cheaply, resulting in lower-quality items made through unethical labor practices (Hall, 2017). However, the rapid turnover of fast fashion leads to significant environmental impacts such as increased landfill waste, water pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions from production processes (Kim et al., 2021). According to a research (Maiti, 2024) : 

Depletes water sources and contaminates rivers and streams, with 85% of all textiles ending up in landfills annually.

Washing clothes releases 500,000 tons of microfibres into the ocean each year, akin to 50 billion plastic bottles.

20% of wastewater worldwide comes from fabric dyeing and treatment.

Emissions from textile manufacturing alone are projected to increase by 60% by 2030.

The fashion industry is responsible for 10% of annual global carbon emissions

Consequently, the clothing industry is recognised as a major contributor to pollution (Woodside & Fine, 2019).

The fashion giant SHEIN is bringing what we thought was already terrible to new levels. They produce ultra-cheap clothing at an ultra-fast pace, generating an ultra-large buzz on social media. Retailers like Shein represent the epitome of fast fashion, offering products at exceptionally low prices and gaining popularity through influencer marketing (DW Planet A, 2022). As one of the world's largest fast fashion brands, Chinese retailer Shein maintains its dedicated network of Gen Z customers by dominating social media channels (Elan, 2021). In addition,  The business has collaborated with celebrities such Hailey Beiber, Katy Perry, and Rita Ora (Elan, 2021).  However, Shein has faced criticism for plagiarising designers and promoting a disposable clothing culture. 

In contrast with fast fashion, Slow fashion prioritises quality over quantity, promotes practices like renting and buying used items, and supports fair wages and transparent supply chains. Moreover, it focuses on consumers' awareness of the social and environmental consequences of garment manufacturing (Hall, 2017). Domingos et al. (2022) found that members of the slow fashion community prioritise exclusivity, individuality, and timelessness in their clothing choices. They also advocate for ethical treatment of workers and environmental sustainability throughout the garment production process (Domingos et al., 2022). However, using sustainable materials and fair labour practices may result in higher costs than fast fashion (Fletcher, 2007).

Social media influencers play a significant role in promoting both fast and slow fashion. Social media and influencers have strength in rapidly spreading trends and information across different levels of society and culture simultaneously. Influencers are widely known for promoting fast fashion brands, like the case of Shein. We can see the try-on haul videos and celebrities promoting the company. The main issue with influencers endorsing fast fashion is that their influential status can persuade their audience to buy from these companies, especially when the brands are known for their affordability, allowing consumers to purchase large quantities of clothing. Meanwhile, several online influencers, such as Kristen Leo, Venetia La Manna, and Arden Rose, advocate for sustainable fashion practices and influence their followers to adopt ethical consumption habits (Brewer, 2019). One of the methods is buying second-hand products. 

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A post shared by Venetia La Manna (@venetialamanna)

Thrifting (buying second-hand products) is considered an efficient and environmentally friendly method of acquiring new clothes and styles as part of slow fashion. Thrifting offers environmental benefits by reducing large corporations' demand for new clothing production and reducing carbon footprints. Moreover, it also offers unique items and a connection to retro/vintage styles. Thrifting has grown in popularity, especially largely due to the growth of "thrift hauls" (Sicurella, 2021) - videos showing thrift or used items - which have turned it into a profitable industry. However, some thrifters, particularly those with more financial resources, may not prioritize appreciating and preserving the items they get from thrift stores.

References:

Bick, R., Halsey, E., & Ekenga, C. C. (2018). The Global Environmental Injustice of Fast Fashion. Environmental Health, 17(1), 1–4. BMC. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-018-0433-7

Brewer, M. K. (2019). Slow Fashion in a Fast Fashion World: Promoting Sustainability and Responsibility. Laws, 8(4), 24. MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/laws8040024

Domingos, M., Vale, V. T., & Faria, S. (2022). Slow Fashion Consumer Behavior: A Literature Review. Sustainability, 14(5), 2860. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052860

DW Planet A. (2022). If you think fast fashion is bad, check out SHEIN. Www.youtube.com. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U4km0Cslcpg&ab_channel=DWPlanetA

Elan, P. (2021, August 29). “Worst of the worst”: why is fast fashion retailer Shein launching a reality show? The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2021/aug/29/fast-fashion-retailer-shein-design-reality-show

Fletcher, K. (2007, June 1). Slow Fashion. The Ecologist. https://theecologist.org/2007/jun/01/slow-fashion

Hall, J. (2017). Digital Kimono: Fast Fashion, Slow Fashion? Fashion Theory, 22(3), 283–307. https://doi.org/10.1080/1362704x.2017.1319175

Kim, J., & Kim, M. (2022). Rise of social media influencers as a new marketing channel: Focusing on the roles of psychological well-being and perceived social responsibility among consumers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(4). NCBI. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042362

Maiti, R. (2024, January 5). Fast Fashion and Its Environmental Impact. Earth.org; Earth.org. https://earth.org/fast-fashions-detrimental-effect-on-the-environment/

Sicurella, S. (2021, June 18). When Second Hand Becomes Vintage: Gen Z Has Made Thrifting A Big Business. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2021/06/18/1006207991/when-second-hand-becomes-vintage-gen-z-has-made-thrifting-a-big-business

Woodside, A. G., & Fine, M. B. (2019). Sustainable fashion themes in luxury brand storytelling: The sustainability fashion research grid. Journal of Global Fashion Marketing, 10(2), 111–128. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/20932685.2019.1573699

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Digital Citizenship: Hashtag Publics, Political Engagement and Activism

Digital citizenship and political engagement are intricately linked in the contemporary landscape, as individuals harness digital skills and knowledge to participate meaningfully in society, including political processes. This integration is underscored by the recognition that citizens can leverage technology, particularly social media platforms, to voice their opinions, advocate for change, and interact with political figures. This dual citizenship allows for active participation in online communities while emphasizing the importance of utilizing technology safely and ethically. People challenge unjust societal norms by using the Internet and social media platforms, instigating societal change through grassroots movements and activist networks (Choi & Cristol, 2021). Platformization facilitates the role of digital citizens as online activists, enabling them to advocate for social justice in the digital sphere. Hashtag activism serves as a mechanism for forming online communities where users unite to raise awareness and shed light on pertinent social issues.

A core aspect of digital citizenship involves citizens utilizing online platforms to engage with political issues and influence decision-making. Through petitions, donations, and boycotts, individuals can exert pressure on policymakers, reflecting a shift towards more active civic participation enabled by social media (Vromen, 2017). Additionally, hashtag activism has emerged as a potent tool for rallying support around social causes, which has sparked conversations and catalyzed change on a global scale (Kim & Lee, 2022). For example, #ShoutYourAbortion is an online movement that emerged in 2015 to counter the societal shame associated with abortion. It urges individuals to openly discuss their own abortion stories, aiming to counteract the prevailing negative perceptions. This hashtag has been widely adopted by users across various social media platforms globally, contributing to the elimination and acceptance of abortion discourse (Kim & Lee, 2022). The movement remains a valuable support network for women who have undergone or are considering abortion.

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A post shared by Shout Your Abortion (@shoutyourabortion)

The rise of social media has revolutionized political communication, providing politicians with unprecedented opportunities to engage with voters and shape public discourse directly. Politicians have embraced platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram as essential tools for reaching constituents, disseminating their messages, and mobilizing support. For instance, former President Donald Trump leveraged Twitter extensively throughout his presidency, using the platform to communicate policy decisions, engage with supporters, and challenge media narratives (Enli, 2017). The immediacy and accessibility of social media enable politicians to connect directly with voters, bypass traditional gatekeepers, and shape public opinion in real-time.

In conclusion, digital citizenship empowers individuals to engage in political processes, fostering a more participatory democracy. By leveraging social media platforms, citizens can amplify their voices, advocate for change, and hold elected officials accountable. However, the evolving dynamics of political communication in the digital age also raise questions about authenticity, accountability, and the role of social media platforms in shaping political discourse. As individuals navigate these complexities, digital citizenship remains essential for informed and ethical political engagement in the digital era.

References

Choi, M., & Cristol, D. (2021). Digital Citizenship with Intersectionality Lens: Towards Participatory Democracy Driven Digital Citizenship Education. Theory into Practice, 60(4). https://doi.org/10.1080/00405841.2021.1987094

Enli, G. (2017). Twitter as arena for the authentic outsider: exploring the social media campaigns of Trump and Clinton in the 2016 US presidential election. European Journal of Communication, 32(1), 50–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323116682802

Kim, Y., & Lee, S. (2022). #ShoutYourAbortion on Instagram: Exploring the Visual Representation of Hashtag Movement and the Public’s Responses. SAGE Open, 12(2), 215824402210933. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221093327

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Reality TV

Reality television is defined by unscripted action and interpersonal interactions among individuals, with exaggerated and boundary-pushing performances that combine unpredictability and the controlled atmosphere of television production (Nabi, 2007). The captivating and often controversial nature of reality TV shows naturally sparked conversations among viewers, with discussions overflowing onto social media platforms. Fans began to gather online to share their opinions, support their favourite contestants, and engage in lively debates. Therefore, the impact of reality television extends beyond the screen, reshaping both entertainment and media consumption habits, as well as influencing social interactions on various platforms.

Reality TV shows like MasterChef gained immense popularity during the same period when social media platforms were on the rise. Facebook, Twitter, and Tumblr emerged as spaces for people to connect, share their thoughts, and engage with their favourite TV shows. Social media provided an interactive and immediate medium for fans to discuss and dissect episodes, fostering a sense of community. Among the social media platforms, Tumblr became a breeding ground for MasterChef fans. The platform's unique blend of blogging and social networking allowed users to create customizable spaces dedicated to their favourite shows. MasterChef enthusiasts flocked to Tumblr to share their thoughts, recipes, and experiences related to the show.

With the growth of reality television came the creation of a new type of celebrity: the reality TV star. Unlike conventional superstars, who were frequently famous for their ability or accomplishments, reality TV stars gained popularity for their personalities, antics, and willingness to live their lives on camera. Furthermore, the rise of social media sites provided reality TV stars with a direct line of communication with their fans, making more them engaged with fans. According to Arcy (2018), when reality television stars talk about their shows on social media, they create a continuing narrative across platforms. This is referred to as transmedia storytelling, enabling larger markets, new modes of interaction, and audience participation. This approach allows television programs to maintain closer connections with their audiences between episodes and attract more viewers by integrating various media platforms, reducing television's reliance on its traditional format and introducing supplementary components. Notably, stars routinely communicate with fans in various ways, which encourages the formation of parasocial ties.

In conclusion, reality television has grown into a cultural phenomenon that extends beyond the boundaries of regular television programming. Along with the emergence of social media platforms, reality TV shows have created strong online communities where fans can debate, support, and interact with their favourite episodes and competitors. As reality TV continues to push boundaries and mould entertainment and social interactions, its influence on media consumption patterns and audience engagement is substantial and long-lasting.

References

Arcy, J. (2018). The digital money shot: Twitter wars, The Real Housewives, and transmedia storytelling. Celebrity Studies, 9(4), 487–502. https://doi.org/10.1080/19392397.2018.1508951

Nabi, R. L. (2007). Determining Dimensions of Reality: A Concept Mapping of the Reality TV Landscape. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 51(2), 371–390. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838150701307111

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What is Tumblr?

Tumblr, launched in 2007 by David Karp, quickly became one of the internet's most vibrant and diverse social media platforms. Tumblr has been a room for artists, authors, photographers, and anyone wanting to express themselves and connect with people who share their interests. Tumblr's combination of microblogging and social networking elements has created a vibrant environment where people can interact, be inspired, and discover new things.

Tumblr serves as a digital community where people interact and participate based on shared interests and hobbies, providing a location where users may be more anonymous than other platforms. This anonymity is aided by the lack of personal profiles and Tumblr buddy networks, making identifying individuals difficult (Keller, 2019). This tool enables people to embrace their hobbies and passions, fostering a culture of issues others might consider confronting or overwhelming (Ashley, 2019). Hence, Tumblr communities grow as users express themselves more profoundly, building stronger bonds between members. Additionally, Tumblr's anonymity draws specific user demographics, notably young girls and LGBTQ people.

Tumblr has gained a reputation as a safe space for self-expression, particularly for marginalized communities. It has provided a platform for individuals to freely share their experiences, perspectives, and identities without fear of judgment or discrimination. According to a survey, 65% of Tumblr users reported that their primary usage of the platform was for connecting with individuals similar to themselves, as opposed to communicating with friends and acquaintances like on Facebook, indicating that Tumblr serves more as a platform for connecting with anonymous peers (Robards et al., 2020). As a result, communities such as LGBTQ+, mental health, and body positivity have found solace on Tumblr, creating supportive networks that empower individuals to embrace their true selves. Moreover, Tumblr has been a catalyst for social activism and change. Users utilize the platform to raise awareness, share educational content, and mobilize communities around social and political issues. For example, movements like Black Lives Matter, climate change advocacy, and feminist activism have found a strong presence on Tumblr, empowering individuals to voice their concerns and effect meaningful change.

In conclusion, Tumblr has emerged as a thriving digital community that fosters creativity, self-expression, and connection among its diverse user base. Through its interactive platform, shared interest communities, safe spaces for self-expression, fandom engagement, and activism, Tumblr has created a unique ecosystem where individuals can find their voice, connect with others, and contribute to a vibrant online culture. In an era where digital communities play an increasingly significant role in shaping society, Tumblr stands as a testament to the power of online platforms in fostering creativity, collaboration, and positive change.

References

Ashley, V. (2019). Tumblr porn eulogy. Porn Studies, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.1080/23268743.2019.1631560

Keller, J. (2019). “Oh, She’s a Tumblr Feminist”: Exploring the Platform Vernacular of Girls’ Social Media Feminisms. Social Media + Society, 5(3), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119867442

Robards, B., Byron, P., Churchill, B., Hanckel, B., & Vivienne, S. (2020). Tumblr as a Space of Learning, Connecting, and Identity Formation for LGBTIQ+ Young People. In a tumblr book: platform and cultures. University of Michigan Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3998/mpub.11537055.35