#2nd millenium bce

[panicinthestudio]

Oracle Bone, Shang Dynasty, October 8, 2016

Oracle Bone, Shang Dynasty, Reign of Zu Geng, c. 1191-1181 B.C.E. (Shanghai Museum, China) Speakers: Dr. Kristen Chiem and Dr. Beth Harris.

Smarthistory

[optikes]

Egypt in Hungary

Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest

ba, bird shaped soul of the deceased (C6th - 2nd BCE)

child-god Horus (1st millenium BCE)

Etruscan olla (C7th BCE)

Roman tombstone from Macedonia (C3rd CE)

[renegade-hierophant]

Vedic Period textile makers (2nd millenium BCE)

[thatshowthingstarted]

Early evidence of royal purple dyed textile from Timna Valley (Israel)

The samples originated from excavations at the extensive Iron Age copper smelting site of “Slaves’ Hill” (Site 34), which is tightly dated by radiocarbon to the late 11th–early 10th centuries BCE. 

While evidence for the important role of purple dyes in the ancient Mediterranean goes back to the Middle Bronze Age (early 2nd millennium BCE), finds of dyed textiles are extremely rare, and those from Timna are the oldest currently known in the Southern Levant. In conjunction with other observations of the very high quality of the Timna textiles, this provides an exceptional opportunity to address questions related to social stratification and organization of the nomadic society operating the mines (early Edom), the “fashion” of elite in the region during the early Iron Age, trade connections, technological capabilities, and more.

Image by Dafna Gazit, 

Courtesy the Israel Antiquities Authority

[newwayastrology]

Traditionally, astrology says that when you have money up the wazoo, you have a 2nd House up the wazoo. This is the horoscope of the richest man in the world. Things that may have been worked in astrology hundreds of years ago have to be altered to fit society today. I remember reading in an old book that one of the possibilities of SP Moon conjunct, square, or opposed natal Saturn is blindness. Think about that. Something in a horoscope is going to MAKE your eyes go bad? This is no longer the 3rd Millenium, BCE when life expectancy was barely 35 years old. If you are an adult, just think of how much things have changed since 1980? It's like a new world so when it comes to all that old stuff, you have to put it in perspective and remember that it's no longer the 3rd Millenium. Keep your astrology PRACTICAL! On an inner level, the 2nd House suggests how you value yourself in terms of worth, value, and esteem. On an outer level, it is how you manage your finances.

[fishonthetree]

Interesting speculation for sure, but the earliest example of this writing is from the late 2nd millenium bce, late Shang dynasty. The script is surely older because it's very sophisticated and writing systems really don't pop up fully formed out of nowhere but we don't know any earlier evidence yet, so we can only say it's at least 3200 years old.

Speculates Wildly

[school-of-roses]

The Art of Astrology: A Basic Primer

What is Astrology?

Astrology is defined as the study of the movements and relative positions of celestial bodies interpreted as having an influence on human affairs and the natural world. It has been dated to at least the 2nd millenium BCE, and has roots in calendrical systems used to predict seasonal shifts and to interpret celestial cycles as signs of divine communications. Western astrology, which we will further explore in this primer, is one of the oldest astrological systems still in use and can trace its roots back to 19th - 17th century BCE Mesopotamia, from which it spread to ancient Greece, Rome, and the Arab world, and eventually made its way to Central and Western Europe. Contemporary Western astrological systems are used by the majority of modern professional astrologers and are often associated with horoscopes.

Western Astrology

Western astrology is historically based on Ptolemy’s Tetrabiblos (2nd century CE), which in turn was a continuation of Hellenistic and ultimately Babylonian traditions. A central principle is integration with the cosmos. The individual, the Earth, and its environment are viewed as all having correlation with each other, and cycles of change observed in the heavens are therefore reflective - not causative - of similar cycles of change observed not only within the individual but on the earth as a whole. “As above, so below; as below, so above.” That Hermetic maxim, which postulates symmetry between the microcosm of the individual and the macrocosm of the celestial environment, is very indicative of how Western astrology tends to express itself.

There are three main topics explored in any given chart: the Western zodiac signs, the astrological planets, and the houses. All three are explored in their relation to the others, as well as any aspects, or angles, the planets make to each other.

In the following, we will explore:

The difference between planets, signs, and houses,

What planets are considered in modern Western astrology and their traits,

The various zodiac signs and their traits,

The houses and their traits,

A basic overview of aspects.

Planets, Signs, and Houses

Each of the three cover a particular set of attributes of an overall picture, each building off the others. The planets cover the WHAT: what, exactly, are we discussing? It is the object or subject directly at hand, such as values, fears, emotions, and communication. The sign covers HOW the planets are expressed. Are emotions expressed, or rather not expressed, through control or lack thereof? Does the querent, or person being charted, find they’re constantly chasing wanderlust or a drive to create? The houses cover WHERE the energies are felt most. How may certain planets and signs affect the home or work life? How are social activities handled? Where is learning best expressed, and how do the signs and planets shape that learning? We can begin to understand just how all these work by starting with our basic building block, the planets.

What are Planets?

Planets in astrology are not to be confused with the standard astronomical planets. For our purposes, astrological planets are any celestial bodies that participate in the continuous flow of energy in our world. We observe synchrony with them - what happens above finds similar energy flows here from our geocentric position. That is not to say that planetary movement causes things to occur; rather, they are indicative of what natural energies are already taking place.

The basic planets in astrology include the Sun and Moon, in addition to Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. Earth, as mentioned before, is where we measure the charts and therefore is geocentric, and its effects are measured with the Ascendent, or House I. Western astrology also observes several other planetoids and asteroids, including Chiron, Ceres, Pallas, Juno, and Vesta. Each celestial body symbolizes a different component of life, a different type of energy, also called needs or drives.

The main planets are as follows:

The Sun is the embodiment of “I Am.” It is the conscious self, the overall being, one’s basic identity and purpose. It is your ego, what drives you to be you. It is also this planet’s sign people commonly use when referring to zodiac signs.

The Moon is the embodiment of “I Feel.” This is the unconscious self, what is hidden, how a person reacts and reflects on life events. It is the emotional self and where one goes for restoration, and what one needs to feel safe, secured, and nurtured. It is a ruling force in decision-making and an instinctual guide when one needs direction.

Mercury is the embodiment of “I Think.” It is the ability to relate to and perceive individuals and objects, one’s logical spirit, and ability to communicate.

Venus is the embodiment of “I Love.” It is what one is comfortable with and what one enjoys in life, how one loves, the interest in emotions and values and the exchange and sharing of such with others.

Mars is the embodiment of “I Act.” It is the will and actions, and the overall energy one has.

Jupiter is the embodiment of “I Grow.” It is how one integrates into society, divine gifts, luck and progress, personal growth, expansion, and the grace in which one achieves such.

Saturn is the embodiment of “I Achieve.” It is personal responsibilities and personal rules you develop over time, life changes, fears and self-discipline, contraction and effort.

Uranus is the embodiment of “I Evolve.” It is the ability to learn and grow, change, one’s individual liberty, and the egotistical liberty.

Neptune is the embodiment of “I Dream.” It is ideals and imagination, dreams and how one heals, transcendent liberty, and non-egotistical liberty.

Pluto is the embodiment of “I Empower.” It is the capacity for change and inner growth, representative of very deeply personal styles and types of change, extreme powers and transformations.

From there we start to get into Chiron and asteroids. While they do have some impact on the charts, they tend to have more subtle influences.

Chiron represents wisdom, patience, and the faculty to reduce others’ sufferings. It is considered the great “healer” of the zodiac.

Ceres represents order, practical sense, fertility and motherhood, modesty and sobriety, precision, worry, and Earth.

Pallas represents intelligence, abstract thought, global thinking talents, and the determining elements in political strategy.

Juno represents adaptation to the marital partner and the defense of individual rights. It is commonly reviewed in charts looking at marriage or other related domestic details.

Vesta, though rarely used, represents the ability to efficiently devote oneself to a cause.

Though these other points of consideration are not celestial bodies, they are treated as such. Many are calculated based upon other points of the chart or where certain mathematical points lay.

Fortune, or Part of Fortune, is used to enhance a planet or angle. It amplifies the meanings associated with the point(s) affected by its presence. It is calculated with the formula PoF = AS + Sun - Moon for a nocturnal chart, and PoF = AS + Moon - Sun for a diurnal chart.

The North and South nodes are thought to mark sensitive areas that are worth taking into account. The North or ascending Node is thought to mark pathways and choices. The South or descending Node rules karma and the past.

Lilith, also called True Lilith or Dark Moon Lilith, marks uncrossable thresholds. It is taboos, violence, sadism, chaos. It can indicate where one’s provocative and fascinating sides lay, where one may rebel or find sexual fantasy or desire. It is representative of the dark side of the feminine. Her opposite point is Priapus, indicative of man’s primitive nature, the horror in the deepest self, sensuality and excess, masochism, the dark side of the masculine.

The Vertex, or Counter-Ascendant, is representative of communication and exchanges. It is associations and fated encounters, those that are not chosen, as well as sensitivity and reactivity in dealings with others.

The East Point is akin to a second Ascendent, but to a lesser degree. It is related to how one is seen by other people; how one expresses one’s personality.

Planets are viewed as having essential dignity, or the strength of a planet or point’s zodiac position, judged only by its position by sign and degree. It seeks to view the strengths of the planet or point as though it were isolated from other factors in the sky of the natal chart. There are five traditional dignities:

Domicile, the rulership or house, and Detriment, or exile - physical weakness;

Exaltation, a place of awareness, and Fall, a position of weakness in function;

Triplicity, a group of three signs belonging to the same element and its rulers for day, night, and participating;

Terms, or bounds, are not commonly used in modern times, but signify where a planet is in a position of temporary strength though it may not be otherwise suited to the sign it is in;

Faces, also not commonly used in modern day chart interpretations, primarily provide a planet with dignity where there otherwise is none; a planet with no dignity was considered malefic.

What are Signs?

The Western zodiac is the belt or band of constellations through which the celestial bodies move on their journey across the sky. Early astrologers noted the constellations and their particular significances. Over time, the system of the twelve signs of the zodiac was developed. Many modern Western astrologers use the tropical zodiac, which begins with the sign of Aries at the Northern hemisphere Vernal Equinox (on or around March 21st of each year). The signs are believed to be representative of twelve basic personality types or characteristic modes of expression. They are divided into various qualities, such as but not limited to: element, season, quality, and gender.

The zodiac signs and their significance depend on the placements of planetary and other points discussed above. The signs and their basic qualities are as follows:

Aries: “I Am”. A pioneer, trailblazer, initiator. One will fight for beliefs and fearlessly put oneself out there to achieve goals.

Taurus: “I Have”. Stability, security, and persistence are hallmark, as are elegance, sensuality, and stubbornness.

Gemini: “I Think”. Communication, collaboration, and synergy combine with cleverness, wittiness, ingenuity, and inventiveness.

Cancer: “I Feel”. Sensitivity and emotions can become moodiness. A strong emphasis on nurturing, home and family, and overall femininity.

Leo: “I Love”. Passion, romance, and heightened expression often play into drama and/or playfulness. Leo signs also tend to indicate courage, loyalty, and leadership.

Virgo: “I Serve”. Health and helpfulness find their place in order and organization, often from a place of seeming innocence or purity. There may be a strong emphasis on paying attention to details.

Libra: “We Are”. Libra signs tend to indicate commitment, equality, balance, partnerships, mutuality, and fairness.

Scorpio: “We Have”. The ruler of seemingly taboo subjects, one with Scorpio signs often find intensity, obsession, intimacy, power, and secrecy.

Sagittarius: “We Think”. Travelers find home in Sagittarius, with its emphasis on adventure and expansion. It also tends to emphasize honesty, outspokenness, and wisdom.

Capricorn: “We Achieve.” Ambition, structure, short- and long-term goals, and planning are often the trademark of Capricorn, as well as the prestige and acclaim that go with hard work and success.

Aquarius: “We Love”. Eccentricity and friendliness typically lend themselves to humanitarianism and futuristic outlooks, with a general emphasis on teamwork.

Pisces: “We Serve”. This is the realm of hidden dreams and fantasies, mysteries and karma, healing, and compassion.

If there is nothing placed in a particular sign, then the sign does not play any active role. Those with multiple placements in a sign will feel a heavier influence from said sign.

The signs are divided by season and further placed into one of three qualities:

Cardinal signs start the season. They tend to be leaders and “idea people,” who tend to prize originality and trendsetting. They are the planners of the zodiac, dreaming up what should come next and taking initiative by getting things started with their fast, busy energy.

Fixed signs stabilize and build upon what the cardinal signs laid a foundation for. They set solid goals, taking the ideas from earlier in the season and craft them into reality, trustworthy and reliable. They tend to curb the busy energy of earlier and turn it into patience, persistence, and stamina.

Mutable signs end the season. They prepare for the changing of seasons and are the adapters of the zodiac. They edit and perfect, laying the finishing touches on what the fixed signs have built, and their general proneness to flexibility and comfort with change serve them well as they meet many things with a critical eye.

The elements of each sign and their balance in the chart play significant roles as well.

Fire is commonly associated with, but not limited to, energy, enthusiasm, activity, will, spiritual aspirations, spontaneity, and independence. It is viewed as an inspirational nature and is depicted by the lion. Too much Fire can manifest as restlessness, over-activity and burn-out, lack of self-restraint, wildness and extravagance, egotism, vanity, and recklessness. Too little Fire tends to manifest as low self-confidence, absence of enthusiasm, slowness to overcome psychological traumas, listlessness, pessimism, and overall lack of vigor.

Earth is characterized by traits such as groundedness in reality, practicality and common sense, carefulness and scepticism, composure, endurance, dependability, and emotional self-control or repression. It is of a practical nature and is depicted with the bull. Too much Earth can manifest as a lack of imagination, cynicism, excessive psychological dependency on work status, and pragmatism devoid of ideals. Too little Earth tends to manifest via disconnection from material and practical necessities, a feeling of societal and vocational alienation, absorption into an alternative reality of spiritual and creative distractions, and physical self-neglect.

Air is frequently associated with mental concepts and thought processes, characterized by learning ability, reasoning, logic and intellect, analysis, thirst for knowledge, clarity and objectivity, flexibility, and idealism. It is of an intellectual nature and is depicted by the water-bearer. Too much Air can lead to isolation from the outside world through being locked within the personal sphere of one’s own mind, an inclination to contemplate ideas without transforming them into realities, besiegement by mental anxieties, and stasis. Too little Air can manifest as issues arising from lack of forethought, trouble coping with reason and integrating and accepting new ideas, and excessive subjectivity.

Water is linked to yearnings of the soul and heart, emotional responses and a connectedness to the hidden self. It is the realm of responsiveness and reflectiveness, of emotions and sensitivities, of intuition and impression. It is of great inner strength and resolve as well as instability and inner chaos. This element of dualities, of emotion, is associated with the scorpion. Too much of Water can manifest as a lack of anchoring ability or self-direction, excessive susceptibility, inability to cope with normal social functioning, lack of clarity, and excessive clinging to hide from self-awareness. Too much Water can lead to total denial of personal emotions, cold and unsympathetic outlooks on others, a lack of trust in intuition, and a fear of emotional risk-taking.

What are Houses?

While the zodiac wheel is based on the sun’s apparent yearly rotation around our Earth, the wheel of houses is based on our Earth’s rotation around its own axis. The 12 Houses are symbolic of different areas that make up life, and planets and signs will manifest most strongly in the houses they fall on the chart and in the house which they rule. The signs and planets that fall in angular houses - Houses 1, 4, 7, and 10 - also tend to have more dominant influence.

The chart starts at the eastern horizon, working its way counter-clockwise.

House 1, also known as the Ascendant, also determines the ruling planet. It rules how others see you, self-identity, how you act in life, and your overall attitude towards life. It is associated with Aries and Mars.

House 2 rules material security and values, money and personal finances, sense of self worth, basic values, and personal possessions. It is associated with Taurus and Venus.

House 3 rules social and intellectual learning, communication, and social activity. It is associated with Gemini and Mercury.

House 4, or Immum Coeli, rules the home and family, your roots, deep emotions and a deeper sense of self-worth. It is associated with Cancer and the Moon.

House 5 rules the area of creative self-expression, romance, entertainment, children and a childlike spirit, gambling, and drama. It is associated with Leo and the Sun.

House 6 rules health, work, service, routines, organization, sense of usefulness, and learning by material transaction. It is associated with Virgo and Mercury.

House 7, or the Descending, rules one-on-one relationships such as marriage or close business partnership, social and intellectual action, contracts, open enemies, and sharing of interpersonal styles. It is associated with Libra and Venus.

House 8 rules emotional security and security of the soul, sex, death, money obtained from others (such as inheritances), and loss. It is associated with Scorpio and Pluto.

House 9 rules the area of learning that shapes the identity, travel, law, spirituality, ethics, religion, higher education, and cross-cultural relations. It is associated with Sagittarius and Jupiter.

House 10, Midheaven or Medio Coeli, rules the area of material action, representing the work one will do in life and the place one will take in the world of society. It tends to grow in power and significance as one grows older. It is associated with Capricorn and Saturn.

House 11 rules the area of search for social and intellectual security, friendships, associations and aspirations, technology and futurism, humanitarianism, and social awareness. It is associated with Aquarius and Uranus.

House 12 rules the area of education and emotion, hidden matters, the sub/unconscious, clandestine relationships, secret enemies, seclusion and solitude, healing, spirituality and limiting beliefs, and endings. It is associated with Pisces and Neptune.

[city-of-ladies]

Warrior women timeline

Here is a timeline gathering all the warrior women featured on this blog through articles or links. 

When a woman lived across two centuries, I placed her under the century where most of her military action took place.

8th millenium BCE 

-Ancient remains in Peru reveal young, female big-game hunter

4th millennium BCE

-Hunter-gatherers women in present-day California may have fought in battle

16th century BCE 

-Ahhotep (fl.c.1560–1530 BCE)

15th century BCE 

-Hatshepsut (c.1508 BC-1457 BCE)

13th century BCE

-Fu Hao (c. 1200 BCE) and at least 100 other women

8th century BCE

-Samsi (r.732-728 BCE)

-Yatie (fl.703 BCE)

-Armenian female warrior from the kingdom of Urartu (c.8th century-6th century BCE)

6th century BCE 

-13 years old Scythian girl buried with weapons

-Amazon warrior women

-Tomb containing three generations of warrior women unearthed in Russia

-Sparethra (fl.545 BCE)

-Tomyris (fl. 530 BCE)

5th century BCE

-Telesilla of Argos (fl.494/493 BCE)

-Hydna of Scione (fl. 480 BCE)

-Artemisia I of Halicarnassus (fl. 480 BCE)

-Tirgatao (fl.430-390 BCE)

4th century BCE

-Artemisia II of Halicarnassus ( ? - 351 BCE) 

-Ada of Caria ( 390- 323 BCE)

-Cynane (c. 357- 323 BCE)

-Warrior women of ancient Macedon

-Indian women as palace guards

3rd century BCE

-Berenice II Euergetes (273 -221 BCE)

-Parthian Era women are buried with weapons ( 250 BCE-224 CE) 

-Huang Guigu (fl.246-221 BCE) 

2nd century BCE

-Amage (fl. end of the 2nd Century BCE)

-Cleopatra II (c. 185– 116/115 BCE)

-Cleopatra III (161-101 BCE)

-Cleopatra Thea (c. 164 – 121 BC)

-Cleopatra IV (c.138/134 -112 BCE)

-Shanakdakhete (r. c. 170 BCE)

-The Romans fight against Lusitani and Bracari women (138-137 BCE)

-Cimbrian and Ambrones women fight against the romans at Vercellae and Aquae Sextiae (101 BCE)

1sth century BCE

-Hypsicratea (fl.68-63 BCE)

-Fulvia (c. 83 BCE - 40 BCE)

-Amanirenas (r. c. 0-10 BCE)

1st century CE

-Agrippina the Elder (c. 14 BCE – 33 CE)

-Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị (14-43) and their female generals: Le Chan, Dieu Tien, Bao Chan, Nguyen Thai, Nguyet Do, Phung Thi Chinh

-Munatia Plancina (d.33)

-Boudicca (30-61)

-Triaria (fl.68)

-Verulana Gratilla (fl.69)

-Warrior women of Mongolia, Kazakhstan, northern China and Korea (1st to 5th century CE)

2nd century CE 

-Marcomanni women wearing armor are found dead on the battlefield (166- 180)

3rd century CE

-Lady Triệu (fl.248)

-Zenobia (240-274)

-Sarmatian women served as officers in the Roman army (c.200-300)

4th century CE

-Xun Guan (b. c.303)

-Mavia (r. c. 375-c. 425)

-Kong (late fourth century - 460s)

6th century CE

-Fredegund regina (545-597)

-The “island girl” 

7th century CE

-Nusayba bint Ka’ab/ Umm Umarah, Umm Sulaim, Umm Haram bint Milhan (fl.625)

-Umm Al Dhouda bint Mas��ud (fl.628)

-Apranik and Negan (fl. c.630)

-Kawlah bint Al-Azwar (fl.634-638)

-Umm Hakim (fl.643)

-Āʾishah bint Abī Bakr (c.614-678)

-Zaynab bint Ali (fl.680)

-K’abel  (r. 672-692)

-Lady K'awiil Ajaw (fl.680)

-Ix Wak Chan Ajaw (fl. c.682)

-Kahina (died 703)

8th century CE

-Azadeh (c.750)

9th century CE

-Banu Khorramdin (died c.837)

10th century CE

-Æthelflæd (c. 870 – 918)

-Empress Yingtian (878-953)

-Emma of France (894-934)

-Empress Jing’an (d.935)

-Xiao Hunjan (fl. 994, d.1007)

-Empress Chengtian (953-1009)

-Women of the Kievan Rus’ fight at the battle of the Danube (971)

-Widow of Wulfbald ( fl. c.990)

-Estonian women are buried with weapons 

-Armed women of the Viking world

-Viking warrior woman of Birka 

-Battle scared viking shield-maiden gets facial reconstruction for the first time

11th century CE

-Wife of Deviux (fl.1018)

-Gidinild (early 11th century)

-Akkadevi (fl.1010-1064)

-Richilde of Hainaut (c.1018-1074)

-Beatrice of Lorraine (c.1020-1076)

-Adelaide of Turin (fl. 1036 - d.1091)

-Sichelgaita of Salerno (c.1036-1090)

-Matilda of Tuscany (c.1046-1115)

-Isabel de Conches (fl.1070-1100s)

-Lady Six Monkey (1073-1100)

-Anonymous women of the first crusade (1096-1099)

12th century CE

-Rixendis of Parez

-Sibyl (wife of Robert Bordet) 

-Ida of Cham (c.1055-1101)

-Clemence of Burgundy (c. 1078 – c. 1133)

-Liang Hongyu (d.1135)

-Gwenllian Ferch Gruffydd (1100-1136)

-Sybil of Anjou (c.1112-1165)

-Princess Fannu (died in 1147)

-Anonymous women of the second crusade (1147-1149)

-Dionisia of Grauntcourt (fl. mid-12th century)

-Naiki Devi (fl.1173)

-Ermengarde of Narbonne (ca. 1127/1129 -ca. 1194)

-Tomoe Gozen, Yamabuki & Aoi (12th-13th century)

-Margaret of Beverley (c.1150- c.1215)

-Fujinoye (fl.1189)

-Anonymous women of the third crusade (1189–1192)

13th century CE

-Nicolaa de la Haye (c.1160-1230)

-Hangaku Gozen (c.1172- after 1201) 

-Raziya Sultan (c.1205-1240)

-Yang Miaozhen ( ?- died after 1231)

-The women of Riga fight to defend the city (1210)

-Daughter of commissionner Liu (fl.1220)

-Anonymous women of the fifth crusade (1217-1222)

-Margaret of Provence (1221-1295)

-Malcalda Scaletta (c.1240-1308)

-Khutulun (c.1260- c.1306)

-Dona Alicsèn de Montesquiu (fl.1285)

-Mercadera (fl.1285)

-Walpurgis (late 13th century-early 14th century)

14th century CE

-Crusade project of the Genoese ladies (1301)

-Unnamed Flemish mercenary (d.1335)

-Maria of Pozzuoli (fl.1340)

-Joanna of Flanders (b. c.1295 - after 1373)

-Marzia degli Ubaldini (c.1317-1374)

-Jeanne de Penthièvres (c.1320-1384)

-Julienne du Guesclin (c.1330-1405)

-Eleanor of Arborea (1340-1404)

-Han-E (b.1345)

-Makouraino (fl.1341)

-Anka of Prasetin (fl.1358-1378)

-The women of Palencia defend their city (1388)

-Grave of a warrior woman found in Mongolia 

-Agnes Hotot

-A “predominately female cavalry” force fights in Japan

15th century CE

-Chanan Cori Coca (early 15th century)

-Margherita Attendolo (fl.1415-1416)

-Tang Sai’er (1399- after 1420) 

-Hussite female soldiers (1420-1428)

-Orsina Visconti (fl.1426)

-Claude des Armoises (c.1410- after 1439)

-Antonia Torelli (fl.1448)

-Camilla Rodolfi (fl.1449)

-Bona Lombarda (c.1417-d.1470s)

-Bianca Maria Visconti (1425-1468)

-Johanna of Rožmitál (c.1430-1475) 

-Jeanne Hachette (fl.1472)

-Donella Rossi (fl.1482)

-Elise Eskilsdotter (? - c.1492)

-Caterina Sforza (1463-1509) 

-Mandukhai Khatun (1448-1510)

16th century CE 

-Catherine of Aragon (1485-1536)

-Idia (late 15th century-16th century)

-Lady Washi (1498-1557)

-Ōhōri Tsuruhime (1526 – 1543)

-Madeleine de Saint-Nectaire (c.1528/30-1588) 

-Grace O’Malley (c.1530–1603)

-Lady Qi (c.1530-1588)

-Amina (c.1533-1610)

-Rani Abakka Chowta (r.1544-1582)

-Philippine-Christine de Lalaing (1545-1582) 

-Chand Bibi (1550-1599)

-Marie de Brabançon (fl.1569)

-María la Bailadora (fl.1571)

-Women fight to defend La Rochelle (1572-1573)

-Yoshioka Myorin-ni (fl.1586)

-María Pita (1565 – 1643)

-Tachibana Ginchiyo (1569-1602)

-Women possibly fought at the battle of Senbonmatsubara (1580)

17th century CE

-Yuki no Kata (fl.1600)

-Qin Liangyu (1574/5-1648) 

-Njinga of Ndongo and Matamba (1582-1663) 

-Mary Bankes (c.1598–1661)

-Rani Abakka Chowta (fl.1618) (the second of the two queens who bore this name)

-Xanzad (fl. c.1623-1640)

-Ma Fengyi (d.1633)

-Anne Cunningham (d.1647)

-Alberte-Barbe d'Ernécourt, Dame de Saint-Baslemont (1607-1660)

-Liu Shuying ( c.1620- after 1657) 

-Shen Yunying (1624-1660/1661)

-Bi Zhu (fl.1642)

-Alena Arzamasskaia ( ?-1670)

-Weetamoo (c.1635-1676)

-Nāzo Tokhi (1651-1717)

-Christian Davies (1667-1739)

-Anne Chamberlyne (1667-1691) 

-Botagoz-batyr (c.1667-1757)

-Aqualtune (d.1675)

-An English “gentlewoman” fights in a naval battle (1692)

-Dandara (d.1695)

-Julie d’Aubigny (c.1673-1707)

-Women protect the Mughal rulers Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb (1628-1707)

-Women employed as palace guards in Japan (1603-1868)

18th century CE

-Tatiana Markina 

-Maria Ursula d'Abreu e Lencastro (1682-1730)

-Mai Bhago (fl.1704)

-Tomasa Tito Condemayta (1729-1781)

-Velu Nachiyar (1730-1796) and her commander Kuyili

-Women such as Faustina Gaffory, Josephine Jacobi and Rosanna Franschetti-Serpentini fight for Corsica’s independence (1729-1749)

-Gabriela Silang (1731-1763)

-Nanye’hi “Nancy” Ward (1738-1822)

-Rafaela Herrera (1742-1805)

-Anne Bailey (1742-1845)

-Micaela Bastidas (c.1744-1781)

-Bartolina Sisa (c.1750-1781) 

-Gregoria Apaza (1751-1781)

-Deborah Sampson  (1760-1827)

-Sada Kaur (c. 1762 – 1832)

-Reine Audu (?-1793)

-Félicité (1770-1841) & Théophile (1775-1819) Fernig 

-Pélagie Durière (fl.end of the 18th century)

-Catherine Pochetat (1770-1828)

-Katharina Lanz (1771-1854)

-Bibi Sahib Kaur (1771-1801)

-Louise Antonini (1771-1861)

-Marie Angélique Duchemin (1772-1859)

-Rose Alexandrine Barreau (1773-1843)

-Julienne David (c.1779-1843)

-Sanité Belair (1781-1802)

-Ana María de Soto (fl.1793-1798)

-Hawaiian female warriors fight at the battle of Nu’anu Pali (1795)

-Dahomey Amazons (up to the late 19th century)

19th century CE

-Marie-Jeanne Lamartinière (fl.1802)

-Victoria Montou (born 18th century - 1805)

-Aleksandra Tikhomirova (late 18th century-1807)

-Ghaliyya Al-Wahabiyya (d.1818)

-Madame Poncet (1773-1834)

-Manono (c.1780 -1819) 

-Bíawacheeitchish/Woman chief (d.1834)

-Juana Ramírez (1790-1856)

-Maria Quitéria de Jesus (1792-1853)

-Martha Christina Tiahahu (1800-1818) 

-Akkeekaahuush/Comes Toward The Near Bank (ca. 1810-1880) 

-Jind Kaur (1817-1863)

-Rani Avantibai (1821-1858)

-Qiu Ersao (c. 1822-1853)

-Zaynab (? -1850)

-Giuseppa Bolognara Calcagno ( c.1826-c.1884)

-Eliza Allen (c.1826- ?)

-Elizabeth Newcome (fl.1846)

-Maria de Jesus Dosamantes (fl.1846)

-Rani Lakshmibai (1828-1858)

-Frances Clalin Clayton (c. 1830 – after 1863)

-Su Sanniang (c. 1830- c.1854)

-Hong Xuanjiao (c. 1830- c.1854)

-Zhou Xiuying ( ?- 1855)

-Aazhawigiizhigokwe/Hanging Cloud (c.1835-c.1919)

-Biliíche Héeleelash/Among The Willows (1837-1912)

-Jeanne Merkus (1839-1897)

-Marie-Antoinette Lix (1839-1909) 

-Nakazawa Koto (1839-1927)

-Heni Te Kiri Karamu (c. 1840-1933) other women also fought during the  New-Zealand wars (1845-1872)

-Kady Brownell (1842-1915)

-Yamamoto Yaeko (1845-1932) and the women of the Aizu castle.

-Nakano Takeko (1847-1868), her mother Kôko, her sister Masako and the women of the joshigun.

-Jeanne Dieulafoy (1851-1916)

-Stana Kovačević (1850 - ?)

-Buffalo Calf Road Woman (c.1850s-1879) 

-Pretty Nose (b.1851-d.c.1952) 

-Marie Favier (b.1853, fl.1870)

-Moving Robe Woman (1854-1935)

-Minnie Hollow Wood (c.1856-1930′s)

-Ella Hattan (b.1859)

-Fanny Wilson and Nellie Graves (fl.1862-1863)

-Andjelija (Andja) Miljanov (fl.1876)

-Susie Shot-in-the-eye (fl.1876)

-Shinohara Kuniko (fl.1877)

-Agueda Kahabagan (fl.1896-1901)

-Japanese armor designed for a woman

-Women serve as palace guards in Thailand and among the Beir people

20th century CE

-Constance Markievicz (1868-1927)

-Alexandra Kudasheva (c.1873-c.1921)

-Maria Bochkareva (1889-1920)

-Yin Ruizhi (1890-1948)

-Yin Weijun (1894-1919/20?)

-Ekaterina Alekseeva (1895 - ?)

-Shote Galica (1895-1927)

-Émilienne Moreau (1898-1971)

-Nieves Fernandez (b.1906)

-Chan Wong Wah Yue (c.1906-1982)

-Fatima (fl.1914-1918)

-Soldaderas of the Mexican revolution (1910-1924)

-Women of the Italo-Ethiopian war (1935-1936)

-Women of the Spanish civil war (1936-1939)

-Tam Tai-men (fl.1937) at least 3,000 women formed a “women’s regiment” to fight against the Japanese

-Fanny Schoonheyt (1912-1961)

-Bracha Fuld (1916-1946)

-Faye Schulman (b.1919)

-Rita Rosani (1920-1944)

-Lydia Litvyak (1921-1943) 

-Gertrude Boyarski (1922-2012)

-Khiuaz Dospanova (1922-2008)

-Manshuk Mametova (1922-1943)

-Manuela Orquejo (1924-2002)

-Aliya Moldagulova (1925-1944)

-Sara Ginaite (1925-2018)

-Simone Segouin (born in 1925)

-Galina Brok-Beltsova (born c.1925)

-Zina Portnova (1926-1944)

-Sara Yeshua-Fortis (b.1927)

-The women who fought for Hanoi (Vietnam war, 1955-1975)

21th century CE

-Zimbabwe’s female rangers 

-Jegertroppen

-Mena Raghavan

[cryhardanddanceharder]

In a parallel tog reality:

Andy is from the pontic steppe, some part between Russia, Kazakhstan and Ukraine; Eurasia, oriental Europe. (5th millenium bce)

Quynh is from Hồng Bàng dynasty, actual Vietnam, Asia. (2nd millenium? bce)

Lykon is from an island between the indian ocean and the pacific ocean, actual New Guinea, Ocenia. (400/300 bce)

Joe is from Maghreb, actual: Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya;  Africa. (1066 ad)

Nicky is from Genoa, actual Italy, occidental Europe. (1069 ad)

Booker is not from France, because we have europe representation already cover with Andy and Nicky. He is from Britain America, actual USA, North America. (1770 ad) (USA independence was in 1776. His parents can be foreigns from France that traveled to North America, to keep the french part from the canon. He dies hanged by the USA army because he didn’t want to fight against the native american people)

Nile is from Peru, Latin America. (1994 ad) (She can be a black woman or a descendant from the incas. She is not a military. She is an activist of her people and dies protecting them in some confrontation with the police)

[protoindoeuropean]

TEN FOR TEN FOR TEN

Rules: answer 10 questions, write 10 questions for people, tag 10 people

I was tagged by @minoan-ophidian literally ages ago, thank you!! I did answer it quite soon after being tagged but then I couldnt think of all the questions so here we are, 4 months later lmaoo (so bear that in mind when the answers refer to the “current” moment lol)

1. Is there something (an animal, plant, fashion, anything) that is generally considered ugly, but you really like?

I can’t really think of anything specific, but I feel like most things that are ugly (be it being generally considered so or to me specifically) can be beautiful if contextualized (or decontextualized) in the right way.

2. Would you rather travel back or forward in time? Where would you go?

I feel like I almost have to say I’d travel back in time and I have said so in the past (4th millenium BCE Mesopotamia, with travelling further north too), but recently I started watching The Expanse so currently I’d be interested to see what the future holds for humanity and I’d settle for anything from a hundred to a thousand to ten thousand years in the future.

3. If you were to get a tattoo, what would it be?

When I find a way to convert celestial coordinates onto my body in a coherent and visually-pleasing way it’s all over for y’all (jk jk, it’ll be *h₁, *h₂, *h₃).

4. Do you have a fascination and/or fear of the ocean and/or space?

If I may quote myself: “The universe will always be my first love” 😊

5. Do you usually remember your dreams? Do you dream in 1st person? 3rd? 2nd?

I do sometimes and I also try to write down the ones I do (bc if I want to remember it I have to write it down within the first 5 mins of waking up). Afaict I dream in 1st person.

6. What’s your opinion on abstract art?

It’s like all art – some is good, some is not. It being abstract or not isn’t usually the deciding factor for me.

7. Have you ever written a letter to your past or future self? Would you like to someday?

I haven’t and I don’t think I will. I find that documenting my current experience is more of a “message” to my future self, i. e. what I’ll be interested in then, not a directed written message. And this is sth I’d def like to get better at. But yeah, personal archaeology is what I’ll be interested in.

8. Which element (fire, water, air, earth) do you associate yourself with and why?

Water: liquids are cool and it feels good to be submerged in it. I also like that it is more substantial than air, but not as rigid as earth. There was this random quiz I took once, which “determined” my element (or a combination thereof) was ice (water+earth) and I kinda liked that result too.

9. Is there a book you were made to read in school that you ended up really enjoying?

I remember I quite liked Grum’s Dogodek v mestu Gogi (“The Event in the Town of Goga”) and Jančar’s Veliki briljantni valček (“The Great Brilliant Waltz”) too. I also liked Sophocles’ Antigone. The others don’t stand out much, even if I thought they were good. The one I remember not liking is Werther lmao

10. Describe your favourite colour without using its name.

Basically my eyes. Also, I don’t eat them, but olives kinda went off with it.

My 10 questions:

Which place that you’ve visited would you most like to return to and why?

What kind of weather do you enjoy the most?

Have you played a sport, an instrument, or was engaged in some other extracurricular activity as a child? If not, what would you usually do in your free time?

Would you rather: never have to eat again (your body gets the perfect nutrients, you’re never hungry and never have to go to the toilet again), never have to sleep again (you always have enough energy, the extra time you get that way doesn’t shorten your lifetime or anything) or never have to clean yourself (everything from your hair to your teeth, skin etc. is always perfect)?

Do you have a song you can listen to regardless of what mood you’re in at the moment? If not, what song do you most often return to?

The last topic that you ended up distractedly researching (presumably on Wikipedia, but elsewhere counts too)?

What did you last buy or make for yourself?

What colour combinations do you like? Something that you have (wear?) in those colours?

Favourite letter/sign (in whatever writing system)?

Favourite kind of light (dawn, dusk, before dawn, starlight, moonlight, light filtered through clouds, rainbow-forming ...)?

I tag: @balkansoul, @bunny-banana, @elucubrare, @grimdr, @icebluecyanide, @juliannewhore, @no-passaran, @spacepearl, @zmajski and whoever else finds the questions interesting(?)

[lysius-a]

                                   THE END OF DIONYSUS’ CULT

the ancients believed that the beginning of a new astronomical age commenced  every 2000 years,     and with the coming of every age,     a new incarnation of a      “ dying and rising god ”     was brought forth.           the     age of taurus     was approximately 4000 BCE to 2000 BCE,     and with it came the sacred bull,      a god that myths from several cultures believed was torn limb from limb so that the life force of the cosmos could continue      ( i.e. the introduction of osiris in egypt and zagreus in greece ).          the death of this bull god marks the start of the next era :     the age of aries     ( approx. 2000 BCE to about 0 BCE )     which starts precisely around the time when dionysus was born,     and ends when historically his cult was exterminated. 

2nd century BCE was when the romans really cracked down on the persecution of bacchantes.      they believed the cult was   demoralizing   their youth and most importantly,     compromising the integrity of the roman military.     they demonized the cult and perpetuated the propaganda that bacchantes were     murders, thieves, and deviants     to justify the legislative ban on the worship of bacchus,      and soon after came the     genocide of bacchantes.           by the end of the century,       over 7,000     were captured & sentenced to death.          women predominated among the victims,     and it was customary that a relative      ( usually the patriarch of the family ) carry out the punishment.     if their families failed to take on the task,     they were handed over to a state-paid executioner who’d crucify them publicly to set an example.          many bacchants thus committed suicide to avoid shameful execution,     and by the end of the millenium,     the romans managed to purge their provinces and cities of dionysus’ cult completely. 

dionysus had dealt with persecution at the start of his campaign and continued to deal with it for 2000 years,      but at this point he was worn out,      disgusted,     and discouraged.          he knew his philosophy was too far ahead of his time and that his age was coming to a close,      so his solution was to drop his cause.          the     age of pisces     ( 0 BC - 2000 AD )     would usher in a new messiah.      you could say dionysus is     retired     since then,     although over the centuries he’s found fringe groups of worshippers who’d pray to him in secret,     but he never campaigned or sought to spread his teachings to the extent that he did in ancient times.     by the modern age,      he’s come to influence society in indirect ways here and there,   start up a few underground raves,   and frequent your local marches,   but his temple has been abandoned for 2000 years and he’s not planning to come back.

[racefortheironthrone]

is it normal/expected for cogs, galleys, carracks, and galleases to all exist at the same time and in service together in the same fleets?

Existing at the same time? 

Well, the cog was used from the 10th century through to the 14th century, the galley was used from the 2nd millenium BCE through to the 19th century, the carrack was used from the 14th century through the 17th century, and the galleass was used from the 15th century through the 17th century. 

So there is a decent amount of overlap, and even the things that don’t fit aren’t hugely out of whack. I could imagine a fleet being organized in the very late 14th century/early 15th century potentially having cogs and galleasses in them.

In service together?

Well, as I’ve talked about before, cogs and carracks tended to be used more for commerce than warfare, although you can find plenty of examples of both being used for war, because they’re not very long and thus can’t hold as many armaments as your galleys and galleases.

However, in ASOIAF, cogs and carracks tend to be merchant vessels pressed into service to bulk up the numbers, whereas the primary vessels are war galleys and dromonds. So I wouldn’t be surprised if a Westerosi fleet ends up with an odd combination of ships just because that’s what was in harbor when the pressgangs showed up.

[ayearinlanguage]

A Year in Language, Day 57: Sanskrit

Sanskrit is to the Indian Subcontinent and it's cultural vassals what Latin and Greek are to Europe. In it's oldest form, Vedic Sanskrit, the language is almost identical to Proto-Indo-Aryan, ancestral to all Indo-Aryan languages. Vedic Sanskrit was spoken in the 2nd Millenium BCE, and wouldn't be fully supplanted as a literary language until the 6th century BCE when the linguist Panini would standardize it into what is now called Classical Sanskrit.

Sanskrit was a highly inflected language, arguable more so even that its European sisters. Verbs had three voices (active, passive, and middle), three moods (indicative, imperative, and optative) and not just four tenses, but for tense paradigms, each with a handful of subcategories. Nouns were inflected for three genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter), three numbers (singular, dual, and plural) and eight cases. In addition both nouns and verbs fell under between 6-10 different declensions based on phonetics. And that's just the two parts of speech.

Sanskrit is also known for its compound words, of the kind westerners may be more familiar with in German. It's often said that between the grammatical complexity and productive compounding that Sanskrit is able to phrase any single idea in many, many different ways, which likely has as much to do with its millennia long use as a language of poetry than any strictly unique grammatical function.

[maximaxoo]

#History: exquisite #silver animal figure, Near East, 2nd millenium BCE https://bit.ly/30wSlQl via @FreerSackler https://bit.ly/31oCL8r

[harvard-art-museums-sculpture]

Head of a Young God or Hero, copy after a 2nd century BC type, 1st millennium BCE-1st millenium CE, HAM: Sculpture

Harvard Art Museums/Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Gift of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University Size: H. 0.13 cm (1/16 in.) Medium: Crystalline marble from Asia Minor

https://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/291333