#Android Telephony Stack

[siliconsignalsblog]

How Android System Services Connect Apps and HAL: A Deep Dive

Android is more than just a mobile operating system—it's a powerful middleware that seamlessly connects apps to the underlying hardware through a layered architecture of frameworks, services, and abstraction layers. The Android System Services, which control essential features like window handling, power management, telephony, and more, are at the core of this framework. By serving as a bridge, these services guarantee seamless communication between the hardware abstraction layer (HAL), the framework, and user applications. 

The internal operations of Android System Services are examined in this blog, along with how they interact with HAL and apps. 

Understanding Android System Services 

Essential parts of AOSP, Android System Services oversee fundamental features like power, connectivity, phone, and security. Through Binder IPC, these services enable smooth communication between applications, the framework, and hardware while operating inside SystemServer. Because each service is registered in ServiceManager, it is available throughout the system, including ActivityManagerService, PowerManagerService, and TelephonyService. By serving as go-betweens, system services make sure that applications communicate with hardware through the Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) without requiring direct access. 

Comprehending these services aids developers in extending AOSP functionalities, improving performance, and troubleshooting issues while preserving security and modularity within the Android ecosystem. 

Key Components of Android System Services 

SystemServer: The process in charge of launching and overseeing essential system functions. 

ServiceManager: A central registry that maintains a record of every system service that is available. 

Binder IPC: Applications, framework elements, and system services can interact thanks to the communication mechanism known as Binder IPC. 

HAL (Hardware Abstraction Layer): System services can communicate with hardware through the Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL), which offers a common interface for hardware-specific implementations. 

System Service Types 

System services can be divided into groups according to how they work: 

Core Services: ActivityManagerService, WindowManagerService, and PackageManagerService 

Hardware Services: SensorService, AudioService, and PowerManagerService 

Connectivity Services: Bluetooth, WiFi, and Telephony Services 

Security Services: SELinuxManagerService and KeystoreService 

Each system service registers with ServiceManager for worldwide accessibility and operates as a distinct thread or process inside SystemServer. 

How System Services Interact with Apps and HAL 

To understand system service interactions, let’s break it down into three communication flows: 

1. Applications to System Services (Interaction at the Framework Layer) 

Through the Android Framework APIs, an application can interact with the appropriate system service to carry out system-level tasks (like adjusting brightness or connecting to WiFi). 

For instance, determining the battery level: 

The BatteryManager API's getBatteryPercentage() method is invoked by the application. 

BatteryManagerService receives the request and retrieves the most recent battery status. 

The data is returned to the application by BatteryManagerService. 

Important Takeaway: The application never communicates with the kernel or HAL directly. It always passes via the system services and framework APIs. 

2. HAL (Hardware Interaction) System Services 

The HAL is necessary for system services to communicate with hardware. In order to guarantee that system services function independently of particular hardware implementations, HAL acts as an abstraction layer. 

For instance, Changing the Screen's Brightness: 

App Request: The user adjusts brightness through the user interface. 

System Service Interaction: DisplayManagerService receives the request and notifies PowerManagerService. 

HAL Communication: Power HAL, which has direct hardware control, is called by PowerManagerService via Binder IPC. 

Hardware Execution: By interacting with the display driver, the Power HAL modifies the brightness. 

Feedback Loop: The system service updates the user interface after the HAL verifies the brightness change. 

Key Takeaway: Android is flexible and adaptable because HAL guarantees that system services can function across various hardware implementations. 

3. From System Services to System Services – Inter-Service Exchange 

Frequently, several services collaborate to complete a task. Android's system service interactions are smooth because services communicate via Binder IPC. 

Example: Intent Processing for Launching a Camera App: 

An intent is triggered when the user launches the camera app. 

After processing the intent, ActivityManagerService makes a request to CameraService. 

Permission Validation: CameraService uses PackageManagerService to verify app permissions. 

HAL Interaction: Camera HAL sets up the hardware and communicates with CameraService. 

Data Processing: MediaService processes the captured images before FileManagerService ensures storage. 

Key Takeaway: To effectively handle a single request, several system services work together. 

Practical Example: How a Phone Call Works in AOSP 

A call is initiated by the user (app layer interaction)  To start a call, the Dialer app asks TelecomManager to do so. 

TelephonyService receives the request from TelecomManager. 

RIL and TelephonyService Interact at the Hal Layer  After processing the request, TelephonyService sends it to the Radio Interface Layer (RIL).  As a component of HAL, RIL is in charge of interacting with modern hardware. 

RIL Gives the Modem a Command  The request is converted by RIL into AT commands that the modem can comprehend.  A connection is made between the modem and the network. 

The call status has been updated  The modem notifies RIL of the call status.  TelephonyService notifies the user interface by updating the CallState. 

Audio Routing & Call Connection  AudioService uses the speaker or earpiece to route audio.  Signal quality and LTE/VoLTE switching are managed by NetworkService. 

Call Terminations: Procedure for Cleaning  TelephonyService notifies RIL to end the connection when the user hangs up.  TelephonyService modifies the user interface while RIL tells the modem to end the call. 

Important Takeaway:  Without direct app-to-hardware communication, the entire process—which includes hardware control, HAL interactions, and multiple system services—operates without a hitch. 

Debugging Techniques for AOSP 

Debugging AOSP builds requires an understanding of these interactions. The following are some essential debugging techniques: 

Using Service Status with Dumpsys  To see a list of all active services, run:  adb shell dumpsys activity services 

Using logcat to check logs  For service activity monitoring, use:  adb logcat -s ActivityManager 

Verifying the Service Registration  To see if a particular service is operating, run:  adb shell service list 

Following HAL Strace calls  To monitor system calls from a service to HAL, use:  strace -p  

Conclusion 

The framework, hardware, and apps all work together seamlessly thanks to Android System Services. They oversee essential features like connectivity, power, and security, making sure the system runs smoothly. These services maximize performance while preserving modularity and security by utilizing Binder IPC. From resource management to facilitating seamless app experiences, Android's well-organized design enables it to effectively handle complicated tasks. 

Knowing these interactions demonstrates how reliable Android's architecture is across a range of devices. As we learn more about AOSP, these services continue to be essential to preserving Android's adaptability, dependability, and scalability in the rapidly changing technological environment. 

[innoatme-blog]

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[carpostnet]

Next-gen Mahindra Thar will not be showcased at the 2020 Auto Expo

Contrary to earlier speculations, Mahindra will not showcase the next-gen Thar at the 2020 Auto Expo however will reveal the SUV at a separate occasion a little bit after the Expo.

The next-gen Mahindra Thar has been in the making for fairly a while now. Over time, we now have reported you with a number of spy photographs of the new Thar, revealing new particulars all alongside. It was extensively anticipated that the next-gen Thar would make its world debut at the 2020 Auto Expo. However, now we now have come to study that the new Thar will not be showcased at the 2020 Auto Expo. The firm will reveal the next-gen SUV at a separate occasion a little bit after the Expo.

Next-gen Mahindra Thar will not be showcased at the 2020 Auto Expo

The upcoming SUV will take inspiration from the Jeep Wrangler and will get the seven slat grille upfront. It will additionally include manufacturing unit fitted hardtop and will be larger in dimensions. It will carry the rugged muscular design and now will get contemporary entrance and rear bumpers. There will be newly designed 17-inch wheels and wheel arches have additionally been so designed that prospects can simply match after market wheels, one thing that could be very standard with the Thar. It will additionally get LED daytime operating lights and LED taillights for the first time in its lifetime. The increased trims are anticipated to get massive, 18-inch alloy wheels and a protracted checklist of creature comforts.

The interiors of the next-gen Mahindra Thar has been fully redesigned and it will get a contemporary new dashboard. The new Thar will be much more comfort-orientated and far much less utilitarian than the mannequin it’ll substitute. There’s a touchscreen infotainment system which is predicted to return with Apple CarPlay and Android Auto help and will additionally double as a show for the reverse digicam.

Also Read : Skoda Vision SUV Video Teaser Out; Will Rival Kia Seltos And Hyundai Creta

Below the high-set infotainment system and round AC vents which get delicate chrome outlines. The steering wheel is from the TUV300 and it will get steering-mounted audio and telephony controls as nicely. The SUV will get a handbook HVAC system with a brand new stack of controls. Also, when it comes to options, the new Thar will have twin entrance airbags, power-folding wing mirrors and a big multi-info show. As we had reported earlier, the new SUV will get front-facing seats for the second row.

Also Read : Citroen C21 Compact SUV Spied Testing in India with Peugeot 208 Bodyshell

The new Thar will use BS6 compliant 2.2-litre turbocharged diesel engine which will be extra fuel-efficient and higher in refinement than the on-going mannequin. It will additionally function an automated start-stop system. It is predicted to churn out 140 bhp and a peak torque of 300 Nm – a rise from the present 105 bhp and 248 Nm of torque. Transmission choices will embody a 6-speed handbook gearbox and availability of an automated gearbox may be saved as an choice. There are additionally talks of the Thar getting a petroleum engine at some level. While the new Thar gained’t be current at the Auto Expo 2020, Mahindra will showcase as many as 18 different autos at the occasion.

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[siva3155]

300+ TOP ANDROID Objective Questions and Answers

Android Multiple Choice Questions :-

1) Android is licensed under which open source licensing license? A. Gnu's GPL B. Apache/MIT C. OSS D. Sourceforge Ans: B 2) Although most people's first thought when they think of Android is Google, Android is not actually owned by Google. Who owns the Android platform? A. Oracle Technology B. Dalvik C. Open Handset Alliance D. The above statement is  and Android is owned by Google Ans: C 3) As an Android programmer, what version of Android should you use as your minimum development target? A. Versions 1.6 or 2.0 B. Versions 1.0 or 1.1 C. Versions 1.2 or 1.3 D. Versions 2.3 or 3.0 Ans: A 4) What was Google's main business motivation for supporting Android? A. To level the playing field for mobile devices B. To directly compete with the iPhone C. To corner the mobile device application market for licensing purposes D. To allow them to advertise more Ans: D 5) What was the first phone released that ran the Android OS? A. Google gPhone B. T-Mobile G1 C. Motorola Droid D. HTC Hero Ans: B 6) From a phone manufacturer's point of view, what makes Android so great? A. Aside from some specific drivers, it provides everything to make a phone work B. It makes the hardware work better C. It allows them to compete with Apple's iPhone D. It allows users to create apps, generating revenue for the companies Ans: A 7) What is a funny fact about the start of Android? A. It was orginaly going to be called UFO B. The first version of Android was released without an actual phone on the market C. Androids main purpose was to unlock your car door when you left the keys inside of it. D. Was going to be a closed source application to make more money for its company. Ans: B 8) What year was the Open Handset Alliance announced? A. 2005 B. 2006 C. 2007 D. 2008 Ans: C 9) A device with Android installed is needed to develop apps for Android. A. True B. False Ans: B 10) Android tries hard to ______________   low-level components, such as the software stack, with interfaces so that vendor-specific code can be managed easily. A. confound B. absract C. modularize D. compound Ans: B

ANDROID MCQs 11) Google licensed some proprietary apps. A. True B. False Ans: A 12) What part of the Android platform is open source? A. low-level Linux modules B. all of these answers #The entire stack is an open source platform C. native libraries D. application frame work E. complete applications Ans: B 13) When did Google purchase Android? A. 2007 B. 2005 C. 2008 D. 2010 Ans: B 14) Android releases since 1.5 have been given nicknames derived how? A. Adjective and strange animal B. Food C. Something that starts w/ 'A' -> Something that starts w/ 'B'... D. American states Ans: B 15) Which one is not a nickname of a version of Andriod? A. cupcake B. Gingerbread C. Honeycomb D. Muffin Ans: D 16) Android doesn't make any assumptions about a device's screen size, resolution, or chipset.: A. True B. False Ans: A 17) Why are the so few users left with versions 1.0 and 1.1? A. The first phones were released with version 1.5 B. 1.0 and 1.1 had security holes that forced carriers to recall phones using them C. 1.0 and 1.1 are just number designations for the version Apple's iPhone is running D. Everyone with 1.0 and 1.1 were upgraded to 1.5 over the air automatically Ans: D 18) Which Android version had the greatest share of the market as of January 2011? A. 1.1 B. 1.5 C. 2.3 D. 3.4 Ans: B 19) Which piece of code used in Android is not open source? A. Keypad driver B. WiFi? driver C. Audio driver D. Power management Ans: B 20) Android is built upon the Java Micro Edition (J2ME) version of Java. A. True B. False Ans: B 21) Which among these are NOT a part of Android's native libraries? A. Webkit B. Dalvik C. OpenGL D. SQLite Ans: B 22) Android is based on Linux for the following reason. A. Security B. Portability C. Networking D. All of these Ans: D 23) What operating system is used as the base of the Android stack? A. Linux B. Windows C. Java D. XML Ans: A 24) What year was development on the Dalvik virtual machine started? A. 2003 B. 2005 C. 2007 D. 2006 Ans: B 25) What is a key difference with the distribution of apps for Android based devices than other mobile device platform applications? A. Applications are distributed by Apple App Store only B. Applications are distributed by multiple vendors with different policies on applications. C. Applications are distributed by multiple vendors with the exact same policies on applications. D. Applications are distributed by the Android Market only. Ans: B 26) When developing for the Android OS, Java byte code is compiled into what? A. Java source code B. Dalvik application code C. Dalvik byte code D. C source code Ans: C 27) What does the .apk extension stand for? A. Application Package B. Application Program Kit C. Android Proprietary Kit D. Android Package Ans: A 28) When you distribute your application commercially,you'll want to sign it with your own key. A. True B. False Ans: A 29) How does Google check for malicious software in the Android Market? A. Every new app is scanned by a virus scanner B. Users report malicious software to Google C. Google employees verify each new app D. A seperate company monitors the Android Market for Google Ans: B 30) Which of these are not one of the three main components of the APK? A. Dalvik Executable B. Resources C. Native Libraries D. Webkit Ans: D 31) What is the name of the program that converts Java byte code into Dalvik byte code? A. Android Interpretive Compiler (AIC) B. Dalvik Converter C. Dex compiler D. Mobile Interpretive Compiler (MIC) Ans: C 32) What was the main reason for replacing the Java VM with the Dalvik VM when the project began? A. There was not enough memory capability B. Java virtual machine was not free C. Java VM was too complicated to configure D. Java VM ran too slow Ans: B 33) Android Applications must be signed. A. After they are installed B. Before they are installed C. Never D. Within two weeks of installation Ans: B 34) Which of the following are not a component of an APK file? A. Resources B. All of these are components of the APK C. Native Libraries D. Dalvik executable Ans: B 35) The AWT and Swing libraries have been removed from the Android library set. A. True B. False Ans: A 36) The R.java file is where you edit the resources for your project. A. True B. False Ans: B 37) What is contained within the manifest xml file? A. The permissions the app requires B. The list of strings used in the app C. The source code D. All other choices Ans: A 38) What is contained within the Layout xml file? A. Orientations and layouts that specify what the display looks like. B. The permissions required by the app. C. The strings used in the app. D. The code which is compiled to run the app. Ans: A 39) The emulated device for android. A. Runs the same code base as the actual device, all the way down to the machine layer. B. Is more of a simulator, and acts as a virtual machine for the Android device. C. Runs the same code base as the actual device, however at a higher level. D. An imaginary machine built on the hopes and dreams of baby elephants. Ans: A 40) Your Java source code is what is directly run on the Android device. A. True B. False Ans: B 41) The Emulator is identical to running a real phone EXCEPT when emulating/simulating what? A. Telephony B. Applications C. Sensors D. The emulator can emulate/simulate all aspects of a smart phone. Ans: C 42) How is a simulator different from an emulator? A. Emulators are only used to play old SNES games, simulators are used for software development B. The emulator is shipped with the Android SDK and third party simulators are not C. The emulator can virtualize sensors and other hardware features, while the simulator cannot D. The emulator imitates the machine executing the binary code, rather than simulating the behavior of the code at a higher level. Ans: D 43) The R file is a(an) generated file A. Automatically B. Manually C. Emulated D. None of the above Ans: A 44) An activity can be thought of as corresponding to what? A. A Java project B. A Java class C. A method call D. An object field Ans: B 45) To create an emulator, you need an AVD. What does it stand for? A. Android Virtual Display B. Android Virtual Device C. Active Virtual Device D. Application Virtual Display Ans: B 46) The Android SDK ships with an emulator. A. True B. False Ans: A 47) The ___________ file specifies the layout of your screen. A. Layout file B. Manifest file C. Strings XML D. R file Ans: A 48) The manifest explains what the application consists of and glues everything together. A. True B. False Ans: A 49) The Android Software Development Kit (SDK) is all you need to develop applications for Android. A. True B. False Ans: A 50) What is the driving force behind an Android application and that ultimately gets converted into a Dalvik executable? A. Java source code. B. R-file. C. the emulator. D. the SDK Ans: A 51) While developing Android applications, developers can test their apps on... A. Emulator included in Android SDK B. Physical Android phone C. Third-party Emulators (Youwave, etc.) D. All three options will work. Ans: D 52) What file is responsible for glueing everthing together , explaining what the applicatin consists of, what its main building blocks are, ext...? A. Layout file B. Strings XML C. R file D. Manifest file Ans: D 53) The XML file that contains all the text that your application uses. A. stack.xml B. text.xml C. strings.xml D. string.java Ans: C 54) Which of the following is the most "resource hungry" part of dealing with Activities on Android A. Closing an app B. Suspending an app C. Opening a new app D. Restoring the most recent app Ans: C 55) What runs in the background and doesn't have any UI components? A. Intents B. Content Providers C. Services D. Applications Ans: C 56) What is an Activity? A. A single screen the user sees on the device at one time B. A message sent among the major building blocks C. A component that runs in the background without any interface. D. Context referring to the application environment. Ans: A 57) When an activity doesn't exist in memory it is in. A. Starting state B. Running state C. Loading state D. Inexistent state. Ans: A 58) Which of the following is NOT a state in the lifecycle of a service? A. Starting B. Running C. Destroyed D. Paused Ans: D 59) There is no guarantee that an activity will be stopped prior to being destroyed. A. True B. False Ans: A 60) Intents A. are messages that are sent among major building blocks B. trigger activities to being, services to start or stop, or broadcast C. are asynchronous D. all of these Ans: D 61) In an explicit intent, the sender specifies the type of receiver. A. True B. False Ans: B 62) an implicit intent is the sender specifies the type of receiver? A. True B. False Ans: A 63) When the activity is not in focus, but still visible on the screen it is in? A. running state B. Paused state C. stopped state D. destroyed state Ans: B 64) An activity in a stopped state is doing nothing. A. True B. False Ans: B 65) Application contexts are independent of the activity life cycle. A. True B. False Ans: A 66) Services have any user interface components A. True B. False Ans: B 67) Broadcast receivers are Android’s implementation of a system-wide publish/subscribe mechanism, or more precisely, what design pattern? A. Observer B. Facade C. Mediator D. Command Ans: A 68) There can be only one running activity at a given time. A. True B. False Ans: A 69) YAMBA stands for Yet Another Mobile Banking App. A. True B. False Ans: B 70) Lists and adapters are more organizational aids than user interface elements in Android. A. True B. False Ans: A 71) What built-in database is Android shipped with? A. SQLite B. Apache C. MySQL D. Oracle Ans: A 72) Creating a UI (User Interface) in Android requires careful use of... A. Java and SQL B. XML and Java C. XML and C++ D. Dreamweaver Ans: B 73) A good example app should demonstrate most of the aspects of the application framework that are unique to Android. A. True B. False Ans: A 74) What will services be used for in the Yamba project? A. Recompile the source code B. It will update tweets periodically in the background C. The services will pause the app D. Configures the user interface Ans: B 75) Which answer is not part of the design philosophy talked about in chapter five? A. Always whole and complete B. Small increments C. Lagre increments D. Refactoring code Ans: C 76) App Widgets are can be place on the home screen by the user to check for updates are available? A. True B. False Ans: A 77) The android OS comes with many useful system services, which include processes you can easily ask for things such as your.. A. All of these and more. B. Location C. Sensor Readings D. WiFi? Hot Spots Ans: A 78) What does the Gargenta mean in his Design Philosophy when he says that the project will, "Always be whole and complete"? A. He means that when we finish the entire project we will have a working application, even though there will be points along the way when we will stop and the application will not run. B. He means that the program must always be able to compile. C. He means that we will work on the program by adding self contained chunks to it so that at every stopping point the application runs as though it were a whole and complete application. Each additional chunk simply adds a new functionality to the application. D. None of the above Ans: C 79) An Android application is a loose collection of content providers, activities, broadcast receivers, and services. A. True B. False Ans: A 80) Which of the following is NOT an activity we will be creating for the YAMBA project? A. Preferences Activity B. Update Activity C. Timeline Activity D. Status Activity Ans: B 81) The timeline receiver will receive messages from the Android system. A. True B. False Ans: B 82) Status data will be exposed to the rest of the Android system via: A. Intents B. A content provider C. Network receivers D. Altering permissions Ans: B 83) If the UI begins to behave sluggishly or crash while making network calls, this is likely due to... A. Network latency B. Hardware malfunctions C. Virus on the Server D. Activity manager contains too much. Ans: A 84) How does Gargenta approach the problem of the app acting sluggishly due to network latency? A. Starting over B. Switching API levels C. Refactoring code D. Multithreading Ans: D ANDROID Questions and Answers pdf Download Read the full article

[siliconsignalsblog]

AOSP Directory Structure for Custom Android Projects 

Introduction  The Android Open Source Project (AOSP) is meticulously organized to separate each layer and module of the operating system. From hardware drivers to application frameworks, Its folder structure is built for scalability, modularity, and maintainability. For developers looking to build, customize, or optimize Android, understanding this structure is essential 

This blog explores the core directories within AOSP and what role each plays in the Android ecosystem. 

📂 Key Folders in AOSP Root Directory 

These directories represent the core components that make Android run seamlessly across various devices. 

frameworks/ 

hardware/ 

kernel/ 

system/ 

packages/ 

build/ 

device/ 

vendor/ 

Each folder contributes uniquely to the architecture of Android. Let’s explore their purpose. 

🧠 frameworks/ – The Brain of Android 

This directory holds the Android framework — the primary layer that applications interact with. 

Noteworthy sections: 

base/: Houses core services like Activity Manager and Content Providers. These are fundamental for how apps run and interact. 

opt/: Contains optional frameworks that may be added for features like Bluetooth or advanced networking. 

native/: Includes native services, written in C/C++, such as SurfaceFlinger, which handles rendering and display. 

av/: Manages media playback, audio, and video functionalities. 

Use Case:  If you’re modifying Android UI, application lifecycles, or system services like media or notifications, this is your go-to folder. 

🧩 hardware/ – Connecting Android to the Physical World 

This directory handles the interaction between Android and the device's physical hardware. 

Highlights: 

interfaces/: Defines HAL (Hardware Abstraction Layer) interfaces for hardware components like cameras and audio. 

libhardware/: Offers the actual implementations of those interfaces. 

vendor-specific directories: You may find folders like ti/ or qcom/, which are dedicated to particular hardware vendors. 

Use Case:  Ideal for those working on integrating custom hardware or new hardware features into Android. 

⚙️ kernel/ – Powering the Core 

This folder contains configuration and build files necessary to align the Linux kernel with Android requirements. It’s where kernel fragments and configuration metadata are stored, ensuring Android-specific features run correctly. 

Use Case:  You’ll work here when integrating low-level Linux kernel functionalities or adapting configurations for new hardware. 

🧱 system/ – Foundation of Core Services 

The system/ folder contains libraries and utilities that form the backbone of Android’s runtime environment. 

Key subfolders: 

core/: Contains essential runtime components and libraries like libc and the Android init system. 

bt/: Implements the Bluetooth stack. 

netd/: Manages network-related functionalities like IP configuration and routing. 

Use Case:  Best suited for enhancing low-level system operations, Bluetooth services, or network connectivity. 

📦 packages/ – Apps and Services 

This folder holds the source code for system apps and background services that ship with Android. 

Major sections: 

apps/: Includes stock apps like Settings, Contacts, and Launcher. 

services/: Hosts background services for telephony, accounts, etc. 

input/: Manages input devices like touchscreens and keyboards. 

Use Case:  You’ll navigate here when customizing default apps or creating new system apps for your Android ROM. 

🏗️ build/ – The Construction Blueprint 

Everything related to building AOSP resides in this directory. It contains configuration files, environment setups, and Android’s build systems like Soong. 

Use Case:  Crucial for developers adjusting how Android is compiled, managing dependencies, or integrating custom modules. 

📱 device/ – Customizing for Specific Devices 

The device/ directory includes configuration files and data specific to particular Android devices. 

Details:  Each supported device has its own folder here, containing its hardware configurations, board files, and kernel settings. 

Use Case:  When porting Android to new hardware or making device-specific tweaks, this is your primary workspace. 

🏢 vendor/ – Proprietary & Third-Party Code 

This directory stores proprietary binaries, drivers, HALs, and customizations from hardware vendors. 

Structure:  Each vendor gets its own subfolder containing their specialized code needed for Android to run on their hardware. 

Use Case:  You’ll work here when integrating closed-source components or adapting Android to support proprietary features. 

✅ Conclusion 

Navigating the AOSP folder structure is a fundamental skill for Android platform development. From tweaking system libraries in system/ to adding new apps in packages/ or managing device-specific builds in device/, each folder serves a targeted purpose. 

By mastering these directories, developers gain greater control over Android customization — enabling innovation across smartphones, tablets, wearables, and IoT devices. 

🚀 Ready to Customize AOSP for Your Device?  At Silicon Signals, we specialize in tailoring Android OS for a variety of platforms. Whether you need BSP development, HAL integration, or full-stack AOSP customization, our team can accelerate your product journey. 

👉 Let Silicon Signals help bring your Android-based innovation to life. 

[savetopnow]

2018-04-02 21 LINUX now

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[ditsoln]

Awesome Android Training in Nepal

Are you searching for Android Training in Nepal?

If you are looking for a professional Android Training in Nepal, you have directed to the precise site. DIT solution enclose well-trained numerous applicants aspirant to study Android Training in Nepal and at present they work in special software development institute in Kathmandu.

Professional Android Training in Nepal

To learn Android app development is like any other programming languages. Maybe it is the simple programming language that is planned for the Mobile App Development. To understand Android application, you should endure the fundamentals of Java and other front-end expertise. DIT Solution developed the content of the Android App Development agenda to confirm that you create from the fundamentals and attain the sophisticated level. Taking the complete advantages Android Training accessible by DIT solution in Nepal, we offer complete android app development package.

This professional Android Application Development Training course in Kathmandu is developed particularly for students and professionals who consist of fundamental understanding in programming and aims to make brilliant career in mobile app development training in Nepal. This course consists of important fundamentals of Android intended to assist trainee to acquire basic idea with industrial practices and useful instances which we consider will develop the sensible skills required in Android app development.

Benefits of Android Training in Nepal

Bespoke feedback on project

Extensive access to lessons resources

Extremely competent and skilled mentor

Inspiration and support

usual communication with skilled android app developers involved in building advanced android app globally

Job position opportunities as Android app developer for outstanding learners.

Wide-ranging training method

How Android App Development Training classes are conducted at DIT Solution?

Android app development utilizes high level programming language and the application programming directory is for a while very huge and extremely difficult to recognize. So, our institute uses useful, practical approach. The 2 hour class is categorized into two parts in which 1 hour for instructional and another hour for practical part.

Trainees are facilitated with wide-ranging number of practical training to improve their accepting of the concepts and useful examples and to make them known with real time operational set-up.

Also, weekly tests and review are carried out by the android app development institute to make sure trainees learning level are up to preferred level. We usually join up regarding 5 or 6 students for each group, which we consider, will make easy students with sufficient concentration from trainer and accelerate their learning.

The module based course outline makes sure that learner build sufficient information and proficiency earlier than proceeding towards higher levels in Android app development. Moreover the project works complete at the achievement of instructional time makes sure students gain enough as well as satisfactory specialized skills. Just then we approve the achievement of Android app development training program at our institute in Nepal.

What you will learn in this Android Training Course?

The Android app development training course includes the these topics:

Introduction to mobile apps

Introduction to android, android architecture

Deep outline on android stack

Installing android machine

Build first android application

Android components

Develop UI with activities

Advanced UI, notification,

Multi-threading, resources and assets

Style and themes

Content providers

Data storage, services

Multimedia in android

Location based services and Google maps

Web services and web view

Sensors, Wi-Fi, telephony services, camera Bluetooth

Android application deployment.

Scope of Android Training Course in Nepal

Most of the mobile app development companies always need a large team to handle and add extra features in their apps.

In Nepal there are lots of companies that depend on Apps and they require lots of Android and other mobile OS and every business release their personal android app to imprison their services in mobile.

It is suitable time to enhance your future with Android App development in today’s developing app developing company

Android Development platform almost brings together expert developers who can think in a different way and who can create small apps in short period.

Android keeps adding up the huge team of developers in the complete world every day.

Who can join Android App Development Training Course in Nepal?

Anyone with the understanding of Java is can join Android app development course in DIT solution. If you don’t enclose understanding of Java or any other programming languages, you need to go through the sequence of programming courses and you will be ready for Android app development course. Therefore, when you are not aware about anything regarding the android programming you can connect with us and we will do the rest of endeavor and help you build the Android app application. For anyone who encloses knowledge of Java in a straight line sit in class and start developing Android apps.

[workrockin]

What is WiFi calling technology, and how does it work in sync with the cellular provider?

Thanks for asking this question. Wifi calling is an instance of what are known as generic access networks (GAN) [1]. GANs allow you to access the networks of cellular providers through an external IP network. 

It is important to keep in mind however that Wifi Calling in traditional sense is still a cellular call. By that I mean you are calling a number. Authentication, call connection , call routing all works as it would if you called directly.  

“How does it work in sync with the cellular provider?” 

For that we need to look into something called the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS). 

[I’ll limit this discussion to 4G networks but note that GAN also works for 2G networks just that the handoff method is a bit different requiring a GANC (C here stands for controller referring to a specific hardware device that transforms and forwards the data traffic from WiFi to cellular network processor)]

IMS is a system for delivering communication services over an IP network. Before 3G services were delivered using a circuit switched network. IMS performs routing,authentication ,authorization and accounting over internet protocol. Several protocols are available for performing individual tasks but they all work over IP. All these tasks are performed on the server level (or the base station level in telephony terms) provided by the network operator. 

Now it's common knowledge that cell phones work wirelessly. These wireless signals form the “Physical Layer” of the communication network stack. 4G onwards all cellular communication is IP based [2]. 

What is other wireless communication technology that works on IP? 

Wifi!! So since wifi understands IP pretty well. Since wifi is widely deployed. And since nearly all smart devices support wifi it is an easy choice for infrastructure providers to use wifi calling to not only offload the strain on their core network but also to enable their services where towers don’t yet exist. 

Now 4G is an all IP network and wifi understands IP pretty well, all that is needed to be done is to forward the wifi packets to the 4G network provider over the wifi connection. This is handled by the operating system of the handset when you enable the wifi calling feature. 

For example check out this line on android open source repository

https://android.googlesource.com/platform/frameworks/base/+/master/telephony/java/android/telephony/ims/ImsMmTelManager.java#69

How does it work on the hardware level? 

The easy answer is it will work in the same way as you receiving a call on your phone while watching youtube connected to your wifi router. At that point in time you are using both wifi and cellular network services. 

For wireless communication to work you need radios and antennas. Now if you have been following the developments in mobile chip technology you must have noted that a single modem encapsulates 3g,4g,5g,wifi and bluetooth in a package. 

Such a package contains both radios as well as antennas for various technologies to work simultaneously. The antennas and radios for wifi are separate from the antennas and radios for 4G even though all the components are on a single chip. They are all distinct subsystems. 

You can have your wifi,bluetooth and 4G on all at the same time and use all these services at once. 

As described above the handoff or the sync will have to be handled by the OS (android or IOS depending on your smartphone). It will determine when to handoff and to what network to handoff to.  

The handoff can only work when both cellular and wifi radios are “on”. Which can lead to more load on the battery. 

Wifi calling is not without its faults however. The way current wifi systems are deployed range can often be an issue. On the other hand , at least as a personal observation, most people seem to prefer an asynchronous mode of communication. 

Email me I’ll reply when I have the time. 

What’s app me I’ll reply when I check your message

Voice message me and I’ll get back to you. 

Direct telephone calls, unless they are from someone close to you or pre scheduled are seen as intrusive. 

Now this makes wifi based offloading a very attractive option especially considering the pricing of wireless equipment (remote radio heads for example). Even if a user does not use wifi calling feature natively, they can converse on several other apps. Their is messenger, email, what app, twitter, skype in fact we are at a stage where its hard to keep a track of all the ways in which we can communicate! 

When GAN was proposed in 2005 there were not as many alternatives. Android was not popular. Smartphones were in their infancy. At that time it was a brilliant idea. But today not so much. 

That is not to say that the idea has no merits. It does. Especially when you consider that nearly all telecom companies are pushing for wifi deployments.  Wifi calling may or may not be successful. But it definitely will reduce the operational cost of service providers by reducing the load on their towers.   

I’m of the opinion that in the near future we are going to see more and more open systems like wifi taking over the functions that were previously provided by core cellular deployments. The cellular networks are IP based but they don’t offer significant advantages over the default networking open source stack [3] on linux which has already proven its networking capabilities in data centers. Communication technology is going to be more open. That’s what I feel at least. And wifi calling is a step towards that direction.  

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_Access_Network

[2] 4G is all IP https://electronics.howstuffworks.com/4g2.htm

[3] It is relevant here to point out that VOLTE is basically SIP.  Here are a few references that explain how Voice over LTE works 

https://www.quora.com/Is-SIP-required-in-Voice-over-LTE

https://www.netmanias.com/en/post/blog/10907/lte-volte/part-3-what-happens-when-a-user-performs-a-voice-call-from-an-lte-4g-network-volte (Jump to Section 3.2)

https://www.quora.com/How-do-4G-and-2G-users-call-each-other

http://www.eventhelix.com/lte/volte/volte-originating-call.pdf

It is quite interesting to note that android natively supports SIP 

https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/connectivity/sip

Also freeswitch an opensource linux application can basically be used to replicate the same features over unlicensed bands. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeSWITCH

[carpostnet]

Production-Spec Interiors of the Next-Gen Mahindra Thar Spied!

These newest photos of the interiors of the next-gen Mahindra Thar utterly reveal the dashboard design and plenty of options of this upcoming SUV.

Mahindra has been testing the next-gen Thar for fairly a while now, and over time, we’ve got reported you with a number of spy photographs of Thar revealing a number of particulars of the upcoming SUV. The Thar is predicted to see its debut at the Auto Expo 2020 and not too long ago, it was spied in close-to-production type the place its giant 18-inch wheels was seen for the first time. Now, we’ve got some photos that reveal how the interiors of the next-gen production-spec Mahindra Thar goes to appear to be and boy, it appears wonderful.

Production-spec interiors of the next-gen Mahindra Thar spied.

The interiors of the next-gen Mahindra Thar has been utterly redesigned and it will get a contemporary new dashboard. The new Thar can be much more comfort-orientated and far much less utilitarian than the mannequin it’ll substitute. There’s a touchscreen infotainment system in the Thar for the first time ever and it takes middle stage on the dashboard. The infotainment is predicted to come back with Apple CarPlay and Android Auto assist and also will double as a show for the reverse digicam.

Below the high-set infotainment system and round AC vents which get refined chrome outlines. The steering wheel is from the TUV300 and it will get steering-mounted audio and telephony controls as effectively. The SUV will get a handbook HVAC system with a brand new stack of controls. Also, in phrases of options, the new Thar can have twin entrance airbags, power-folding wing mirrors and a big multi-info show. As we had reported earlier, the new SUV will get front-facing seats for the second row.

The next-gen Mahindra Thar will get far more premium interiors.

The new Thar will use BS6 compliant 2.2-litre turbocharged diesel engine which can be extra fuel-efficient and higher in refinement than the on-going mannequin. It will even characteristic an computerized start-stop system. It is predicted to churn out 140 bhp and a peak torque of 300 Nm – a rise from the present 105 bhp and 248 Nm of torque. Transmission choices will embody a 5-speed handbook gearbox and availability of an computerized gearbox might be saved as an possibility.

Also Read : Is This The New 2020 Maruti Suzuki Vitara Brezza Facelift?

The upcoming SUV will even include manufacturing facility fitted hardtop and can be larger in dimensions. It will carry the rugged muscular design and now will get contemporary entrance and rear bumpers. The wheel arches have additionally been so designed that prospects can simply match after market wheels, one thing that may be very in style with the Thar. The Thar can also be anticipated to get LED lighting for the first time in its lifetime. Mahindra will proceed to supply the side-opening rear door with a spare tyre mount on the new Thar.

Also Read : Renault HBC sub-compact SUV to launch in second quarter of 2020

These latest spy photographs verify that the Thar seems near prepared for its market launch. While there is no such thing as a affirmation from the firm but, a couple of sellers have revealed that the new Thar might attain dealerships pan India by March 2020.

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from Carpost https://www.carpost.net/production-spec-interiors-of-the-next-gen-mahindra-thar-spied/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=production-spec-interiors-of-the-next-gen-mahindra-thar-spied

[talhaghafoor2019-blog]

The worst programming languages to learn in 2019 - TechRepublic

The best programming languages to learn in 2019: Top coding skills that pay you the most These are the languages that are in the highest demand and offer the highest salaries. While there's no definitive worst or best programming language, if you're looking to learn a language that's in demand and with an active community, some are better than others. Codementor has compiled a list of languages struggling to attract developers or interest from employers. The so-called "Worst Programming Languages to Learn in 2019" list is the latest in the site's annual round-up, with Codementor stressing the list reflects languages that are a poor choice to learn as a first language. These sorts of lists are always controversial, and one thing to bear in mind is you may not agree with the methodology used by Codementor, an online community for mentoring developers. The methodology used is explained at the end of the article. SEE: 10 ways to prevent developer burnout (free PDF) (TechRepublic) While the worst five languages to learn are listed below, there are some other surprising callouts in the list, with some widely used and often praised languages finding their way into the worst 20. Big names that took a dive Despite Kotlin being celebrated for offering Java developers a more modern and enjoyable language to code in, Codementor says it jumped from the 18th to the 11th worst language to learn. While Kotlin is a fully supported language for Android development, Codementor says there was only middling community engagement for the language and so-so job prospects. Combined with a slip in the language's prospect for growth, by Codementor's estimation, this was enough to see the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) targeted language climb the rankings of worst languages. The statistical analysis language R also had a bad year by Codementor's reckoning, with the data science-focused language climbing to 12th on the list. Codementor attributes this poor showing to its lackluster growth last year and falling community engagement. While R also dropped one place in this year's RedMonk Programming Rankings , RedMonk analysts cautioned against reading too much into the slip, saying the language continued to serve a "vibrant base of analytical and data science use cases". Is there a Ruby renaissance? Despite Ruby's fortunes taking a knock of late , the language, once popular among web developers, did enjoy a small turnaround last year, according to Codementor. The language fell three places to the 17th worst programming language to learn, which Codementor attributes to strong community engagement and job demand, enough to offset its poorer showing in Codementor's growth and trends category. The worst programming languages to learn in 2019 according to Codementor 1. Elm What is it? Aimed primarily at web developers, Elm is functional language that compiles to JavaScript, and is designed to make it easier to create web apps. Why Codementor says you shouldn't learn it: Multiple reasons, chiefly they say it has the fourth worst community engagement, falling growth, and although the job prospects for Elm improved slightly, it was still ranked as the fifth worst language in the job-market category. What other language surveys say: Not very much, Elm doesn't figure in this year's round-up of languages by Stack Overflow or RedMonk. 2. CoffeeScript What is it? Again, primarily a web development language, CoffeeScript compiles into JavaScript and is designed to improve on JavaScript's readability. Why Codementor says you shouldn't learn it: Codementor is scathing about CoffeeScript's community engagement, naming it the worst language for engagement last year. It also says the language's already poor growth took a nosedive over the year, arguing "CoffeeScript's heyday is further behind it than that of other languages". While job prospects also worsened, Codementor says there are still jobs seeking CoffeeScript skills. What other language surveys say: Only mentioned in passing in this year's RedMonk Programming Language Rankings, with a note that CoffeeScript is less popular than Rust. It also features in the lower echelons of the Tiobe Index of 100 popular languages. 3. Erlang What is it? Erlang was created by the Swedish telecoms firm Ericsson almost three decades ago to help build telephony applications. Designed to support large-scale routing of telephone calls and handle faults without collapsing, it's suited to building reliable and scalable applications. Why Codementor says you shouldn't learn it: Erlang saw the largest decline in community engagement over the course of the year, with interest in the language also dropping, even relative to others in its functional language niche. Ranked the fourth worst language to learn in terms of job demand, Codementor points out that while there are still more Erlang developers than jobs available, that demand for developers isn't growing as fast as other languages. What other language surveys say: A big caveat to Codementor's judgement is the salary for roles associated with Erlang, with Erlang being the ninth highest-paid language and the 22nd "most loved" language according to this year's Stack Overflow Developer Survey . However, Erlang also experienced a precipitous drop in The Tiobe Index over the course of last year, falling from number 23 to 50. 4. Lua What is it? A lightweight, embeddable scripting language that is commonly used in games and offers decent performance relative to other scripting languages. Why Codementor says you shouldn't learn it: While community engagement for Lua rose last year, it had flat growth and was ranked second worst for job demand, with Codementor saying "there are still more Lua developers than there is demand for them". What other language surveys say: Rated 30th in the Tiobe Index of popular programming languages. 5. Perl What is it? Popular for web server scripting, sysadmin jobs, network programming and automating various tasks, Perl has been used since the late 1980s. Why Codementor says you shouldn't learn it: Worsening community engagement, declining growth, and supply outstripping demand in the job market are the primary reasons given, with Codementor saying "Perl is facing a downward trend in terms of developer interest". What other language surveys say: Perl has long been in the top 20 of the Tiobe Index of popular programming languages, and placed at number 14th in this April's index, while also charting 18th in the RedMonk Programming Language Rankings for this year. The list of worst programming languages to learn is based on Codementor ranking each language in terms of its community engagement : based on activity on GitHub, Twitter, Stack Overflow, Facebook, Freenode, and Reddit, growth : based on Google Trends and Stack Overflow Trends, and job market : with demand based on stackshare.io , techstacks.io , and CodementorX client requests and supply based on Stack Overflow's 2018 Developer Survey and results from CodementorX's proprietary data. Image: Codementor Next Big Thing Newsletter Be in the know about smart cities, AI, Internet of Things, VR, autonomous driving, drones, robotics, and more of the coolest tech innovations. Delivered Wednesdays and Fridays Sign up today Sign up today

This content was originally published here.

[siva3155]

300+ TOP ANDROID Interview Questions and Answers

ANDROID Interview Questions for freshers experienced :-

1. What is Android? Android is a stack of software for mobile devices which includes an Operating System, middleware and some key applications. The application executes within its own process and its own instance of Dalvik Virtual Machine. Many Virtual Machines run efficiently by a DVM device. DVM executes Java language byte code which later transforms into .dex format files. 2. Explain about the exceptions of Android? The following are the exceptions that are supported by Android InflateException : When an error conditions are occurred, this exception is thrown Surface.OutOfResourceException: When a surface is not created or resized, this exception is thrown SurfaceHolder.BadSurfaceTypeException: This exception is thrown from the lockCanvas() method, when invoked on a Surface whose is SURFACE_TYPE_PUSH_BUFFERS WindowManager.BadTokenException: This exception is thrown at the time of trying to add view an invalid WindowManager.LayoutParamstoken. 3. What are the advantages of Android? The following are the advantages of Android: The customer will be benefited from wide range of mobile applications to choose, since the monopoly of wireless carriers like AT&T and Orange will be broken by Google Android. Features like weather details, live RSS feeds, opening screen, icon on the opening screen can be customized Innovative products like the location-aware services, location of a nearby convenience store etc., are some of the additive facilities in Android. Components can be reused and replaced by the application framework. Optimized DVM for mobile devices SQLite enables to store the data in a structured manner. Supports GSM telephone and Bluetooth, WiFi, 3G and EDGE technologies The development is a combination of a device emulator, debugging tools, memory profiling and plug-in for Eclipse IDE. 4. Describe the APK format. The APK file is compressed the AndroidManifest.xml file, application code (.dex files), resource files, and other files. A project is compiled into a single .apk file. 5. What is .apk extension? The extension for an Android package file, which typically contains all of the files related to a single Android application. The file itself is a compressed collection of an AndroidManifest.xml file, application code (.dex files), resource files, and other files. A project is compiled into a single .apk file. 6. What is .dex extension? Android programs are compiled into .dex (Dalvik Executable) files, which are in turn zipped into a single .apk file on the device. .dex files can be created by automatically translating compiled applications written in the Java programming language. 7. Explain the Architecture of Android ? Top -> Applications (Contacts, Browser, Phone, etc) Below Applications -> Application Framework(Activity Manager, Window Manager, Content Providers, View System, Package manager, Telephony manager, Resource, Notification, Location managers) Below Application Framework -> System Libraries(Like Sqlite, webkit, SSL, OpenGL, Media Framework etc) & Android Runtime( Core Libraries and DVM). Atlast Last -> Linux Kernel (which composed of drivers like display, camera etc.) 8. What's the difference between a file, a class and an activity in android? File - It is a block of arbitrary information, or resource for storing information. It can be of any type. Class - Its a compiled form of .Java file . Android finally used this .class files to produce an executable apk Activity - An activity is the equivalent of a Frame/Window in GUI toolkits. It is not a file or a file type it is just a class that can be extended in Android for loading UI elements on view. 9. What are the different tools in Android? Explain them? The Android SDK and Virtual Device Manager: It is used to create and manage Android Virtual Devices (AVD) and SDK packages. The AVD hosts an emulator running a particular build of Android, letting you specify the supported SDK version, screen resolution, amount of SD card storage available, and available hardware capabilities (such as touchscreens and GPS). The Android Emulator: An implementation of the Android virtual machine designed to run within a virtual device on your development computer. Use the emulator to test and debug your Android applications. Dalvik Debug Monitoring Service (DDMS) : Use the DDMS perspective to monitor and control the Dalvik virtual machines on which you're debugging your applications. Android Asset Packaging Tool (AAPT) : Constructs the distributable Android package files (.apk). Android Debug Bridge,(adb) : Android Debug Bridge, is a command-line debugging application shipped with the SDK. It provides tools to browse the device, copy tools on the device, and forward ports for debugging. 10. What is an activity? A single screen in an application, with supporting Java code. An activity presents a visual user interface for one focused endeavor the user can undertake. For example, an activity might present a list of menu items users can choose from or it might display photographs along with their captions.

ANDROID Interview Questions 11. What is a service? A service doesn’t have a visual user interface, but rather runs in the background for an indefinite period of time. For example, a service might play background music as the user attends to other matters, or it might fetch data over the network or calculate something and provide the result to activities that need it.Each service extends the Service base class. 12. How to Remove Desktop icons and Widgets? Press and Hold the icon or widget. The phone will vibrate and on the bottom of the phone you will see anoption to remove. While still holding the icon or widget drag it to the remove button. Once remove turns red drop the item and it is gone 13. Describe a real time scenario where android can be used? Imagine a situation that you are in a country where no one understands the language you speak and you can not read or write. However, you have mobile phone with you. 14. How to select more than one option from list in android xml file? Give an example. Specify android id, layout height and width as depicted in the following example. 15. What languages does Android support for application development? Android applications are written using the Java programming language. 16. Describe Android Application Architecture? Android Application Architecture has the following components: Services – like N Intent – To perform inter-communication network Operation between activities or services Resource Externalization – such as strings and graphics Notification signaling users – light, sound, icon, notification, dialog etc 17. What is the Android Open Source Project? We use the phrase “Android Open Source Project” or “AOSP” to refer to the people, the processes, and the source code that make up Android. 18. Why did we open the Android source code? Google started the Android project in response to our own experiences launching mobile apps. We wanted to make sure that there would always be an open platform available for carriers, OEMs, and developers to use to make their innovative ideas a reality. We also wanted to make sure that there was no central point of failure, so that no single industry player could restrict or control the innovations of any other. The single most important goal of the Android Open-Source Project (AOSP) is to make sure that the open-source Android software is implemented as widely and compatibly as possible, to everyone’s benefit. 19. What is the Guardian app for Android? The Guardian app for Android delivers all the best content from guardian.co.uk to your phone or tablet. Read the latest news, sport, comment and reviews, watch video, listen to brodcasts and browse stunning picture galleries while on the move. 20. What features does it have? Navigate by section, topic or contributor: Download your homepage and favourites for offline reading with the touch of a button, or schedule a daily download for a time that suits you Browse our award-winning audio and video content Save contributors, topics and sections to your favourites folder Add favourites to your homescreen with an expanded view or link Swipe through stunning full-screen picture galleries Share articles and galleries via the Android share function View content in portrait or landscape orientation 21. Will it work on my phone? The app will work on all phones and tablets running Android version 1.6 and above. 22. How much does it cost? The app is free and ad-supported. 23. How do I save the app to my SD card? From the device's Settings menu, go to Applications > Manage applications > The Guardian. Under the data header, choose "Move to SD card". 24. How do I add sections to my favourites? It is possible to add sections, topics and contributors to your favourites. You can add to favourites by tapping the star icon in the top right hand corner of the relevant screens, or on the right hand side of the headers in the all sections menu. 25. How do I remove sections from my favourites? From the favourites menu, tap the red icons to the left hand side of the items. Alternatively, tap the star icon in the top right hand corner of the relevant screen so that it returns to its white state. 26. What is Mono for Android? Mono for Android is a software development kit that allows developers to use the C# language to create mobile applications for Android-based devices.Mono for Android exposes two sets of APIs, the core .NET APIs that C# developers are familiar with as well as a C# binding to Android's native APIs exposed through the Mono.Android.* namespace.You can use Mono for Android to develop applications that are distributed through the Android Application Stores or to deploy software to your personal hardware or the Android simulator. 27. What is included in Mono for Android? Mono for Android consists of the core Mono runtime, the Mono for Android bindings to the native Android APIs, a Visual Studio 2010 plugin to develop Android applications and an SDK that contains the tools to build, debug and deploy your applicationsOur Visual Studio 2010 plugin allows developers to use Visual Studio 2010 to develop, debug and deploy their applications to an Android simulator, an Android device, or the Android Application Store. Our MonoDevelop IDE also ships an addin to support Mono for Android development. 28. What do I need to develop Mono for Android applications? Mono for Android on Windows provides a plugin for Visual Studio 2010 Professional or better. We also support Mono for Android development using MonoDevelop on Windows for users that do not own a copy of Visual Studio 2010 Professional or better.Mono for Android on Mac developers can use MonoDevelop.On all platforms, Mono for Android requires the Android SDK (which requires Java JDK). 29. Will my users need to install Mono? No, When you deploy your application to the app store the Mono mobile runtime is statically linked to your application. No additional dependancies are needed. From the users point of view, there is no difference between an application created in Java and an application created using Mono for Android, other than a slightly larger (~4.4MB) application size. 30. Where is the UI Designer? Mono for Android does not bundle a UI designer to create the UI XML files We do not provide an integrated UI designer in Mono for Android 1.0. No decisions past that have been made. We will be listening to user feedback to decide where to put resources for the future versions. 31. How is Mono for Android licensed? Mono for Android is a commercial/proprietary offering that is built on top of the open source Mono project and is licensed on a per-developer basis. 32. What is the API profile exposed by Mono for Android? Mono for Android uses the same API profile for the core libraries as MonoTouch.Specifically, MonoTouch and Mono for Android both support a Silverlight-based API, without Silverlight's UI libraries (e.g. no XML, no WindowsBase.dll, etc.), and free of the sandboxing limitations of Silverlight. 33. Are the Android releases available in a ROM? No, Android is not yet available in a ROM format.Currently Android is installed by using a clean SD Card, and booted from there.It is booted by running a special application called 'Haret.exe' residing on your SD Card which will terminate the Windows kernel and boot into Linux/Android.It can't easily be run from ROM because a) it's too experimental to risk putting in ROM and then killing a device and b) WinMo does some hardware initialization that isn't documented, but is needed before Android can run. 34. When will it be available in a ROM? No time soon. Folks are working on it, but you'll need a lot of patience before it (if ever) arrives 35. How do I turn off, or reboot Android? In earlier releases, you had to pull the battery or press the reset button, in newer releases, you can hold down the 'end call' button and see a menu. 36. Should we jump in to Android? What’s the guarantee that’s what I will see on a phone? Will service providers turn off things? Keep in mind it hasn’t shipped yet, this is the most interesting time. Once it is open source, it could be locked down… they could create a derivative work. We’re going to provide a piece of technology that tests the APIs. No time frame yet. The script will exercise the system. It’s a compatibility test suite, to make sure nothing got disabled or broken by accident, and also ensure that apps will work across OEMs. 37. What if my app uses location API, and service provider shuts that off, can they? They can do that… it’s not a perfect world. Rather than having us dictate what carriers and OEMs support, we let developers develop killer apps that will require it. We want to ensure all the application development that goes on for Android… we want to give OEMs an incentive to keep things open. It’s a positive, self fulfilling vision. 38.If I’m a game developer and I’m building piece of content and I want to sell it, how do I do that and realize revenue? Content distribution — we’ve thought of that. It’d be great if there were a place where people could go to safely download and pay for content. 39. We use SMS interception for system signalling. Is there a mechanism for an app to respond and stop the signaling chain? Is there security around that so that one vendor can’t hijack a message and respond to it? There’s a mechanism where an application can register to receive a message with a certain signature and prevent others from getting it. We have a system of permissions apps are able to declare, enforce, and require to perform certain operations. Things like dial the phone, get to contacts, etc.. But these aren’t things that are baked in the core of the system. An arbitrary app could declare custom permissions. As far as restricting another app, the model we’ve been going by… the phone is not controlled by the application vendor, it’s controlled by the user. Whether or not the permissions are granted is up to the user that owns the phone. If you created a protocol that intercepts an SMS and another party wrote an app that intercepts the same SMS and the user wants to use that, the user could be free to stick that in. 40. Can the user set a priority? Don’t know, post your question to the developer’s community board. 41. In a previous release, XMPP was turned into GTalk. Will a future version have XMPP? Goal is to have XMPP support after 1.0. 42. What’s so special about Android? Unlike the proprietary iPhone operating system (now known as "iOS,"), which is under the complete control of Apple — and the same goes for Research in Motion’s BlackBerry OS or Microsoft’s Windows Phone platform — Google released Android as an open-source OS under the auspices of the Open Handset Alliance, leaving phone manufacturers (relatively) free to tweak Android as they see fit for a given handset. That’s one thing that’s special about Android. Another thing is that it just happens to be a really good OS, the first one in the post-iPhone wireless era to really give Apple a run for its money. Android may not be as sleek or polished as iOS (that’s my humble opinion, at least), but it’s fast and powerful, with an intuitive user interface that’s packed with options and flexibility. It’s also being constantly improved courtesy of the big brains at Google, making the Android experience sleeker by the day. 43. Are Android phones called "Droids"? Not necessarily. "Droid" is a brand name used by Verizon Wireless for its Android-based phones — the Droid X, the Droid Eris, the Droid Incredible and so on. The HTC Evo 4G on Sprint is not a "Droid," per se, but it’s still an Android smartphone. 44. Why would I (potentially) choose an Android phone over an iPhone? Well, for a variety of reasons — although I should point out that I’m actually a fan of both operating systems. (Sorry to disappoint the smartphone flame warriors out there.) One reason to go the Google way is that Android phones boast tight integration with Google services like Gmail, Google Calendar, Google Contacts and Google Voice — perfect for anyone who uses Google for all their e-mails, contacts and events. Indeed, one of the coolest things about Android phones is that the first time you fire one up, you enter your Google user name and password, and voila: All your Google messages, contacts and other info start syncing into your new handset automatically, no desktop syncing needed. Android is also far more open when it comes to applications. Whereas Apple takes a "walled garden" approach to its App Store, Google won’t restrict you from installing apps that aren’t featured in its official Android Marketplace. iPhone users, on the other hand, must "jailbreak" their phones if they want to install apps that weren’t approved by Apple for inclusion in the App Store. Last but not least, because Android is open to all manufacturers, a wide variety of Android phones are available to choose from — big and small, souped-up and pared-down, some with slide-out keyboards (good luck convincing Steve Jobs to put a slide-out QWERTY on the iPhone) and some that are all-touchscreen, all the time. Indeed, in the past few months, a new Android phone has debuted practically every week, while we only get a single new iPhone each year. 45. What are the downsides of Android? Well, if you ask me, the Android OS isn’t quite as forgiving to wireless beginners as the iPhone is. Setting up your e-mail, contacts and calendar on Android is a breeze (if you’re all about Gmail, that is), but when it comes to, say, your music and videos, you’re on your own with Android, which lacks an official media syncing client for the desktop. With the iPhone, you do all your syncing on easy-to-use iTunes, which also lets you manage your e-mail accounts, contacts, apps and photos. Then again, you can only use iTunes for syncing the iPhone, while Android users have a variety of third-party options. That’s just one example, but in general, Android gives you more options and choices about how you manage your phone and your mobile content — great for experienced and advanced users, but potentially intimating for new mobiles. On the other hand, while beginners might appreciate the (usually) smooth, user-friendly experience that Apple has devised for the iPhone, advanced users may (and often do) get frustrated by Apple’s tight control over what they can and can't do on the iPhone. It’s a trade-off, plain and simple, and your choice of platform depends on what’s right for you. 46. What’s up with all these different versions of Android, like "Donut," "Cupcake" and "Froyo"? Just as Apple does with iOS, Google continually updates Android with cool new features, leading to one "point" upgrade after another. The most recent version of Android is 2.2, code-named "Froyo" (for frozen yogurt, yum), adds features such as native USB tethering (for sharing your Android phone’s data connection with a laptop via a USB cable), mobile hotspot functionality (which turns your phone into a portable Wi-Fi hotspot that works with nearby Wi-Fi devices) and — perhaps most important — support for Flash, meaning that Flash-powered videos and modules that (notoriously) don’t work on the iPhone will work on the Android Web browser. Before 2.2 Froyo, we had version 2.1, which added "live" animated wallpaper, new home screen icons and widgets (tiny apps for the home screen), speech-to-text functionality (for e-mail and text messages, for example), full-on multitouch (for pinch-to-zoom gestures), and an updated photo gallery that hooks into your Picasa Web albums. Android 1.6 "Donut" (someone at Google must have a sweet tooth) added various speed improvements, support for more screen resolutions, and faster camera and camcorder applications. The first major update to Android was 1.5 "Cupcake," which (among other goodies) finally added a native video recorder. 47. So if the current version of Android is 2.2, why are people still complaining about Android phones stuck with version 2.1, or even 1.6? Ah, well, here’s where we find one of the downsides of Google allowing so much diversity in terms of available Android handsets. Don’t get me wrong: Variety is a beautiful thing, especially when it comes to phones. But it also means that each new version of Android must be certified to work on a specific handset — a long and sometimes drawn-out process that can leave users of a particular Android smartphone waiting weeks or even months to get the latest and greatest features. Indeed, manufactures and carriers may decide that it’s not worth the effort to upgrade their older phones to the latest Android version, leaving users high and dry. On the other hand, only a handful of iPhones exist, which makes it far easier for Apple to roll out a new version of iOS to everyone, all at once — or at least it used to be easy. Because of the hardware demands of iOS 4, we’ve already seen the original iPhone from 2007 get left behind, while users of the second-generation iPhone 3G have complained bitterly that the new iOS has slowed their handsets to a crawl. So it goes. 48. How many apps are available for Android? About 70,000 or so, growing by the day — still just a fraction of the 225,000-plus apps in the Apple App Store, but the official Android Marketplace has quite the head of steam, not to mention plenty of goodwill from the developer community given that Google doesn’t give apps the star-chamber treatment. 49. So, how should I go about picking an Android phone? No question about it: The breadth and variety of Android phones now on the market can be downright bewildering. The easiest way to narrow your choices is pretty obvious: What features and form-factors are you looking for? Do you want a phone with a real QWERTY keypad, or would you prefer one with only an on-screen keypad? Looking for a big screen (like the 4.3-inchers on the Evo 4G or the Droid X) or something that’s an easier fit in your pocket (like, say, the Droid Incredible)? Will you primarily be sending e-mail and text messages (in which case a smaller screen with a QWERTY would work), or are you interested in watching movies and other videos (big display)? Finally, who’s your carrier — or who would you like to be your carrier? Note, it’s not rocket science. Once you’ve zeroed in on a phone, find out which version of Android it’s running on. Is it the latest and greatest? (For now, only the Motorola Droid 2 is shipping with Android 2.2, although a 2.2 update for the HTC Evo 4G has finally arrived.) If not, ask when — and whether — an update is on the way. 50. What are the hottest new Android phones out right now? Well, earlier this summer we got the HTC Evo 4G, which supports Sprint’s budding, next-generation WiMax data network and boasts a 4.3-inch display — the same size as the screen on the Motorola Droid X, another eye-popper of a phone, except it’s on Verizon instead of Sprint. Samsung is in the midst of releasing a series of what it calls its Galaxy S-class Android phones: They’re thin and light, they all have high-contrast 4-inch "Super AMOLED" screens, and they’re available (or will be soon) on all four of the big U.S. carriers. If you’re looking for an Android phone with a slide-out QWERTY, consider the new Motorola Droid 2 on Verizon or the upcoming Samsung Epic 4G for Sprint. 51. How will you record a phone call in Android? How to get a handle on Audio Stream for a call in Android? Permissions.PROCESS_OUTGOING_CALLS: Allows an application to monitor, modify, or abort outgoing calls. 52. Why cannot you run standard Java bytecode on Android? Android uses Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM) which requires a special bytecode. We need to convert Java class files into Dalvik Executable files using an Android tool called "dx". In normal circumstances, developers will not be using this tool directly and build tools will care for the generation of DVM compatible files. 53. Can you deploy executable JARs on Android? Which packaging is supported by Android? No. Android platform does not support JAR deployments. Applications are packed into Android Package (.apk) using Android Asset Packaging Tool (aapt) and then deployed on to Android platform. Google provides Android Development Tools for Eclipse that can be used to generate Android Package. 54. Android application can only be programmed in Java? False. You can program Android apps in C/C++ using NDK . 55. What is an action? The Intent Sender desires something or doing some task 56. What are Dalvik Executable files? Dalvik Executable files have .dex extension and are zipped into a single .apk file on the device. 57. How does Android system track the applications? Android system assigns each application a unique ID that is called Linux user ID. This ID is used to track each application. 58. When does Android start and end an application process? Android starts an application process when application's component needs to be executed. It then closes the process when it's no longer needed (garbage collection). 59. How can two Android applications share same Linux user ID and share same VM? The applications must sign with the same certificate in order to share same Linux user ID and share same VM. 60. Can I use the GoToMeeting app for Android on my Android device? Yes. If you’re running Android 2.2 or higher, you can install the GoToMeeting app from the Android Market to join meetings and webinars as an attendee. We recommend using devices with a 1Ghz processor or higher for optimal performance. 61. How can I download the GoToMeeting app? You can download the GoToMeetng app from the Android Market by signing in to your Google account linked with your Android device and searching for the GoToMeeting app to install it. If you don’t see an Install button, you may not be running Android 2.2 or higher – the minimum system requirement needed to install the GoToMeeting app. You can also download the GoToMeeting app from the Amazon Appstore (only available in the U.S.), which lets you instantly download the GoToMeeting app to an Android device. If you have the GoToMeeting app pre-loaded onto your device, you’ll need to first upgrade to the latest version of GoToMeeting. To upgrade, select the GoToMeeting daisy icon and then select the Upgrade button to install the most recent version of the app. 62.If I have a Motorola Android-based device that doesn’t have the Android Market app, can I still download the GoToMeeting app? Yes. Attendees using Motorola Android-based devices in China can now download the GoToMeeting app from SHOP4APPS™ – Motorola’s preinstalled Android application storefront. The GoToMeeting app is not yet localized in Chinese, but it is available in English, German, French, Spanish and Italian. 63.What made you jump into Android all of a sudden? Why not iOS or other mobile platforms? Maxim Petrov: I've never intended to do any mobile startup, but I got an Android phone first (Nexus One), not iPhone, so I started to look into this platform first. The lack of Google's own music app was obvious. I think if it was iPhone, not Nexus One, I could go developing for iOS instead. Though, you know, there are a lot more really good apps that already exist for iOS (and existed a year ago), all niches are filled, Apple is pretty restrictive (I don't think PowerAMP iPhone version would have ever been accepted in the Appstore). You can jump into Android quickly - just download the SDK, install adb driver, and you can develop - for your phone, for your friends (first beta testers), it's much easier to start on Android, but I can only compare to what I've read about iOS development as I haven't developed anything for iPhone. 64. What were your initial impressions of Android development? Maxim Petrov: Android developing (and actually, any software developing) is not about knowing the language - languages are just tools, so adding a tool to a toolbox is usually not a problem (I moved to Android/Java/C dev right from Ruby - and these are completely different languages). Given experience with any other languages, you can move to Android pretty quickly, at least start prototyping something, though, you need to fight the initial quirks (like SDK installation, lack of good documentation, android SDK/Eclipse and framework bugs, and the Android core devs' "you can't do that, please don't do that").Android development infrastructure is very immature, while Android end user can never notice the immaturity of the platform (as actually, it's not so immature on end user side), the development side of things is really lacking in many areas. For example, documentation is lacking, often conflicts with real state of things and it's just not enough. Though, this is balanced by the fact that Android is open source - you can just go check the source, and the source is the best documentation, but you need to get used (I am) to this approach. For example, Honeycomb sources are not published yet, and this immediately raised questions, like how do they activate that menu button in bottom status bar. 65. Does Android support Adobe Flash in the browser? Flash support varies by device with Android 2.1. The Samsung Acclaim does not have Flash support upon launch, but the HTC Desire will support Flash Lite 4.0 running Android 2.1. Flash 10.1 support is coming to Android-powered phones with Android 2.2. 66.Does Android support push email or is it pull? Android 2.1 supports push e-mail for Exchange mail and Gmail. 67. Will these phones have world phone capabilities, with the ability to make calls, receive data in other countries? Or will they be able to use Google Voice to make calls? Our Android-powered phones have Wi-Fi which can be used abroad for data, including Google Voice for making international calls. International Roaming for voice is available in several countries. 68. Will the App run on my Android phone? Yes, our App is fully compatible with any Android phone running Android software v2.1 or later. 69. How do I install your App? You can install our App from the Android Market by following the below steps: Open the Android Market application in the Applications menu. Hit the search icon and type in E.ON To install it, hit the ‘Free’ button on the left hand side In the next screen, it will give you more details about the application including the different functionalities it will need to access. Just click on OK to finish installing the application. 70. How do I find and download updates to the E.ON Android application? Any updates to our App will appear on your notification menu at the top of your screen. Just tap on the E.ON App icon and you'll be taken into the Android Market and be presented with the E.ON App download page. 71. What do I do if I have problems downloading your App? If you receive a "Download unsuccessful" message when trying to download our App you can try the following steps: Restart your phone and then try downloading the app again. Make sure that you’re connected to your network – if you’re not you’ll need to contact your mobile service provider Wait up to 10 minutes and try to download our App again. If you get stuck at "Starting download" then: Make sure that you’re connected to your network – if you’re not you’ll need to contact your mobile service provider If your request to download our App doesn’t start at all then try the below: Check your connectivity as stated above Make sure that your phone has enough available space to install our App. If you need to, try uninstalling some apps that you don’t use anymore or moving them to your SD card. Request the download again using Android Market from your device. 72. What is Intent? A class (Intent) which describes what a caller desires to do. The caller will send this intent to Android's intent resolver, which finds the most suitable activity for the intent. E.g. opening a PDF document is an intent, and the Adobe Reader apps will be the perfect activity for that intent (class). 73. What is a Sticky Intent? Sticky Intent is also a type of Intent which allows a communication between a function and a service sendStickyBroadcast() performs a sendBroadcast(Intent) known as sticky, i.e. the Intent you are sending stays around after the broadcast is complete, so that others can quickly retrieve that data through the return value of registerReceiver(BroadcastReceiver, IntentFilter). In all other ways, this behaves the same as sendBroadcast(Intent). One example of a sticky broadcast sent via the operating system is ACTION_BATTERY_CHANGED. When you call registerReceiver() for that action -- even with a null BroadcastReceiver -- you get the Intent that was last broadcast for that action. Hence, you can use this to find the state of the battery without necessarily registering for all future state changes in the battery. 74. How the nine-patch Image different from a regular bitmap? Alternatively, what is the difference between nine-patch Image vs regular Bitmap Image? It is one of a resizable bitmap resource which is being used as backgrounds or other images on the device. The NinePatch class allows drawing a bitmap in nine sections. The four corners are unscaled; the middle of the image is scaled in both axes, the four edges are scaled into one axis. 75. What is a resource? user defined JSON, XML, bitmap, or other file, injected into the application build process, which can later be loaded from code. 76.How will you record a phone call in Android? or How to handle an Audio Stream for a call in Android? Permission.PROCESS_OUTGOING_CALLS: Will Allow an application to monitor, modify, or abort outgoing calls. So using that permission we can monitor the Phone calls. 77.Does Android support the Bluetooth serial port profile? Yes. 78. Can an application be started on powerup? Yes. 79. How to Translate in Android? The Google translator translates the data of one language into another language by using XMPP to transmit dat You can type the message in English and select the language which is understood by the citizens of the country in order to reach the message to the citizens. 80. Describe Briefly the Android Application Architecture? Android Application Architecture has the following components: Services like Network Operation Intent - To perform inter-communication between activities or servicesResource Externalization - such as strings and graphics Notification signaling users - light, sound, icon, notification, dialog etc. Content Providers - They share data between applications 81. What is needed to make a multiple choice list with a custom view for each row? Multiple choice list can be viewed by making the CheckBox android:id value be “@android:id /text1". That is the ID used by Android for the CheckedTextView in simple_list_item_multiple_choice. 82. What dialog boxes are supported in Android ? Android supports 4 dialog boxes: AlertDialog: An alert dialog box supports 0 to 3 buttons and a list of selectable elements, including check boxes and radio buttons. Among the other dialog boxes, the most suggested dialog box is the alert dialog box. ProgressDialog: This dialog box displays a progress wheel or a progress bar. It is an extension of AlertDialog and supports adding buttons. DatePickerDialog: This dialog box is used for selecting a date by the user. TimePickerDialog: This dialog box is used for selecting time by the user. ANDROID Questions and Answers Pdf Download Read the full article

[siliconsignalsblog]

AOSP Architecture Explained: A Practical Guide for Android Developers 

In this blog, we delve into the architecture of the Android Open Source Project (AOSP), breaking down each layer of the software stack. From the Linux Kernel to Applications, we explore the functionalities and responsibilities of each component. Whether you're customizing ROMs or developing hardware-specific solutions, understanding the AOSP architecture is crucial. 

The Android Open Source Project (AOSP) serves as the foundation for the Android operating system, offering a comprehensive software stack that enables developers to create a consistent user experience across various devices. Understanding the AOSP architecture is essential for developers aiming to build custom Android builds or integrate deeply with system components. 

Overview of the AOSP Software Stack 

The AOSP software stack is organized into several layers, each responsible for specific functionalities: 

Linux Kernel: At the base, the Linux Kernel manages core system services such as process management, memory management, and hardware drivers. It acts as an abstraction layer between the hardware and the rest of the software stack. 

Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL): HAL provides standard interfaces that expose device hardware capabilities to the higher-level Java API framework. This allows Android to be agnostic about lower-level driver implementations. 

System Services and Daemons: These are background processes that provide core system functionalities like power management, telephony, and media playback. They facilitate communication between the HAL and the Android Runtime. 

Android Runtime (ART): ART is the managed runtime used by applications and some system services. It includes a set of core libraries and handles tasks like memory management, garbage collection, and bytecode execution. 

System APIs: These APIs provide the necessary interfaces for applications to interact with the underlying hardware and system services, enabling functionalities like location services, telephony, and sensor management. 

Android Framework: The framework offers a rich set of APIs that developers use to build applications. It includes components like Activity Manager, Window Manager, and Content Providers, which manage the user interface and application resources. 

Applications: At the top layer, applications include both native apps provided by the device manufacturer and third-party apps installed by users. These apps interact with the Android Framework to perform their functions. 

Importance for Developers 

Understanding the AOSP architecture is vital for several reasons: 

Customization: For developers building custom ROMs or tailoring Android for specific hardware, knowledge of each layer allows for effective customization and optimization. 

Performance Optimization: Identifying and addressing performance bottlenecks requires a deep understanding of how different layers interact and where potential issues may arise. 

Scalability: Proper utilization of the Android Framework and System APIs ensures that applications are scalable and maintain compatibility across various devices and Android versions. 

Security: Awareness of the interactions between privileged and system-level components is crucial for developing secure applications and protecting user data. 

Conclusion 

The AOSP software stack is a meticulously designed architecture that harmonizes hardware and software components to deliver a seamless user experience. For developers, mastering this architecture is key to unlocking the full potential of Android, whether it's for application development, system customization, or hardware integration. 

If you're looking to leverage AOSP for your projects, consider partnering with industry leaders like Silicon Signals. Recognized among the top 10 BSP and AOSP service companies, Silicon Signals offers expert services in Android BSP development, custom Android solutions, and more. Their team excels in delivering tailored solutions that meet the evolving demands of the industry. Silicon Signals 

Ready to bring your Android project to life? Reach out to Silicon Signals at info@siliconsignals.io for a free consultation. 

[todaybharatnews]

via Today Bharat The highlight of the cabin has to be the 10.4-inch vertically stacked touchscreen infotainment system. nbsp; MG Motornbsp;has taken the wraps off thenbsp;Hector, its first product for India. The mid-size SUV will go on sale early June 2019 but certain details have now been revealed while some others have leaked on the Internet. While many of you would have already seen what the Hector looks like from the leaked images, here are the first detailed pictures of the SUVrsquo;s interior. Inside the cabin, the Hector get an all-black treatment complementing its sporty design. While the upper part of the dashboard looks plastic-y, it features leatherette in the centre. Complementing the all black cabin are these silver colour inserts which are present around the AC vents and on the doors. The Hector gets a leather-wrapped, flat bottom, multi-function steering. On the left spoke it has buttons for cruise control and the 7-inch MID, while the right spoke houses controls for the infotainment and Bluetooth telephony. The 10.4-inch portrait-oriented touchscreen infotainment system has to be the highlight of the Hectorrsquo;s cabin. It not only offers features like Apple CarPlay and Android Auto but also gets AI-powered voice command support, display for 360-degree camera and tyre pressure monitoring system. MG will also offer the iSMART application that allows the user to control the AC, door lock/unlock, tailgate and even open and close the sunroof through a mobile phone. More about the infotainment system here. The 10-4-inch infotainment system on the Hector is coupled to an Infinity sound system which comprises of 4 speakers, 4 tweeters, a subwoofer and an amplifier. The Harrier, on the other hand, gets a music system tuned by JBL, although with a similar setup. nbsp; The variant visible in the picture is the one with a manual transmission. The Hector is offered with a 6-speed manual transmission with both petrol (1.5-litre turbocharged) and diesel (2.0-litre) engine options. MG will also offer a dual-clutch automatic transmission with the Hector but it will be limited to the petrol engine only. The Hector comes with an analogue instrument cluster with a conventional layout. It features a 7-inch MID screen flanked by the speedometer on the left side and a tachometer on the right. The Hector is equipped with powered front seats. However, where the driverrsquo;s seat is 6-way adjustable, the co-passenger seat can be adjusted in four ways only. The Hector is equipped with various segment first features, which includes reclining rear seats. The Hector is equipped with a large panoramic sunroof like some of its rivals including the Jeep Compass and the Hyundai Tucson. The Hector comes with floor mounted rear AC vents.Below the AC vents is a 2A mobile charging socket along with a space to keep the mobile phone. The Hector also features a flat floor for the second row of passengers, which is a segment-first feature. This should make the Hectorrsquo;s rear seat a more comfortable place for three occupants. The Hector gets a massive boot space of 587 litres, which is 162 litres more than the Harrierrsquo;s. Disclaimer:nbsp;This article has not been edited by Deccan Chronicle and is taken from a syndicated feed. Photos: CarDekho.

[differentpeacedaze-blog1]

Android Apps Training institute in vasundhara

Android is a software stack for mobile devices that includes the operating system, middleware and key applications. Android SDK provides the tools and APIs needed to start developing applications on the Android platform using the Java programming language.

Android products are used by over 12 million people in more than 120 countries. The training ensures IT professionals, business users and decision makers have the knowledge they need to drive an easy and enterprise effectively. Established in 1999, Webtrackker India is the Android Apps Authorized Training Center in vasundhara

FEATURES

An application framework that allows you to reuse and replace components

Virtual machine Dalvik, optimized for mobile devices

Built-in browser based on the open source WebKit mechanism

Optimized graphics, based on the user's 2D graphics library; 3D-graphics based on the OpenGL ES 1.0 specification (additional hardware acceleration)

SQLite for storing structured data

Multimedia support for common audio, video and still image formats (MPEG4, H.264, MP3, AAC, AMR, JPG, PNG, and GIF)

GSM-telephony (depends on equipment)

Bluetooth, EDGE, 3G and Wi-Fi (depending on the equipment)

Camera, GPS, compass and accelerometer (depends on equipment)

A rich development environment, including device emulator, tools for debugging, memory and performance profiling, as well as a plug-in for the Eclipse IDE

Android architecture

Following the diagram shows the main components of the Android operating system.

Applications

Android will ship with a set of core applications, including mail client, SMS program, calendar, maps, browser, contacts and others. All applications are written using the Java programming language.

Application framework

The Android application providing an open development platform, Android offers developers the ability to create extremely rich and innovative applications. Developers can freely use the device's hardware, access location information, run background services, set alarms, add notifications to the status bar, and much, much more.

Developers have full access to the same APIs that are used by the main applications. The application architecture is designed to simplify the reuse of components; any application can publish its capabilities, and any other application can then use these features (given the security constraints provided by the framework). The same mechanism allows you to replace components with the user.

At the heart of all applications is a set of services and systems, including:

A rich and extensible set of views that you can use to create an application, including lists, grids, text boxes, buttons, and even an embedded web browser

Content providers that enable applications to access data from other applications (for example, "Contacts") or provide their own data

A resource manager that provides access to resources without code, such as localized strings, graphics, and layout files

Notification Manager, which allows all applications to display custom alerts in the status bar

The Operations Manager, which manages the application lifecycle and provides a common navigation stack

Libraries

Android includes a set of C / C ++ libraries used by various components of the Android system. These features are available to developers through the Android application platform. The following are some of the major libraries:

The System C library is a BSD -standard C system library (libc) that is configured for embedded Linux-based devices

Media libraries - based on Open CORE Packet Video; libraries support the playback and recording of many popular audio and video formats, as well as static image files, including MPEG4, H.264, MP3, AAC, AMR, JPG and PNG

Surface Manager – in surface manager controls access to the display subsystem and seamlessly composes 2D and 3D graphics layers from multiple applications

LibWebCore - is a modern web browser engine that supports the Android browser and embedded web browsing

SGL - basic 2D-graphics engine

The 3D libraries –in the way implementation based on the OpenGL ES 1.0 API; libraries use either hardware 3D acceleration (if available) or an included, highly optimized 3D software rasterizer

Free Type - raster images and vector fonts rendering

SQLite -is a powerful and lightweight relational database engine that is available for all applications

Android Runtime

Android includes a set of basic libraries that provide most of the functions available in the core libraries of the Java programming language.

Every application for Android runs in its own process with its own instance of the Dalvik virtual machine. Dalvik was written so that the device can effectively run several virtual machines. Dalvik VM executes files in the format Dalvik Executable (.dex), which is optimized for the minimum amount of memory. The VM is register-based and runs classes compiled by the Java compiler, which have been converted to .dex format with the included "dx" tool.

The Linux kernel

Android uses Linux version 2.6 for basic system services, such as security, memory management, process management, and network stack and driver model. The kernel also acts as an abstraction layer between the hardware and the rest of the software stack.

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[savetopnow]

2018-04-02 18 LINUX now

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Launching 70+ New Courses/ Challenges/Learning Activities in April!

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Linux Academy Weekly Roundup 111

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Gnome 3.28 Released

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This Week in Open Source News: The Open Networking Summit Edition

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Working with Calendars on Linux

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i3wm or DWM?

Linux 4.16 released.

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LKML: David Howells: [PATCH 00/45] C++: Convert the kernel to C++

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Tecmint

System Tar and Restore – A Versatile System Backup Script for Linux

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[savetopnow]

2018-04-02 15 LINUX now

LINUX

Linux Academy Blog

Feature Release Notes: April 2018

Linux Academy and Cloud Assessments – Microsoft Azure Plans for 2018

Launching 70+ New Courses/ Challenges/Learning Activities in April!

DynamoDB Atomic Counters

Linux Academy Weekly Roundup 111

Linux Insider

New Firefox Extension Builds a Wall Around Facebook

Neptune 5: A Practically Perfect Plasma-Based Distro

LG Offers Open Source webOS to Spur Development in South Korea

Google Opens Maps APIs and World Becomes Dev Playground

New Raspberry Pi Packs More Power

Linux Journal

Weekend Reading: Raspberry Pi Projects

Best Content Management System

Happy 20th Anniversary to Mozilla, New pfSense Version, Android HiddenMiner Malware and More

FOSS Project Spotlight: CloudMapper, an AWS Visualization Tool

Qubes Version 4.0 Released, Purism Laptops Shipping Quickly, New Rust Version 1.25.0 and More

Linux Magazine

Gnome 3.28 Released

Install Firefox in a Snap on Linux

OpenStack Queens Released

Kali Linux Comes to Windows

Ubuntu to Start Collecting Some Data with Ubuntu 18.04

Linux Today

Mozilla Thunderbird 60 to Bring Calendar Improvements, MBOX/Maildir Conversions

List All Installed Packages with yum on CentOS 7

Become an Arch Power User with Pacli and PacUI

Mesa 18 Linux Graphics Stack Supports Cannon Lake CPUs on Vulkan, OpenGL Drivers

How to install Tomcat 8.5 on CentOS 7

Linux.com

This Week in Open Source News: The Open Networking Summit Edition

IPFire: A User-Friendly Linux Firewall Distribution

Here’s Why You Should Secure Your Etcd Deployment

Floppy Disk History: The Evolution of Personal Computing

Working with Calendars on Linux

Reddit Linux

i3wm or DWM?

Linux 4.16 released.

After lots of hard work, Thunderbird is now available as a flatpak on flathub!

LKML: David Howells: [PATCH 00/45] C++: Convert the kernel to C++

What distros are usually used for specific things? (ex. Kali for pen testing)

Riba Linux

SimbiOS 18.0 (Ocean) - Cinnamon | Meet SimbiOS.

How to install Archman Xfce 18.03

Archman Xfce 18.03 overview

How to Install HardenedBSD 11 Stable v1100055 plus Gnome desktop and basic applications

How to install Zorin OS 12.3

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Chinese Space Station Burns Up On Re-entry in South Pacific

Duolingo To Silicon Valley Workers: Move To Pittsburgh, Where You Can Actually Afford a Home

Software Bug Behind Biggest Telephony Outage In US History

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Softpedia

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System Tar and Restore – A Versatile System Backup Script for Linux

Newsroom – A Modern CLI to Get Your Favorite News in Linux

Cricket-CLI – Watch Live Cricket Scores in Linux Terminal

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Linux/Unix desktop fun: sl – a mirror version of ls

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Debian Linux 9.4 released and here is how to upgrade it

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