#CDC Prediabetes

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Predicting prediabetes in young people is possible: researchers

Diabetes is one of the most serious and common diseases in the world, according to the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), the most common is type 2 diabetes, generally in adults, which occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or does not produce enough insulin.

A scientific team at the University of Southern California (USC) has identified two metabolites – substances produced in the body during metabolism – that can help predict which young Latinos are more likely to develop prediabetes, a precursor condition to type 2 diabetes.

The study published this Thursday in the journal ‘Diabetes Care’ was funded by the National Institutes of Health and is the first large-scale investigation that looked at metabolites as possible predictors of prediabetes or type 2 diabetes in young people.

“Preventing the development of prediabetes in these children is crucial, and it is difficult for doctors to identify which young people are at high risk of developing diabetes,” said Jesse Goodrich, a professor at the Keck School of Medicine of USC and senior author of the study. study.

The article notes that prediabetes among children and youth is an emerging epidemic in the United States that disproportionately affects Hispanic minors, and Goodrich noted that prediabetes and type 2 diabetes are much more serious and progress more quickly when they develop in childhood.

More than 22% of youth and more than 28.7% of young adults have prediabetes compared to 15.8% of white youth and 21% of white young adults.

The researchers used samples collected in two previous studies and included participants who were overweight but had not been diagnosed with prediabetes or diabetes at the start of the study. Nearly one in three participants developed prediabetes or type 2 diabetes at follow-up exams.

The researchers then analyzed the glucose tolerance test samples using an indiscriminate approach to include all possible metabolites present in the samples. Read more

[mr-divabetic]

New York Fashion Icon Evetta Petty, the owner and designer of the New York City Hat Boutique Harlem's Heaven, shares how she stays on track with type 2 diabetes while running a successful small fashion business. On the eve of her 30th Year Retrospective fashion show during New York Fashion Week, Evetta Petty talks with Mr. Divabetic about living with type 2 diabetes in style! Approximately 96 million American adults—more than 1 in 3—have prediabetes. Did you know that over 80% don't know they have it? Prediabetes increases your risk of developing type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke. Light the Way! Join Divabetic's Blue Candle initiative and encourage your friends, co-workers, and family members to be screened for pre-diabetes. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) offers a quick, easy online Pre-Diabetes risk test (https://www.cdc.gov/prediabetes/riskt.... Be by their side when they check, and share your successes and struggles of living with diabetes so they can see that living well with diabetes is possible. Don't forget to pick up your copy of Divabetic's first e-book, Sweet Romance: A Woman's Guide to Love and Intimacy with Diabetes, by co-authors Dr. Janis Roszler PhD, LMFT, RDN, CDCES, FAND, and Donna Rice MBA, BSN, RN, CDCES, FADCES,, available on Kindle today. Enjoy an inside look at Evetta Petty's stunning 30-year Retrospective Hat Fashion Show at the end of this video. Harlem's Heaven Hats: https://www.harlemsheaven.com/ Divabetic: https://divabetic.org/

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An Overview of Diabetes in America

The Diabetes Research Institute (DRI) Foundation is a philanthropic organization committed to providing DRI with the funding needed to cure diabetes. This chronic disease hinders the body’s ability to convert food into energy. A healthy body breaks food down into sugar molecules, known as glucose, that travel through the bloodstream. As blood levels rise, the body responds by releasing insulin from the pancreas. Insulin adheres to the glucose, allowing the sugar to be used as fuel for various bodily functions.

Individuals living with diabetes struggle to produce adequate amounts of insulin, or the insulin produced does not function properly. In either case, the result is elevated blood sugar levels. Diabetes symptoms worsen over time, culminating in severe health conditions such as cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, and blindness.

Diabetes can be categorized as type 1 or type 2, in addition to specialized cases such as prediabetes and gestational diabetes. Type 1 is a poorly understood medical condition defined by the body’s refusal to produce insulin. Researchers believe an autoimmune response disrupts insulin production. Type 1 diabetes can be diagnosed at any age. Individuals living with type 1 diabetes must take insulin every day.

Type 2 diabetes, meanwhile, develops over time, typically as a result of lifestyle choices. It is prevalent in adults, but an increasing number of American children are being diagnosed with the disease. Type 2 diabetes is prevalent in the United States, between 90 and 95 percent of all diabetes diagnoses.

Gestational diabetes is diabetes that occurs in pregnant women who have not previously experienced the disease. Prediabetes is a health condition with similar symptoms to diabetes. Individuals living with prediabetes are at a severely elevated risk for diabetes. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), nearly 100 million Americans, or one out of three adults, qualify for prediabetes. About 80 percent of Americans living with prediabetes do not know they have the condition. Individuals who believe they are at risk for prediabetes or diabetes should speak with a physician and explore the CDC-recognized lifestyle change program, available at cdc.org.

As for diabetes, the CDC estimates that roughly 38 million Americans live with diabetes, and as many as 20 percent are unaware of the fact. The condition is a serious health matter in the United States, ranking as the eighth leading cause of death and the number one cause of kidney failure, adult blindness, and lower-limb amputations. Unfortunately, the situation is only worsening: the number of adults diagnosed with diabetes in America has more than doubled during the last two decades.

A few notable symptoms of diabetes include frequent urination, losing weight, visual disturbances, increased thirst and hunger, and skin irritation. Individuals must adhere to a strict diet and maintain a specific fitness level to minimize how the disease impacts their daily lives. While many people living with the disease live complete lives, diabetes can interfere with work, sexual activity, and other facets of life.

Diabetes also impacts the nation as a whole. The United States spent just under $413 billion on diabetes in 2022, most involving direct medical expenses. The rise of diabetes in America has coincided with the nation’s weight epidemic. Individuals can both minimize their chances of developing the disease and manage symptoms by making healthy lifestyle choices, such as exercising regularly and eating a healthy diet.

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Prediabetes May Serve as a Precursor to Diabetes

High blood sugar characterizes prediabetes. However, the high blood sugar level does not yet qualify individuals as having diabetes. Therefore, prediabetes serves as a precursor to diabetes. According to the CDC, 98 million, or one in every three people, in the country have prediabetes. Moreover, 80 percent of individuals do not know they have it.

The hormone insulin is central in developing prediabetes and, later on, diabetes. The hormone produced by the pancreas facilitates the movement of blood sugar into cells that convert to energy. Some people develop insulin resistance, so their cells cannot respond normally to insulin, slowly causing a buildup in blood sugar. It forces their pancreas to make more of the hormone to try and make the cells respond. Ultimately, the pancreas can’t keep up, leading to a significant rise in blood sugar and prediabetes sets in. Left unchecked, prediabetes will deteriorate into full-blown diabetes.

Medical professionals have not found out exactly why some people develop insulin resistance. However, they know of some risk factors, such as eating a diet high in sugar, processed foods, and refined grains while living a sedentary life. The combination becomes a recipe for many chronic illnesses, including cardiovascular disease.

Other risk factors include becoming overweight or obese, reaching age 45 and older, having a family history of diabetes, stress, sleep loss, and taking steroidal medications and HIV medications. Doctors also point to hormonal conditions like acromegaly and Cushing’s Disease as increasing the risk of prediabetes.

Many people with prediabetes do not experience symptoms, a reason why it goes undetected. Blood tests help individuals find out their risk level. The test measures their blood sugar. Results between 100mg/dL and 125mg/dL indicate prediabetes. The average blood sugar range is below 100mg/dL. If a person’s blood sugar exceeds 125mg/dL, the doctor will diagnose the patient with diabetes.

Doctors recommend that people at risk of prediabetes undergo regular blood tests, at least annually. People who are not at risk can have a blood test every three years. If an individual experiences prediabetes symptoms, they should test their blood promptly. Symptoms include blurry vision, frequent urination, fatigue, and dark patches on the neck and armpits. Women experience longer and heavier menstruation, vaginal dryness, and reduced libido.

Prediabetes is preventable; test the blood regularly and eat healthier, more nutritious meals. People at risk of prediabetes should reduce their intake of sugary and highly processed foods, replacing these with fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. They should also exercise more, at least 30 minutes at least five days a week.

A diagnosis of prediabetes does not automatically mean a person will develop diabetes. Moreover, individuals can reverse it. Doctors can create a treatment plan to reverse the condition. The plan typically involves healthy food, regular exercise, and weight loss. It also includes steps to manage related disorders such as high cholesterol and blood pressure.

People with prediabetes should avoid foods such as refined starches, saturated fats, soft drinks, processed meats, candy, and dried fruit. Instead, they can eat oatmeal with cinnamon, hummus with vegetables, avocado whole wheat toast and eggs, and grilled steak with vegetables. Making such dietary changes may take work. People with prediabetes should work with a nutritionist to make their transition easier. They should also prioritize all their medical appointments and have a personal trainer to help them commit to a regular exercise program.

[simpleekare1]

HbA1c Test: An Essential Tool for Diabetes Management

In the battle against diabetes, knowledge is power. The Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test stands as a beacon in the realm of diabetes management, providing invaluable insights into long-term blood sugar control.

As a key player in the fight against this prevalent and chronic condition, the HbA1c test offers a comprehensive view of glucose levels over an extended period, allowing healthcare professionals to tailor effective treatment plans. This test is essential for individuals with diabetes, as it offers a more comprehensive view of their blood sugar levels compared to regular blood glucose tests, which only provide a snapshot of the current status. The terminology associated with the HbA1c test includes various names such as HbA1C, A1C, glycohemoglobin, glycated hemoglobin, and glycosylated hemoglobin.

What is it used for?

The HbA1c test is a vital tool used to assess long-term glycemic control in individuals with diabetes. By measuring the percentage of hemoglobin that has glucose attached to it over the past 2-3 months, the test provides a comprehensive picture of average blood sugar levels. It aids healthcare professionals in diagnosing diabetes, monitoring treatment effectiveness, and crafting personalized care plans. The test is based on the principle that as blood sugar levels rise, more glucose binds to hemoglobin, offering a reliable indicator of sustained hyperglycemia.

Why do I need an HbA1c test?

If you have diabetes or are at risk of developing the condition, an HbA1c test is essential for several reasons:

Long-Term Monitoring: Offers a holistic view of blood sugar levels over time.

Treatment Adjustment: Guides healthcare providers in modifying treatment plans for optimal results.

Risk Assessment: Identifies individuals at a higher risk of complications, allowing for proactive measures.

Early Detection: Facilitates the early detection of diabetes or prediabetes, enabling timely intervention.

When Should You Get an A1C Test?

Age Over 45:

If you are over the age of 45, the CDC recommends A1C testing to assess your risk for diabetes. Subsequent testing intervals depend on the initial results.

Normal Results:

If your results are normal, it’s advised to repeat the HbA1C test every 3 years. Regular monitoring is essential to detect any changes in blood sugar levels over time.

Prediabetes Diagnosis:

If your results indicate prediabetes, more frequent testing is necessary. Typically, individuals with prediabetes are advised to undergo A1C testing every 1 to 2 years.

Diabetes Diagnosis:

If you are diagnosed with diabetes, the CDC recommends at least biannual A1C testing to monitor your condition and the effectiveness of your treatment plan.

Age Under 45 and High Risk:

Individuals under 45 may also need A1C testing if they have specific risk factors that make them more susceptible to diabetes. These factors include having prediabetes, being overweight, having a family history of type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart disease, a sedentary lifestyle, a history of gestational diabetes, giving birth to a baby over 9 pounds, belonging to certain ethnic groups, or having polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).

Symptoms of Diabetes: When Immediate Testing is Essential

If you experience symptoms of diabetes, immediate A1C testing may be necessary. Symptoms include:

Feeling very thirsty

Frequent urination

Unexplained weight loss

Excessive hunger

Blurred vision

Numb or tingling extremities

Fatigue

Dry skin

Slow-healing sores

Increased susceptibility to infections

Check out the Early Signs of Diabetes

What happens during an A1C test?

Understanding the procedure of an HbA1c test provides clarity:

Blood Sample Collection:

A small blood sample is drawn from a vein in the arm using a needle.

Laboratory Analysis:

The blood sample is sent to a laboratory where the percentage of HbA1c is measured using specialized techniques.

Results:

The results, presented as a percentage, indicate the average blood sugar levels over the past 2-3 months.

What do the results mean?Interpreting HbA1c results is crucial for effective diabetes management:

Normal: Below 5.7%

Prediabetes: 5.7% to 6.4%

Diabetes: 6.5% or higher

These percentages guide healthcare professionals in tailoring treatment plans to achieve optimal blood sugar control.

Significance of HbA1c Blood Test in India:

In the context of healthcare in India, where the prevalence of diabetes is rising, the HbA1c blood test plays a pivotal role. Here are some key points illustrating its significance:

Early Detection and Prevention:

With the increasing incidence of diabetes in India, early detection is crucial for effective management.

HbA1c tests facilitate the identification of individuals at risk or in the early stages of diabetes, enabling timely intervention and lifestyle modifications.

Customized Treatment Plans:

India has a diverse population with varying lifestyles, dietary habits, and genetic factors influencing diabetes.

HbA1c testing allows healthcare providers to create personalized treatment plans that consider the unique needs of individuals, leading to more targeted and effective care.

Public Health Impact:

Public health initiatives in India can benefit from widespread HbA1c screening to identify high-risk populations and implement preventive measures.

By understanding the prevalence of diabetes and its associated complications, policymakers can develop strategies to address the growing healthcare burden.

Accessibility and Accuracy:

SimpleeKare Health is committed to providing accessible and accurate HbA1c testing. Our state-of-the-art laboratories ensure precision, and our network of collection centers makes testing convenient for individuals across diverse regions. Accessible testing is a cornerstone in early detection and effective diabetes management.

The HbA1c test is a vital tool in diabetes management, providing a holistic view of long-term blood sugar control. CDC recommendations dictate strategic testing intervals based on age, risk factors, and health conditions. 

The shared video underscores the importance of early signs recognition for proactive diabetes care. In India, with rising diabetes prevalence, HbA1c testing is crucial for early detection and personalized treatment for diabetes. SimpleeKare Health's commitment to accessibility ensures widespread and accurate testing. The HbA1c test goes beyond diagnosis; it serves as a guiding light for individuals and healthcare providers in the ongoing battle against diabetes. It is a proactive approach to a healthier future.

Blog Resources : https://blog.simpleekare.com/hba1c-test-an-essential-tool-for-diabetes-management/

[seahalbert]

The Dangers of Being Overweight as a 16-Year-Old

There are many dangers associated with being overweight as a 16-year-old. One of the most serious dangers is the increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), approximately one in three American adults has prediabetes, and about 84% of them don't know it. Prediabetes means that your blood sugar levels are higher than normal, but not yet high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes. If you have prediabetes, your body is already having a hard time regulating your blood sugar levels, and being overweight makes it even harder.

Other dangers of being overweight as a 16-year-old include an increased risk of heart disease, high blood pressure, and stroke. Being overweight can also lead to joint problems, sleep apnea, and social and psychological problems.

The good news is that you can reduce your risk of all of these health problems by losing weight. And, even a small amount of weight loss can have a big impact on your health. So, if you're 16 and overweight, make a plan to lose weight and get healthy. It's never too late to start making healthy changes!

I remember being a 16-year-old and thinking that I was invincible. I could eat whatever I wanted and not gain a pound. I could stay up all night and not feel the slightest bit of fatigue the next day. I was convinced that I would never get sick and that I would live forever.

Looking back, I can see how nave I was. I was putting my health at risk by being overweight. I was setting myself up for a lifetime of health problems.

Now, I'm not saying that being a little overweight is going to kill you. But, it is associated with a whole host of health problems that can seriously impact your quality of life.

For example, being overweight increases your risk of developing type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol. All of these conditions can lead to heart disease, which is the leading cause of death in the United States.

Being overweight also puts you at risk for developing certain types of cancer, such as endometrial cancer, breast cancer, and colon cancer.

And, if that wasn't enough, being overweight can also lead to joint problems, sleep apnea, and even depression.

So, if you're overweight, I hope you take my advice and do something about it. Start eating healthier and exercising more. It's never too late to make a change. Your health will thank you for it.

[laocommunity]

Shocking Truth Revealed: 20% of 'Healthy' People Have Prediabetic Metabolism - Is Your Health at Risk?

Shocking Truth Revealed: 20% of 'Healthy' People Have Prediabetic Metabolism - Is Your Health at Risk? Shocking Truth Revealed: 20% of 'Healthy' People Have Prediabetic Metabolism - Is Your Health at Risk? Are you one of the 20% of seemingly healthy people who have prediabetic metabolism? If you are, then your health is at risk. This shocking truth has been revealed by recent studies, and it is important for everyone to be aware of it. Prediabetes is a condition where your blood sugar levels are high, but not high enough to be considered diabetes. This means that your body is having difficulty processing glucose, and if left unchecked, can lead to type 2 diabetes. What's even more concerning is that most people with prediabetes don't even know they have it. The number of people with prediabetes is staggering. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), more than one in three American adults have prediabetes, and 90% of them don't even know they have it. This means that millions of people are at risk of developing type 2 diabetes and all the associated health problems that come with it. But what's even more shocking is that 20% of seemingly healthy people have prediabetic metabolism. This means that they have no outward signs of the condition and would never know they had it unless they were tested. So what can you do if you think you might be at risk of prediabetes? The first step is to get tested. Talk to your doctor about getting a blood test to measure your blood sugar levels. If you have prediabetes, there are things you can do to lower your risk of developing type 2 diabetes. The first step is to make lifestyle changes. This includes eating a healthy diet, getting regular exercise, and maintaining a healthy weight. You should also quit smoking if you smoke and limit your alcohol intake. In addition to lifestyle changes, your doctor may prescribe medication to help control your blood sugar levels. This may include oral medications or insulin injections. In conclusion, the shocking truth is that 20% of seemingly healthy people have prediabetic metabolism and are at risk of developing type 2 diabetes. It is important for everyone to be aware of this and to get tested for prediabetes. By making lifestyle changes and following your doctor's recommendations, you can lower your risk of developing type 2 diabetes and all the associated health problems. Don't wait until it's too late – take control of your health today. What You Can Do to Lower Your Risk of Prediabetes? There are several steps you can take to lower your risk of developing prediabetes. Here are a few effective strategies: 1. Make a Change in Your Diet Your diet plays a critical role in determining your risk of developing prediabetes. To lower your risk, try to eat a balanced diet consisting of whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and lean protein sources. You should also avoid foods and drinks that are high in sugar and refined carbohydrates, such as sodas, sweets, and processed foods. 2. Get Regular Exercise Regular exercise can help lower your blood sugar levels, improve your insulin sensitivity, and reduce your risk of developing prediabetes. Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise most days of the week. 3. Maintain a Healthy Weight Being overweight or obese is a major risk factor for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. By maintaining a healthy weight, you can lower your risk of developing these conditions. Eat a healthy diet and get regular exercise to help you achieve and maintain a healthy weight. 4. Quit Smoking Smoking is a major risk factor for many health conditions, including prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. If you smoke, quit as soon as possible to lower your risk of developing these conditions. 5. Limit Your Alcohol Intake Excessive alcohol intake can lead to high blood sugar levels and increase your risk of developing prediabetes. If you choose to drink, do so in moderation. Women should limit their intake to no more than one drink per day, while men should limit their intake to no more than two drinks per day. By making these lifestyle changes, you can lower your risk of developing prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. If you think you might be at risk, talk to your doctor about getting tested and following these recommendations. The Dangers of Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes Prediabetes and type 2 diabetes are serious conditions that can have a major impact on your health and well-being. Here are a few of the dangers associated with these conditions: 1. Cardiovascular Disease Prediabetes and type 2 diabetes increase your risk of developing cardiovascular disease, which can lead to heart attacks, strokes, and other serious health problems. 2. Nerve Damage High blood sugar levels can damage your nerves, causing tingling, numbness, or pain in your hands and feet. This can be a long-term complication of diabetes and can be very painful and debilitating. 3. Kidney Damage Prediabetes and type 2 diabetes can damage your kidneys, which can lead to kidney failure and the need for dialysis or a kidney transplant. 4. Vision Loss High blood sugar levels can damage the blood vessels in your eyes, leading to vision loss and even blindness over time. 5. Foot Damage Nerve damage and poor circulation can cause foot problems in people with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. These problems can range from swollen feet to ulcerated wounds that do not heal well. In conclusion, prediabetes and type 2 diabetes are serious conditions that can have a major impact on your health and well-being. If you think you might be at risk, talk to your doctor about getting tested and following the recommendations in this article. By making lifestyle changes and getting proper treatment, you can lower your risk of developing these conditions and live a healthier, happier life. #HEALTH Read the full article

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The Shocking Link Between Popular Foods and Type 2 Diabetes in America

2 Diabetes in America

As a member of the medical community, I have witnessed firsthand the catastrophic impact that type 2 diabetes has on the people of the United States. We must comprehend the connection between common foods and type 2 diabetes because of the millions of people who suffer from this chronic illness. I will examine the prevalence of diabetes in America, the link between common foods and type 2 diabetes, and suggest healthier alternatives for managing and avoiding this condition in this post.

Introduction to Type 2 Diabetes in America

High blood glucose levels are a defining characteristic of type 2 diabetes, a chronic condition. Millions of Americans are afflicted by this type of diabetes, which is the most prevalent. A mix of hereditary and environmental factors, including as an unhealthy diet, inactivity, and obesity, contribute to the development of the condition. Numerous consequences, such as nerve damage, renal disease, blindness, and even amputations, can result from type 2 diabetes. Additionally, type 2 diabetics are more susceptible to cardiac problems and strokes.

Diabetes Statistics in America

The prevalence of diabetes in the United States is worrying. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that more than 34 million Americans have diabetes, with type 2 diabetes accounting for 90–95% of those cases. In addition, more than 88 million adult Americans have prediabetes, which, if untreated, can develop into type 2 diabetes. An estimated $327 billion is spent annually in the United States on diabetes-related medical expenses and lost productivity, making diabetes a considerable economic burden.

The Link Between Popular Foods and Type 2 Diabetes

Popular meals are associated with an elevated risk of type 2 diabetes, according to a growing body of studies. Processed foods, sweetened beverages, and fast meals are some of these foods. Processed Foods and Diabetes Salt, sugar, and bad fats are frequently in abundance in processed foods. These foods are not good for diabetics because they are low in nutrients and fiber. In fact, a research in the journal Diabetologia indicated that the risk of type 2 diabetes was increased by 62% in persons who consumed more than four servings of processed food each day. Sugary Beverages and Diabetes Salt, sugar, and bad fats are frequently in abundance in processed foods. These foods are not good for diabetics because they are low in nutrients and fiber. In fact, a research in the journal Diabetologia indicated that the risk of type 2 diabetes was increased by 62% in persons who consumed more than four servings of processed food each day. Fast Food and Diabetes Fast food frequently has high sodium, harmful fat, and calorie content. Both weight gain and insulin resistance are risk factors for type 2 diabetes, and these foods can contribute to both. According to a study in the journal Circulation, persons who eat fast food more frequently than twice per week had a 27% higher chance of acquiring type 2 diabetes.

Healthy Alternatives to Popular Foods

Fortunately, there are lots of nutritious substitutions for common foods that might aid in the management and prevention of type 2 diabetes. These options consist of: Whole Foods Whole foods are rich in nutrients and fiber and can help control blood sugar levels. Examples of such foods include fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins. Your diet should primarily consist of these foods. Water and Unsweetened Beverages A suitable substitute for sugary drinks is water and unsweetened liquids like herbal tea and sparkling water. Without adding extra sugar or calories to your diet, they can assist you in staying hydrated. Home-Cooked Meals The quality and quantity of the food you consume can be greatly controlled by eating home-cooked meals. Focus on utilizing whole products and avoiding harmful fats and added sugars while preparing meals at home.

Prevention and Management of Type 2 Diabetes

Healthy food, frequent exercise, and medication when required are all critical components of a complete strategy for controlling and preventing type 2 diabetes. Here are some recommendations for controlling and preventing type 2 diabetes: Get Regular Exercise Regular exercise can help reduce blood sugar levels and enhance insulin sensitivity. Try to exercise for at least 30 minutes, most days of the week, at a moderate level. Monitor Your Blood Sugar Regular blood sugar monitoring is crucial if you have diabetes or prediabetes. You can use this to see patterns and change your diet and medicines as necessary. Take Your Medication as Prescribed If you have diabetes, it's crucial to take your prescription exactly as your doctor has instructed. This can control your blood sugar levels and avoid problems.

How to Make Healthier Food Choices

Although choosing healthy foods can be difficult, doing so is crucial for treating and avoiding type 2 diabetes. Here are some pointers for selecting healthier foods: Read Food Labels You can find hidden sugars and bad fats in your meals by reading the nutrition labels. Choose foods that are high in fiber and low in harmful fats and added sugars. Focus on Whole Foods Whole foods are a fantastic option for those with diabetes, as was already discussed. Concentrate on including lean proteins, healthy grains, fruits, and veggies in your diet. Limit Processed Foods You should restrict the amount of processed meals you eat. Instead, concentrate on consuming entire foods that are rich in fiber and nutrients.

Conclusion

In conclusion, there is a significant connection between common foods and type 2 diabetes. Fast eating, processed foods, and sugary drinks are all significant causes of this chronic illness. These meals can help control and prevent type 2 diabetes, but there are a lot of nutritious options available. We may endeavor to lessen the prevalence and effects of type 2 diabetes in America by emphasizing whole diets, consistent exercise, and medication when required. Working closely with your healthcare practitioner to create a thorough plan for treating the disease is essential if you or a loved one has diabetes. Keep in mind that even little dietary and lifestyle adjustments can have a significant influence on your health and happiness.   Read the full article

[growth-market-reports]



American Diabetes Alert Day

The fourth Tuesday of March is observed as American Diabetes Alert Day® by the American Diabetes Association annually. It falls on March 28th this year. The purpose of this day is to raise awareness about the symptoms and risks associated with diabetes among people living in the United States.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) National Diabetes Statistics Report, about 11.3% of the US population has diabetes. And nearly 96 million individuals over the age of 18 have prediabetic health conditions. This is 38% of the overall adult population in the US.

Diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death in the United States. Health issues including blindness, kidney failures, strokes, and heart attacks are rising due to diabetes. Between 90% to 95% of diabetes cases reported in the US are of type 2 diabetes. While the occurrence of Type 1 diabetes disease is found to be common in the younger population.

Changes in lifestyle, such as regular exercise and a healthy diet, can effectively prevent Type 2 diabetes. The Diabetes Alert Day, which was first observed in 1988, aims to alert the US population about the rising prevalence of diabetes disease and spread awareness about its symptoms to encourage timely checkups.

Diabetes Care Drugs Market - http://bit.ly/42IHiBE

#AmericanDiabetesAssociation #AmericanDiabetesAlertDay #DiabetesAlertDay2023 #DiabetesAlertDay #NationalDiabetesStatisticsReport #Diabetes #DiabetesAwareness #DiabetesAlert #Tuesday #March #DiabetesSymptoms #Healthcare #UnitedStates #GrowthMarketReports #MarketResearch

[juniperpublishers-crdoj]

Comparison of Sensitivity of HbA1c with Fasting Blood Glucose for Diagnosing Prediabetes in Chinese Americans

Authored by Jaime Uribarri

Abstract

Background:In 2010 The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommended HbA1c as an alternative to fasting blood glucose (FBG) as a screening test when diagnosing prediabetes, but little is known about sensitivity of HbA1c and fasting glucose for diagnosing prediabetes in Chinese Americans in primary care setting.

Methods:Data from a primary care clinic were analyzed to determine the sensitivity of elevated HbA1c (5.7%-6.4%) and FBG (100-125mg/dc) for diagnosing prediabetes. Prediabetes was diagnosed as per ADA suggested criteria: HbA1c between 5.7%-6.4% or fasting glucose between 100-125mg/dl (or OGTT if done). A total of 1480 patients with both FBG and HbA1c measured at the same time were included from 11/2016 to 07/2017.

Results: The prevalence of total prediabetes for isolated HbA1c, isolated FBG, and their overlapping was 47.1%, 3.2%, and 14.7% respectively. Using abnormal FBG as the reference standard, the sensitivity for diagnosing prediabetes by HbA1c criteria is 82.3%.

Conclusions:In this population of Chinese Americans, HbA1c has much higher sensitivity to diagnose prediabetes, in contrast to the sensitivity described in the literature for non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanic Americans. The prevalence of prediabetes by HbA1c alone is much higher in this group than that described in the literature by FBG alone in Chinese Americans.

Keywords: Chinese americans; Pre-diabetes; Insulin sensitivity; Diabetes

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Introduction

Prediabetes is a chronic condition, associated with increased risk of diabetes-related complications, such as heart disease, stroke, and nephropathy etc. The definition of prediabetes by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) is HbA1c between 5.7%-6.4% (or fasting glucose between 100-125mg/dl or OGTT if done) [1]. Prediabetes is becoming more and more common in the US. More than one third of American adults, around 84.1million, had prediabetes in 2015, based on their HbA1c or FG, and 90% of them do not know it [2]. Nearly half (48.3%) of adults aged 65 or above had prediabetes [2]. In addition, about 25% of individuals with prediabetes will develop diabetes over the next 3-5 years. With longer observation, most individuals with prediabetes eventually develop diabetes, which in turn causes major morbidity and mortality [3]. Individuals with additional risk factors, including overweight, family history, elderly, are more likely to develop diabetes. Diabetes places a tremendous demand on the economical resources of the US with about 20% of the nation’s health care dollars going to treating people with diabetes [4]. In order to save the government billions of dollars in medical care costs associated with prediabetes progression to diabetes, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), in partnership with CDC, developed the Medicare Diabetes Prevention Program, which will be offered at no cost to participants (but with reimbursement to medical providers) beginning Jan 1, 2018. The program focuses on overweight Medicare beneficiary with prediabetes through weight loss and education [5]. A study by Yeh [6] etc specifically focusing on Chinese Americans with prediabetes showed lifestyle intervention significantly decreased diabetes progression by improving HbA1c.

In 2015, Chinese Americans were the largest fastest growing ethnic group among Asian Americans, which in turn were the nation’s fastest-growing ethnic group, with a growth rate over 4 times that of the total US in 2012 [7,8]. The diabetes prevalence in Chinese Americans was 4.3% in 2013-2015 [2] with ranges from 2.2-28.0% [7]. The age-adjusted prevalence of prediabetes was 35.7% in Asian American in 2011-2014 (no specific numbers for Chinese Americans), which was similar among in non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanic Americans [2]. In the current study, we have used data from a primary care clinic in New York City to compare the sensitivity, prevalence of HbA1c and FBG for diagnosing prediabetes in a group of Chinese Americans.

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Subjects/Methods

Clinical and laboratory data from individuals older than 18 years of age, of any gender, and attending a primary care facility for yearly physical checkup or regular follow up were incorporated into a de-identified database from November, 2016 to July, 2017 and used for statistical analyses. Diabetes was diagnosed by fasting blood glucose ≥126 mg/dl, HbA1C ≥6.5% or by history. Also, individuals with certain conditions affecting HbA1c measurement such as anemia (defined by Hb

The definition of prediabetes was the one used by the American Diabetes Association (ADA): HbA1c between 5.7%- 6.4% or fasting glucose between 100-125mg/dl (or OGTT if done) [1]. The study was done in a primary care clinic in Flushing, New York City. The majority of the patients in this clinic are Chinese (more than 95%). Chinese are defined as individuals with a Chinese last name such as Wang, Li, etc, who also can speak Chinese. Only data in those subjects who had both HbA1c and FBG levels determined at the same time were included (n=1480).

Since all analyses were performed using a database with no identifiers and previously collected, the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Program for the Protection of Human subjects (IRB) was consulted and decided that the study did not require IRB approval or signed participants’ consent.

Majority of fasting blood samples (fasting at least 8 hours) were drawn at the clinic and the specimen picked up at evening or nighttime by an employee from Quest Diagnostics (New York, USA). The remainder of fasting blood samples was drawn at local (Flushing, New York City) branches from Quest Diagnostics, Bio Reference Laboatories (Elmwood, NJ) or Lab Corp (Burlington, NC). HbA1c, FBG as well as all other biochemical parameters were all measured at Quest Diagnostics, Bio Reference or Lab Corp central laboratories. Demographic data (age, gender) and vital signs (systolic and diastolic blood pressure and weight and height) were all documented during the subjects’ clinic visit.

Statistical analysis

Descriptive statistics number and percentage are used to summarize categorical and biochemical variables, and mean and standard deviation for continuous variables. Prevalence of isolated HbA1c and isolated FBG were calculated. Every subject had both HbA1c and FBG test values. The prevalence of prediabetes was calculated based on ADA suggested criteria described above. Two-test agreement was tested by Chi-Square test. The abnormal FBG subjects were used as the reference. The sensitivity of HbA1c was defined by the number of abnormal HbA1c among the abnormal FBG subjects. The sensitivity corresponding various cut values of HbA1c was calculated. All analyses were performed using SAS version 9.4.

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Results

Main characteristics of the study population are described in Table 1. There were 1480 subjects included in the analyses with an average age of 54.4 years and about equally distributed between men and women. Most of them had normal renal (estimated glomerular filtration rate greater than 60ml/min per 1.73m2 in 97.7%). Serum albumin, hemoglobin, liver function tests and lipid levels were within normal limits. There were 10% who were current smokers.

FBG = Fasting Blood Glucose; eGFR = Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate by Equation

Mean+SD was used to summarize continuous variables and percentage for categorical variables.

The prevalence of total prediabetes for isolated HbA1c, isolated FBG, and their overlapping was 47.1%, 3.2%, and 14.7% respectively (Table 2). The use of FBG (100-125mg/ dl) for diagnosis of prediabetes failed to identify 72.4% of the patients with abnormal HbA1c (5.7-6.4), while the use of HbA1c for diagnosis of prediabetes only failed to identify 5% of the patients with abnormal FBG (100-125mg/dl).

The sensitivity for diagnosing prediabetes by HbA1c criteria was 82.3%, using FBG as the reference standard (Table 3).

Subjects who had abnormal FBG based on ADA suggestion criteria were used as case and normal FBG as control. Given a cut point, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were calculated based on these cases and controls defined by FBG.

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Discussion

Since ADA recommended HbA1c as a screening test for prediabetes in 2010, HbA1c has become a preferred test over fasting glucose in the primary care setting due to its convenience, less day-to-day perturbation during stress and illness, and greater pre-analytical stability [1]. In our study population, made up by Chinese Americans attending a primary care clinic in Flushing, New York City, we found that the sensitivity of HbA1c criteria to diagnose prediabetes, using FBG as the reference standard was 82.3%, a value which is much higher than that reported in majority of Americans (27.0%). This sensitivity is also in contrast with published findings in non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanic Americans. In the latter populations, Mann et al showed that overall sensitivity of HbA1c criteria was 27% using data from NHANES 1999-2006 [9].

The prevalence of prediabetes defined using HbA1c alone in our study population was much higher than that using FBG alone (47.1% vs 3.2%), also quite in contrast with findings in non- Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, and Hispanic Americans. Guo et al. [10] using data from NHANES 2005-2010 showed the overall prevalence of prediabetes by HbA1c alone being much lower than that by FBG alone in non-Hispanic whites (23.8% vs 45.3%) and Mexican American (25.8% versus 45.7%), but almost equal in non-Hispanic blacks (37.4% versus 38%). Mann et al. [9]. using data from NHANES 1999-2006 also showed that overall prevalence of prediabetes was much lower in these ethnic groups using HbA1c alone compared to FBG alone (16.5% versus 30.5 %).

The significant difference in sensitivity of HbA1c in our study group could be due to genetic and/or environmental factors. Asian Americans had higher HbA1c levels than whites (mean 5.96% versus 5.80%) [11]. Racial difference in hemoglobin glycation or red cell survival might account for the difference in HbA1c level independent of glycemia [11,12]. Chen at all found Chinese and other east Asians have multiple non-glycemic genotypes in red cells, which affects hemoglobin de-glycation, causing 1.76% of the variance in HbA1c [13]. The relatively high percentage of smoking in Chinese Americans (both active and passive) may explain in part HbA1c by affecting hemoglobin glycation independently of glycemia [12]. Another factor to consider in our study was the delay in analysis of the blood samples taken to a national laboratory; this would affect FBG more than HbA1c due to the effect of glycolysis.

Reasons for the much higher prediabetes prevalence in this study by HbA1c versus FBG are probably multi factorial. Participants were from a primary care setting and therefore more likely to be health conscious but sicker than general population. Moreover, mean BMI was higher in this study than the ADA recommended screening BMI of 23 for Asian Americans [2], which might detect more prediabetes. Lear et al. [14] found more abdominal fat in Chinese Canadians than Whites. Visceral fat may have an independent increased risk of getting diabetes [15]. White rice and refined grain makes up large portion of daily energy intake in Chinese Americans, which increases risk of diabetes [16]. A study by Wang et al. [16] etc found brown rice instead of white rice significantly reduced the risk of getting diabetes in pre-diabetic Chinese Americans living in New York City.

The study has limitations. Subjects were not recruited from the general community but from a specific primary care clinic for physical checkup or regular follow up. They might be more health conscious and sicker than general population. This primary care clinic was localized in a specific neighborhood in NYC and therefore these results may not be generalizable to the overall Chinese American population. Also, we were unable to compare to insulin glucose tolerance since there were no oral glucose tolerance tests performed, so we could only use FBG as the reference standard to calculate sensitivity of HbA1c. Clearly, more studies need to be done to confirm these findings. Overall, however, HbA1c is more strongly associated with risks of cardiovascular disease and death from any causes as compared with fasting glucose in addition to risk of diabetes [17,18]. Also HbA1c is more accurate that FBG in identifying cases of retinopathy in addition to strong correlation with retinopathy [18]. Therefore HbA1c may be a better predictor of potential medical complications than FBG.

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Conclusion

In a group of Chinese Americans screened in a primary care setting in New York City, HbA1c had much higher sensitivity for diagnosing prediabetes than FBG. Using FBG alone would have significantly under diagnosed prediabetes in this group of patients, which may lead to delayed diagnosis and potential progression to diabetes. Therefore, the best option may be to use HbA1c as a screening tool in order to get earlier diagnosis of prediabetes. Combining HbA1c with fasting glucose will significantly increase the sensitivity in diagnosing prediabetes in Chinese Americans. This we hope should lead to more cases of prediabetes identified, and early intervention enforced to prevent or delay the progression to diabetes through intensive lifestyle changes, or metformin use, both shown to be equally effective in all ethnic groups [6,16,19,20].

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[mr-divabetic]

Hat Designer Evetta Petty's motto is "I can design out of anything!" On the eve of her 30th Year Retrospective Fashion Show during New York Fashion Week, Evetta talks with Mr. Divabetic about managing type 2 diabetes in style!

For over 30 years, Evetta has designed hats in her uptown New York studio, Harlem’s Heaven Hat Shop. Her hats have captured worldwide attention and have been worn to the Kentucky Derby and Royal Ascot in England, on celebrities such as Patti LaBelle and Star Jones, and featured in movies, fashion magazine covers, and editorials such as Essence, Jet, and Italian Vogue Mujer Unica, Vibe, and The New York Times. 

Approximately 96 million American adults—more than 1 in 3—have prediabetes. Did you know that over 80% don't know they have it? Prediabetes increases your risk of developing type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke.

Light the Way! Join Divabetic's Blue Candle initiative and encourage your friends, co-workers, and family members to be screened for pre-diabetes. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) offers a quick, easy online Pre-Diabetes risk test (https://www.cdc.gov/prediabetes/risktest/index.html). Be by their side when they check, and share your successes and struggles of living with diabetes so they can see that living well with diabetes is possible.

Divabetic's first e-book, Sweet Romance: A Woman's Guide to Love and Intimacy with Diabetes, by co-authors Dr. Janis Roszler PhD, LMFT, RDN, CDCES, FAND, and Donna Rice MBA, BSN, RN, CDCES, FADCES, is available on Kindle.

[medicomunicare]

Prevenzione del diabete a tavola: gli studi difendono il ruolo dei latticini e del thè (verde e nero)

Prevenzione del diabete a tavola: gli studi difendono il ruolo dei latticini e del thè (verde e nero)

Secondo l’OMS, nel mondo circa 450 milioni di persone convivono con il diabete. Secondo i CDC americani, circa 37 milioni di americani vivono con il diabete e oltre 1 persona su 3 ha il prediabete. Il tipo più comune è il diabete di tipo 2 (T2D), che si verifica quando il corpo non è in grado di produrre insulina a sufficienza o diventa resistente alle sue azioni molecolari. Il T2D è considerato…

[downstatesph-blog]

The Daunting Numbers Behind Pre-Diabetes

By Emeregildo Clark, Jr.

Downstate School of Public Health Alumnus

Diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death in the United States. To some that may not stand out as a staggering number, to diabetes and public health experts it is. It takes years of uncontrolled diabetes and mismanagement of the disease to lead to complications and death.

Unlike type 1 diabetes, which is called juvenile or early onset diabetes, type 2 diabetes is totally preventable. Type 2 diabetes is considered a lifestyle disease, therefore one can take note of their current lifestyle and see what the barriers to a healthier life are. But you can’t be a type 2 diabetic without first being a part of the 86 million pre-diabetics walking the country at this moment. I guess you have to start somewhere. 

Now that should be a staggering number to anyone who looks at it. I just mentioned that diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death in the United States. What would happen if all of the 86 million pre-diabetics I just mentioned developed diabetes? That seven-spot on the charts might leap frog to six, five, or even 4. 

I’ll give you an even more staggering number: 9 out of 10 of those 86 million pre-diabetics have no idea of her or his diagnosis. How might we combat this huge and growing public health issue? The National Diabetes Prevention Program (NDPP) developed by the Centers for Disease Control is one answer. Awareness of this program is growing, but to fight the prevalence of pre-diabetes, spreading the word about the DPP needs to be more aggressive.

The NDPP is a year-long program comprised of 16 weekly core sessions and 8 months of post-core sessions. During this time the participating pre-diabetic is given instruction on healthy eating, physical activity, and food tracking.  An emphasis is placed on fat and the participants are taught and encouraged to count their fat grams. 

To be eligible for the program the participant must have an A1c of a 5.7-6.4, which is considered within the pre-diabetic ranges. The goal of the program is for participants to lose 5-7% of their starting body weight.  Accomplishing this will lead to the other goal of ultimately decreasing the participants A1c under the 5.7 starting point, which takes them out of the pre-diabetic stage. 

In my experience as a pre-diabetic lifestyle coach, I have seen this happen numerous times. In my current Diabetes Prevention Program, I have participants that have already reached their 5 and 7% weight loss goals before the 16 weeks were up. Remember, NDPP is a year-long program, so that represents significant success. I also have a participant who lost 20 pounds before the 16 weeks were up and lowered his A1c substantially. He still has the post-core phase to complete and is already ahead of the curve. This is just a snapshot of how impactful the NDPP can be on the pre-diabetic population, the incidence of diabetes, and the overall healthcare cost burden in the United States. 

To learn more about the National Diabetes Prevention Program (NDPP) you can go to the program’s website here, for all the information you need regarding this great lifestyle program. The NDPP works and the more providers, employers, states, that know about it, the farther the reach and impact the program will have.

[avesblues2]

2017 report from CDC found that 100 million Americans-nearly one in three- have either prediabetes or diabetes. A full 88% of people with prediabetes don’t know they have it. 50 million Americans have an autoimmune disease and heart disease affects 22 million people. More than 5 million Americans are living with Alzheimer’s but that number is expected to triple by 2050. Every 60 seconds someone in the US develops a disease. One in 45 children now have autism spectrum disorder up from one in 500 in 1999. 1/2 Americans are overweight and 1/3 are obese (in some areas it’s 1/2). 1/4 children suffer from obesity, in some areas it’s 1/3. Despite long life expectancies, 1 in 4 Americans will have at least one chronic illness by the time they are 60 years old.

Why won’t America focus on our health crisis if they care so much about our health!!!! (Hint: they don’t care).

[operafloozy]

So, a real life update: Lots of stress, some movement:

Basic information can be found in this link, if you need to catch up:

The stress: Getting a fucking surgery scheduled. I'm in the weird funky place where it's not like I currently know I have cancer (there's essentially a nat 1 or 5% chance that I've got ovarian cancer right now), so I am not their top priority and nor should I be. Plus, there's still a pandemic. But it's probably a good idea to have that risk mitigated sooner rather than later. Except I don't have kids. And this would make me infertile. So the coordinator said something about how I'm a little young (I'm not, by CDC standards, and the CDC recommended age minimum seems to be mostly based on the 'but what if you want kiiiiids one day' ... which I find pretty bullshit even when there isn't also a cancer risk involved). And, okay, whatever, fine - except she also stopped responding to any questions I had about the surgery. So I had to figure out all the pre-surgical stuff I needed on my own, and try to get that scheduled. And then the hospital schedulers fucked up the date of the surgical consult and tried to push it back a month - I had to prod them to check the calendar dates for the other gyn surgeons, and they made it clear that I was making their life very difficult for them. Then surgical consult happens, I wait three days before following up to see if I can find out the calendar date, and the surgeon's nurse tells me the surgeon hasn't done the scheduling paperwork yet, and oh - she's going on vacation for three weeks. starting the next day. And then I don't hear any confirmation for the rest of the day. So I spend most of the weekend crying, screaming into a pillow, and wondering if I need to get a new surgeon (because, honestly, I want someone who is taking out an organ to be responsible enough to do their paperwork) - and then hear back that Sunday, 7:45 am that she's submitted the orders.

Oh, also in the middle of that my PCP sent me a note being like 'I'm worried about your weight, your blood pressure, and your diabetes risk'. Turns out I'm barely prediabetic (5.8 hemoglobin) and she was talking long term, completely unrelated to any sort of surgical sign off. Mostly, I'm fat. I gave up a lot of sugary foods and drinks and am trying to eat more whole grains and fruits for dessert. My blood pressure is a lot lower when I'm not anxious about being denied a medically necessary surgery because of my weight.

The movement: I'm scheduled for October 4th for both a throwvary and a yeeterus. It's a day surgery, but they recommend six weeks of rest afterwards. It's honestly such a reassurance - I've spent the last three and a half months not being able to say yes or no to anything - everything from a friend's wedding to a fic exchange to sending out a D&D doodle - so I got to finally get most of that cleared up. And technically I could plan to do something for my birthday! Which is next week. Whoops.

[farhanfarhankhan]

How to lower fasting blood sugar levels||how to low sugar level in morning||Top way lower blood sugar levels fast.

 You have a high blood sugar level problem. Do you want to lower blood sugar levels fast .so you are in the right place. I will give you the best way to lower blood sugar levels.

Your body typically deals with your glucose levels by creating insulin, a chemical that permits your phones to involve the circling sugar in your blood. 

Insulin is the main controller of glucose levels.

Be that as it may, different variables can hinder glucose in the executives and lead to hyperglycemia.

Inside foundations for high glucose incorporate when your liver delivers an excessive amount of glucose, your body makes too little insulin, or your body can't adequately utilize insulin. The last option is known as insulin obstruction.

Outside factors incorporate dietary decisions, certain meds, a stationary way of life, and stress (1Trusted Source, 2Trusted Source).

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that 13% of U.S. grown-ups live with diabetes and that another 34.5% have prediabetes. This implies that near half of all U.S. grown-ups have diabetes or prediabetes (3Trusted Source).

1. Practice regularly

Standard exercise can help you reach and keep a moderate weight and increase insulin responsiveness (4Trusted Source).

Extended insulin responsiveness infers your cells would, even more, be able to effectively use the open sugar in your circulatory framework.

Practice in like manner helps your muscles with using glucose for energy and muscle withdrawal (4Trusted Source).

Expecting that you oppose glucose on the board, think about consistently checking out your levels when working out. This will help you with sorting out the way that you respond to different activities and keep your glucose levels from getting unreasonably high or low (5).

Also, experts propose doing as such called "practice snacks" to cut down glucose and prevent the damage that sitting all that day can do (6Trusted Source).

Practice snacks fundamentally infer that you separate your sitting time at ordinary stretches for a few minutes throughout the day. A part of the proposed rehearses join light walking or essential hindrance rehearses as squats or leg raises.

for more details :https://bit.ly/3tNnhuO