#CRTP

[prajna-alva]

Exploring the Depths: Active Directory Penetration Testing and the Enigma of Kerberos

Introduction

In the world of cybersecurity, staying one step ahead of potential threats is paramount. To safeguard an organization's sensitive information and network resources, it's crucial to regularly assess vulnerabilities and weaknesses. One potent approach is Active Directory (AD) penetration testing, which is an essential part of assessing and fortifying network security. This article delves into the intricacies of Active Directory penetration testing and the often elusive realm of Kerberos authentication.

Active Directory Penetration Testing: Unearthing Vulnerabilities

Active Directory, the cornerstone of identity management in Windows environments, serves as a centralized repository for user and system information, including authentication data. For cybercriminals, compromising AD can open the doors to a treasure trove of sensitive information. To counter this threat, organizations employ penetration testing to simulate real-world attacks and identify vulnerabilities.

Goals of Active Directory Penetration Testing

Identify Weak Passwords: One of the most common vulnerabilities is weak or easily guessable passwords. Penetration testers aim to uncover users with weak passwords and prompt them to strengthen their credentials.

Discover Misconfigured Permissions: Unauthorized access to resources can result from misconfigured permissions. Penetration testing assesses whether users have permissions that they shouldn't, potentially exposing sensitive data.

Locate Unpatched Systems: Outdated systems are susceptible to known vulnerabilities. Identifying and patching these systems is a critical goal of penetration testing.

Assess Kerberos Authentication: Active Directory relies heavily on Kerberos for secure authentication. Understanding Kerberos is essential for a thorough AD penetration test.

Kerberos: The Protector of Authentication

Kerberos, a network authentication protocol, plays a pivotal role in securing Active Directory environments. Named after the mythological three-headed dog guarding the gates of Hades, Kerberos acts as a guardian for network communication. Understanding how it works is vital for both defenders and attackers.

The Key Concepts of Kerberos

Authentication Tickets: In Kerberos, authentication occurs through tickets. A Ticket Granting Ticket (TGT) is obtained during initial authentication, and this TGT is used to request access to various resources without re-entering credentials.

Principle of Need to Know: Kerberos enforces the principle of "need to know." A user can access only the resources for which they have tickets, reducing the risk of unauthorized access.

Realms and Trust: In a multi-domain environment, Kerberos realms establish trust relationships between domains. Trust enables users from one domain to access resources in another.

Encryption: Kerberos relies on encryption to protect sensitive information, such as passwords and tickets. Encryption keys are generated dynamically during authentication.

Penetration Testing Kerberos: A Delicate Balancing Act

Penetration testing for Kerberos authentication involves a delicate balancing act between assessing security measures and not disrupting normal operations. Here are some critical aspects of Kerberos-focused penetration testing:

1. AS-REP Roasting

AS-REP Roasting is a common attack that exploits weak or vulnerable user accounts. Penetration testers attempt to retrieve Authentication Service (AS) tickets without the need for valid login credentials. This technique targets accounts with pre-authentication disabled, making them vulnerable to brute-force attacks.

2. Pass-the-Ticket Attacks

Pass-the-Ticket attacks involve stealing Ticket Granting Tickets (TGTs) from compromised systems. Attackers can then use these stolen TGTs to gain unauthorized access to other network resources. Penetration testing assesses the organization's ability to detect and defend against such attacks.

3. Golden Ticket Attacks

Golden Ticket attacks involve forging TGTs, effectively granting attackers unlimited access to the domain. Penetration testers may attempt to create Golden Tickets to evaluate the AD's resilience against this advanced attack.

4. Silver Ticket Attacks

Silver Tickets are used for unauthorized access to specific services or resources. A penetration test may focus on creating Silver Tickets to assess the AD's ability to detect and prevent such attacks.

[poplabsec]

CRTP: Certified Red Team Professional

Explore our article on the CRTP Certified Red Team Professional, detailing its significance, benefits, and process. The Course Content Target Audience Prerequisites The Lab - Attacking and Defending Active Directory The CRTP Exam After CRTP?

The Course Content

Target Audience

Prerequisites

The Lab - Attacking and Defending Active Directory

The CRTP Exam

CRTP Documentation Register Exam Join the Community

After CRTP?

Read the full article

[raruhefiqiq]

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[shieldfoss]

> Wait, reading the other post, isn’t this exactly what CRTP is for, or p0847r7?  Or can’t you do something like `struct currency_cross : Constrained<double, GreaterThan(0.0), Finite>{};`

I could not because that leaves currency_cross without a ctor that takes double, only a default ctor

[der-papero]

Chi ha detto che il CRTP e' cool solo in C++?

[mentalisttraceur-software]

I have not done any C++ since my university days, and they were still teaching basically C++98 back then. They did not ever go into things like template metaprogramming, CRTP, or any other clever abuses or useful emergent behaviors of the C++ language. C++11 had only just been standardized.

So ever since then, every time I dip back in to learning about C++, I am left with this impression that the language has just oceanic breadth and depth. It seems like I would need to train my mind for years. Internalizing mental gymnastics, heuristics, and thinking that traces and applies the language rules. Just memorizing information.

In many other languages the language specification itself is relatively simple and small, and the rules cannot interplay in the same complex rippling ways.

You master what the language can do fairly quickly, and it is the patterns, the familiarity with all available libraries, and the judgment of how to use those tools and when, that takes significant time to master.

But in C++, both take significant time to master. The toolkit of the language itself is larger to the point that just learning and remembering what all the tools are is an unusually long and effortful endeavor.

I find it notable that in every other language I know of, most of the time when I learn a new thing, it is a library or pattern that is trivial to mentally follow. I can look at it and see how it would be implemented in terms of what exists in the language or at the implementation level. But when I learn a new thing about C++, it's very often a new language feature or interaction of features, and mentally following why it works at all takes more effort and knowledge.

This is not necessarily a bad thing, but it is definitely a thing with costs.

[robstaxredwood-blog]

About Robert Schmidt, EA, CRTP

[thothonegan]

CRTP - Curiously Recurring Template Pattern

Lets talk about an interesting thing in C++ : CRTP.

CRTP is the Curiously Recurring Template Pattern. At its simplest, its having a template use the current class as a parameter. e.g.

template <class T> class Parent {}; class Child : public Parent<Child> {};

Why is this useful? One major case is 'static polymorphism'. First, we have normal polymorphism which works via virtual in C++.

class Object { public: float volume () const { return v_volume; } private: virtual float v_volume () const = 0; // returns the volume of the object }; class Cube final : public Object { public: float width, height, depth; private: float v_volume () const override { return width * height * depth; } };

This allows you to do two things.

All subclasses of Object are required to override v_volume to be used.

If you have an Object* or an Object&, you can call volume without knowing what type of object it is.

And it comes with some minimal costs:

Any call to v_volume has to go through the vtable, which costs a little performance. This also prevents inlining.

But this is C++. We like having our cake, and eating it too. So is there a way we can get some of the benefits without any of the costs? Namely, can we enforce child classes to meet an interface, without paying any cost? Lets do the same with CRTP.

template <typename SelfType> class Object { #define RTHIS() static_cast<const SelfType*> (this); public: float volume () const { return RTHIS()->r_volume(); } /* we assume child class provides r_volume() */ #undef RTHIS }; class Cube : public Object<Cube> { public: float width, height, depth; private: /* CRTP function - called by our parent class */ float r_volume () const { return width * height * depth; } };

So now it acts the same as the other, calling cube.volume() will give you the volume. So what have we gained?

Calls the volume are now inlineable. Since the dispatch is at compile time, there can be zero cost just like calling r_volume() normally.

We keep the requirement of meeting the interface.

What have we lost?

Complexity. CRTP is a little more complex to understand compared to normal inheritance.

Base class objects. You cannot have an Object* which dynamically at runtime calls the correct volume function. It must be able to evalute it at compile time, or else.

Multiple overrides. With virtual, you could have a subclass of Cube provide its own v_volume() overriding the one in Cube. You cannot do this in CRTP, unless you inherit from Object again, or turn Cube inself into a template. Which makes things even messier.

Error messages are a bit worse. With virtuals its an easy 'you didnt override this function' error. With CRTP it becomes 'this template is written wrong!' because the compiler can't tell who was supposed to fill it in.

CRTP definitely is a lot more complex then normal virtuals, and is more limited where it can be useful. However, if you're dealing with performance critical code and don't care about the features you lose, CRTP is invaluable. In Wolf for example, PointerInterface is a CRTP class that defines how a pointer must act and is required to be 0 cost compared to a normal pointer. CRTP is a perfect case for this.

[coldmund]

CRTP and Static polymorphism

CRTP: Curiously recurring template pattern

발단은 어딘가의 Singleton 사용에 관한 코드를 보면서부터...

이게 뭐여...

class AuthenticationObserver : public Singleton // 'AuthenticationObserver'가 반복됨. { ... }

관련 자료

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiously_recurring_template_pattern

내용 중 Static polymorphism이 위 코드에 해당하는 내용이나 위키답게 정석적인 설명만 있고 뭔가 와닿는 내용이 없음.

https://wikidocs.net/495, https://wikidocs.net/501

잘 아는 분 같은데, 설명을 못 알아듣겠음.

http://alleysark.tistory.com/234

위 코드의 용도에 맞는 설명으로 보임. 부모클래스의 static 멤버를 상속받은 클래스에서 별도 메모리로 가지고 싶을 경우 사용.

특징

부모클래스와 자식클래스의 member 변수 중 static member가 별도 메모리를 가짐.

method의 경우 부모클래스에 인터페이스 함수 정의하여 이용.

일반적인 상속의 경우 run-time에 object-method binding이 이루어지지만, 정적 다형성을 적용할 경우 compile-time에 binding이 이루어지므로 실행속도가 빠르다(VTBL이 없음.) 단 binary가 커짐.

example

일반적인 상속의 경우

#include <iostream> class Singleton { public: static Singleton *instance() { static Singleton *inst = nullptr; if(inst == nullptr) inst = new Singleton(); return inst; } static int xxx; protected: Singleton() {} ~Singleton() {} }; int Singleton::xxx = 0; class Derived1 : public Singleton { public: static Derived1 *instance() { static Derived1 *inst = nullptr; if(inst == nullptr) inst = new Derived1(); return inst; } }; class Derived2 : public Singleton { public: static Derived2 *instance() { static Derived2 *inst = nullptr; if(inst == nullptr) inst = new Derived2(); return inst; } }; int main(int argc, char **argv) { Singleton *aa = Singleton::instance(); Singleton *bb = Singleton::instance(); aa->xxx = 10; std::cout << bb->xxx << std::endl; // 10 Derived1 *cc = Derived1::instance(); Derived2 *dd = Derived2::instance(); cc->xxx = 20; std::cout << bb->xxx << std::endl; // 20 std::cout << dd->xxx << std::endl; // 20 return 0; }

첫번째 출력의 경우 Singleton이 한 개의 instance만 가진다는 것을 보여준다. 두번째와 세번째 출력은 Singleton을 상속한 Derived1의 static variable의 값을 바꿀 경우 Singleton과 Derived2의 static variable의 값이 함께 바뀌는 것을 보여준다.

Static polymorphism

#include <iostream> template class Singleton { public: static T *instance() { static T *inst = nullptr; if(inst == nullptr) inst = new T; return inst; } static int xxx; static void interfaceFunc(int v) { T::implFunc(v); } protected: Singleton() {} ~Singleton() {} }; template int Singleton::xxx = 0; class Derived1 : public Singleton { public: static void implFunc(int v) { std::cout << "Derived1: " << v << std::endl; } }; class Derived2 : public Singleton<Derived2> { public: static void implFunc(int v) { std::cout << "Derived2: " << v << std::endl; } }; int main(int argc, char **argv) { Derived1 *cc = Derived1::instance(); Derived2 *dd = Derived2::instance(); cc->xxx = 10; std::cout << cc->xxx << std::endl; // 10 std::cout << dd->xxx << std::endl; // 0 (4-a) cc->interfaceFunc(100); // Derived1: 100 (4-b) dd->interfaceFunc(200); // Derived2: 200 (4-b) return 0; }

Singleton<>을 상속한 두 클래스-Derived1과 Derived2의 static variable의 값이 다르다.

Derived1과 Derived2에서 Singleton<>의 interfaceFunc()를 호출하여 derived class의 함수를 이용할 수 있다.

[timeareall]

How to Become a CRTP? – TZL

How to Become a CRTP? – TZL

https://tuzalu.com/how-to-become-a-crtp/ How to Become a CRTP? – TZL

[cherchezlafemme]

CTEC is the California Tax Education Council, tax preparers have to register and renew their, membership? or something, to be a CRTP, California Registered Tax Preparer. you have to do this by law in california, you can’t be a Real Tax Preparer without doing this.

when you first start you have to take a 60 hour class on like, what taxes are, how to do this, etc. and then every year after that you have to take an additional 20 hours of classes to sign up again.

ok yeah this doesn’t make any sense but ok. you have to take 5 hours of state taxes, 2 hours of ethics, 3 hours of new tax laws and updates, and 10 hours of federal tax laws.

wait this got way off topic but i’m just going to post this and make my original point in another post ok. thanks.

[arkatech]

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[image-stabilizer]

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