#Difference Between RAM And ROM

[vartik222]

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[gay-dorito-dust]

Tag list: @sh-tposter2021 @casmosmoon @hoesindifferentshows @daffodildelight @stuckinaoaktree @this-is-music @good-so @farleyis @starksdaughter20

Part 1

It has been a couple of days since your confession and Hobie was conflicted on whether he should rip the preverbal bandaid off and tell you of his secret identity, and possibly putting you at risk for potentially dangerous circumstances in the future, or keep you in the dark for a little while longer until he felt brave enough with himself and his situation to come forward; After all personal relationships -whether platonic or romantic- and Spider-Man never went well together. It was a sacrifice placed upon the shoulders of all variations who were chosen to dawn the mask of Spider-Man.

For if the legacy of being Spider-Man was a death sentence to those who are close, Hobie doesn’t want you death to be treated as his ‘canon event’ or whatever hand fisted bullshit excuse Miguel was trying to ram down everyone’s throats in order to justify in allowing a loved one of theirs to die. Hobie refuses that being the case and due to his righteous mistrust of Miguel, he kept your name out of his mouth unless it was within the presence of the few he could trust; Miles, Pavitr and Gwen.

‘So they have a crush on you.’ Pavitr began.

‘Yeah.’

‘And you have a crush on them.’ Miles jumped in.

‘Ain’t no point in hiding it.’ Hobie cooly replied because why should he bother hiding the obvious.

‘So…what’re you going to do about it?’ Gwen finishes and Hobie only shrugs in response, ‘dunno.’

Pavitr made an face of exaggerated shock and looks over at Miles and Gwen, who were already expecting this reaction from him as they exchanged looks with him, before looking back at Hobie. ‘Dunno, the person you like has expressed that they like you too-‘ ‘-it wasn’t me they were talking to Pav, it was Spider-Man, clear difference. No need to rom-com it.’ Pavitr waved his comment away and continues on his tangent, ‘they like you, you like them and your response to all that is; Dunno?!’ Hobie -again- shrugs. He really didn’t know what to do, yes the feelings between you two were mutual but that didn’t mean he was going to risk your safety over them; no matter how deeply he feels them to the point where the mere idea of you being put at risk because of him acting out of his selfishness in having you, made him physically hurt.

Hobie would rather enact upon his selfishness in a way that meant letting you go and moving on to someone who wasn’t going to be putting your life in constant danger, whilst also getting to shamelessly cling onto some part of you in the process; even if that meant just being your friend, even though he already knew that wasn’t what you wanted. ‘What do you want me to do Pavitr?’ Hobie began, ‘Go up to them and be like ‘remember the talk you had with Spider-Man up on the roof? Yeah that was me and no I’m not having a laugh because I like you too.’ He made a face at this, ‘nah I’d rather them call me a nonce for the rest of my life, well that is if they still want me in their life afterwards for lying to them this entire time.’ He murmurs the last part to himself mostly and it was silent for a while as he, Pavitr, Gwen and Miles sat on what has been said.

The later three shared a look between them as Hobie looked at a picture of the two of you that he kept within the pockets of his vest, smiling softly to himself as the echos of your laughter ran in his head like a melody he could set his soul adrift to on his most sleepless of nights. It was obvious to Gwen, Pavitr and Miles that Hobie held you close to his chest, right where his heart is; Gwen in particular was aware of how much of an impact you had on Hobie from the times she spent at his place and it was obvious as to where it was that you touched as Hobie made it apparent to keep it that way. You’ve made a home for yourself within Hobie’s heart and she knew that he’d fight to keep you in his life.

‘Hobie,’ he lifted his eyes to meet theirs, ‘would you rather be afraid to tell them who you are for the rest of your life, or tell them while you still have the chance because from what you’ve already told us about y/n, they wouldn’t hate you or call you a nonce, whatever that is.’ Miles mumbled under his breath as Hobie raised his brows, ‘has it crossed your mind at all that you might just overthinking all this? Not to say the fear ain’t real, what I’m trying to get at is this; you should pursue what makes you happiest, regardless of the fears you may have because in the end isn’t it better to have love and lost then to have never have loved at all?’

Hobie mulled on Miles’ advice once he got back to his reality before finding himself standing on that very same rooftop where his conflict began, looking down as he clutched his mask between both hands in contempt, so much so that he didn’t even hear your voice call out to him until you were right next to him. ‘Hobie? Everything alright?’ He had told you prior to meet up on the rooftop of some abandoned apartment complex that you were more then camisole with at this point, but the way he said it made you feel as though there was something eating away at your best friend and you weren’t about to let him go through anything alone without you.

Upon realising how close you were to him, Hobie was slick enough to hide his mask behind his back when he addressed you, stuffing it into his back pocket so that you wouldn’t get overly curious as to his hand placement but then again you were always as observant as him when he noticed the way your eyes lingered, like you already knew what this was about; to which Hobie wouldn’t be surprised if that was the case for it would make this situation a lot easier for you to process what you already knew. ‘Yeah, everything’s cool, why is it that you think somethings up?’ The raise of your brows only told Hobie that you weren’t buying it, ‘oh I think there is but it looks to me that you need a little prompting.’ and without missing a beat your hand was halfway to reaching for his back pocket when he caught your wrist, holding it there as he looked at you incredulously. ‘The hell was that for knobhead.’

You shrugged, ‘like I said, you needed prompting otherwise you wouldn’t be defending whatever’s in your back pocket so adamantly as you are now.’ You were smart, Hobie had to give you that as he lets go of your wrist and decides to quit the unnecessary prolonging and pulled out the mask from his back pocket, chucking it into your awaiting hands as he then sat himself near to the edge with his back facing you so he couldn’t see the look upon your face when you say, ‘so this is what you were hiding from me…I knew Spider-Man felt too familiar and now I know why.’ He heard your footsteps get closer before stopping all together as you sat yourself next to him.

You were both silent but it was a silence loud enough to dampen out anything else in that moment and Hobie didn’t know where this silence would lead to, and neither did you as you were now realising that you had confessed your feelings to your best friend without knowing it; which was already enough to take in but for that friend to also be spider-man was a whole other thing to unpack. Where you mad that he didn’t tell you? No, not even in the slightest but you were more worried then you could ever be mad, after all you just found out your crush and best friend was spider-man for fuck sakes so of course you’d be more worried for his well being. ‘Here,’ you tell him, holding out his mask for him to take, ‘you can have it back.’ Hobie did as you asked and took his mask back, but before it was fully in his grasp you yanked it away from his reach, causing him to look at you.

‘Give it.’ He tells you straightforwardly but you stood your ground as you pressed a finger to your cheek, ‘not until you tell me something first; did you know I had a crush on you prior.’ Hobie shrugs. ‘No, honestly it wasn’t until but you admitted that you liked me that somethings started to make sense.’ You hummed, content with his answer but you weren’t through quite yet. ‘Do you…feel the same.’ You once again asked but this time your voice wasn’t as steady and strong, it was fearful and hesitant; something Hobie never wants you to be when near him.

‘Of course I do, I thought I made it obvious when I personally dealt with those who chatted shit about you behind you back, I thought it was obvious that when I let you into my heart, that there would be no way that I was letting you go but with this,’ he gestured to the mask in your outstretched hand, ‘made it all the more harder for me to do that without putting you in danger; I was hiding this other life from you to protect you but you were always too observant for your own good but it’s one of the many things I love about you.’ Hobie admits, happy he finally got it off of his chest. After hearing all that, you gave him back his mask and rested your head against his shoulder, murmuring, ‘your such a hassle.’

Hobie smiled for what felt like the first time in a long while throughout this whole situation and slugged his arm over your shoulder before resting his head on top of yours, ‘yeah but I’m your hassle.’ He says before pressing a kiss to your head, feeling you as you snuggle into his side, smiling to yourself, ‘how unfortunate.’ You say half heartedly as Hobie joins in, ‘yeah, poor you.’

[codingquill]

Network switches

What’s a network switch ?

A switch is a device used in computer networks to connect multiple devices together within a single local area network (LAN). Its main role is to facilitate communication between different connected devices, such as computers, printers, servers, IP phones, etc.

It is a mini-computer which is made up of RAM, ROM, flash RAM, NVRAM, a microprocessor, connectivity ports and even an operating system.

RAM

RAM (Random Access Memory) contains the current configuration of the switch and temporarily stores the MAC address table, which is then processed by the microprocessor.

Microprocessor

The microprocessor is the heart of the switch, responsible for data processing, including switching and creating links between multiple devices.

External memories

External memories, such as flash RAM, ROM, and NVRAM (Non-Volatile RAM), store configuration files , different versions of the IOS , etc ...

Ports

The switch ports are the communication interfaces of the switch. There are several of them, generally 24 for a Cisco switch. Each port is associated with an LED which indicates its status and activity.

How does it work ?

Now how does a switch work to transfer information from one machine to another?

Suppose we have 4 machines: A, B, C and D connected to our switch in ports 1, 2, 3 and 4 as follows:

The switch only works with MAC addresses , so basically we have an empty MAC address table stored in RAM as soon as the switch starts up which looks like this : 

Transmitting data from machine A to machine B happens in the following steps:

Machine A sends a frame to machine B

Once this frame arrives at port 1 (which is the one linked to A), the switch reads the source MAC address and stores it in the MAC address table

The switch reads the destination MAC address and looks for it in the table, if it is not in the table, it broadcasts to all the active machines connected to the switch except the source one.

If the port linked to the machine we want is active, it sends a response frame from which the switch reads the MAC address we were looking for (@B)

Once done, it records the MAC address of B in the table.

This process repeats until the switch reaches what is called "MAC address table stability", that is to say it knows all the MAC addresses of the connected machines and has no more need to broadcast.

Starting and configuring a switch

When it comes to booting a switch, the process is similar to that of a traditional computer system:

POST (Power-On Self Test): The switch performs proper functioning tests on all hardware.

Loading IOS (Internetwork Operating System): The switch operating system is loaded.

Loading the configuration. At this stage we have two cases:

Either the switch already has a startup configuration defined and stored in NVRAM

Either the switch is blank and it is up to us to define the startup configuration when it goes to setup mode

Switch configuration

The configuration of a switch is done through different modes, such as user mode, privileged mode and global configuration mode, which allows access to specific configuration modes, such as interface mode, routing mode, line mode, etc.

And to do all this of course you must first connect the switch with the machine via the console cable and open a terminal emulator

💡 It should be noted that the only machine that can configure the switch is the one connected to it by a console cable, the others are only hosts.

[noxiatoxia]

I've been really, really wanting to make the UTDP mistranslation post I teased a week back but my brain issues have been so against me as of late. I know everything I wanna point out, but my fatigue and brain fog has made it impossible to sit down and put the words into English as of late :( mostly just sleeping.

Hmm, I can share something else with you guys, though.

So, remember this post? I've been doing a lot of research since...I just sit for 10 minutes reloading the same save file over and over and I've gotten interesting results.

Let me break it down.

NATIVE SYSTEM: The system the game is for.

MEDIA NO.: Each game for the PSP/PSVita gets assigned its own unique Media Identification Number...this number can be different from the physical box number it comes in. It's basically the ROM data number.

GAME TITLE: Self explanatory.

YEAR/PUB.COMPANY/PORT CREDIT: Year is self explanatory. The Publishing Company is who is in charge of, well, publishing the game. This is usually the company responsible for the Translations also. The Port Credit is for who was credited for making the ported versions. More on this in a second.

REGION: Region code for where the game was released. JP is Japan, US is America, EU is England, Germany, and Australia, and ASIA is Taiwan and Hong Kong.

TESTED ON: Either the physical console + model number OR emulator + update version.

DOES GLITCH?: Again pretty self explanatory. If the game experiences RAM overflow issues.

RELOADS: How many reloads of a save file it took to see results.

STAND-ALONE?: As 1・2 Reload is a compilation game, this category exists to say if the game is by itself or part of a compilation game.

So...SDR2 was released firstly on the PSP. This is the first ever release, so there's no port credit to be had. It can't be a port if it's the original.

Then, Spike releases an updated version for the Vita for both DR1 and SDR2 that fix some stuff from the PSP versions. In Japan only, this was released on the Vita as 1・2 Reload. This version only has both the Vita remakes in one game. The port was handled by Shade Inc., so it was outsourced.

Now, when it was translated for English and Traditional Chinese, the US, EU, and ASIA got both games sold separately. We do not know who the porting credit is given to, as none can be found, but it can be assumed it was Spike themselves who gave these versions of the game out, while Shade Inc. simply put them together for 1・2 Reload.

Anyways, so far...I've found something interesting. It seems this RAM overflow glitch did not exist until the Vita version was made, so it's a porting bug. However, it does NOT occur in 1・2 Reload, meaning Shade Inc. must have fixed it themselves.

All standalone versions of SDR2, however, suffer from the glitch. The US and EU versions suffer at the same rate, and for some reason the ASIA version glitches at an accelerated pace.

For all of these I did the same set up: I saved in the middle of dialogue with Komaeda in the prologue, right after you get the e-Handbook. I saved, closed the game, then would start reloading the save files.

The reason there is two numbers is because the first one (60 or 55) is when the system menu started to bug out, and then the second (62 or 57) is when the overworld started to lose textures. As you can see, they are both the same rate (took 2 more reloads between both the two) but the ASIA version just glitches faster. The results are also seemingly replicable, as the same type of glitching happens everytime without fail.

Screenshots of what I mean:

Now, you may wonder what the point of testing it on both hardware and emulator is. Well, it's to determine the cause. See, if it didn't happen on an emulator but did on console, that would point to it being a physical RAM issue, and not vRAM. However, it is happening on emulators as well to the exact same rate and in the exact same way. It's for sure a vRAM issue.

Emulators however seem to be more stable with error checks. For example, in all of these versions, once you get to this point, opening the student profiles crashes the game. However, on emulator, I could actually open it and look at them...not that there's much to look at.

What's most interesting perhaps is this is a SDR2-only issue so far. I tried this on the US Vita release of DR:THH, and did not encounter anything wrong after reloading up to 80 times. I will check the EU and ASIA versions of DR:THH another day, as well as the Steam and Switch versions of both.

I don't own the Android or iOS ports, so maybe I'll buy them for this sake.

I plan to make a video and include all of the recordings I've taken once I finish all my research. As you can see in the chart, I need to get around to certain emulator and physical tests that I just haven't yet.

Oh, and in case you want to try this yourself...it's completely safe, won't hurt your game or save data. I've saved while everything was messed up like this, and as soon as you force close the game and reopen, it's all back to normal.

[buffaloborgine]

How Trinity Blood manga and anime missed a huge chunk of Isaak's character

Yes, I am talking about Isaak Fernand von Kampfer, this guy.

The differences between Trinity Blood manga, Trinity Blood anime and Trinity Blood light novel is very big, even when the manga tried its best to follow the light novel, the complexity of Isaak's character still gets chipped and shrunk.

In the light novel, there are several chapters that combine to give a larger picture of Isaak's personality, aside from the cold, mechanical cruelty: RAM 3 Overcount RAM 4 Lady Guilty, RAM 5 Radiohead, ROM 4 Clan of the Fang.

In RAM 4 Lady Guilty, Isaak has a conversation with Dietrich while feeding his pet Undynes. The way these two talk show a certain understanding in between them.

A huge portion of Isaak and Dietrich's synergy is then described in RAM 5 Radiohead, as the two of them boarded the "Bachelor's Pride" cruise from Londinium to Germanicus and the whole show happened on it.

Then in Overcount scene, when Isaak got bombarded by Tres, Leon and Abel, Dietrich came to assist Isaak's retreat.

In ROM 4 Clan of the Fang, after Guderian finished fighting with Monica and had his right eye gouged out, Isaak complimented him for his hard work and said he can rest now. In the manga, Isaak simply said they have seen everything and can make their exit now.

My point is both anime and manga cut off some important character-development chapters of Isaak, for reason (manga only goes with ROM), or alternating/adding new scenes to showcase Isaak's cruelty (the scene with Dietrich in Empress of the Night arc) causes many impressive sides of Isaak to be lost.

[techav]

Revisiting Wrap030 Disk Access

I have more ideas for projects than time or budget to work on them. Already this year I've gone completely through the design process for two new large homebrew projects that are currently too large for my project budget, plus a few small ones I never got around to ordering. So rather than spend more than I should taking on a new project, I decided to revisit an existing one.

It's been over a year since I last worked on the original Wrap030 project — my old stack-of-boards MC68030 system. Its current configuration includes the main board with CPU, ROM, RAM, UART, & glue logic; a hand-wired breakout board to add a second UART; a custom video output board; and a mezzanine board with FPU and provision for an IDE disk that is not yet working. It has been functional in this configuration since last February.

My goal for this project from the beginning was to build something capable of running a proper operating system, like Unix System V or Linux. To do that though, I'm going to need to get disk access working.

I had started on disk access, but didn't quite have it functional when I turned my focus to integrating all of boards into the single Wrap030-ATX motherboard. I had added IDE cycles to the CPLD on the mezzanine board, and had added a few rough drafts of disk functions to my ROM. I set the project aside when I realized my function for checking dish presence was reporting a disk was present when there wasn't one.

I have worked with IDE before — my original 68000 project had an IDE port on it. I had gotten that project to the point where I could read a sector of data from the disk, but never could wrap my head around how to actually navigate even a simple file system like FAT16. It was this code that I had adapted for Wrap030, so when it didn't work, I assumed it was a problem with my logic.

Turns out I had just inadvertently clobbered a register in the disk check function. The logic worked just fine. I was able to write a couple quick BASIC programs to read a sector of data and even run code from the boot sector.

My assembly function for reading data from disk however was still not working.

I tried rewriting it.

I tried rewriting it in C instead of assembly.

I tried again, and again, and again. I added delays and loops and print statements and everything I could think of. I scoured datasheets, read though all the different release versions of the ATA specification, ported code from other projects, looked at every example of reading from an IDE disk I could find.

No matter what I did, I always got the same result.

This did not make any sense. Reading from an IDE disk involves setting up the sector address, the number of sectors to transfer, sending a read command, and then reading the IDE data port 256 times per sector. Each time the data port is read, the disk will give another 16-bit word of data. But for some reason, all I was getting was the first word of data returned 256 times.

There is nothing in the specification to explain this.

I knew there was nothing wrong with my logic, because I could read the data just fine with my BASIC program or by manually poking the right addresses using the monitor. Maybe there was some edge case affecting timing when running in assembly, but even adding delay loops and print statements didn't have any effect.

I reached out for help. I got great feedback on my read functions and my timing and how IDE and CompactFlash cards worked, but still could not solve this problem.

But then @ZephyrZ80 noticed something —

I had shared my code and was explaining that I had added some extra NOP instructions to enforce minimum time between IDE access cycles in PIO-0 mode. At 25MHz with cache enabled, the 68030 can complete an instruction in as little as 80ns, so a few NOPs would ensure enough time elapsed between cycles.

With cache enabled.

… cache enabled.

… cache.

The 68030 has 256 bytes of data cache. My disk read function is running in a tight loop that only really hits a few addresses; not nearly enough to invalidate and flush the entire 256 bytes of cache. The CPU does have a cache inhibit signal to use with peripherals that return new data on subsequent access to the same address, but it turns out I was only asserting it when accessing the UART on the main board.

It's a simple enough hypothesis to test. When I initially added support in my ROM for enabling cache at startup, I included user functions for enabling and disabling cache.

… It was cache all along.

Now I need to add some way to inhibit cache while accessing the IDE port, and then I can move on to trying to use the disk for loading programs.

[trashgremlendoesart]

So my dad is somewhat of a computer wiz and I asked him about some of the tech stuff in the magnus protocol

my dads says..

"I was involved in a rollout of about 1,000 NT4 workstations over four campuses back in the day (mid to late 90s)

Our machines started at Pentium 120 with 32Meg of RAM and 1.2G hard drive in a mini tower case. Apart from the drive bays in the case front for 3 1/2 floppy disk drives and CD ROM drives they don't look all that different to a small gaming pc today.

The mice still have balls though, the keyboard have big 5 pin DIN plugs but otherwise are just as dishwasher safe as modern ones.

If connected to a network you are very likely to find its Novel Netware 4.1. The networking will look like a thin black cable strung from machine to machine with a little silver T shaped connector on the back of each one, apart from the first and the last they have 'terminators'.

You probably won't be connected to the internet yet, there is probably no TCP/IP on your LAN at all, only Novel IPX. The ZenWorks NT4 workstation management tools from Novel are sublime, it take Microsoft quite a while to copy them.

If you are in our publishing class we will be teaching you Photoshop, Illustrator and Quark Express. If you are in our business course we will be teaching you Office 97 with that bloody paperclip. We will also be teaching you Groupwise, Microsoft haven't copied that off Novel yet so there isn't any Exchange.

If you have email its probably Pegasus, maybe early Eudora. Its unlikely you can email out of the organisation you are in. Internet connected mail is still to come, mind you so is any interoperability between mail systems. You expect attachments to work?

We still taught some things on Windows 3.1 so our machines all boot from the Lan initially to fetch the boot menu. You can choose Windows 3.1, NT4, in some classrooms Win98, or you can re-image you machine if its broken. Thats all done in assembler in the boot sector on the network boot disk image, theres no PXE yet.

Internet arrives one day in the form of a product called "Instant internet", it will share its single built in 36Kb dial up modem with a whole classroom of only IPX connected NT4 workstations if you install the Winsock32.dll file that it comes with.

You are probably looking for Mosaic or early Netscape if you want a web browser, Altavista is likely your search engine.

Better things are coming though soon we have a whole 128K ISDN service to share with about 10 classrooms, we have TCP/IP on the LAN now. Your classroom is still going to have to book when it wants internet access though, as that's still woefully inadequate.

I think the Macs are System 8 or 9 they have not made the jump to the unix kernel of OS X yet, they keep my colleague busy, she seems to be reinstalling the System folders on them on a daily basis.

One day you find I have changed the default home page for all the machines to Google Beta.

My job is done, the world as we know it has been ushered in."

Dad worked In TAFE (only Australians will get that lol) for a few years as well as other tertiary education providers.

This is probably not going to be very relevant for anyone but I figured having some sort of info available could be helpful for other people's writing, fanfic or whatever.

Feel free to send asks for any clarification or further info

[dimalink]

Restore legendary Pentium 2 and Voodoo 2 computer

New Year is already begun. Now we have 2024. New space cycle. And few space cycles ago, I started to restore some of my old computers. Part of them were mine since school days. Part of them, I buy for a low price. It is interesting for me, to restore some computers, and I was growing up with them, it is interesting. Or some systems from the past, which are very interesting to try out and look. It is not necessary to be a strong powerful systems. It can me middle or not powerful, let’s call it slow or weak systems. Everything is interesting.

So, from time to time, I am restoring old systems. I do it as episodes, not regular. So right now, I want to talk about my legendary Pentium 2. With system of three dimensional acceleration 3DFX VOODOO II. It is most coolest system ever. And it is also has a Sound Blaster Awe 64. It is very cool sound card. And as idea, as I remember, it has two hard drives. One is about 5 gigabytes, and second is about 50 gigabytes. As a rule, you can set to system a CD Rom, or DVD rom, even which can write discs, writeable.

At this moment system is already done. Everything is inside a strong metal case. So, computer has a big weight in result. I think it is because of metal case has a big weight, it is a big metal case. And it has a something like this system inside – Pentium 2 350 mhz with technology MMX, 3d graphic accelerator Voodoo 2, 64 mb Ram.

So, I find all the bolts, and tighten the bolts. Everything is done. My brother helps me to do that. Brother is very good in such things. And he reacts fast about some technological solutions. And it is opposite to me, in such questions. Some specific wires format. And more, if it is not enough some details. Every time my brother helps me with that. So, for example, I give myself a try to launch computer without cooler. This is like I do. My brother told me that it will not start up.

Pentium 2 processor has a form factor of cartridge. But no 8 bit. And it is like a cartridge. And cooler is going with him, on a cartridge. But it is good to set up with a wire between cooler and processor. Some connectors are very tight. So, I even don’t get what place to connect them. Again, my little brother helps me. So, for example, as for me, I never find out that at the border of motherboard, at the side, it is so little wires like power supply, reset, hdd ready, like indicators and buttons are there. At the mother board.

So, process of making this setup was interesting. It is very interesting to find out new things. And it was going in a different step. First, I collect all the parts. It was so long time ago, when it was working last time. So, I need to find the parts and to put them at the box. And later, to set it all at the motherboard.  And the idea that plus minus everything is ok about details.

Second step it was before New Year. It is about to setup all the parts into the case. Everything is all right. I give myself a try to start it up. Power is ok. But nothing happens. So, it is about a situation you need connect with wire a cartridge with second Pentium and cooler. But it can start. Computer makes a noise. And that’s all.

Next step is at celebrating times, already in new year 2024. It is about to setup bracing for processor Pentium 2. So, it is happening, that you need to setup a special bracing at the processor. Like a direction parts. So, we find these parts. And open the case with computer, replace all the details. To remove everything from motherboard. To screw everything off.  Because of bracing is set from the downside of motherboard. And then they rise up. And at the top you put into this bracing a processor.  As a cartridge slot it works. For example. Unusual system.

Today, it is clear, that there is no way to find little wires. As brother said 3 pin – molex. To setup cooler and processor. Plus, to this there is no wires to setup motherboard and cd rom. Atapi format or something like that. It is good to gather wires. Right now, there is no wires. But it can be without cd rom, for some time. There is a network card 100 mbits, instead.

System is almost restored. And it can be one more try to start it. It is interesting what it is about hard drives. Is it still installed Windows Millennium or not. Last time it was Windows Millennium.  It is interesting what games it has installed. As idea it should everything at their place. So many years passed. So, I am restoring slowly my school system. For me it is a legendary system. I spent with it so much time.  

So, lots of games I launch with it. I tried visual basic there, for example. And played a lot in Arcanum, Fallout 2. Doom 2 I played a lot too. In Half Life when it was released. In a different Need For Speed 3,4,2,2 special edition. In GTA 1,2. In GTA London – I and my bro played a lot. Carmageddon 2 it was a cool cd. My brother is a big fan of Blade of Darkness videogame. And it was a first time to play it in Pentium 2. I remember how much I played in Grandia 2. It is such a cool Japanese role playing game with good graphics, port from Dreamcast.  And I played in emulators too, of first Sony Playstation.  

So, this way I first to play in Gran Turismo, Final Fantasy 7,8,9. My brother likes a lot game Final Fantasy 8 for PC. I am talking about a PC version of the game. He played a lot. So, for some time it was his favorite game. Here we played a lot in Heroes of Might and Magic 3, Heroes of Might and Magic 4.  So here we launched first time Might and Magic 6,7,8. My brother likes a lot shooter Sin. It is also a good game.

At first this system has installed Windows 98, and later Windows Millennium. It was a short time, it was installed Windows 2000. So, at this moment I run into Quake 3 CD.  Brother buy this game. And bring home. It was exciting graphics! It is bad one thing, it has no casual levels, no story, episodes. But graphics is cool, and action is good!

With this system I get the idea what emulators are. With modem. When a game for NEs to download about half an hour, for example. If you are lucky then 20 minutes. Or maybe it was a time for Sega game it is. It happens about 40 minutes.  So, this details a I don’t remember already. Nes games should to download faster, as a rule. And Sega and Super Nintendo more long time.  I opened for myself emulation of MS DOS. Using DOS BOX. I try some isometrical Ultima. It is about island, forest. First time I played in Sega, Snes. First Sonic, for example. I played it with all the time making save files. I like a lot to setup scanlines.

First time I try out what is it Ultima Online. World of online is very exciting thing. So many deals to do for a schoolboy there! Such a nice memories. To grind, upgrade skills, explore world. To build a little house, to collect resources. So, I remember that, I learn skill animal taming. And I can tame ostrich.

Nice soft it was, as I remember. Windows Media Player with such beautiful interface. Windows Media Player classic with standard interface for style Windows 95/98. WinAmp is a cool player. And I remember, from time to time I have installed Kaspersky antivirus. Good thing. But system was loaded, that’s for sure, for some time. And it makes a system to freeze, slow working, and you need to wait. It happened like that. Without it - it everything works fast. Of course, I used program Word, a little Excel. Notepad.

And at this system, I see for the first time Video CD. Interesting format. And I remember I was impressed when I play in Command And Conquer 2 about a video sequences. Such a cool graphics, and also a cinema movie. Strategy and action movie. And later I and my brother played a lot in Red Alert 2 Yuri’s revenge. It was a game for a long long time.  And playing in Counter Strike with bots. And I played with my brother at this system. In counter strike, Rage of Mages 2. And I remember how we dig maps (explore maps slowly). So, we take a big map and clear it from monsters. Try to find new items. Brother played with a new pc. And I with this machine.

It is amazing, and at this Pentium 2 machine. A pne as I called it, stump, as a joke. I played in a second Dune. It was very good game. It was launched easily, without any problems.  But it is for MS DOS. Here I played a lot in F 22 Lighting 2. It is something like simulation, but arcade too, it can be played nice. Lots of time for Duke Nukem 3D.  I remember how my brother brings CD Atomic Winter.  What a game! It is winter and a new levels! It was interesting! Video quest X files, I like a lot. It goes as a video! It is very amazing investigation! Rainbow 6 by Tom Clancy. So, it is very serious game. So, it is like shooter and something more.

So, yes, it is connected lots of good memories with this system!

By system. So, I am without wire to connect cooler. And there is no wires to connect CD ROM. And everything else is restored. Case is complete. Strong metal. Every part is setup.

From time to time i like to play videogames. And write about it. Dima Link is making retro videogames, apps, a little of music, write stories, and some retro more.

WEBSITE: http://www.dimalink.tv-games.ru/home_eng.html ITCHIO: https://dimalink.itch.io/ GAMEJOLT: https://gamejolt.com/@DimaLink/games

BLOGGER: https://dimalinkeng.blogspot.com/

[raghavsharma456]

10 Must-Watch Telugu Movies on OTT Platforms in 2025

Telugu cinema, known for its compelling storytelling, rich cultural backdrop, and cinematic innovation, has taken the OTT world by storm. From thought-provoking dramas to high-octane action and lighthearted comedies, Tollywood continues to deliver content that captivates audiences globally. If you're looking to explore some of the best Telugu movies available for streaming, here's a curated list of 10 highly-rated and popular films you shouldn't miss in 2025.

1. RRR (2022) – Netflix / ZEE5

Directed by S.S. Rajamouli, RRR is an epic action drama that broke records globally. Set in pre-independence India, the film follows two revolutionaries, Komaram Bheem and Alluri Sitarama Raju, portrayed by N.T. Rama Rao Jr. and Ram Charan. With jaw-dropping visuals, emotionally charged storytelling, and a powerful soundtrack, RRR is more than a movie—it’s an experience.

Genre: Action / Historical Drama

Why Watch: Oscar-winning song “Naatu Naatu,” groundbreaking VFX, and an international fanbase.

2. Hi Nanna (2023) – Netflix

This emotional drama starring Nani and Mrunal Thakur explores the bond between a single father and his daughter. With a delicate narrative and heartfelt performances, Hi Nanna received critical acclaim for its honest storytelling and touching moments.

Genre: Family Drama / Romance

Why Watch: A soulful, relatable story for all age groups.

3. Dasara (2023) – Netflix

Nani shows a never-seen-before rugged avatar in this raw and gritty tale set against the backdrop of Singareni coal mines. With heavy rural influences, Dasara blends socio-political themes with intense action.

Genre: Action / Drama

Why Watch: Strong performances, rustic visuals, and an impactful message.

4. Virupaksha (2023) – Netflix

A spine-chilling horror thriller that brings together folklore, superstition, and suspense. Virupaksha, starring Sai Dharam Tej and Samyuktha, weaves a mysterious tale with strong direction and atmosphere.

Genre: Horror / Thriller

Why Watch: Excellent cinematography and a unique storyline rooted in rural superstitions.

5. Balagam (2023) – Amazon Prime Video

A heartfelt village drama that portrays rural Telangana life with striking authenticity. Directed by Venu Yeldandi, this sleeper hit revolves around family disputes, loss, and reconciliation after a death in the family.

Genre: Drama

Why Watch: Honest storytelling, strong ensemble cast, and regional flavor.

6. Waltair Veerayya (2023) – Netflix

This mass entertainer starring Chiranjeevi and Ravi Teja is a feast for fans of commercial Telugu cinema. With punchy dialogues, stylish action sequences, and catchy songs, it offers everything expected from a festive blockbuster.

Genre: Action / Masala

Why Watch: Megastar Chiranjeevi’s charisma and Ravi Teja’s electrifying presence.

7. Kushi (2023) – Netflix

Starring Vijay Deverakonda and Samantha Ruth Prabhu, Kushi is a romantic comedy that navigates love and marriage between two ideologically opposite individuals. It blends humor with emotion and contemporary themes.

Genre: Romance / Comedy

Why Watch: Relatable modern-day relationship issues and charming lead performances.

8. Major (2022) – Netflix

A biopic on Major Sandeep Unnikrishnan, a hero of the 26/11 Mumbai attacks. Starring Adivi Sesh, who also wrote the screenplay, Major is a powerful tribute to a real-life hero, filled with patriotism and emotional depth.

Genre: Biographical / Action

Why Watch: Stirring performances and a respectful portrayal of a national hero.

9. Ante Sundaraniki (2022) – Netflix

This light-hearted rom-com stars Nani and Nazriya Nazim in a story about two lovers from different faiths trying to win over their orthodox families. Packed with witty writing and heartwarming moments, it's a breath of fresh air.

Genre: Romantic Comedy

Why Watch: Sharp humor, cultural commentary, and excellent performances.

10. Goodachari (2018) – Amazon Prime Video

A sharp and stylish spy thriller, Goodachari features Adivi Sesh in the role of a young intelligence agent uncovering national secrets and personal mysteries. Its gripping plot and fast pace have made it a favorite among thriller fans.

Genre: Action / Thriller

Why Watch: Smart screenplay, espionage elements, and the rise of the Telugu spy genre.

Read more: Chull Tv App | Watch Hot Web Series in Hindi Online

Final Thoughts

Telugu cinema continues to push boundaries across genres, and thanks to the growing presence of regional films on OTT platforms, these gems are now just a click away. Whether you're a long-time Tollywood enthusiast or a curious newcomer, the above films are a great way to dive into the vibrant and diverse world of Telugu storytelling.

 So grab your popcorn, settle in, and let these compelling stories take you on a cinematic journey—straight from the heart of South India.

Source:

[bliiot-jerry]

Empower Your BESS with the ARM Embedded Computer ARMxy

Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)

Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) is a system that stores electrical energy through batteries and releases it when needed. It is widely used in power systems, renewable energy integration and user-side energy management. Its core functions include energy time shifting (peak shaving and valley filling), frequency regulation, backup power supply, etc.

Core components:

Battery pack: Energy storage unit, composed of multiple battery cells connected in series and parallel.

Battery Management System (BMS): Monitors battery status (voltage, temperature, SOC) to ensure safety and life.

Power Conversion System (PCS): Realizes bidirectional conversion between DC and AC, and connects to the grid or load.

Control System: Optimizes charging and discharging strategies to respond to grid or user needs.

ARMxy can be used as an EMS Embedded Computer, battery analysis unit (BAU) or Embedded Controller, and can achieve seamless communication with devices such as battery management system (BMS), power conversion system (PCS), Air conditioner, meter and display. ARMxy is combined with BLIoTLink Protocol conversion software , which support Linux, Ubuntu and various industrial protocols, including Modbus, IEC 61850, IEC 104 and DNP3. This ARM Embedded Computer is used in battery energy storage system (BESS) and has flexible and optional multi-interface communication management to improve operational efficiency and help enterprises achieve energy management goals.

Flexible connection and management: multiple interfaces for free selection

https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/v2/D5612AQGWg0V9Jxm0FQ/article-inline_image-shrink_1000_1488/B56ZUnRKk3HEAQ-/0/1740120569591?e=1746057600&v=beta&t=UfWnzFdXfMqYQ_XpY6pE0XKRNeW32nDfxGAViAKC42A

ARMxy not only has stable performance, but also has very flexible interfaces. It supports multiple interfaces for flexible combination. We provide 39 IO boards, and users can configure more than 50,000 combinations by themselves.

DI: Connect smoke sensors, water immersion, infrared sensors, etc. to monitor the environmental changes of energy storage cabinets in real time to ensure safety.

DO: can control external devices such as switches and lights to facilitate intelligent equipment management.

RS232/ RS485: communicate with dehumidifiers, liquid coolers and other equipment to ensure stable and accurate data transmission of equipment.

LAN port: connect monitoring equipment such as cameras to achieve remote monitoring and control.

CAN port: communicate with high-voltage boxes to ensure the safe operation of high-voltage equipment, prevent overload or failure, and provide a wide range of monitoring and control functions.

In addition, ARmxy also provide AI, AO, RTD, and TC acquisition modules. Flexibility to meet the needs of battery energy storage systems (BESS) and other industrial automation applications.

Flexible expansion and multi-protocol support

ARMxy has optional MCU, RAM, ROM and hardware interfaces, Ethernet, WiFi and 4G communication methods, and HDMI interface for connecting to display screens, which enables real-time data visualization and interaction to enhance monitoring and control. These features make it a scalable and future-proof solution for battery energy storage systems (BESS) and other industrial automation scenarios.

ARMxy has comprehensive communication protocol support to ensure wide compatibility across different systems. Supported energy protocols can be used in energy management systems, including power communication protocols such as Modbus, IEC 61850, IEC 104, DNP3 and DL/T 645, which can achieve seamless interaction with battery energy storage systems (BESS) and grid infrastructure. In addition, it also supports protocols such as MQTT, OPC UA and BACnet, which can be easily integrated into the IoT ecosystem. For automation and control, ARMxy can communicate smoothly with various PLC systems. This wide range of protocol support ensures interoperability, making it an ideal solution for industrial automation and smart energy management applications.

Industrial-grade reliability for harsh environments

https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/v2/D5612AQH26NN26oBayg/article-inline_image-shrink_1000_1488/B56ZUnRVThHoAU-/0/1740120611625?e=1746057600&v=beta&t=75bnPSFsfPY0nAJDt2h0FaNUxJaJlhGRO8InDU5gBYo

ARMxy full-interface isolation design. Whether it is the Ethernet port, serial port, or DI, DO port, all interfaces are isolated and protected. Especially in the energy storage system, we need to communicate with equipment such as dehumidifiers, liquid coolers, electric meters and air conditioners, and isolation protection is particularly important. Because energy storage equipment usually involves high-frequency data transmission and access to strong electric equipment, the slightest carelessness may cause equipment damage or even burn the host. Through these isolation designs, the ARMxy that the energy storage system can operate stably in harsh environments and avoids potential failures and equipment damage.

ARMxy has multiple interfaces, flexible expansion options, multi-protocol support and rugged industrial design, making it an ideal embedded computer solution for energy storage systems (BESS).

[ppsspp-gold-apk1]

✨ PPSSPP Gold APK - The Ultimate PSP Emulator for Android

🎮 What is PPSSPP Gold APK?

PPSSPP Gold APK is a high-performance PSP emulator for Android that allows you to play PlayStation Portable games on mobile devices. Developed by Henrik Rydgård, this gold edition offers advanced features, superior graphics, and optimized performance. Unlike the free version, PPSSPP Gold enhances the gaming experience with better texture filtering, higher rendering speeds, and a smoother frame rate.

⚙️ Key Features of PPSSPP Gold APK

HD Graphics Support — Play PSP games in high-definition with upscaled textures.

Save & Load Progress — Resume gameplay anytime with instant save states.

Customization Options — Adjust settings like frame skipping, texture scaling, and touch controls.

PSP ISO and CSO Compatibility — Supports multiple PSP ROM formats.

External Controller Support — Connect Bluetooth gamepads for a console-like experience.

OpenGL and Vulkan API Support — Optimized rendering for faster, smoother gameplay.

Multi-Language Support — Play in over 36 languages.

Lightweight & Fast — Runs efficiently even on older Android devices.

🕹️ Gameplay of PPSSPP Gold APK

PPSSPP Gold transforms your Android device into a PSP console. The emulator allows you to play legendary PSP titles by loading ISO and CSO game files. Players can tweak graphics settings, connect controllers, and save progress at any point.

⭐ Advantages

Runs PSP games in HD with enhanced textures.

Allows external gamepad support for better controls.

Offers fast and optimized gameplay performance.

Enables custom key mapping and touch controls.

⚠️ Disadvantages

Some high-end PSP games may not run smoothly.

Requires PSP ISO files, which are not included.

Performance depends on device hardware capabilities.

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Gold Edition Benefits — Exclusive premium features not found in the free version.

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Bug Fixes & Stability Improvements — Fewer crashes and smoother performance.

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New Shader Effects — Enhanced graphics customization options.

🛠️ How Does PPSSPP Gold APK Work?

PPSSPP Gold emulates Sony's PSP hardware on Android, enabling users to run PSP ISO and CSO files with optimized performance.

🛠️ Preparing Your Device

Ensure at least 1GB of RAM and a 1.3GHz processor for smooth gameplay.

Enable "Unknown Sources" in security settings to install APK files.

Download PSP ISO/CSO game files from reliable sources.

💾 Downloading PPSSPP Gold APK

Visit a trusted APK provider like HEYAPKS.

Select the latest PPSSPP Gold version for Android.

Click Download and save the APK file.

🔧 Installation Guide (Step-by-Step)

Locate the APK file in your Downloads folder.

Tap to install and grant required permissions.

Launch the app and configure emulator settings.

Load a PSP ISO/CSO game file and start playing.

🛡️ Is It Safe to Use PPSSPP Gold APK?

Yes, PPSSPP Gold APK is safe, provided it is downloaded from a trusted source like HEYAPKS. The official Gold version contains no malware or ads. However, be cautious when downloading PSP ROMs from unknown websites.

📝 Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About PPSSPP Gold APK

Q: Does PPSSPP Gold come with pre-installed games? A: No, users must download PSP ISO/CSO files separately.

Q: Can I use an external controller? A: Yes, Bluetooth and USB controllers are supported.

Q: How to improve PPSSPP performance? A: Adjust frame skipping, texture scaling, and use Vulkan API for better speed.

📈 Reviews of PPSSPP Gold APK

Users praise PPSSPP Gold for its HD graphics, smooth gameplay, and premium features. Many recommend it as the best PSP emulator for Android due to its high compatibility with PSP titles.

💾 Download PPSSPP Gold APK Now

Experience the best PSP emulator for Android and enjoy classic PlayStation Portable games on mobile. Get the official PPSSPP Gold APK safely from HEYAPKS for a premium gaming experience!

[vartik222]

"Unlocking the Power of IGNOU Study: Your Ultimate Guide to Learning, Notes, and Updates"

IGNOU Study is a prominent institution that has been transforming the lives of millions of students through its flexible and accessible education programs. IGNOU Study has played a crucial role in providing quality education to learners from diverse backgrounds, irrespective of their geographical location.

1.) Choosing Your Program: IGNOU offers a plethora of programs in fields like arts, science, commerce, management, social work, and many others. Carefully select a program that aligns with your interests and career goals. Some of the popular programs include Bachelor of Arts (BA), Bachelor of Science (BSc), Master of Business Administration (MBA), and various certificate courses. Make your choice wisely, as this decision will influence your learning journey.

2.) Study Material: Once you're enrolled, IGNOU provides you with comprehensive study material. The university is renowned for its high-quality self-instructional printed materials, which are supplemented by audio and video content in some courses. The study material is your primary resource for learning, so ensure you keep it safe and organized.

3.) Online Learning: In addition to printed study materials, IGNOU has embraced technology to offer online resources. Provides digital access to course materials, making it easy for students to access content on the go. Additionally, IGNOU's e-content app is available for Android devices, making learning more flexible.

IGNOU Study is a powerful platform for unlocking your potential and achieving your academic and career goals. With the right guidance, dedication, and a thirst for knowledge, you can make the most of your IGNOU experience. So, embrace the opportunities, study hard, and let IGNOU Study be the catalyst for your educational and professional success.

[patmax17]

This is the millennial experience. One thing that fascinates me is that I lived through the evolution of modern technology, I know what a file and an executable are, I know what RAM and ROM are, i know what the difference between WiFi and data connection is. I remember Internet without social media, and when Google was just one of the many search engines (and was only that). I grew up using personal computers, with mouse and keyboard.

The younger generation is as used as us to technology (probably even more), but they don't know what's happening behind the screen. It's kinda sad, actually

the older I get, the more the technological changes I've lived through as a millennial feel bizarre to me. we had computers in my primary school classroom; I first learned to type on a typewriter. I had a cellphone as a teenager, but still needed a physical train timetable. my parents listened to LP records when I was growing up; meanwhile, my childhood cassette tape collection became a CD collection, until I started downloading mp3s on kazaa over our 56k modem internet connection to play in winamp on my desktop computer, and now my laptop doesn't even have a disc tray. I used to save my word documents on floppy discs. I grew up using the rotary phone at my grandparents' house and our wall-connected landline; my mother's first cellphone was so big, we called it The Brick. I once took my desktop computer - monitor, tower and all - on the train to attend a LAN party at a friend's house where we had to connect to the internet with physical cables to play together, and where one friend's massive CRT monitor wouldn't fit on any available table. as kids, we used to make concertina caterpillars in class with the punctured and perforated paper strips that were left over whenever anything was printed on the room's dot matrix printer, which was outdated by the time I was in high school. VHS tapes became DVDs, and you could still rent both at the local video store when I was first married, but those shops all died out within the next six years. my facebook account predates the iphone camera - I used to carry around a separate digital camera and manually upload photos to the computer in order to post them; there are rolls of undeveloped film from my childhood still in envelopes from the chemist's in my childhood photo albums. I have a photo album from my wedding, but no physical albums of my child; by then, we were all posting online, and now that's a decade's worth of pictures I'd have to sort through manually in order to create one. there are video games I tell my son about but can't ever show him because the consoles they used to run on are all obsolete and the games were never remastered for the new ones that don't have the requisite backwards compatibility. I used to have a walkman for car trips as a kid; then I had a discman and a plastic hardshell case of CDs to carry around as a teenager; later, a friend gave my husband and I engraved matching ipods as a wedding present, and we used them both until they stopped working; now they're obsolete. today I texted my mother, who was born in 1950, a tiktok upload of an instructional video for girls from 1956 on how to look after their hair and nails and fold their clothes. my father was born four years after the invention of colour televison; he worked in radio and print journalism, and in the years before his health declined, even though he logically understood that newspapers existed online, he would clip out articles from the physical paper, put them in an envelope and mail them to me overseas if he wanted me to read them. and now I hold the world in a glass-faced rectangle, and I have access to everything and ownership of nothing, and everything I write online can potentially be wiped out at the drop of a hat by the ego of an idiot manchild billionaire. as a child, I wore a watch, but like most of my generation, I stopped when cellphones started telling us the time and they became redundant. now, my son wears a smartwatch so we can call him home from playing in the neighbourhood park, and there's a tanline on his wrist ike the one I haven't had since the age of fifteen. and I wonder: what will 2030 look like?

[attitudetallyacademy]

RAM vs ROM: Understanding the Key Differences for Better Tech Knowledge

The below course provides one with an in-depth overview of Computer Fundamentals, specifically RAM and ROM. One can understand the essential differences between random access memory and read-only memory, their different roles in determining the performance of the computer, and how they impact the performance of the computer. Beginner or someone looking to little widen a tech knowledge horizon, this course will break down the complex concepts and equip them with a strong foundation for a career in IT, Hardware, etc. read more...

Learn computer fundamental skills today!

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for your valuable Training Course insights and content

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[tia003]

What are the key components of an embedded system?

Key Components of an Embedded System

An embedded system is a specialized computing system designed to perform dedicated tasks within a larger system. It is typically built to be highly efficient, reliable, and optimized for specific functions. Here are the key components of an embedded system:

1. Microcontroller/Microprocessor: The central unit of an embedded system, the microcontroller (or microprocessor), processes data and executes instructions. It typically includes a CPU, memory, and input/output interfaces, all integrated on a single chip. The microcontroller determines the system's speed, power consumption, and functionality.

2. Memory: Embedded systems often use different types of memory, such as ROM (Read-Only Memory) and RAM (Random Access Memory). ROM stores firmware and software, while RAM is used for temporary data storage during operations. Flash memory is also common, providing non-volatile storage for the system's data.

3. Sensors and Actuators: Sensors collect real-world data, such as temperature, pressure, or motion, while actuators convert signals into physical actions, like moving motors or turning on lights. These components allow embedded systems to interact with their environment and execute tasks based on input data.

4. Power Supply: Since embedded systems are often deployed in remote or portable environments, a reliable power supply is essential. Power management ensures that the system operates efficiently and can run on minimal power, extending battery life in portable applications.

5. Communication Interfaces: Embedded systems often require communication with other systems or networks. Communication interfaces such as UART, SPI, I2C, and Ethernet are used for data transfer between the embedded system and other devices.

6. Software/Firmware: The software or firmware controls the operation of the embedded system, instructing the hardware to perform specific tasks. It is usually optimized for performance and resource usage, ensuring the system works within its constraints.

To fully understand these components and their interaction, enrolling in an Embedded Systems Course can provide in-depth knowledge and hands-on experience in designing and programming embedded systems.

[suresh1407]

Find the Difference between RAM AND ROM. There are severals Differences between Ram and Rom.