#Hosokawa Katsumoto

[crazyfox-archives]

A pamphlet from Ryōanji Temple (龍安寺) in Kyoto, founded by the shogunal deputy Hosokawa Katsumoto (細川勝元) in 1450 and rebuilt by his son in 1488 after being destroyed during the Ōnin War, with the cover featuring the temple’s famous dry landscape garden of uncertain date and creation

Acquired at the temple June 12, 1994

[yuriko-mukami]

"Umh... I wrote some notes for the history class. I hope I got everything correctly but, of course, it can be I memorized something in a wrong way..."

"If someone wants to check it out, here are my sheets. Feel free to add more notes and corrections to it."

Yuriko’s History Notes

~The Sengoku Period~

The Onin War

The Onin War was a civil war that lasted from 1467 to 1477 and initiated the Sengoku period. Onin refers to the era when the war started while it ended during the Bunmei era. It was a dispute between a high official Hosokawa Katsumoto and a regional lord Yamana Sozen but it escalated into a nationwide civil war that collapsed the feudal system of Japan.

Daimyo to know

Oda Nobunaga - the first of the three great unifiers

Toyotomi Hideyoshi - the second of the three great unifiers and the man who ended the Sengoku period

Tokugawa Ieyasu - the third of the three great unifiers, the only one out of the three who managed to receive the title of shogun and created Tokugawa shogunate which ushered in the Edo period. The Tokugawa shogunate ruled Japan for 260 years.

Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi

Oda Nobunaga was one of the great three unifiers of Japan, the other two being Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu. He was the second son of Oda Nobuhide and was born on 23 June 1534 in Owari Province. In his youth, he was known as the Fool of Owari.

Tanegashima, the matchlock guns, arrived in Japan by the Portuguese Empire and were used by the samurai class and their footsoldiers. The guns changed the way of the war in Japan forever. Oda Nobunaga ordered 500 of these guns to his army which gave him a huge advantage in the war. He was also interested in trading with the Europeans. He collected pieces of Western art but also arms and armor and was probably one of the very first Japanese who wear European clothes. He was also a patron of Jesuit missionaries in Japan and supported the rise of the first Christian church in Kyoto.

Before his death, Oda Nobunaga was the most powerful warlord (daimyo) in Japan. He died at Honno-ji when Akeshi Mitsuhide surrounded the temple with his army. Oda Nobunaga committed seppuku (suicide) and told his page, Mori Ranmaru to run. Mori set the temple on fire so that no one could decapitate Oda. After that Akeshi also attacked Oda Nobutada, the eldest son and heir of Nobunaga. Also, Nobutada committed suicide.

Akeshi Mitsuhide didn’t manage to hold the power after his deeds because Toyotomi Hideyoshi’s army defeated him, and he was murdered by bandits when he was fleeing. That made Toyotomi as Oda’s successor.

Toyotomi Hideyoshi started his life on 17 March 1537 as a peasant. He became Oda Nobunaga’s retainer and sandal bearer but continued unifying Japan after his lord had died, finally ending the Sengoku period by thwarting the Kunohe Rebelion launched by Kunohe Masazane against his rival Nanbu Nobunao. The rebellion spread across Mutsu Province. Toyotomi Hideyoshi backed Nobunao along with Tokugawa Ieyasu, sending a large army to defeat the rebels. Kunohe Masazane was outnumbered, and he surrendered Kunohe castle. That was the final battle of the Sengoku period and completed the unification of Japan.

About Sengoku Period’s Meaning for Japan’s future

After the Onin war, the feudal system collapsed, and the Sengoku period was constantly warring over the power in the country. The unification returned the piece and the Tokugawa shogunate ruled for over 200 years but was overthrown in the mid-19th century. The resignation of the 15th Tokugawa shogun led to the restoration of imperial rule. Japan has already started to modernize during that time and the less feudal form of governance was formed in Meiji Restoration.

~Other Notable People~

The Theory of Uesugi Kenshin

There is a theory about a great warlord Uesugi Kenshin that he was actually a woman. The theory is based on a report from the 16th century and is written by a Spanish person to King Philip II. In the report, Uesugi is referred to as an aunt of Uesugi Kagekatsu. The other evidence supporting the theory is that Uesugi Kenshin had stomach cramps monthly and his military campaigns were planned around these cramps. The cause of Uesugi’s death is recorded in Todaiki as uterus cancer.

Other than that, Uesugi Kenshin had interested in historical novels, poetry, and calligraphy aimed at the female audience. His appearance is rather feminine if you look at his portraits from the Sengoku period. He was also allowed freely enter women’s quarters in the Kyoto Imperial Palace. He had no children, wife, or concubine. 

Miyamoto Musashi

Miyamoto Musashi was born in 1548 and was a swordsman, philosopher, strategist, writer, and ronin who became renowned through stories of his unique double-bladed swordsmanship and undefeated record in his 61 duels. He was known as a sword-saint of Japan. He was the founder of the Niten Ichi-ryuu style of swordsmanship and also wrote books called The Book of Five Rings and The Path of Aloneness.

Izumo no Okuni

Izumo no Okuni was born in 1578 and was a shrine maiden in the Grand Shrine of Izumo. She is believed of inventing kabuki theater. She started to perform her new art style of kabuki (the art of singing and dancing) in the theater on the riverbed of the Kamo River in Kyoto. Her kabuki became popular and was known for performers who were often lower-class women.

While this was the start of the kabuki theater, female actors were later banned, and it became an all-male form of theater which it still is in these days.

[theworldaswedontknowit]

The Sengoku Period: 1460s - 1560

So, when did the Sengoku Jidai start? Honestly, like its namesake I can’t really pinpoint a date but it’s definitely within the realms of the 1450s to 1460s and I’d pick the days when Yamana Sozen declared his allegiance to the succession of the Shogun – Ashikaga Yoshimasa’s son and his son in law, Hosokawa Katsumoto, pledged himself to the Shogun’s brother who had been selected before the child was born. You see this situation time and again in history, all over the world, the brother gest picked because the guy has no son…only for a son to be born. Honestly, the same situation can be seen in the Todo family 130 years later and they were minor for most of their early existence.

In 1467 Yamana would gather troops with another war lord, Ouchi Masahiro and Hosokawa’s home would go up in flames. The game was on.

With rumours that Yamana intended to attack the Imperial palace Hosokawa demanded all of the Imperial family moved, paying no heed to whether these rumours were true or not. In the end Yamana did actually attack the Imperial palace and the fighting between them in Kyoto brought about its destruction. Genuinely, they completely destroyed it. The fighting would go on for months before Hosokawa convinced the Emperor and Shogun to denounce the Yamana as nothing more than rebels and undermine their supporter. Yet, it had little affect and even the deaths of both Yamana and Hosokawa did nothing to lighten up the situation.

Finally the Shogun – you know the big military leader dude, only this one was a little too concerned with poetry to actually control the situation – appealed for these people to disperse and essentially go home. However, it wouldn’t come to an end and Kyoto would still be being destroyed until 1477 when Ouchi Masahiro finally backed down, returning home but not before burning his part of Kyoto. Even with the Onin war over riots and mobs continued to descend on the city and honestly this ain’t ever gonna get better. Well, it is, but not for a long time.

The Onin war is also where we can see elements of the idea of the Western and Eastern armies. Yamana being the west and Hosokawa being the east. In 130 years time we’re going to see the big bang that is Sekigahara, the war that brought an end to the period end in much the same way as the war that started it all. Ishida Mitsunari, commander of the Western army will lose to Tokugawa Ieyasu, commander of the Eastern army, in 1600.

It’s these mobs however, that spelled the rise of the Ji-samurai or common birth samurai. What was once disorganised militias became organised armies and instrumented the rise of a very different kind of Samurai. Before this Samurai had typically been of noble birth but now simple famers and their sons did so as well. Good examples of “farmer” turned Samurai is Toyotomi Hideyoushi himself, who rose from Oda’s sandal bearer to nearly Shogun.

With these armies rising, the Hatakeyama family tearing apart any peace in their bit of the map over a family feud the future looked grim. With Yoshimasa retiring and putting his 15 year old son on the throne things really did turn sour. The Ashikaga’s suddenly seem to go through a time of not producing their own sons. Yoshihisa would produce only the daughter before dying in 1489 at the age of 24, his father taking the throne back and also dying a year later. From then on only one natural son of the Shogun, Yoshimasa, would take over before being followed by the brother who was part of the starting of the war. Then two adoptive sons, the uncle sandwiched between them.

The dominating family of the early Segoku Jidai was the Hosokawa but from what I can tell a lot of their wars were infighting. The Ryo Hosokawa war began in 1507 and was a dispute over who was going to succeed the head of the family, much like with the Shogun. Only this time Hosokawa Masamoto is super duper dead. The war would end when Hosokawa Harumoto defeated Hosokawa Takakuni, only for the entire head family to collapse when Harumoto died in 1563.

Come 1543 the Warring states is in full swing. Uesugi Kenshin and Takeda Shingen are beginning to show their capabilities, Mori Motonari is being the hotshot in the south and…the Date…aren’t really doing anything? Oda is 9, Hideyoushi is 6 and Ieyasu is a few months old. Okay, so not much is really going on but the Portuguese have just arrived and this is a big deal because what do they bring with them? Why, guns of course!

This little addition to the Japanese weapon arsenal is going to change the face of Samurai warfare. Even today, many historical figures are depicted in favouring it. Data Masamune’s weapon in Samurai Warriors is a sword and gun, which I think is an appropriate metaphor for how wars were fought now. The addition of guns allowed for distance combat, indeed it was a factor in the bringing down of the “Demon Horsemen of Kai” and if something that sounds that badass can be defeated with guns the you know everything is going to go down.

Update on the Hosokawa, the Miyoshi have just betrayed them and oh boy, that’s one massive screw you to them. Under Miyoshi Nagayoshi the Miyoshi are going to expand their territory and go on regular campaigns against the Hosokawa. Two years later Sue Harukata is going to betray Ouchi Yoshitaka at the incident at Tainei-ji. So, the two biggest players who started this all are out of picture. Just about the write time for the next big one to waltz right in.

Oda Nobunaga (1534-1582) is considered the first Unifier of Japan and with good reason. While getting together much of the middle ground of Honshu, he paved the way for Hideyoushi to take up his mantle and for Ieyasu to take over and finish the job. Without Oda the warring states may have gone on longer or at least it would look very different. Without Oda, Hideyoushi wouldn’t have gone through his rise to power, certainly not in the same way at least. Ieyasu is a different matter I’ll get into another time.

So, 1560, it’s a big year. Oda Nobunaga is 26 years old, he’s finally the cemented head of the Oda clan after a succession struggle with his younger brother. That younger brother is now dead and Nobunaga really wants to show his might and his skill. He spies an opportunity at Okehazama.

The Imagawa would invade and a plucky young general, named Matsudaira Motoyasu, would capture one of Oda’s castle, Marune. This plucky little general is the future Tokugawa Ieyasu. At a disadvantage Oda looked for ways he could defeat the Imagawa and honestly, Yoshimoto gave it to him. While sending the Matsudaira to Odaka Castle Yoshimoto rested at Okehazama. This was a place that Oda knew well and really, the hill top ambush did happen.

Yoshimoto, who was so clueless as to what was happening, came out from his tent thinking that only a drunken brawl had broken out. He believed this to such an extent that he ordered the angry samurai running at him with a big spear to go back to his post. Realising that he was actually an Oda man he drew his sword and managed to break the spear, only for a second Oda man to lop off his head. Only two senior retainers would escape Okehazama.

So, what’s happened over the last 100 years. The Hosokawa have been torn apart by infighting and are almost completely powerless while Yamana is nowhere to be seen, their greatest supporters betrayed and decimated by the Sue. The rising stars of the north have risen, the Uesugi are going to play a part to the very end while the Takeda are going to go out with a slightly unimpressive bang in 1575. Our future Western Army leader, Ishida Mitsunari, has just been born as Sakichi and his family currently serve the Azai. He will be fourteen years old when he first rises to any minor prominence and even then, only as an attendant to Hideyoushi. Tokugawa Ieyasu, currently named Matsudaira Motoyasu is finally free of his life as a hostage, joining up with Oda in secret and fearing for the lives of his wife and son who are still in the hands of the down but not out Imagawa.

Finally, Oda Nobunaga has fought his defining battle, the one that has cleared his way to Kyoto and cleared the way for 22 years of plunder before he is betrayed by his loyal retainer, Akechi Mitsuhide.

[oh-yeah-i-exist]

Molten Gold - Chapter 4

Synopsis: Druig & Nara - best friends, pen pals, and idiots too stubborn to admit each other’s feelings. She assumes he doesn’t care, he assumes she’s found someone else. For over 500 years, he’s kept her letters, while she resists the urge to send more. Hopefully, the end of the world might knock some sense into them both.

Chapter: 4/? (Chapter 1; Chapter 2; Chapter 3)

Pairing: Druig x OC!Fem!Eternal (named Nara)

Warnings: ANGSTY, y’all, ANGST. Depictions of violence, blood, injuries. 

Word count: ~1816

Feedback totally welcome!

Dew soaked through their boots as Druig and Nara treaded through the rice paddies surrounding Kyoto. In the distance, they could spy a large group of patrols. The men called out to each other, torches raised high to chase away the dark.

The creature had supposedly been plaguing the local farmers for months, feeding on human flesh. Many believed it was an oni––a sly, scaly-skinned ogre, with a red face and a mouth full of fangs. The Eternals knew better.

“Over there!” Alerted one of the patrols, drawing the group towards an irrigation canal. Ducking down, Druig and Nara tagged along.

Soon enough, they encountered what they’d travelled halfway across the world for: A Deviant, crouching knee-deep in the muddy canal water. It was holding something in its claws––an arm, half-eaten, with the bone exposed.

Crack. A twig snapped under Druig’s boot. Their target’s head shot up. With a guttural growl, it charged head on at the pair.

Nara’s fire-tipped spear sliced through its skin, drawing blood, before its claws could reach Druig’s face. It let out an ear-piercing howl. Nara danced out of its path with swift turns and backflips.

Swoosh! An arrow landed in the oni’s shoulder, drawing its attention away from the two Eternals. Nara took it as cue to deal a serious blow, sending the creature hurtling across the field with a fiery punch.

“You there!” Shouted a patrol––the bravest of the group, the only one to have ventured near the fight. “Don’t move!”

“It’s getting away,” said Nara in an undertone, in case the men overheard. The creature had turned tail and ran southward.

“Let’s deal with this first,” Druig suggested. “We don’t want any trouble with the humans.”

The patrols drew near. In their midst was a man on horseback. A deputy of the shōgun, Hosokawa Katsumoto. “Who are you? Or what are you?” He demanded of Druig and Nara.

“You!” He aimed an index finger at Nara, “You appear to be an ordinary woman, but that fire! Are you, perchance, a goddess?”

His gaze focused on Druig next. “And you! How strange you look. The color of your eyes, how peculiar! Are you also a god?”

“We are here to help you hunt down this oni. We mean no harm,” Druig calmly replied, ignoring the deputy’s judgment. “But we are indeed strangers to Kyoto. So I propose we make a deal. You help us navigate your domain, so that we may kill the oni. In exchange, I humbly ask that you keep our involvement a secret.”

Hosokawa considered Druig’s words. Around him, his men murmured amongst themselves––awestruck at the ‘gods’ apparitions.’ “Agreed,” the deputy declared, tugging on his horse’s reins.

The patrols dispersed, combing through the neighboring fields and river banks. Druig and Nara kept a close eye on their movements, until one man spoke up.

“The oni has appeared downstream, my lord!”

“Be careful, it’s probably in a foul mood given our earlier scuffle,” said Druig, as they went after its tracks.

Nara closed in, delivering an axe kick. Her heel coming down on the back of the Deviant’s neck with brutal force. Its knees buckled, and it fell face first into the river’s rushing water. Its death promptly followed when she plunged her spear straight through its spine.

“I think we’re done here,” she assessed, straightening up. The deputy and his men had caught up with them, standing by with their mouths agape. “Lord Hosokawa!” Shrieked a patrol, who’d spotted the appearance of yet another oni. One that was identical to the one Nara had just put down.

“Get back!” Druig pushed the deputy out of harm’s way. The oni’s jaws clamped down on his shoulder, and he held back the urge to scream. He acted fast, taking over the deputy’s mind. Drawing the deputy’s sword from its sheath and chopping the oni’s arm clean off.

Its jaws went slack, and Druig nearly collapsed from the pain.

“Dru!” Yelled Nara, alarmed, rushing to his side. “I’m alright…” he panted, one hand pressing on the wound to curb the bleeding. “Where’d it go?”

Anger flared up in Nara’s chest, fire licking up her arms. “I’ll burn that stupid thing to ash,” she said through gritted teeth, breaking into hot pursuit.

The creature was fast, but it was missing an arm, leaving behind a glaring trail of blood. She spotted it from afar a mere three minutes later. Running to gather momentum, holding her spear above her head and parallel to the ground. Pulling her shoulder back, eyes not once leaving her prey. With lethal intent, she hurled the spear in the oni’s direction––tracing a glowing arc against the night sky.

She hit her mark. But that wasn’t enough. Nara pulled her hand back, forming a fist. The spear burst into flames, virtually incinerating the unfortunate Deviant.

火

With the minor exception of Ikarus, the reassembled Eternals are out of practice. But four Deviants have come crashing through the compound.

Before Sersi’s very eyes, a winged beast swoops in and snatches Ikarus away in its talons.  

“They’re coming!” She sprints back to warn the others, frantically waving her arms. Unknowingly running headlong into another Deviant. Thankfully, Sprite grabs her by the waist and pulls her back just in time.

“Get behind me!” Kingo commands, firing bolts of celestial energy to keep the Deviant at bay.

“Excellent, sir,” Karun cheers, dutifully filming the ‘action sequences.’

“What are you doing!?” Kingo shouts at him, “Get out of here! You’re going to get killed!”

There’s no time for more bickering, though. Two Deviants are converging on their location.

“Sprite, get Karun out of here!”

“How many cameras have you brought, young man?” The illusionist struggles to push Karun out of the way, while Sersi gathers up the villagers, telling them to evacuate. She guides some into the closest barn she can find, closing the door, and turning the whole structure into stone. Once again, failing to notice one of the Deviants charging her way.

This time, the creature knocks her straight into an adjacent building. Shielding her face with her forearms, she falls through the crumbling debris. Barely has time to stand back up when it reels back to finish the job.

Bang! A round of shots go off, peppering the Deviant’s ribs. Druig has made some of his people take up arms and join the fight. He himself is reloading his shotgun, effortlessly leaping over the creature and nailing it straight in the back. Baiting it towards him, substituting himself for Nara at the very last minute.

The redhead takes a swing at the creature’s jugular, palms on fire. The Deviant isn’t going down just yet. It has a secret weapon––a razor-sharp tail, with serrations at its end. Making it difficult for Nara to come close enough to make any real damage.

The villagers, at Druig’s command, take aim at the Deviant’s moving form, as it bulldozes through their ranks. 

“Druig!” Sersi pulls the telepath around. “Stop controlling them,” she implores. He is reluctant to let go. Not when he can see the beast switch its attention to Nara.

“You’re better than this,” Sersi repeats, shaking his shoulders.

“Fine,” he mutters, harshly pushing her hands off. To the villagers, he orders, “Go! To the river!”

Though initially confused, it does not take much for the humans to realize the peril they’re in and flee.

By now, Nara has clambered up a tree, from which height she can jump down and spear the Deviant in place. The plan works. She straddles its scaly back and plunges her weapon into its flesh. Its whole body writhes with a guttural growl, its legs giving out underneath as she twists the spear in deeper. With a final burst of energy, the creature violently pivots its tail, impaling her in the lower abdomen.

“No!” Druig dashes to where she is. Squeezing her eyes shut, Nara breaks off the end of the dead Deviant’s tail, freeing herself. He catches her just before she falls off.

“Sersi!” He calls out, sheer panic in his voice. “A little help over here!”

But the other Eternals are busy. Sprite has materialized a small knife and blindly stabbed one of the Deviants, practically dangling from its upper jaw. “Any minute now!” She urges Kingo, who’s scrambling to channel energy into his palms.

Ikarus reappears, laser beams at full blast, but is immediately pinned down by another Deviant. Each time he manages to bring his head up, the creature slams him back down, dragging him through the dirt. Seeing no other option, Sersi grabs a sharp fragment of wood and jabs it at the Deviant. As expected, it snaps around and comes after her. Easily trapping her in a water basin while Ikarus watches on in horror.

And there is so much blood. Nara’s blood. On Druig’s hands, at the hem of his tank top. Soaking through his trousers where he is kneeling on the ground. He dares not look away from her, even as she tries to get up to help Sersi.

“Hey, hey, stay still!” He scolds, hand hovering over her abdomen where the tail is still wedged.

A good five feet away, Sersi is about to do the impossible: turn an organic being into stone, effectively escaping death by a hair’s width.

Kingo, too, has succeeded, albeit covered in Deviant goo.

“Sersi, please!” Druig calls again, finally gaining everyone’s attention. Sersi, still dumbfounded by her new ability, staggers over to where he’s holding Nara. The red-haired girl tries to lift her head, but the effort only sends a jolt of agonizing pain through her body.

“I’ve got you,” Sersi comes to her aid, promptly transforming the Deviant’s tail into thin air.

“Nara, listen to me…” says Druig, brushing Nara’s hair away from her eyes.

“Druig…?” She whispers his name in a shaky breath. “I’m sorry…”

“Shh, don’t apologize…” He tries to keep calm for her sake. “Hey, listen to me, alright? I know it’s gonna hurt, but you gotta cauterize the wound. Like you did for me in Japan all those years back, remember? Do it for me, yeah?”

“I––I don’t want to burn you…” is her weak reply. A sad smile tugs at the corners of his lips. He isn’t the one bleeding out.

“It’s okay, m’darling. I won’t even feel a thing,” he reassures her. “I promise it’ll be okay.”

Reluctantly, she gives a feeble nod. Taking a sharp inhale. Willing herself to stop shaking. Flames spark to life under her palm, which she presses against the gaping mouth of her wound. The pain is all-consuming, overriding all of her senses, but the feeling of Druig’s palm atop hers and the contours of his face in her blurry vision anchor her to consciousness.

[rex-writes-sometimes]

pSS PSSS REXY HI IS VYYYYY.GIMME SOME SWEET SWEET GENERAL HEADCANONS FOR MY LITERAL SON MIDARE THANK U BYEEEEE

[empty paragraph so tumblr doesn't eat it]

thou ask and thou shalt receive :3 sorry that they’re a little short; these are mostly just some passing thoughts i have for him

warnings: none. thoughts under cut.

midare is a bit of a mayhem generator. oh, he’s definitely not as chaotic as tsurumaru in any capacity, he he can cause a fair share of misdirection and chaos when he wants to. after all, his into line is “Say, do you want to wreak havoc with me?”

in a prank setting, he’s more likely to send you around on a wild goose chase and/or spread misinformation, especially on april fool’s. do not trust a word he says.

midare is also the most likely to cause psychic damage with gossip.

like most tantou, i would say that midare also tends to be underestimated. however, just because he’s small and delicate looking doesn’t mean he can kick your ass.

in a similar vein, i think he would be the secretly-bloodthirsty type. one of his masters was hosokawa katsumoto, who kicked off the oonin war, which shattered japan into its warring states.

of course, it’s not cute, not cute at all, to be so hotblooded like some of his brothers- yagen (”I'll pierce you 'til the hilt!”) mostly comes to mind, so he tends to play down his more wily and forceful tendencies behind coy smiles and teasing words.

he’s a little similar to kasen in this way- though kasen is more invested in the arts and midare into “cuteness”, they both play down some of their “not as desirable” traits in some cases.

[leenaevilin]

[Update] BSP「日本史Rock show Vol.2『応仁の乱』(bsp nihonshi rock show vol.2 ounin no ran)

visuals update under the cut^^

Cast:

Matsuda Gaku as Ashikaga Yoshimasa (足利義政)

Tabuchi Noriaki as Hino Tomiko (日野富子)

Tanaka Naoki as Hosokawa Katsumoto (細川勝元)

Kanegae Kou as Yamana Souzen (山名宗全)

Ishida Naoya as Ashikaga Yoshimi (足利義視)

Ikenoue Yoritsugu as Onami (音阿弥)

Yamamoto Kenji as Ikkyuu Soujun (一休宗純)

Harada Kenji as Oouchi Masahiro (大内政弘)

Ueda Ryou as Ise Sadachika (伊勢貞親)

Nakauchi Tenma as Hatakeyama Yoshinari (畠山義就)

Ogawa Takeru as Hatakeyama Masanaga (畠山政長)

Morita Taiko as Asakura Takakage (朝倉孝景)

homepage twitter natalie

[mariaantonnietta]

Midare Toushirou Kiwame Letters

So, here is Midare Letter. Don’t know a lot about his history, so I am lacking contex here. This is my reaction/translation to the letters, I am descifring the japanese with translators and some poor knowledge, so is not the best translation out here, but is something I do.

First Letter

あるじさんへ Lord Master

今、ボクは京に来てるんだ。いわゆる自分探しって感じかな。

Now, I'm going to Kyoto. I want to search myself. (like he wants to search his self) 懐かしい京の街並み。って言ってもこの後焼け野原になっちゃうんだけどね。

Kyoto city/surroundings  is/are nostalgic. Even if I say that, it will be a burned .off field after this. 前のこと過ぎて道とかわかんなくなっちゃってるなー。

I don't how to get over the(my) past(the things that happened). 探検に集中したいから、今日はここまで。

I want to focus in explore the place, so this is all for today. また手紙書きまーす。

I will write(a letter) again.

Second Letter

あるじさんへ    Lord Master

いやー、まいっちゃう。

Well, I go (I don't know) うろうろ歩き回ってたら、迷子と間違われて保護されちゃった。

When I was walking around, I got mistaken  for a lost child and was protected. あ、心配しなくてもだいじょーぶ。知ってる人のところにいるから。

A, but there is nothing to worry about I am(will be?) fine. Because I know this person.

ボクを拾ったのは細川勝元さん。ボクの名前の由来になった元の主。

Th one who picked me up was Hosokawa Katsumoto. The original lord who had/gave me my name.

ま、向こうはボクのことわかんないみたいだけど、

Well, he doesn't seem to know me.(or the persons on the other side of the battlefield does not matter, but I think Midare refers to Hosolawa when he says the other side) 鯉とか食べさせてもらったりして元気にやってまーす。

I will do well and eat lots of koi (carp fish)

Third Letter

あるじさんへ Lord Master 人間って不思議だよねー。文化的なことが得意で、

Humans are strange. I am good at cultural things, 政治的に才能があっても、戦乱起こしちゃうんだよね。

Even if you have political talent, it will regardless cause war. (midare.....why so pessimistic?) やっぱり、頭が良すぎると余計なことまで考え始めて、

after all, people who are too smart start thinking about unnecesary things.

(I think the meaning is, that when you understand things, then you start criticating them/thinking other things people don't need to think to live (like philosophy?)...the phase can have a dark meaning.....like, thinking unnecesary things leads a person with political talent to iniciate a unnecesary war, as you can start thinkg egoistily/greedy too.... I need to know more Midare history to tell what he means, but it is ominuos  reading this after the prior sentence )

かえって良くないのかな？

Is that not bad? んー。ボクがいない間、主さんが良からぬことを考え始めてないか

Hummm. While I am away, master isn't starting to trink about something wrong(about wrong things), right ?

(Yeah, he was talking about corruption) 心配になってきちゃった。

I am worried about that now. 思うに、主さんはボクの魅力でメロメロになってるくらいでいいんだよ。

I think master is going to be mellowed(distracted of that kind of thoughts) by my charm. よーし、そうと決まればもう自分探しはおしまいっ。そろそろ帰りまーす。

Okay,if I  concentrate/decide it, I will find myself. I will return soon.

(here he says that thinking also is the methd to find yourself. So the idea is not lose yourself?. I did not know cute Midare is taking life light-hearted as a result of thinking of the important things as he understand how easily one can lose him/herself. The clothing is apparently so cheer people up.  And he is good in cultural things, that is awesome!)

[jibuyo]

Do you know any details about Mitsunari's alleged attempts on Ieyasu?

These are those I read about.

Attempt no. 1

1598 - eight month 19th day - one day after Hideyoshi’s death, Mitsunari tried to assassinate Ieyasu. I’m not really clear on the details. (On the other hand it was also Mitsunari who informed Ieyasu that Hideyoshi died during this period.)

Attempt no. 2

When Hideyori was moved to Osaka castle (first month of 1599), Ieyasu was staying at Katagiri Katsumoto’s mansion in Osaka (because Ieyasu didn’t have his own residence in Osaka). There was apparently a plan to attack him there. Considering the time period is almost the same as attempt no. 3...

Attempt no. 3

1599 - first month - there were rumours that Mitsunari wanted to suddenly attack Ieyasu in Ieyasu’s residence in Fushimi, so there was a huge uproar in Ieyasu’s residence and some defense (arrows, shields) was put up. (Edo book) This attempt is after Mitsunari and the rest condemned Ieyasu for his marriage. Around this time the other generals either entered Ieyasu’s residence or Maeda Toshiie’s residence in Osaka. Therefore, rather then Mitsunari vs Ieyasu, it was Toshiie vs Ieyasu.

Tokugawa side: Fukushima Masanori, Kuroda Yoshitaka (Kanbei) and Nagamasa, Ikeda Terumasa, Tōdō Takatora, Kyōgoku Takatsugu, Date Masamune, Mogami Yoshiaki, Mori Tadamasa, Wakizaka Yasuharu, Ōtani Yoshitsugu etc.

Maeda side: the rest of Elders - Uesugi Kagekatsu, Ukita Hideie, Mōri Terumoto; magistrates: Asano Nagamasa, Maeda Gen’i, Ishida Mitsunari, Mashita Nagamori, Natsuka Masaie, Katō Kiyomasa, Konishi Yukinaga, Asano Yukinaga, Hosokawa Tadaoki, Katō Yoshiaki, Tachinaga Muneshige, Oda Hidenobu, Chōsokabe Morichika etc.

This who was on who’s side comes from some book in Edo, the bolded ones are those who end up in the other group during Sekigahara. If the groups are truth or not, if it was just Mitsunari wanting to kill Ieyasu or not, I have no idea, but there was definitely something happening in the middle of the first month of 1599 between Ieyasu and Toshiie, between Osaka and Fushimi. The Jesuits say Ieyasu called for 30, 000 men from his own fiefs.

Kang Hang will also tell you that Masamune and Mogami would be in any attempt to kill Ieyasu he wrote about. 

Nothing happened during this time, they made peace.

Attempt no. 4

Now, I’m pretty sure there was supposed to be an attempt shortly before Toshiie’s death when Ieyasu went to visit the sick Toshiie, but I think this one was supposed to be done by Toshiie/his people. But you can definitely see “It was Mitsunari who made Toshiie do it.” I think something similar comes up in Bryant’s book.

Attempt no. 5

During the attack on Mitsunari, Sakon apparently offered to assassinate Ieyasu. There might be other times when he offered? idk

Attempt no. 6

This has nothing to do with Mitsunari, but you can find people saying that Mitsunari was the person organizing it anyway. One day in the ninth month of 1599, Mashita Nagamori (and Natsuka Masaie?) informed Ieyasu that Maeda Toshinaga, Asano Nagamasa, Ohno Harunaga and Hijikata Katsuhisa planned to kill him on his way to Osaka castle (this was when Ieyasu was definitely moving there from Fushimi; before entering Osaka castle, he was staying in Ishida Masazumi’s residence apparently). So Ieyasu took a lot of armed forces with himself and entered Osaka’s Nishi no maru with them with no one trying to kill him. After that he confined everyone to their provinces and Asano Nagamasa lost his bugyo position. After that, Ieyasu went to attack Maeda Toshinaga, who surrendered and sent his mother to Ieyasu as a hostage. (Was it true or did Ieyasu made the rumours himself? Who knows. He was the one laughing anyway, because he could enter Osaka with armed forces, which he probably wouldn’t be able to do if there weren’t rumours about someone aiming for his life.)

Attempt no. 0

I’m pretty sure that Mitsunari also had something to do with Nobunaga’s supposed Ieyasu assassination plan in 1582 :)

I think that’s it. 

We have mostly rumours, and there actually aren’t any primary sources that would suggest that Mitsunari wanted to assassinate Ieyasu. There are open conflicts, but it probably depends on a person if they think Mitsunari was behind them or Toshiie/Toshinaga was. 

[ladrondearte]

Originally a country house of the Tokudaiji Clan, it was acquired in 1450 by Hosokawa Katsumoto for use as a Zen training temple. #ryoanji #kyoto #japan #travelphotography #thepond #afternoon (presso Riyouanji Goriyounoshitacho, Ukyo-ku) https://www.instagram.com/p/B4XfqQylhJ2/?igshid=lqindmt3k51a

[oh-my-otome]

One of the other blogs here told me that Cybird's game Ikémen sengoku has the same characters/same era as slbp, so I was wondering if you had any brief historical info for a young pleb such as myself 👀

Cybird’s Ikemen Sengoku has a similar premise to their game Destined to Love: you’re out somewhere minding your business and then you mysteriously do the time warp again.

The starting point of the Sengoku period can vary depending on who you’re talking to, but for most it’s 1467 when the Onin war (1467-1477) broke out over who would be next in line after shogun Ashikaga Yoshimasa. And for others, it’s 1490, the year Hosokawa Katsumoto, a deputy of the shogun, snatched up power. 

At this point, the samurai have long since stepped in to keep order. The introduction of the first Europeans to arrive in Japan, the Portuguese, changed how battles were fought. In particular, was how clans Oda and Tokugawa combined forces, using their European arquebuses to decimate the Takeda by staggering reload and firing times. In no time at all, Japanese smiths were able to reproduce the mechanism in the muskets and manufactured similar firearms.

The Portuguese also traded goods from China with the Japanese, such as silk, porcelain, soap and tobacco, among other things, which was forbidden by the emperor due to the many attacks by pirates. This was called the Nanban trade.

By the way, the Portuguese slave trade also extended to Japan, with the Portuguese purchasing slaves and sending them to other nations including Portugal. Large amounts of Japanese women, and girls as well, were purchased for sex and sold as slaves.

Toyotomi Hideyoshi was livid with this practice, wanted the enslavement of his people to end. He wanted the slaves who were sold to be returned, and wrote a letter to Gaspar Coelho, a Portuguese missionary and leader of the Christian contingent in Japan. Hideyoshi had him scared up in the middle of the night to answer for it. Hideyoshi made it clear that Coelho and the others were to get out of Japan.  

Unfortunately, it didn’t end there, and there is so much going on around this time, so instead let’s go to the men of Cybird’s Ikemen Sengoku:

Click here for eargasm. I have no idea what Nobunaga and Mitsuhide said, but they can say it again and again.

There are three men who are considered to have unified Japan. They are, in order: Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu. 

Before his death in 1582, Nobunaga was able to conquer a third of the daimyō. In 1590, Hideyoshi unified all of Japan and became its first leader. And in 1603, Ieyasu set himself up as shogun, founding the Tokugawa shogunate

A famous idiom is “Nobunaga pounds the national rice cake, Hideyoshi kneads it, and in the end Ieyasu sits down and eats it.”

Below: Oda Nobunaga on the left and Tokugawa Ieyasu on the right:

Oda Nobunaga was the second son of Oda Nobuhide and his legitimate successor, being the oldest legitimate son. He had a penchant for ignoring his societal rank and enjoyed playing with children his age across the social strata.

With the death of his father, the were a power struggle in the Oda clan, which was under Shiba Yoshimune to begin with. When Nobunaga stepped in to rule, his uncle, Oda Nobutomo, had Yoshimune murdered for his support of Nobunaga.

Nobunaga would spend much of his live trying to attain, maintain, and exert military control in his attempt to unify Japan.

He found himself betrayed many times, but it was his trusted ally Akechi Mitsuhide who finally got the drop on him and it is not known if Nobunaga was killed in Akechi Mitsuhide’s ambush or if Nobunaga committed seppuku. This was known as the Honnō-ji incident.

Tokugawa Ieyasu spent much of his young life as a hostage of both the Oda and the Imagawa.

Nobuhide proposed killing Ieyasu, who was 5 at the time, if Tokugawa Hirotada, Ieyasu’s father, did not cut ties with the Imagawa clan, but Hirotada refused. Rather than killing Ieyasu, Nobuhide kept him as a hostage of the Oda clan and sent him to Nagoya where he remained in a temple for three years.

With the murder of Hirotada by his own men, and Nobuhide succumbing to an illness, Oda Nobunaga took power. In agreement with Imagawa Sessai, who promised to draw his armies back if he was given Ieyasu, Nobunaga handed the young boy over, thereby making him a hostage yet again. This time Ieyasu was taken to Sunpu where he remained from ages 9-13.

While he did have occasional conflict with the Oda clan, Ieyasu would become one of Oda’s strongest allies.

After becoming shogun, Ieyasu made his power inheritable, and in doing so, established a military government that would last for almost three hundred years. 

Cybird’s Destined to Love features his descendant Tokugawa Yoshinobu (Keiki), the last shogun Japan would see.

Below: Takeda Shingen on the left and Uesugi Kenshin on the right

A descendant of the Minamoto clan, Shingen, who was given the name Harunobu at his coming of age ceremony, would be called Minamoto Harunobu in imperial records. He received the dharma name Shingen after the completion of his Buddhist training. The kanji for Shingen can also be pronounced Harunobu, so in a sense, he received the same name twice.

Ashikaga Yoshiharu, the 12th shogun, gave a character from his name to Shingen, which was an honor, and Shingen attained the second one through his own merit.

We don’t know the exact reason why Shingen, the firstborn son, rebelled against his father, but it’s thought that his father, Nobutora, may have wanted to give power to his second son, Nobushige. Nobutora was forced into retirement and sent away to be under the watchful eye of the Imagawa. This formed an alliance between the Imagawa and the Takeda.

Strife in the Takeda clan did not end there, as not only his first cousin, but his own son plotted to take his life.

Shingen’s feud with Kenshin began with Shingen’s attempt to gain control of Shinano. The warlords in the area were already involved in a battle and, making the most of the confusion, Shingen did not have much trouble in winning.

Upon adoption into the Uesugi clan, Nagao Kagetora changed his name several times before becoming known as Uesugi Kenshin. He had control over the Echigo province, which was afforded a better standard of living due to Kenshin’s increasing the growth of local trade.

He believed in Bishamonten, the Buddhist god of war, and was even called his avatar by his followers.

Legend has it that Kenshin burst into Shingen’s war ten on horseback and attacked him. Caught off guard, Shingen successfully parried Kenshin’s sword with his war fan.

Below: Sanada Yukimura on the left and Sarutobi Sasuke on the right

Yukimura’s actual name is Nobushige, after Shingen’s younger brother. Historically, he was never referred to as Yukimura. Novels and plays written about him in the Edo period refer to him as Yukimura, though.

Although the Sanada army was small, they succeeded in winning many battle. With the death of his uncles, his father inherited the clan. However, with the destruction of the Takeda clan, the Sanada surrendered to Oda.

After the Honnō-ji incident, the Sanada had no masters, as so tried to find their place serving a number of clans including the Uesugi, Hōjō, and Tokugawa, before becoming vassals of the Toyotomi.

Yukimura himself was known by many colorful names including The Crimson Demon and Number One Warrior in Japan, among others.

Sarutobi Sasuke was not a real person. He is part of the fictional Sanada Ten Braves, who helped Yukimura in battle, in novels written by Sanada Sandaiki.

The fictitious Sanada Ten Braves, are:

Sarutobi Sasuke

Kirigakure Saizo

Miyoshi Seikai

Miyoshi Isa

Anayama Kosuke

Unno Rokuro

Kakei Juzo

Nezu Jinpachi

Mochizuki Rokuro

Yuri Kamanosuke

Below: Toyotomi Hideyoshi on the left and Ishida Mitsunari on the right

Upon Nobunaga’s death, Hideyoshi was successful in ending the warring states. Although he rose through the ranks from humble beginnings, he placed restrictions on who could become a samurai after gaining power. The period of his rule is called the Momoyama period and is named after his castle.

He is responsible for the death by crucifixion of twenty-six martyrs, three of whom were young boys.

Ishida Mitsunari, whose childhood name was Sakichi, was a military commander and leader of the bureaucrats under Hideyoshi.

Below: Akechi Mitsuhide on the left and Date Masamune on the right

Mitsuhide was the first under Nobunaga to receive a castle. After betraying Nobunaga, Mitsuhide’s rule as shogun lasted only 13 days before his death. He is believed to have been killed, although there is a rumor that he lived out his life as a monk.

Masamune became the leader of his clan at the age of 17 following his father Terumune’s retirement.

Under Hideyoshi, the new ruler, Masamune found the size of his land reduced and even feared execution. He dressed in his finest clothes expecting to die, only to have Hideyoshi say that he may be of some use. 

At the behest of Katakura Kojuro, Masamune supported Ieyasu, who in turn, increased the size of Masamune’s land.

A patron of the arts, Masamune founded the city of Sendai. Due to his ambitious and aggressive nature, he was sometimes viewed with suspicion, but he served both Hideyoshi and Ieyasu faithfully.

Below: Kōsa, also known as Hongan-ji Kennyo (or Ken’nyo)

The Hongan-ji refers to several things. Ken’nyo, as Cybird spells it, was an Abbott who Shingen turned to for aid against his rivals, Oda, Tokugawa and Uesugi.

[landscapeusa]

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[scoobydoojedi]

Hosokawa Clan

The Hosokawa were descended from Ashikaga Yoshiyasu (1126-1157), whose great-grandson Ashikaga Yoshisue took the name Hosokawa. Yoshisue's own great-grandson Yoriharu (1299-1352) was a staunch supporter of Ashikaga Takauji during the early Nambokucho Period. As a result the Hosokawa became influential under the Ashikaga shôguns as a powerful shûgo family. Hosokawa Yoriyuki (1329-1392) served as the first kanrei (Deputy/Vice-shôgun) and acted as guardian and counsel to Ashikaga Yoshimitsu. Hosokawa Katsumoto (1430-1473) was one of the most powerful figures in Kyoto politics in his day and shûgo of much of Shikoku Island. In part as a result of a succession dispute surrounding shôgun Ashikaga Yoshimasa, Katsumoto and Yamana Mochitoyo, another powerful shûgo, became involved in a conflict that consumed Kyoto and would become known as the Ônin War (1467-77). In the aftermath of this struggle, which is often marked as the opening of the Sengoku Period, the Hosokawa managed to retain their hold on Kyoto into the 16th Century. Internal struggles and the rise of the Miyoshi, formerly Hosokawa retainers, led to the eclipse of the Hosokawa by 1550. One branch of the family survived to much success under Hosokawa Fujitaka and his son Tadaoki. Thanks to their efforts, the Hosokawa family would endure as daimyô to the end of the Edo Period.

*Prominent People*

*Hosokawa Yoriyuki*(1329-1392) , was a loyal and talented supporter of the Ashikaga. He served as the first Kanrei (Deputy/Vice-shôgun) and acted as guardian and counsel to Ashikaga Yoshimitsu. At the same time he expanded and consolidated the Hosokawainfluence over Awa and Sanuki on the island of Shikoku, provinces that would be Hosokawa bastions until the 16th Century.

As Kanrei Yoriyuki sought to avoid creating another version of the Hojo Shikken and instituted a policy whereby posting as Kanrei was alternated between the Hosokawa, Shiba, and Hatakeyama shugofamilies. This did not stop other lords from becoming jealous of Yoriyuki's closeness of the shôgun. After a 12-year tenure as Kanrei, Yoriyuki was forced to step down, costing the Ashikaga an almost indispensable asset.

A marked contrast to later Hosokawa Kanrei, Yoriyuki is little known but epitomized the soldier-statesman ideal so cherished during the early to mid-Muromachi period.

*Hosokawa Fujitaka* ( 1534 – 1610), also known as Hosokawa Yūsai Fujitaka was a prominent retainer of the last Ashikaga shoguns. When he joined the Oda,Oda Nobunaga rewarded him with the fief of Tango. His son, Hosokawa Tadaoki, went on to become one of the Oda clan's senior generals.

After the Incident at Honnō-ji (1582), Fujitaka refused to join Akechi Mitsuhide. However, he did not join Akechi in battle at Yamazaki, despite the fact that his son, Hosokawa Tadaoki, was married to Akechi's daughter,Hosokawa Gracia. Fujitaka shaved his head in the Buddhist tonsure, changed his name to the priestly "Yūsai," and delegated his status as daimyo to Tadaoki. However, he remained an active force in politics as a cultural advisor, under both Toyotomi Hideyoshi andTokugawa Ieyasu. Hideyoshi granted Fujitaka a retirement estate worth 3,000 koku inYamashiro Province in 1586, and added another 3,000 koku in 1595.

Ishida Mitsunari had asked Fujitaka to join the Western Army, but Fujitaka refused due to one of Ishida's schemes which resulted in Gracia's and his granddaughter's death. As a general in the Eastern Army, he garrisoned Tanabe Castle with around 500 soldiers. When Tanabe Castle was besieged by the Western Army, the general commanding the siege had great respect for Fujitaka. Because of this, the attack lacked the usual spirit involved in a samurai siege: the attackers amused themselves by shooting the walls with cannons loaded only with gunpowder. Fujitaka laid down arms only after an imperial decree from Emperor Go-Yōzei. However, this was 19 days before Sekigahara, and neither he nor his attackers were able to join the battle.

*Hosokawa Tama* (1563-1600)aka *Hosokawa Gracia* the wife of Hosokawa Tadaoki(I have more information about Hosokawa Gracia under the *Akechi Clan*)

*Hosokawa Tadaoki* ( 1563 – 1646) Tadaoki was given the Province of Tango in 1580. Soon after that, he married Hosokawa Gracia, the daughter of Akechi Mitsuhide. In 1582, Akechi Mitsuhide rebelled against Nobunaga and Nobunaga was killed. Akechi turned to Hosokawa Fujitaka and Hosokawa Tadaoki for help. They refused to help him, and Mitsuhide was defeated. Tadaoki was present on Hideyoshi's side in the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute (1584) and the Odawara Campaign (1590), where he took part in the siege of Nirayama (Izu province) and later joined the main army outside Odawara. During the 1590s he became friends with Tokugawa Ieyasu (who had lent him money to assist in some debts owed Toyotomi Hidetsugu) and in 1600 sided with him against Ishida Mitsunari. In July Ishida had attempted to gain some leverage over those leaning towards Ieyasu by taking as hostages all those whose families were inOsaka Castle. This happened to include Tadaoki's wife - who was by now a Christian, baptized 'Gracia'. To avoid capture, Gracia ordered a servant to kill her and set fire to their quarters. While there is little reason to believe that Hosokawa was emotionally scarred by the incident, it was considered an appalling act of trickery, and served to drive Tadaoki - among others - into Ieyasu's camp.

At the Battle of Sekigahara (21 October 1600) Tadaoki commanded 5,000 men in the Tokugawa vanguard and clashed with the forces of Shima Sakon. He was awarded a fief in Buzen (Kokura, 370,000 koku) and went on to serve at the Siege of Osaka (1614–1615). He was succeeded by Hosokawa Tadatoshi (1586–1641), who was present at the Siege of Shimabara (1637–1638). In 1632 Tadatoshi received a huge fief in Higo(Kumamoto, 540,000 koku), where the Hosokawa family remained until 1871.

*Hosokawa Tadatoshi* ( 1586 – 1641) He was the head of Kumamoto Domain. He was a patron of the martial artist Miyamoto Musashi.

Having studied the Yagyū Shinkage-ryū under Ujii Yashiro, Tadatoshi wanted his guest, Musashi, to fight against the sword master of his fief, and see wich style was the strongest. But Ujii, despite his full license in Yagyu Shinkage style, could not strike a single blow against him after numerous bout. Lord Tadatoshi took over, but he too was powerless against Musashi. He said then about Musashi : "I never imagined there could be such a difference in levels of accomplishment !"

*Hosokawa Shigekata* (1718–1785)

He was the 6th lord of Kumamoto of Hosokawa clan, noted for successful financial reform of Kumamoto Domain, for establishing Jishuukan Han school, Medical School Saishunkan (school) and new ideas of criminal law.

There were financial difficulties of the Kumamoto Han. The deficits at the time of his father's administration reached 400,000 Ryō. The financial situation of his Hanworsened because of the Edo bakufu　Sankin kōtai policy, and because of famine. Shigekata himself had kept a card of a pawn shop in order not to forget his young hard days, for one reason because he was one of 21 children born to Hosokawa Nobunori.

*Morihiro Hosokawa*(born 14 January 1938-still lives) is a Japanese politician who was the 79th Prime Minister of Japan from 9 August 1993 to 28 April 1994. His coalition was the first non-Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) government since 1955. He ran as a candidate forgovernor of Tokyo in the February 2014 gubernatorial election as an independent supported by the Democratic Party of Japan.He is since 2005 the 16th Head of the Hosokawa clan, one of the noble families in Japan.

Hosokawa made several unprecedented moves toward atonement with Japan's Asian neighbors during his term as prime minister. In his first news conference in office, he made an unprecedented statement acknowledging that Japan waged a war of aggression in World War II. He later said: "You can obviously define 'aggression' in any number of ways, depending on context. But if you have any common sense, you just cannot say in good conscience that Japan was not the aggressor when Japan did in fact cause tremendous anguish and loss of life in China, Korea and Southeast Asian nations in order to protect its own interests. I knew my opinion was going to invite heated controversy."

The Hosokawa government pushed for changes to Japanese election laws intended to fight political corruption, including elimination of corporate political donations to individual candidates and a redrawing of the electoral system, both intended to prevent the LDP from continuing to employ its past electoral practices. After an extended legislative fight, the LDP was able to force several concessions to maintain their advantage, retaining corporate political donations with a cap, while pushing back on some more radical changes to the electoral map and ensuring that most candidates would keep essentially the same seats in the next election.These compromises had a negative impact on the public approval of the Hosokawa coalition. Hosokawa was forced to resign in April 1994 after it came to light that he had accepted a 100 million yen loan from a trucking company previously accused of bribery and links to organized crime. Amid allegations of bribery, Hosokawa argued that the money was a loan and produced a receipt to show that he had paid it back; LDP members passed around a copy remarking that it looked like a sloppy fake. Although Hosokawa still had high public approval at the time, opinion was growing that he could not meet the expectations set at the start of his term