#Kidney Replacement Therapy

[sarcasticbabywhispererjess]

This was a nice float assignment. I told the CICU charge that I’d come back if they needed me another night I was working.

A nice, chill one-baby assignment that keeps you busy enough. Hopefully the ND won’t fall out at the start of my shift again though. That was an unplanned task I had to add to the busy start of my shift trying to get my kid ready to go onto CRRT. Got it in on the first try and got their feeds restarted in less than 75mins.

[naturalrights-retard]

wenty-Eight Mechanisms of Kidney Injury with Covid-19 Vaccination

By Dr. Peter McCullough

I had a patient this year who presented far along the path of chronic kidney disease requiring initiation of renal replacement therapy otherwise known as dialysis. I wondered if covid-19 vaccination could injure the kidneys as it does the heart, brain, and so many other organs.

The kidneys receive about 25% of cardiac output and are continuously filtering the blood. Among the vaccinated, Brogna et al have shown about half of the vaccinated have detectable, full-length trimerised vaccine Spike protein in the bloodstream. It makes sense that both mRNA and Spike protein could settle in the kidney, cause expression of Spike protein and possibly other frameshifted peptide fragments on the cell surface of glomerular cells (renal epithelial, podocytes, mesangial) and because of the constant blood flow and urine exposure, product a hotspot for an immune attack against the organ.

A review by Vudathaneni et al described 28 published mechanisms of kidney injury and renal damage from covid-19 vaccination. Most of the pathways involve inflammation from either direct cytokine damage or auto-immunity.

[thefakerachelray]

February is Turner Syndrome Awareness Month!

So, I rarely talk about this on here, but February definitely feels like the right time to do it. I was born with a condition called Turner Syndrome (TS), and since February is both my birth month and Turner Syndrome Awareness Month, I thought it would be a good time to spread some information about this condition that a lot of people don’t know much about!

Turner Syndrome is a condition where a person is born with only a single X chromosome in each cell, and the second sex chromosome partially or completely missing.

There is also a “mosaic” form where the second sex chromosome is only missing in some cells. TS can take a lot of different forms!

It’s more common than you might think! Approximately 1 in 2500 AFAB individuals in the US have TS according to Cleveland Clinic.

One common symptom is short stature (which is why TS Awareness Month is the shortest month!)

Heart issues are more common in people with TS than in the general population, as are thyroid and kidney problems. There is also an increased risk of scoliosis, osteoporosis, nearsightedness or farsightedness, and hearing loss.

TS can affect cognitive function as well, especially in the areas of executive function, attention, and social skills. It’s not uncommon for people with TS to also be diagnosed with ADHD or autism.

Kind of a funny note on the social skills thing: my experience has been that in social situations people with TS are usually kinda quiet, but if you get a bunch of us together we WILL NOT STOP TALKING.

You often see a LOT of different symptoms of TS listed, but the reality is that it presents differently for pretty much everyone, so it’s important for people with TS and their doctors to know their own personal concerns.

While most people with TS that I know (myself included) identify as female, there are people with TS all across the gender spectrum!

That being said, you may see TS referred to as a “female condition” in a lot of places, including medical sources. Just keep in mind that a lot of people no longer consider that to be universally true, and there has definitely been pushback against that language in recent years.

TS is typically diagnosed either at birth with genetic testing or at the normal age of puberty due to a lack of typical physical development.

Treatments often include growth hormone replacement during childhood and other hormone replacement therapies later in life. Care is usually managed by an endocrinologist, and most people will be followed by a cardiologist as well.

Butterflies are used as symbol for TS! The idea of going through hardship and coming out stronger (like a caterpillar becoming a butterfly) is something that resonates with a lot of people with TS. I actually have a butterfly tattoo!

If you want to learn more…

Here’s the Cleveland Clinic’s page on Turner Syndrome

And here’s Mayo Clinic’s

Here’s the homepage of the Turner Syndrome Society of the US! They have a lot of good information, although their website is a little confusing and probably needs updating.

If you’re on Facebook, here’s a post with some general information from the TSSUS page you can read and share!

These are definitely not the only sources out there, so feel free to do your own research.

Since I live in the US, I’m not really familiar with resources in other countries, but if anyone knows of some non-US based sources feel free to add them in a reblog!

[rhube]

A filling came out the day before yesterday and it's distressing me mentally, so I decided to do a search on the progress of enamel repair science.

This article is exciting, as they have found a way to grow enamel from stem cells in the lab. It is not yet as strong as teeth need, but they are working on that. They also discovered key 'organoids' involved in triggering teeth to grow, which is very exciting for the possibility of replacing teeth.

This is just the first stage of what could be pivotal research, but one of the researchers said:

This may finally be the ‘Century of Living Fillings’ and human regenerative dentistry in general. [Emphasis mine.]

ON THE OTHER HAND, she also said:

Many of the organs we would like to be able to replace, like human pancreas, kidney, and brain, are large and complex.

And BRAIN??? I'm not sure any of us want to replace OUR BRAINS.

Now, maybe she mean specific parts of the brain or neural pathways that might be regenerated, BUT THAT'S NOT WHAT SHE SAID. Which does rather put a dampner on of her prediction of a 'Century of Living Fillings'. Like, this is a scientist who wants to be the Woman with Two Brains, so...

[virtualelectronicshub]

Cancer Prevention Tips: Lifestyle Changes for Reducing Risk

Introduction:

Cancer is a complex disease influenced by a variety of factors, including genetics and environmental exposures. While not all cancers can be prevented, adopting certain lifestyle changes can significantly reduce your risk of developing cancer. In this blog, we will explore important cancer prevention tips that can empower you to make proactive choices for a healthier life.

1. Quit Smoking:

Tobacco use is one of the leading causes of preventable cancers. Quitting smoking and avoiding exposure to secondhand smoke can dramatically reduce your risk of lung, throat, mouth, and other types of cancers. Seek support from healthcare professionals, join cessation programs, and utilise nicotine replacement therapies to help you quit smoking successfully.

2. Maintain a Healthy Weight:

Excess body weight, particularly obesity, is linked to an increased risk of several cancers, including breast, colorectal, pancreatic, and kidney cancers. Adopting a healthy eating plan that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins, along with regular physical activity, can help you achieve and maintain a healthy weight.

3. Follow a Balanced Diet:

A nutritious diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains provides essential vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants that can help reduce cancer risk. Limit consumption of processed and red meats, high-sugar foods, and beverages. Instead, opt for a diet that is predominantly plant-based, including plenty of fibre, while minimising processed and sugary foods.

4. Stay Active:

Engaging in regular physical activity can lower the risk of various cancers, including breast, colorectal, and endometrial cancers. Strive for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity exercise per week. Incorporate activities you enjoy, such as walking, swimming, cycling, or dancing, to make it a sustainable part of your lifestyle.

5. Protect Your Skin:

UV radiation from the sun and tanning beds is a significant risk factor for skin cancer. Protect your skin by seeking shade, wearing protective clothing, using sunscreen with a high SPF, and avoiding indoor tanning. Regularly examine your skin for any changes, such as new moles or growths, and consult a dermatologist if you notice anything suspicious.

6. Limit Alcohol Consumption:

Excessive alcohol consumption is associated with an increased risk of several cancers, including those of the mouth, throat, liver, and breast. If you choose to drink, do so in moderation. The recommended limits are up to one drink per day for women and up to two drinks per day for men.

Conclusion:

By incorporating these cancer prevention tips into your daily life, you can significantly reduce your risk of developing various types of cancers. Remember that small changes can make a big difference. Quitting smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, following a balanced diet, staying physically active, protecting your skin, and moderating alcohol consumption are essential steps towards reducing your cancer risk.

In addition to these lifestyle changes, it's important to stay up to date with recommended cancer screenings and seek regular medical check-ups. Early detection plays a crucial role in successful cancer management.

Empower yourself with knowledge and take charge of your health. By making informed choices and adopting a healthy lifestyle, you can actively reduce your risk of cancer and promote overall well-being. Your actions today can pave the way for a healthier and cancer-free future.

For more details click on the link 👇🏻 https://bit.ly/3osreVo

[earhartsease]

A host of algorithms used by medics to assess disease risk and help make decisions on treatment are failing to take transgender patients into account, doctors have said.

Many metrics and thresholds in medicine, including ideal body weight, alcohol clearance rates, kidney function and risk of cardiovascular disease vary by gender.

A team of UK doctors and medical students have issued a warning over a lack of evidence as to whether trans patients should be considered for these gender-based scores according to their gender assigned at birth or the gender they have transitioned to – or whether alternative scores are required.

They say the situation could be putting trans patients at risk of situations ranging from receiving the wrong dose of a medication to being denied dialysis for kidney problems.

In an effort to tackle the issue, the team have launched a research initiative called Trans Gap Project.

Dr Michael Niman, a junior NHS doctor and chair of the project, said: “Currently, daily medical decisions involving gender-based scores have limited to no research for the trans community. This means that trans patients are often forgotten about or not considered in the medical world, leading to a significant gap in their access to appropriate medical care.”

Niman said there could be a glibness by the medical community towards trans people in relation to gender-based medical scores. “Common responses I get from clinicians are ‘oh, I hadn’t thought about that,’ ‘does it make a difference?’ [or] ‘there’s not that many [trans people] anyway’,” he said.

However, the team say the ramifications of inappropriate gender-based medical scores can be serious, and the issue is a concern for all trans patients, not just those on hormone replacement therapy.

“The use of inappropriate scores has real-world implications and can result in trans patients being denied access to necessary medical care, being underdosed for antibiotics [or] incorrectly anticoagulated,” said Niman.

[lady-of-imladris]

Results of the "Where would you hide a Silmaril" post!!!

Hello everyone, sorry this took a while. But here are the results of this post. PLEASE READ THE UNHINGED RANDOM ONES. I will put them [HERE] in a separate post, as well as at the bottom of this post.

There will be charts for nice data representation (I used pie charts because I was taught NOT to use them and... fuck the rules)

We had a hot total of 127 people who either commented or reblogged with their opinion in the tags. Thank you to everyone who participated!!

Here are the numbers

31: give it to them

1 draw a sad face on it

1 in exchange for marriage proposal

2 in exchange for money

1 “I’m not dying for Feanor’s kidney stone”

1 in exchange for protection

11: body of water

5: people who accused me of having a silmaril

9: eat

after 23 hours

eaten by dog

6: volcano

7: NSFW edition

my ass

“up my… no I shouldn’t say it… the ocean”

“… either they wouldn’t look there or I’d have a good time while they’re looking

“I can’t bring myself to say it”

“In my pussy. Those gayboys wouldnt have the guts to retrieve it. Thank god Celegorm isnt in the picture”

“In my pussy. Sorry but 2 fine af war criminals in my house??! sorry not sorry daddy”

“I’d rather not say what my first thought was”

4: nope, not touching that

And now for the unhinged answers:

Here are the numbers:

54 unhinged answers:

5: Higher entity

“Give it to melkor because good luck getting it from that guy”

Ulmo

Tom Bombadil

Bilbo [Yes he counts as a higher entity]

Yavanna

3: Mess

Brother’s room

Wardrobe of the boys’ room (underneath lego)

Deepest darkest part of the woodshed

5: object permanence (it will disappear on its own)

parents’ basement between tomato sauce and baked beans

“I’d probably just lose it anyway”

“Wherever my left sock is”

“One of my “safe places”. It magically disappears within 24 hours”

“My special powers would kick in and it would never be found”

4: Proximity (hide it where they least suspect it. Close to them.)

Reverse pickpocket one of them

Maedhros’ underwear drawer

Near a Feanorian house

Under their own floorboards

2: cast it into the void

11: Urban

Hospital storage room

Toronto union station (a literal maze due to construction)

Go to a carnical and replace one of the lightbulbs with it

Gravel mine

Archives of a museum

“School or McDonalds, neither of these places feel like they exist on the mortal plane”

Bell tower

2: Ball pit

The trash

A random train station

Flush it down the toilet

4: Angband or Valinor

Bury it underneath the roots of the two tees

give it to Cirdan so he ships it off to valinor

3: Wear it

2: Wear it as a necklace

“Wear it and pspsp the Feanorians, dying in the process of trying to pet them”

RANDOM

Rig my house with cameras, assemble all light sources and plug them in, hide the silmaril inside a lamp, withdraw to a friend's place and watch them wander through my house like confused moths. Optional popcorn #noldor enrichment

Bury it in the garden with the potatoes. Good luck with the geese

Hide it in the middle of millions of other shiny rocks and run. Probably after drwaing a smiley on it

Feed it to a chicken and throw the chicken into the depths of khazad dum

Drive into a random direction and chuck it into a landfill

gollum-style underground, wrap it in a dozen bags and dump it into a deep but narrow crevice

Panic, try to eat it, spit it out, panic, dig a hole, throw myself into hole, panic, climb out, wait for them, throw it in their face while panicking

My pocket

Inside a washing machine, they would never look there

Wheel well of my heelies

Behind an army of therapists with a burning commitment to family gruop therapy. Either we'll scare them off or make some progress

Hand it to a little kid on the street

Inside a water mellon and say I gave it to a friend

British museum, god knows they'll never give it back-.

Box of tampons under the sink

inside a large rubber duck

Give it to deadpool

Buy a wedding dress and wait

Bring it to the shire. Even the Feanorians can't come after hobbits without looking like total dicks to a level even they aren't okay with

[nice-bright-colors]

Just spent 30 painful minutes talking to my Father on Father’s Day. He proceeded to use 18 of those minutes rehashing the same bullshit stories from 20 years ago. Very little time about his hip replacement surgery, and no time about whatever the hell is going on with his kidney condition.

He did however mention how bought scratch off lottery tickets today.

I gave up caring. I’m not going to even attempt to solve this problem.

I had to get out my aroma therapy candle (pictured above) to cope with the remaining 7 minutes of our conversation.

Happy Father’s Day.

Look Mom, I’m trying…

[wibble-wobbegong]

Dear tumblr user wibble-wobbegong,

I went to bed immediately after reading your petergate analysis. My mind was frothing. My blood was boiling. I thrashed around while I slept, disturbing my usual 4 hour schedule, and when I arose, the only thought I had in my head was OWENS.

Now after sitting upright staring into the ceiling for a while I had a couple more thoughts, so I wrote them down, which resulted in "peber bad to father??" buried deep in my notes app. I have interpreted this to be about the "too much salt, Peter! Father's kidneys!" line (in reference to Peter Bingham) which 4 AM me thought was foreshadowing/hinting at their trauma. May I have your take on Peter & Owens father-son relationship? Do you think that line was hinting at a possibly abusive past? Is that why Owens never mentioned Peter?

Honestly, I'm just trying to make sense of whatever the hell I was thinking last night. Your analysis left me with a lot of good questions, and I just don't have the strength (finals!! gag me with a spoon) to make sense of my own theories.

-- Nonnie

anon i spent a solid five minutes laughing at that intro oh my GOD. i’ve done the exact same things so many times

so, owens’ and peter’s dynamic is a really interesting one!! you’re definitely onto something with the “too much salt, Peter!” possibly referring to peter’s feelings/actions against owens

from what i can tell, there are three key characteristics of owens that make him different from the other parents we’ve seen;

1. he’s dedicated to science and experimentation

2. he does so with the intention of helping others and is generally against harm being done to children. his highest priority in every season is about saving people, hence refusing to let them kill will and being somewhat manipulative to el because he believed she could save hawkins if her powers were returned

3. he’s too passive to actually prevent harm from being done to children, but he’ll never do it himself. he let the doctor in s2 continue to hurt will but he listened when hopper told them to stop (the doctor only follows orders from owens, so owens’ listening to hop led to the doctor stopping). owens returns el to her abuser without informing her of his presence beforehand and lets brenner push her and be creepy, but he’s frustrated with brenner the whole time and makes it clear he doesn’t want hatm to come to el.

generally, i think owens’ moral compass can be summarized by his little monologue to brenner

he’ll compromise his principals, his life, his family’s life, if he sees a way to save people. he’ll allow bad things to happen for the greater good. that doesn’t mean he wants those bad things to happen and he doesn’t necessarily want to do them, but he thinks they’re necessary for progress/the sake of people’s lives.

owens isn’t a very good person, but he’s not bad either. when i say he’s neutral in a way no other character truly is, i mean it in the sense that he does both good and bad for the sake of people’s lives. he hurt will to help save him and refused to let him die. he hurt el and gave her up to her abuser because he thought it would give el her powers and she could save hawkins (he also puts emphasis on her friends and family to make it more personal for her).

because of owens’ history with brenner and the fact that he worked at the lab prior to his introduction and his ties to the creel family, it suggests that he’s been involved with brenner’s work from the start. they work as partners in S4, so it doesn’t seem like a subordination dynamic. he replaces brenner at the lab.

before the lab starting heading down the path of MKUltra-esque experiments after capturing henry, it seems as though it started as a place dedicated to conversion therapy (if not, then an allegory to it). virginia wanted to send henry to brenner for some reason, and she seemed to hate him, but we don’t have much reason to believe she actually knew about henry’s powers. many have discussed virginia’s abuse of henry and how that possibly entailed sexual abuse related to bathtubs (i’d recommend looking at @/aemiron-main, @/hereos-byler and @/laozuspo for a deeper dive into the relationship between henry and virginia). if virginia were abusing him for her hatred of his powers, that part doesn’t really connect. abusers don’t often use logic, so of course it’s possible, but it seems much more likely she was doing so because he was “sensitive” and “quiet”, both of which we can associate with queerness through parallels to will.

basically, virginia most likely got in contact with brenner for conversion therapy.

i say all this because that also suggests owens was involved in conversion therapy at his own location; ruth, nevada. as a man of science as well as it being in the 50’s when homosexuality was popularly regarded as a disease backed by science as well as something that could be cured. it wouldn’t be much of a stretch to say owens was a conversion therapist. unlike brenner, he probably wouldn’t have gone to the same extremes of physical and sexual abuse. there was definitely some, but he does have his limits in what he thinks is okay to do to children for the sake of saving anyone, as we see in S4.

peter, being owens’ son, was probably aware of what his father was doing. this is where things get a little blurry for me, because i seriously doubt owens was experimenting on his own son but at the same time, with owens’ savior behavior, i don’t want to rule is off entirely. i don’t know for sure when owens figured out peter was gay, whether it was through his relationship with henry or if he had been displaying “queer” behavior earlier on, like will.

either one could lead to a hatred of his father. it wouldn’t be the same as any other relationship we’ve seen, because if owens hadn’t been experimenting on peter an an attempt to “save”him, peter could’ve resented him anyway for doing that to other people. if owens had been experimenting on peter, it likely would’ve been a mixture of psychological abuse and minimal physical and sexual abuse. owens gave lenience to the doctor in s2, allowing him to push will harder than necessary, but he also tries to draw the line when he thinks el is suffering too much (but he crumbles under brenner’s authority).

owens wears a lot of grids, suggesting that he himself doesn’t commit sexual assault but that he does create a space for others to do so. he’s the web for the spider. owens allows others to commit acts of violence. at the same time, if he were the highest authority figure at his location, he would’ve been able to call off things when they went too far like he tried to do with el. determining his exact limits is difficult because of how little we know about him, but they’re significantly lower than brenner’s.

peter’s relationship with his father, either way, is bad. it’s definitely possible peter tried to hurt owens, either to save those at the lab or out of his own hatred for owens (more likely the second one when we consider that the apocalypse could very well be based on peter’s own wishes). owens loved peter. his fucked up actions are based on wanting to save people.

in a way, owens seems to have grown from those days. he makes no comment on will or mike and he has the thing where he doesn’t question el when she corrects max’s gender. neither is really a confirmation, but can be interpreted that he no longer cares for conversion. it could be a result of peter’s death, seeing what his actions had driven his son to do. seeing that none of his experimentation stopped peter from loving henry, if he was being experimented on pre-henry.

owens doesn’t mention peter because the only people who would even know who peter is and are still alive are victor and henry. it’s part of why i have my suspicions about owens and the way he asks questions that lead to henry even when he shouldn’t have that knowledge. sometimes, it seems like he’s poking around looking for henry and he keeps finding leads but not answers. idk, owens and henry are a whole other thing

thanks for the ask!! hope that answers your question :)

[mcatmemoranda]

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

●Triage – Among outpatients identified as having AKI, we refer to the emergency department those who have any of the following: Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) stage 2 or 3 AKI (table 1); stage 1 AKI with an unclear etiology, or one that cannot be rapidly reversed with simple interventions, or in the presence of a concomitant, uncontrolled comorbid condition; or stage 1 AKI if the initial diagnostic evaluation and management cannot be performed in the outpatient setting. (See 'Identifying patients for emergency department referral' above.)

Those who are managed as an outpatient should be referred for outpatient nephrology consultation if the cause of AKI is not immediately apparent, if initial interventions fail to improve the kidney injury, if glomerulonephritis (GN) is strongly suspected, or when AKI occurs as a complication of treatment of an unrelated condition and future treatment depends upon nephrology input. (See 'Indications for urgent nephrology referral' above.)

●Indications for emergency kidney replacement therapy (KRT) – Emergency KRT should be performed in patients with AKI who have one or more of the following (see 'Evaluate need for urgent kidney replacement therapy' above):

•Hypervolemia with pulmonary edema that does not promptly respond to diuretics (see 'Hypervolemia with pulmonary edema' above)

•Severe hyperkalemia (serum potassium >6.5 mEq/L or those with symptoms or signs of hyperkalemia) (see 'Severe hyperkalemia' above)

•Life-threatening uremic symptoms, such as seizures or severe pericardial effusion (see 'Life-threatening uremic symptoms' above)

•Exposure to certain toxins (see 'Toxin exposure' above)

●Initial management

•Eliminate potential insults – Additional management entails elimination of potential insults, including hypotension, iodinated contrast agents, or medications such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and nephrotoxins. (See 'Elimination and avoidance of potential insults' above.)

•Treat hypovolemic (if present) – Intravenous fluid therapy with 1 to 3 liters of crystalloid should be administered to patients with a clinical history consistent with fluid loss (such as vomiting and diarrhea), a physical examination consistent with hypovolemia (hypotension and tachycardia), or oliguria. However, fluid therapy should be avoided in patients with pulmonary edema or clear evidence of anuria. Additional fluid management depends upon the clinical condition and response to initial fluid therapy. (See 'Hypovolemic patients' above.)

Among patients with AKI and hypervolemia who are hemodynamically stable and not anuric, we start intravenous (IV) furosemide at 80 mg up to a single dose of 200 mg, or equivalent, to augment the urine output and relieve symptoms. Additional therapy depends upon the response to initial therapy. We typically initiate KRT for volume overload in patients who have anuria for more than 24 hours, who fail to respond to diuretics, or whose response to diuretics is insufficient to avoid worsening hypervolemia due to high obligate intake. (See 'Hypervolemic patients' above and 'Role of diuretics' above and 'Role of kidney replacement therapy' above.)

•Treat electrolyte imbalances (if present) – Electrolyte imbalances such as the following can complicate AKI and need specific management:

-Hyperkalemia (see 'Hyperkalemia' above)

-Hyperphosphatemia (see 'Hyperphosphatemia' above)

-Hypocalcemia (see 'Hypocalcemia' above)

-Hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia (see 'Hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia' above)

-Hyperuricemia (see 'Hyperuricemia' above)

•Treat metabolic acidosis (if present) – We initiate KRT in patients with oliguric or anuric AKI who are volume overloaded and have severe metabolic acidosis (a pH <7.1), unless the acidosis can be rapidly resolved by quickly correcting the underlying etiology (eg, diabetic ketoacidosis). However, in other patients who have no indications for acute KRT, bicarbonate may be administered instead of KRT to treat acidosis. Diuretics can be used in nonoliguric patients to prevent hypervolemia and to enhance excretion of acid. The goal serum bicarbonate level is 20 to 22 mEq/L and the goal pH is >7.2. Metabolic alkalosis with AKI is usually seen in volume depleted patients and responds to IV sodium chloride infusion. (See 'Managing acid-base disturbances' above.)

●Subsequent management

•Nutrition management – Patients with AKI generally benefit from dietary restrictions on potassium, phosphorous, sodium and fluid intake (1 to 1.5 L per day, except if volume depleted). Given the complexities of nutritional support in these patients and the individual needs of a given patient, we obtain a nutrition consult to best tailor therapy in hospitalized patients with severe stage 3 AKI. For patients with lesser stages of AKI, the need for consultation should be based upon an individual needs assessment. (See 'Managing nutrition' above.)

•Assess for uremia – We perform daily assessment of uremic signs and symptoms (such as anorexia, nausea, vomiting, metallic taste, altered mental status) to determine if KRT may be indicated. KRT initiation in such patients should be approached with a clear goal of monitoring whether or not putative uremic symptoms improve with therapy. Typically, several KRT sessions are required to determine if symptoms resolve with KRT. (See 'Assessing for uremia' above.)

•Assess for fluid and electrolyte imbalances – We monitor serum creatinine, electrolytes, albumin, and measures of fluid balance (weight, fluid intake, and urine output) daily in most patients, although more frequent monitoring may be warranted. (See 'Monitoring and follow-up' above.)

●Follow-up – We advise that patients hospitalized for moderate to severe AKI have an outpatient nephrology evaluation (or primary care if nephrology is unavailable) shortly after discharge. (See 'Monitoring and follow-up' above.)

[audible-smiles]

Bloodwork before and after two days of IV fluids for the tiniest acute kidney injury kitten…look at those values normalize! Fluid replacement therapy honestly should be up there with antibiotics on the list of revolutionary medical discoveries.

[naturalrights-retard]

By Peter A. McCullough, MD, MPH

I had a patient this year who presented far along the path of chronic kidney disease requiring initiation of renal replacement therapy otherwise known as dialysis. I wondered if COVID-19 vaccination could injure the kidneys as it does the heart, brain, and so many other organs.

The kidneys receive about 25% of cardiac output and are continuously filtering the blood. Among the vaccinated, Brogna et al have shown about half of the vaccinated have detectable, full length trimerized vaccine Spike protein in the bloodstream. It makes sense that both mRNA and Spike protein could settle in the kidney, cause expression of Spike protein and possibly other frameshifted peptide fragments on the cell surface of glomerular cells (renal epithelial, podocytes, mesangial) and because of the constant blood flow and urine exposure, product a hotspot for immune attack against the organ.

A review by Vudathaneni et al, described 28 published mechanisms of kidney injury and renal damage from COVID-19 vaccination. Most of the pathways involve inflammation from either direct cytokine damage or auto-immunity.

[bpod-bpod]

Repair Kit Delivery

If you have problems at a factory, it’s better to fix the machinery than repair each item produced. This is the philosophy of gene therapy, which aims to solve errors in DNA and subsequent protein production rather than manage the eventual symptoms. Steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome is a debilitating genetic condition in which the protein podocin, which usually sits on the surface of kidney cells, becomes stuck inside. Many gene therapies use viruses to transport material into cells, but many of these are of limited size, so are like trying to manoeuvre a crane in place with a bicycle. A new study modified the harmless baculovirus to have large capacity, and used it to smuggle replacement DNA sequences, molecular scissors, and guiding nucleic acids into diseased cells (pictured). Podocin (green) was restored to the cell surface, addressing the problem at its source and proving the technique’s potential for many applications.

Written by Anthony Lewis

Image from work by Francesco Aulicino and colleagues

BrisSynBio Bristol Synthetic Biology Centre, Biomedical Sciences, School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

Image originally published with a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Published in Nucleic Acids Research, July 2022

You can also follow BPoD on Instagram, Twitter and Facebook

[vijay1225]

Kidney Transplant Market Forecast 2024-2033

Overview and Scope A kidney transplant is a surgical procedure that involves replacing a diseased or non-functioning kidney with a healthy kidney from a donor. It is a treatment option for individuals with end-stage kidney disease or severe kidney dysfunction that cannot be adequately managed with other therapies, such as dialysis. Sizing and Forecast The kidney transplant market size has grown strongly in recent years. It will grow from $5.8 billion in 2023 to $6.11 billion in 2024 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.3%. The growth in the historic period can be attributed to research and clinical trials, patient education and support, enhanced diagnostic tools, advancements in post-transplant care, immunosuppressive therapies.

The kidney transplant market size is expected to see steady growth in the next few years. It will grow to $7.34 billion in 2028 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.7%. The growth in the forecast period can be attributed to increasing demand for transplantation, development of immunomodulatory therapies, expansion of living donor pool, minimization of wait times, telemedicine for pre-transplant evaluation. Major trends in the forecast period include patient-centric care models, research in xenotransplantation, enhanced rejection monitoring, telemedicine for post-transplant care, expanded access to transplantation. Segmentation & Regional Insights The kidney transplant market covered in this report is segmented - 1) By Transplant Type: Deceased-Donor Kidney Transplant, Living-Donor Kidney Transplant, Expanded Criteria Donor 2) By Age Group: Adult, Pediatrics 3) By Application: Drug Delivery, Capsule Endoscopy, Patient Monitoring 4) By End-User: Transplant Centers, Hospitals, Academic And Research Institutes North America was the largest region in the kidney transplant market in 2023. Europe is expected to be the fastest-growing region in the global kidney transplant market report during the forecast period. The regions covered in the kidney transplant market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East, Africa Major Driver Impacting Market Growth The rise in the incidence of renal disorders and kidney failure is expected to propel the growth of the kidney transplant market going forward. Renal disorder and kidney failure are disorders when the kidneys stop functioning and cannot balance bodily chemicals or remove waste and surplus water from the blood. Renal failure necessitates kidney transplants to restore kidney function and address the underlying causes of renal failure. For instance, in 2023, according to American Kidney Fund, a US-based non-profit organization, 37 million Americans have kidney disease. Further, there were about 130,000 Americans newly diagnosed with kidney failure in 2020. Therefore, the rise in the incidence of renal disorders and kidney failure is driving the growth of the kidney transplant market. Key Industry Players

Major companies operating in the kidney transplant market report are Pfizer Inc., Novartis AG, B. Braun Melsungen AG, Fresenius Medical Care AG & Co., Medtronic Plc., TransMedics Inc., Preservation Solution Inc., Organ Recovery Systems Inc., Transonic Systems Inc., DaVita Inc., Glycorex Transplantation AB, Astellas Pharma Inc., Veloxis Pharmaceuticals A/s, Immucor Inc., Penn Medicine, Sanofi S.A, Amgen Inc., Amyndas Pharmaceuticals, Arthrex Inc., Abbvie Inc., Teva Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Zimmer Biomet, Stryker Co., BiolifeSolutions, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, HOOKIPA Pharma Inc., CareDx Inc., CSL Behring, Grifols S.A., Kedrion Biopharma Inc.

The kidney transplant market report table of contents includes: 1. Executive Summary 2. Kidney Transplant Market Characteristics 3. Kidney Transplant Market Trends And Strategies 4. Kidney Transplant Market - Macro Economic Scenario 5. Global Kidney Transplant Market Size and Growth . . . 31. Global Kidney Transplant Market Competitive Benchmarking 32. Global Kidney Transplant Market Competitive Dashboard 33. Key Mergers And Acquisitions In The Kidney Transplant Market 34. Kidney Transplant Market Future Outlook and Potential Analysis 35. Appendix Explore the trending research reports from TBRC: Contact Us: The Business Research Company Europe: +44 207 1930 708 Asia: +91 88972 63534 Americas: +1 315 623 0293

[drchiraggupta]

What is Andrology, and How Does It Differ from Urology?

Scope of Andrology:

Male Infertility: Andrology deals extensively with male infertility issues, such as low sperm count, poor sperm motility, and structural abnormalities in the reproductive tract. Treatments may include medication, lifestyle changes, or surgical interventions.

Erectile Dysfunction (ED): This is one of the most common conditions treated by andrologists. ED can be caused by various factors, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hormonal imbalances, and psychological issues. Treatment options range from oral medications and hormone therapy to surgical procedures and counseling.

Hormonal Disorders: Andrologists diagnose and manage conditions related to low testosterone levels, such as hypogonadism. They may prescribe hormone replacement therapy and monitor patients for potential side effects.

Testicular Diseases: Conditions like testicular cancer, varicocele (enlargement of veins within the scrotum), and hydrocele (fluid accumulation around the testicle) fall under the purview of andrology. These conditions often require surgical treatment.

Sexual Health: Andrologists address various sexual health issues, including premature ejaculation, Peyronie’s disease (curvature of the penis), and libido disorders.

Urology: A Broader Discipline

Urology is a broader medical specialty that encompasses the entire urinary tract system in both men and women, as well as the male reproductive system. Urologists are trained to diagnose and treat diseases of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, in addition to male reproductive organs. While andrology can be seen as a subspecialty within urology, urology itself covers a wider range of conditions and patient demographics.

Scope of Urology:

Urinary Tract Disorders: Urologists treat conditions such as kidney stones, urinary incontinence, urinary tract infections (UTIs), and bladder dysfunctions. These conditions affect both men and women.

Urological Cancers: This includes cancers of the bladder, kidneys, prostate, and testicles. Urologists perform surgeries, administer chemotherapy, and coordinate care with oncologists.

Prostate Health: Urologists manage conditions like benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostatitis, and prostate cancer. These are among the most common conditions affecting men, particularly as they age.

Pediatric Urology: This subfield addresses urological issues in children, such as congenital abnormalities, enuresis (bedwetting), and urinary tract obstructions.

Female Urology: Urologists also treat female patients for conditions like interstitial cystitis, pelvic floor disorders, and urinary incontinence.

Key Differences Between Andrology and Urology:

Focus: Andrology specifically targets male reproductive and sexual health, while urology covers both the urinary systems of men and women and the male reproductive system.

Patient Demographics: Urologists treat a broader range of patients, including women and children, whereas andrologists primarily focus on male patients.

Conditions Treated: While there is overlap, such as in the treatment of prostate issues and erectile dysfunction, urologists handle a wider variety of conditions affecting the urinary tract.

In summary, while andrology and urology share common ground, especially concerning male health, andrology is dedicated exclusively to male reproductive and sexual health issues. Urology, on the other hand, encompasses a broader range of medical concerns related to the urinary tract and male reproductive system, affecting both sexes and all age groups.

[nursingscience]

Understanding Stem Cells

Stem cells, known as “குருத்தணுக்கள்” in Tamil, are a type of cell in the human body that can develop into many different cell types, from muscle cells to brain cells. They are unique because they have the potential to develop into specialized cells and can divide and renew themselves for long periods. Stem cells are essential for daily health and regeneration, as they can differentiate to perform specific functions like beating of the heart, thinking in the brain, filtering blood in the kidneys, and repairing tissues like skin.

The unique responsibility of stem cells is to generate other types of cells. When stem cells divide, they can either produce more stem cells or different types of cells with specialized functions. For example, stem cells in the skin can create more skin cells or other types of specialized skin cells responsible for functions like producing melanin, which gives skin its color.

Stem cells are crucial because when we get injured or sick, our cells can get damaged or die. In such cases, stem cells activate to repair damaged tissues and replace dead cells. This process keeps us healthy and slows down aging, acting like a specialized medical unit within our bodies.

There are various types of stem cells, and scientists say that every organ in our body has its own specific stem cells. For instance, our blood is made by hematopoietic (blood-forming) stem cells. Moreover, stem cells are present in the human body from early developmental stages.

When scientists grow these cells outside the body, they are called “embryonic” stem cells. The reason scientists are so interested in researching embryonic stem cells is that they naturally create every organ and tissue during human development. Unlike mature stem cells, embryonic stem cells can easily form hundreds of different types of cells in the body, such as blood, bone, skin, and brain cells. They can also naturally form not just cells but tissues and organs, which mature stem cells cannot do.

Embryonic stem cells have a higher capacity to repair diseased organs compared to other stem cells. Embryonic stem cells used in research are typically derived from unused embryos from fertility treatments that are a few days old.

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs or IPS) are a new type of stem cell discovered by scientists and doctors. They are excited about iPSCs because they possess almost all the properties of embryonic stem cells but are not taken from embryos. This means there are no ethical concerns in using iPSCs. Additionally, when iPSCs are derived from a patient’s own cells, they are less likely to be rejected by the immune system when reintroduced, which is a significant issue in stem cell therapy.

The future of stem cell therapy is promising, but before it becomes widely used, there are challenges to overcome. These include the risk of stem cells causing cancerous growths and the possibility of being rejected by the body’s immune system. However, stem cells have the potential to revolutionize medicine.

Currently, only a few stem cell therapies have been proven safe and effective, such as bone marrow transplants. While these treatments are gaining attention in the media, especially among celebrities and athletes, scientists and doctors caution patients about the safety and efficacy of unproven stem cell treatments. There have been cases of patients dying from such treatments. Therefore, doctors recommend considering stem cell therapies as a last resort.

Significant discoveries in stem cell research include Sir John Gurdon’s work in 1962, where he replaced the nucleus of a frog’s egg cell with the nucleus from a tadpole’s intestinal cell, demonstrating that the differentiated cell still had the capacity to form every cell in the body. This laid the groundwork for reproductive cloning, leading to the creation of Dolly the sheep. Another milestone was the cultivation of mouse embryonic stem cells in 1981, followed by human embryonic stem cells. A major breakthrough was achieved when Shinya Yamanaka and his colleagues introduced a set of transcription factors that could induce somatic cells to become pluripotent stem cells. For this discovery, Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 2012, along with Sir John Gurdon.

ஸ்டெம் செல்கள் (குருத்தணுக்கள்) என்றால் என்ன?

மனித உடலில் தினசரி ஆரோக்யத்திற்கு தேவையான நூற்றுக்கணக்கான வகை உயிரணுக்கள் உள்ளன.

இந்த உயிரணுக்களின் பொறுப்பு நம் உடலை செயல்பட வைப்பதாகும் – ●இதயத்தை துடிக்க வைப்பது, ●மூளையை சிந்திக்க வைப்பது, ●சிறுநீரகத்தை ●இரத்தம் சுத்திகரிக்க வைப்பது, ●பழைய தோல் உதிரும் பொழுது ●புதிய தோல் உண்டாக்குவது போன்ற பல செயல்கள். குருத்தணுக்களின் தனி பொறுப்பு என்னவென்றால் பிற அனைத்து உயிரணுக்களையும் உருவாக்குவது. குருத்தணுக்கள் பிற உயிரணுக்களின் சுரபியாகும். குருத்தணுக்கள் பெருகும் பொழுது அவை மேலும் பல குருத்தணுக்களையோ அல்லது வேறு வகை உயிரணுக்கள் பலவற்றையோ உருவாக்க கூடியவை. Example உதாரணமாக, தோலில் இருக்கும் குருத்தணுக்கள் மேலும் பல தோல் குருத்தணுக்களையோ அல்லது பிற விசேஷ கடமை கொண்ட தோல் உயிரணுக்களையோ உருவாக்க கூடியவை.

விசேஷ கடமைக்கு ஓர் உதாரணம் தோலுக்கு கருமை தரும் மெலனின் எனப்படும் சாயம் செய்வது.

குருத்தணுக்கள் ஏன் முக்கியமானவை?

●நாம் காயப்படும்பொழுதோ ●அல்லது ●நோய்வாய்ப்படும் பொழுதோ ■நமது உயிரணுக்களும் காயப்படவோ இறக்கவோ நேரிடுகின்றது. ■

●இது நிகழும்பொழுது, குருத்தணுக்கள் செயல்படுத்தப்படுகின்றன.●

உடலில் காயப்பட்ட திசுக்களை சரிபார்ப்பதும்

இறந்த உயிரணுக்களுக்கு மாற்று உண்டாக்குவதுமே குருத்தணுக்களுக்கு நிர்ணயிக்கப்பட்ட வேலையாகும்.

*இச்செயல்களால் குருத்தணுக்கள் நம்மை ஆரோக்கியமாக வைத்து நம் உடலை வேகமாக மூப்படையாமல் பார்த்துக்கொள்கின்றன.

ஆகையால்

*குருத்தணுக்கள் நம் உடலின் பிரத்தியேகமான நுண்ணிய மருத்துவப்படை போல செயல்படுகின்றன. ••○○○○○○□■●

குருத்தணுக்கள் என்னென்ன வகைப்படும்?

குருத்தணுக்கள் பல்வேறு வடிவங்களில் இருக்கின்றன.

விஞ்ஞானிகள் கூற்றுப்படி நம் உடலின் ஒவ்வொரு உறுப்பிற்கும் அதன் பிரத்தியேக குருத்தணுக்கள் உள்ளன.

உதாரணமாக, ●நமது இரத்தம், இரத்த குருத்தணுக்களால் (கிரேக்க மொழி: ஹெமடோபொயடிக்/இரத்தம்-உண்டாக்கும்) செய்யப்படுகிறது.

இதுமட்டுமல்லாது,

குருத்தணுக்கள் மனித உடலின் ஆரம்பகால வளர்ச்சி நிலைகளிலிருந்தே இருந்து வருகின்றன.

*இந்த குருத்தணுக்களை உடலுக்கு வெளியே விஞ்ஞானிகள் வளர்க்கும்பொழுது

அவைகளை

*“கரு”*●●●●●●●●□□□■■■■■

(எம்ப்ரியோனிக்) குருத்தணுக்கள் என்று அழைக்கின்றனர்.

விஞ்ஞானிகள் கரு குருத்தணுக்களை கண்டு வியந்து ஆராய்ச்சி செய்யக்காரணமாயிருப்பது வேறொன்றுமல்ல;

அவைகளின் இயற்கை வேலையே மனித வளர்ச்சியின்போது உடலின் ஒவ்வொரு உறுப்பு மற்றும் திசுவின் கட்டமைப்பை உருவாக்குவதாய் இருப்பது தான். இதனால் என்ன பயன் என்றால்,...?????.

●முதிர்ந்த குருத்தணுக்கள் போலல்லாது,

கரு குருத்தணுக்கள் உடலின் மற்ற நூற்றுக்கணக்கான வகை உயிரணுக்களை எளிதில் உருவாக்க கூடியவை.

உதாரணமாக, இரத்த குருத்தணுக்களால் இரத்த வகை உயிரணுக்களை மட்டுமே செய்ய முடியும்; ஆனால் கரு குருத்தணுக்களால்

●இரத்த வகை, ●எலும்பு வகை, ●தோல் வகை, ●மூளை வகை மற்றும் பல வகை உயிரணுக்களையும் உருவாக்க முடியும்.

மேலும், கரு குருத்தணுக்களால் இயற்கையாகவே உயிரணுக்கள் மட்டுமல்லாது, ■555■55■திசுக்கள் மற்றும் உறுப்புகளையும் கூட உருவாக்க இயலும்

ஆனால் முதிர்ந்த குருத்தணுக்களால் இது இயலாது. இதன் பொருள் என்னவென்றால், மற்ற குருத்தணுக்களோடு ஒப்பிடுகையில்

கரு குருத்தணுக்களுக்கு நோயுற்ற உறுப்புகளை சரிபார்பதில் அதிகத் திறன் உள்ளது. கருத்தரிப்பு சிகிச்சை முடிவுற்று உபயோகமின்றி இருக்கும் எஞ்சிய, ஒரு சில நாட்களே பழையதான, ஆய்வகக் கிண்ணத்தில் உண்டாக்கப்பட்ட கருமுளைகளிலிருந்து (எம்ப்ரியோக்கள்) தான் கரு குருத்தணுக்கள் தயாரிக்க படுகின்றன.

ஜ.பி.எஸ்/ஐபிஸ் – இன்ட்யூஸ்ட் ப்லுரிபோடென்ட் ஸ்டெம்) அல்லது

தூண்டப்பட்ட பன்திறன் குருத்து உயிரணுக்கள் என்றால் என்ன?

விஞ்ஞானிகளும் மருத்துவர்களும் “ஐபிஎஸ்” உயிரணுக்கள் எனப்படும் புது வகை குருத்தணுக்களை கண்டு உற்சாகமடைந்துள்ளனர்.

இதற்க்கு காரணம் ஐபிஎஸ் உயிரணுக்கள் ஏறக்குரய கரு குருத்தணுக்களின் அனைத்து பண்புகளையும் கொண்டவை,

ஆனால் எந்தக் கருவிலிருந்தும் எடுக்கப் படுவதில்லை. இதனால், ஐபிஎஸ் உயிரணுக்களை உபயோகிப்பதில் எந்த நெறிமுறை கவலைகளும் இல்லை.

கூடுதலாக, ஐபிஎஸ் உயிரணுக்கள் நோயாளியின் உடம்பின் குருத்தணுக்களிலிருந்து செய்யப்படுவதால்,

அதே நோயாளிக்கு திரும்ப செலுத்தும் பொழுது அவர் உடம்பின் நோய் எதிர்ப்பு அமைப்பு ஐபீஸ் உயிரணுக்களை நிராகரிக்காமல் ஏற்றுக்கொள்கிறது. குருத்தணுக்கள் நிராகரிக்கப் படுவது குருத்தணு சிகச்சையில் ஒரு முக்கிய பிரச்சனையாகும். வருங்காலம் எப்படி இருக்கப்போகிறது.....?

குருத்தணுக்கள் சிகிச்சை எப்படி *மாற்ற போகிறது? இதன் தத்துவம் என்னவென்றால், நோயாளிகளுக்கு ●குருத்தணுக்களையோ அல்லது ●குருத்தணுக்களினால் உருவாக்கப்பட்ட முதிர்ந்த ●உயிரணுக்களையோ கொடுப்பதன் ●மூலம் குருத்தணுக்களின் நோயை குணப்படுத்தும் இயற்கை தன்மையை பயன்படுத்தலாம்● என்பதுதான்.

●உதாரணமாக, மாரடைப்பு ஏற்பட்ட நோயாளியின் இதயத்திற்கு ஏற்பட்ட சேதத்தை சரி செய்வதை சிகிச்சையின் நோக்கமாகக் கொண்டு குருத்தணுக்களை அளிக்கலாம்.

இயற்கையாக நம் அனைவர் உடலில் இருக்கும் குருத்தணுக்களின் காயம் சரிசெய்யும் ஆற்றல் குறைவே.

முதலில் கூறிய இதயம் உதாரணத்தையே எடுத்துக்கொண்டால், இதயத்தின் இயற்கையான குருத்தணுக்கள் மாரடைப்பினால் ஏற்பட்ட சேதத்தை சரி செய்வதில் சற்றே யோக்கியதையற்றதாக இருக்கின்றன. ஆனால், இலட்சக்கணக்கான குருத்தணுக்கள் செலுத்தப்பட்டால் அதைவிட மிக சக்திவாய்ந்ததாக இருக்கும்.

எனவே நோயாளிகளுக்கு குருத்தணுக்களை செலுத்துவதன் மூலம் நாம் உடலின் குணமடையும் தன்மையை, இயற்கையாக உடலில் இருக்கும் சிறிதளவு குருத்தணுக்களின் ஆற்றலை தாண்டி மிகவும் அதிகரிக்கிறோம்.

குருத்தணு சிகிச்சைகள் பரவலாக பயன்படுத்த படுவதற்கு முன் சில சவால்களை சந்திக்க வேண்டியிருக்கிறது.???...........???????????

இந்த சவால்கள் என்னவென்றால்,

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●குருத்தணுக்கள் புற்று நோய் கட்டியை உருவாக்கக்கூடியவை

மற்றும்

●●●●●குருத்தணுக்கள் உடலின் நோய் எதிர்ப்பு அமைப்பால் நிராகரிக்கப்படுகின்றன. எனினும்,

குருத்தணுக்கள் மருத்துவத்தை உருமாற்ற கூடியவை.

இன்னும்

வெறும் 10பத்து 20 இருபதே ஆண்டுகளில் நமக்கோ அல்லது நமக்கு தெரிந்தவர் யாருக்கோ குருத்தணுக்கள் அளிக்கப்பட்டிருக்கும். குருத்தணுக்கள் மக்கள் எதிர்கொள்ளும் முக்கிய நோய்களான

■புற்று நோய், ■ இதய நோய்கள், ■மூளை சம்மந்தப்பட்ட நோய்களான – ■பார்கின்சன் நோய், ■மல்டிபல் ■ஸ்க்லெரோசிஸ், ■பக்கவாதம், ■ஹண்டிங்டன் நோய், ■முதுகுத்தண்டு காயமென பலவற்றை ●■குணப்படுத்தும் என நம்பிக்கை அளிக்கிறது■

இப்போது கிடைக்கும் குருத்தணு சிகிச்சைகள் யாவை?

தற்போது, விஞ்ஞானிகளால் நிரூபிக்கப்பட்ட பாதுகாப்பான பயனுள்ள குருத்தணு சிகிச்சைகள் சிலவற்றே உள்ளன. எலும்பு மஜ்ஜை (ஆங்கிலம்: போன் மேரோ) மாற்று சிகிச்சை இதற்க்கோர் சிறந்த எடுத்துக்காட்டு.

பெரும்பாலும் இச்சிகிச்சைகள், விளையாட்டு வீரர்கள் போன்ற பிரபலங்கள் மேற்கொள்ளும் பொது ஊடகங்களின் கவனத்தை மிகவும் ஈர்க்கிறது.

பொதுவாக, விஞ்ஞானிகளும் மருத்துவர்களும் இத்தகைய சிகிச்சை உண்மையில் பயன் தருமா

என்றும் பாதுகாப்பானவையா என்றும் சொல்வதற்கில்லை என்று நோயாளிகளை எச்சரிக்கை சைய்கிறார்கள்.

நோயாளிகள் இத்தகைய சிகிச்சைகளால் இறந்தும் போயிருக்கின்றனர்.

குணப்படுத்த முடியாத நோயை எதிர்கொள்ளும்போது அனைத்து வாய்ப்புகளையும் கருதினாலும்,

மருத்துவர்கள்

நாங்கள் பரிந்துரைப்பது என்னவென்றால் நீங்கள் இந்த STEM CELLS இச்சிகிச்சைகளை கடைசி நிவாரனமாகவே கருதவேண்டும்,

குறிப்பு ■■■■■■●●■ ஸ்டெம் செல் ஆராய்ச்சி வரலாற்றில் முக்கிய கண்டுபிடிப்புகள்

இந்தத் துறையில் ஆரம்பகால சோதனைகளில் ஒன்று சர் ஜான் கார்டன் தனது Ph.D. 1962 இல். அவர் பிளாஸ்டுலா கட்டத்தில் வளரும் தவளைக் கருவின் கருவை அகற்றி, கருவை அகற்றிய முட்டைக் கலத்தில் அதை செலுத்தினார்.

பெரும்பாலான சந்தர்ப்பங்களில், முட்டை தவளை டாட்போல்களாக உருவாகலாம், வேறுபட்ட உயிரணுக்களின் கருக்கள் இன்னும் எந்த உயிரணுக்களாகவும் உருவாகும் திறனைக் கொண்டுள்ளன என்பதைக் காட்டுகிறது. இந்த ஆய்வு இனப்பெருக்க குளோனிங்கின் அடிப்படையை உருவாக்கியது,

இது டோலி, குளோன் செய்யப்பட்ட செம்மறி ஆடுகளை உருவாக்க வழிவகுத்தது.

மற்றொரு முக்கிய கண்டுபிடிப்பு 1981 இல் மவுஸ் பிளாஸ்டோசிஸ்ட்களிலிருந்து கரு ஸ்டெம் செல்களை வளர்ப்பது ஆகும். அதைத் தொடர்ந்து, கரு ஸ்டெம் செல்களும் மனித பிளாஸ்டோசிஸ்ட்களிலிருந்து வளர்க்கப்பட்டன.

ஷின்யா யமனகாவும் அவரது சகாக்களும் 24 டிரான்ஸ்கிரிப்ஷன் காரணிகளின் தொகுப்பை அறிமுகப்படுத்துவதன் மூலம் சோமாடிக் செல்களை ப்ளூரிபோடென்ட் ஸ்டெம் செல்களில் தூண்ட முடிந்தபோது ஒரு முக்கிய கண்டுபிடிப்பு செய்யப்பட்டது.

2012 ஆம் ஆண்டு சர் ஜான் குர்டனுடன் இணைந்து மருத்துவத்துக்கான நோபல் பரிசு அவருக்கு வழங்கப்பட்டது.